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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fighter aircraft movement, dogfighting</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-18A_Hornet_Kfir_and_F-5E_aircraft_during_air_combat_maneuvering_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/F-18A_Hornet_Kfir_and_F-5E_aircraft_during_air_combat_maneuvering_1989.jpg/220px-F-18A_Hornet_Kfir_and_F-5E_aircraft_during_air_combat_maneuvering_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/F-18A_Hornet_Kfir_and_F-5E_aircraft_during_air_combat_maneuvering_1989.jpg/330px-F-18A_Hornet_Kfir_and_F-5E_aircraft_during_air_combat_maneuvering_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/F-18A_Hornet_Kfir_and_F-5E_aircraft_during_air_combat_maneuvering_1989.jpg/440px-F-18A_Hornet_Kfir_and_F-5E_aircraft_during_air_combat_maneuvering_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="1894" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/F/A-18A_Hornet" class="mw-redirect" title="F/A-18A Hornet">F/A-18A Hornet</a> engaged in air combat maneuvering training with <a href="/wiki/IAI_Kfir" title="IAI Kfir">IAI Kfir</a> and <a href="/wiki/F-5E_Tiger_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-5E Tiger II">F-5E Tiger II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aggressor_squadron" title="Aggressor squadron">aggressors</a> near <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Yuma" title="Marine Corps Air Station Yuma">Marine Corps Air Station Yuma</a> in 1989</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Air combat manoeuvring</b> (<b>ACM</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactic</a> of moving, turning, and situating one's <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> in order to attain a position from which an attack can be made on another aircraft. Commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Dogfight" title="Dogfight">dogfighting</a>, air combat manoeuvres rely on offensive and defensive <a href="/wiki/Basic_fighter_maneuvers" title="Basic fighter maneuvers">basic fighter manoeuvring</a> (BFM) to gain an advantage over an aerial opponent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_overview">Historical overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_combat_manoeuvring&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military aviation originated in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> when aircraft were initially used to spot enemy troop concentrations, field gun positions, and movements. Early aerial combat consisted of aviators shooting at one another with hand-held weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-RedBaron_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedBaron-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded aircraft to be shot down by another aircraft, which occurred on October 5, 1914, was a German <a href="/wiki/Aviatik_B.I" title="Aviatik B.I">Aviatik B.I</a>. The pilot, Feldwebel Wilhelm Schlichting, was shot with a carbine wielded by observer Louis Quenault, who was riding in a French <a href="/wiki/Voisin_III" title="Voisin III">Voisin III</a> piloted by Sergeant Joseph Frantz.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The need to stop <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> that was being conducted by enemy aircraft rapidly led to the development of fighter planes, a class of aircraft designed specifically to destroy other aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-RedBaron_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedBaron-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fixed, forward-firing guns were found to be the most effective armament for a majority of World War I era fighter planes, but it was nearly impossible to fire them through the spinning propeller of one's own aircraft without destroying one's own plane. <a href="/wiki/Roland_Garros_(aviator)" title="Roland Garros (aviator)">Roland Garros</a>, working with <a href="/wiki/Morane_Saulnier" class="mw-redirect" title="Morane Saulnier">Morane Saulnier Aéroplanes</a>, was the first to solve this problem by attaching steel deflector wedges to the propeller. He achieved three kills but was shot down by ground fire and landed behind German lines. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fokker" title="Anthony Fokker">Anthony Fokker</a> inspected the plane's wreckage and learned to improve the design by connecting the firing mechanism of the gun to the timing of the engine, thus allowing the gun to fire through the propeller without making contact with the propeller.<sup id="cite_ref-RedBaron_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedBaron-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As technology rapidly advanced, new and young aviators began defining the realm of air-to-air combat, such as <a href="/wiki/Max_Immelmann" title="Max Immelmann">Max Immelmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Boelcke" title="Oswald Boelcke">Oswald Boelcke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lanoe_Hawker" title="Lanoe Hawker">Lanoe Hawker</a>. One of the greatest of these "ace pilots" of World War I, <a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Richthofen" title="Manfred von Richthofen">Manfred von Richthofen</a> (the Red Baron), wrote in his book <i>The Red Fighter Pilot</i>, "The great thing in air fighting is that the decisive factor does not lie in trick flying but solely in the personal ability and energy of the aviator. A flying man may be able to loop and do all the stunts imaginable and yet he may not succeed in shooting down a single enemy."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pilots soon learned to achieve a firing position (while avoiding the threat of enemy guns) by manoeuvring themselves behind an enemy aircraft; this is known as getting onto an aircraft's "six o'clock" or onto their "tail", plus a wide variety of other terms, usually coined by air crew. This type of combat became known as <a href="/wiki/Dogfight" title="Dogfight">dogfighting</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Boelcke" title="Oswald Boelcke">Oswald Boelcke</a>, a <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_ace" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter ace">fighter ace</a> during World War I, was the first to publish the basic rules for aerial combat manoeuvring in 1916, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Dicta_Boelcke" title="Dicta Boelcke">Dicta Boelcke</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advised pilots to attack from the direction of the sun (toward which the defending pilot could not see), or to fly at a higher altitude than the opponent. Most of these rules are still as valuable today as they were a century ago.<sup id="cite_ref-popularmechanics_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popularmechanics-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today's air combat is much more complicated than that of older times, as <a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-to-air missiles">air-to-air missiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, and automatic cannons capable of high rates of fire are used on nearly all modern fighter aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasicPrinciples-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New and additional types of manoeuvres have emerged, intending to break <a href="/wiki/Radar_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar lock">radar lock</a> by minimizing the Doppler signature of one's own aircraft ("keeping the enemy at 3 or 9 o'clock"), or to exhaust the kinetic energy of an incoming missile (by changing the aircraft's course from side to side, the missile, not flying directly at target but trying to forestall it, will make sharper turns and will eventually have to fly a longer path). However, close-range fighting with infrared guided missiles and aircraft cannons still obeys the same general rules laid down in the skies over <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the early 20th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The master rule is still the same: get on the opponent's rear without allowing them to do the same. </p><p>Close-range combat tactics vary considerably according to the type of aircraft being used and the number of aircraft involved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactics">Tactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_combat_manoeuvring&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-104A_flight_envelope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/F-104A_flight_envelope.jpg/290px-F-104A_flight_envelope.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/F-104A_flight_envelope.jpg/435px-F-104A_flight_envelope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/F-104A_flight_envelope.jpg/580px-F-104A_flight_envelope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A flight envelope diagram showing V<sub>S</sub> (stall speed at 1G), V<sub>C</sub> (corner speed) and V<sub>D</sub> (dive speed)</figcaption></figure> <p>There are five things a pilot must remain aware of when contemplating aerial engagement; of these, seeing and keeping sight of one's opponent are the most important. In Southeast Asia, over 85 percent of all kills are attributed to the attacker spotting and shooting the defender without ever being seen.<sup id="cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasicPrinciples-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structural limitations of the attacking and defending fighters must be taken into account, such as <a href="/wiki/Thrust-to-weight_ratio" title="Thrust-to-weight ratio">thrust-to-weight ratio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wing_loading" title="Wing loading">wing loading</a>, and the "corner speed" (the maximum or minimum speed at which the aircraft can attain the best turning performance). Variable limitations must also be considered, such as <a href="/wiki/Turn_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn radius">turn radius</a>, turn rate and the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_specific_energy" title="Aircraft specific energy">specific energy</a> of the aircraft. Position of aircraft must quickly be assessed, including direction, angle off tail (the angle between flight paths),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and closing speed. Also, the pilot must be aware of his <a href="/wiki/Wingman" title="Wingman">wingman</a>'s position and maintain good communication.<sup id="cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasicPrinciples-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pilot in combat attempts to conserve his aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> through carefully timed and executed manoeuvres. By using such manoeuvres, a pilot will often make trade offs between the fighter's <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> (altitude) and <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> (airspeed), to maintain the energy-to-weight ratio of the aircraft, or the "specific energy".<sup id="cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasicPrinciples-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A manoeuvre such as the "<a href="/wiki/Basic_fighter_maneuvers#Low_Yo-Yo" title="Basic fighter maneuvers">low yo-yo</a>" trades altitude for airspeed to close on an enemy and to decrease turn radius. The opposite manoeuvre, a "<a href="/wiki/Basic_fighter_maneuvers#High_Yo-Yo" title="Basic fighter maneuvers">high yo-yo</a>", trades speed for height, literally storing energy in "the altitude bank",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allows a fast moving attacker to slow his closing speed.<sup id="cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasicPrinciples-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An attacker is confronted with three possible ways to pursue an enemy, all of which are vital during chase. "Lag pursuit" happens in a turn when the nose of the attacker's aircraft points behind an enemy's tail. Lag pursuit allows an attacker to increase or maintain range without <a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Overshoot (aviation)">overshooting</a>. "Lead pursuit" in a turn occurs when the nose of the attacking aircraft points ahead of the enemy. Lead pursuit is used to decrease the distance between aircraft, and during gun attacks when the cannons must be aimed, not at where the defender is, but where he will be when the bullets get there. "Pure pursuit" happens when the nose of the attacker points directly at the defender. Pure pursuit is when most missiles will be fired, and is the hardest position to maintain. These are known as pursuit curves.<sup id="cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasicPrinciples-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fighter_maneuvering_-_tactical_egg.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fighter_maneuvering_-_tactical_egg.PNG/150px-Fighter_maneuvering_-_tactical_egg.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fighter_maneuvering_-_tactical_egg.PNG/225px-Fighter_maneuvering_-_tactical_egg.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fighter_maneuvering_-_tactical_egg.PNG/300px-Fighter_maneuvering_-_tactical_egg.PNG 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>The tactical egg shows the effects of gravity on manoeuvring</figcaption></figure><p>The turning battle of a dogfight can be executed in an infinite number of geometric planes. Pilots are encouraged to keep their manoeuvres out of the strictly vertical and horizontal planes, but to instead use the limitless number of oblique planes, which is much harder for an adversary to track. This infinite number of planes around a fixed point about which the aircraft turns is termed the "post and bubble". A fighter that can maintain position between an aircraft and its imaginary post cannot be attacked by that aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasicPrinciples-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The imaginary bubble, however, is misshapen by <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>, causing turns to be much tighter and slower at the top, and wider and faster at the bottom, and is sometimes referred to as a "tactical egg".<sup id="cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasicPrinciples-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manoeuvres employed by the attacker can also be used by the defender to evade, or gain a tactical advantage over his opponent. Other components may also be employed to manoeuvre the aircraft, such as <a href="/wiki/Yaw_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaw angle">yaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> vectors.<sup id="cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasicPrinciples-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key factor in all battles is that of "nose-tail separation". While getting close enough to fire a weapon, an attacker must keep his aircraft's nose far enough away from the tail of the defender to be able to get a good aim, and to prevent an <a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Overshoot (aviation)">overshoot</a>. The defender, likewise, will use every manoeuvre available to encourage an overshoot, trying to change his own role to that of attacker.<sup id="cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BasicPrinciples-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_manoeuvring">Example manoeuvring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_combat_manoeuvring&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Example manoeuvring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Basic_fighter_maneuvers" title="Basic fighter maneuvers">Basic fighter maneuvers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Split_S.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Split_S.png/260px-Split_S.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Split_S.png/390px-Split_S.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Split_S.png/520px-Split_S.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Schematic view of a split S: <div><ol><li>180° roll</li><li>Half loop</li><li>Exit level</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Basic:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_fighter_maneuvers#Combat_spread" title="Basic fighter maneuvers">Combat spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_fighter_maneuvers#Pitchback" title="Basic fighter maneuvers">Pitchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_tailslide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell tailslide">Bell Tailslide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_S" title="Split S">Split S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immelmann_turn" title="Immelmann turn">Immelmann turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thach_Weave" title="Thach Weave">Thach Weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scissors" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scissors">Scissors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandelle" title="Chandelle">Chandelle</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Su-27_Cobra_2b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Su-27_Cobra_2b.png/310px-Su-27_Cobra_2b.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Su-27_Cobra_2b.png/465px-Su-27_Cobra_2b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Su-27_Cobra_2b.png/620px-Su-27_Cobra_2b.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cobra_maneuver" title="Cobra maneuver">cobra maneuver</a> as performed by the <a href="/wiki/Su-27_Flanker" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-27 Flanker">Su-27 Flanker</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Complex:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_fighter_maneuvers#High_Yo-Yo" title="Basic fighter maneuvers">High Yo-Yo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_fighter_maneuvers#Low_Yo-Yo" title="Basic fighter maneuvers">Low Yo-Yo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_fighter_maneuvers#Lag_displacement_roll" title="Basic fighter maneuvers">Lag Displacement Roll (High-G Barrel Roll)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_maneuver" title="Cobra maneuver">Cobra Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_Turn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobra Turn">Cobra Turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulbit" title="Kulbit">Kulbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbst_manoeuvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbst manoeuvre">Herbst manoeuvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hineri-komi" title="Hineri-komi">Hineri-komi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_combat_manoeuvring&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aviation_articles" title="Index of aviation articles">Index of aviation articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_fighter_maneuvers" title="Basic fighter maneuvers">Basic fighter maneuvers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_combat_manoeuvring&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RedBaron-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RedBaron_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RedBaron_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RedBaron_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3011_redbaron.html">Who Killed the Red Baron?</a> October 7, 2003. <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLtd2003" class="citation web cs1">Ltd, Not Panicking (27 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A898761">"h2g2 - Early Air-to-Air Combat - Edited Entry"</a>. <i>h2g2.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=h2g2.com&rft.atitle=h2g2+-+Early+Air-to-Air+Combat+-+Edited+Entry&rft.date=2003-01-27&rft.aulast=Ltd&rft.aufirst=Not+Panicking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fh2g2.com%2Fedited_entry%2FA898761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+combat+manoeuvring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richthofen.com/09.htm">The Red Fighter Pilot</a>. Richthofen.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091023201505/http://geocities.com/TimesSquare/Zone/4914/dicta.htm">"Dicta Boelcke – Organization of Jagdstaffeln and the demise of Boelcke"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Zone/4914/dicta.htm">the original</a> on 23 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dicta+Boelcke+%E2%80%93+Organization+of+Jagdstaffeln+and+the+demise+of+Boelcke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2FTimesSquare%2FZone%2F4914%2Fdicta.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAir+combat+manoeuvring" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&content_type_id=52089&display_order=10&mini_id=51833">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304063936/http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&content_type_id=52089&display_order=10&mini_id=51833">Archived</a> March 4, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popularmechanics-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popularmechanics_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joe Pappalardo, 23 June 2014, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/a10741/the-texas-air-base-where-nato-fighter-pilots-are-forged-16920796/">The Texas Air Base Where NATO Fighter Pilots Are Forged</a>", <i>Popular Mechanics</i> Retrieved 24 August 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BasicPrinciples-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BasicPrinciples_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpub.com/content/aviation2/P-821/P-8210193.htm">Basic Principles of BFM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805075929/http://www.tpub.com/content/aviation2/P-821/P-8210193.htm">Archived</a> 2011-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gruntsmilitary.com/airdic.shtml">Air Force Glossary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107063241/http://www.gruntsmilitary.com/airdic.shtml">Archived</a> 2010-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Gruntsmilitary.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.352ndfightergroup.com/virtual/protac/acm/maneuver.html">Sick's ACM School: Maneuvers Explained</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831125643/http://www.352ndfightergroup.com/virtual/protac/acm/maneuver.html">Archived</a> 2009-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 352ndfightergroup.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.battlegroundeurope.com/index.php/Advanced_Combat_Manoeuvres">Advanced Combat Manoeuvres – Battleground Europe Wiki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714164758/http://wiki.battlegroundeurope.com/index.php/Advanced_Combat_Manoeuvres">Archived</a> 14 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Wiki.battlegroundeurope.com (2008-08-15). 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Maneuvers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandelle" title="Chandelle">Chandelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_maneuver" title="Cobra maneuver">Cobra Turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylon_turn" title="Pylon turn">Pylon turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger-four" title="Finger-four">Finger-four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbst_maneuver" title="Herbst maneuver">Herbst maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immelmann_turn#Historical_combat_maneuver" title="Immelmann turn">Immelmann turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulbit" title="Kulbit">Kulbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_maneuver" title="Cobra maneuver">Pugachev's Cobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scissors" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scissors">Scissors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_S" title="Split S">Split S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailslide" title="Tailslide">Tailslide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thach_Weave" title="Thach Weave">Thach Weave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogfight" title="Dogfight">Dogfight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_pilot" title="Fighter pilot">Fighter pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermaneuverability" title="Supermaneuverability">Supermaneuverability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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