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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Silben mit ra (र) umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Silben_mit_ra_(र)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ra_(र)_vor_dem_Konsonant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ra_(र)_vor_dem_Konsonant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>ra (र) vor dem Konsonant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ra_(र)_vor_dem_Konsonant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsonant_+_ra_(र)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsonant_+_ra_(र)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Konsonant + ra (र)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsonant_+_ra_(र)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senkrechter_Strich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senkrechter_Strich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Senkrechter Strich</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Senkrechter_Strich-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Unterabschnitt Senkrechter Strich umschalten</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Senkrechter_Strich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Außnahmen_mit_ज" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Außnahmen_mit_ज"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Außnahmen mit ज</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Außnahmen_mit_ज-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Außnahmen_mit_त" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Außnahmen_mit_त"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> 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</td> <td><b>Lehrgang:</b> <b><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Hauptseite</a></b> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Vokale" title="Devanagari: Vokale"> Vokale</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Konsonanten" title="Devanagari: Konsonanten"> Konsonanten</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Silben" title="Devanagari: Silben"> Silben</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Ligaturen</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Modifikatoren" title="Devanagari: Modifikatoren"> Modifikatoren</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Verschiedenes" title="Devanagari: Verschiedenes"> Verschiedenes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> </b>  </td> <td><b>Erweiterte Infos:</b> <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Devanagari_am_Computer_benutzen" title="Devanagari: Devanagari am Computer benutzen"> Devanagari am Computer benutzen</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Andere_Umschriftverfahren" title="Devanagari: Andere Umschriftverfahren"> Andere Umschriftverfahren</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Deutsch_mit_Devanagari_schreiben" title="Devanagari: Deutsch mit Devanagari schreiben"> Deutsch mit Devanagari schreiben</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Ligaturenliste" title="Devanagari: Ligaturenliste"> Ligaturenliste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Anh%C3%A4nge" title="Devanagari: Anhänge"> Anhänge</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><br /> Mit dem Virama haben wir eine Möglichkeit kennen gelernt, wie man auch mehere Konsonanten aneinanderreihen kann. Theoretisch könnten wir mit dem bisherigen Wissen bereits alles schreiben. Leider wird dieses Verfahren, wie in den anderen indischen Schriften auch, als ästhetisch unschön betrachtet und nur verwendet, wenn die anderen Methoden nicht anwendbar sind. Bei diesen „anderen Methoden“ also, die Kombinationen von verschiedenen Konsonanten ohne Vokal dazwischen, gibt es deshab eine ganze Reihe von Ligaturen. Dabei werden die Konsonanten mehr oder weniger zu einem Konsonanten zusammengezogen. Dieser „Mehrfachkonsonant“ wird bei der Silbenbildung als ganzes Zeichen aufgefasst. Deshalb wird das kurze "i" (इ) auch immer vor dem ersten Konsonant zugefügt. </p><p><b>Es sei angemerkt, dass die Ligaturen teilweise von der Schriftart abhängig sind. Um einen Überblick über die Ligaturen, deiner Schriftart zu bekommen, schaue bitte in der Tabelle in den Anhängen nach.</b> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silben_mit_ra_(र)"><span id="Silben_mit_ra_.28.E0.A4.B0.29"></span>Silben mit ra (र)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&action=edit&section=1" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Silben mit ra (र)"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Das ra (र) sticht aus der Ligaturbildung heraus. Es bildet mit jedem anderen Konsonant eine Ligatur, die durch bloße Modifikation des anderen Konsonanten erzeugt wird. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ra_(र)_vor_dem_Konsonant"><span id="ra_.28.E0.A4.B0.29_vor_dem_Konsonant"></span>ra (र) vor dem Konsonant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&action=edit&section=2" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: ra (र) vor dem Konsonant"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ein <b>ra</b> vor einem Konsonanten wird als ein Bogen über diesem Konsonanten dargestellt: </p><p>z.B. </p> <div style="font-size:180%">र् + क → र्क (<span class="IAST">rka</span>)</div><p><br /> </p><div style="font-size:180%">र् + द → र्द (<span class="IAST">rda</span>)</div><p><br /> </p><div style="font-size:180%">र् + ठ → र्ठ (<span class="IAST">rṭha</span>)</div><p><br /> </p><p>Beispiel: </p> <div style="font-size:250%"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/hi:%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" class="extiw" title="w:hi:चार्ल्स डार्विन">चार्ल्स डार्विन</a></div><p><br /> </p><div style="font-size:130%">Cārls Ḍārvin</div> <p>Wie man sieht, ist das <b>r</b> im Vornamen der Bogen über der Konsonantengruppe <b>lsa</b>. Im Nachnamen steht es über dem <b>va</b> und ist der rechte der beiden Bögen oben. Der linke gehört zu dem kurzen <b>i</b>, das der Konsonantengruppe <b>rva</b> folgt, und bekanntlich einen senkrechten Strich <b>links</b> vom Zeichen und einen Bogen zum Zeichen hin hat. </p><p>Bei beiden ist hinten das Virama weggelassen. </p><p>Andere Beispiele: </p> <div style="font-size:250%"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/hi:%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="w:hi:उर्दू भाषा">उर्दू भाषा</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/hi:%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" class="extiw" title="w:hi:धर्म">धर्म</a></div><p><br /> </p><div style="font-size:130%"><span class="IAST">Urdū bhāṣā dharma</span> (<span class="IAST">bhāṣā</span> = Sprache)</div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Konsonant_+_ra_(र)"><span id="Konsonant_.2B_ra_.28.E0.A4.B0.29"></span>Konsonant + ra (र)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&action=edit&section=3" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Konsonant + ra (र)"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folgt ein <b>ra</b> einem Konsonanten, so wird es als Häkchen an eine senkrechte Linie angehängt, oder unten ein Winkel nach oben bei unten runden Buchstaben. Im einzelnen </p> <div style="font-size:250%"> <p>क्र ख्र ग्र घ्र ङ्र । च्र छ्र ज्र झ्र ञ्र <br /> ट्र ठ्र ड्र ढ्र ण्र । त्र थ्र द्र ध्र न्र <br /> प्र फ्र ब्र भ्र म्र । य्र ल्र व्र । श्र ष्र स्र ह्र </p> </div> <p>Beim <b>tra (त्र) </b> fehlt links ein Teil des Bogens, und beim <b><span class="IAST">śra</span> (श्र) </b> ist links der Schnörkel anders. Beim <b>lra (ल्र) </b> ist rechts der Bogen ausgebuchtet. Ein <b>rra</b> gibt es nach diesem Schema nicht, es wir warscheinlich nach der ersten Regel gebildet: </p> <div style="font-size:180%">र् + र → र्र (rra)</div><p><br /> </p><p>Beispiele: </p> <div style="font-size:250%"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/hi:%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="w:hi:क्रोएशिया">क्रोएशिया</a> | <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/hi:%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" class="extiw" title="w:hi:ग्रीस">ग्रीस</a> | <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/hi:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" class="extiw" title="w:hi:मद्रास">मद्रास</a> | <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/hi:%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" class="extiw" title="w:hi:श्रीनगर">श्रीनगर</a> </div><p><br /> </p><div style="font-size:130%"><span class="IAST">Kroeśiyā</span>, <span class="IAST">Grīs</span>, <span class="IAST">Madrās</span>, <span class="IAST">Śrīnagar</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senkrechter_Strich">Senkrechter Strich</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&action=edit&section=4" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Senkrechter Strich"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Da der senkrechte Strich, den die meisten Konsonanten rechts haben, das inhärentes <b>a (अ)</b> symbolisieren soll, ist die einfachste Regel, mit wenigen Ausnahmen, die, dass man diesen Strich einfach weglässt, wenn ein weiterer Konsonant außer ra (र) folgt, dies betrifft von - ra einmal abgesehen - alle also bei allen 33 Konsonanten außer 10 (nämlich क ka, ङ nga, छ cha, ट ṭa, ठ ṭha, ड ḍa, ढ ḍha, द da, फ pha, ह ha): </p><p>Beispiele: </p> <div style="font-size:250%">हिन् + दी → <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/hi:%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" class="extiw" title="w:hi:हिन्दी">हिन्दी</a> </div><p><br /> </p><div style="font-size:130%"> hin + dī → Hindī</div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="font-size:250%">बम् + बई → <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/hi:%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%88" class="extiw" title="w:hi:बम्बई">बम्बई</a></div><p><br /> </p><div style="font-size:130%">bam + baī → Bambaī (Bombay)</div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="font-size:250%"> पाकिस् + तान → <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/hi:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" class="extiw" title="w:hi:पाकिस्तान">पाकिस्तान</a></div><p><br /> </p><div style="font-size:130%">pākis + tāna → Pākistān</div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="font-size:250%">गान् + धी → <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/sa:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" class="extiw" title="w:sa:मोहनदास करमचन्द गान्धी">गान्धी</a></div><p><br /> </p><div style="font-size:130%">gān + dhī → Gāndhī</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Außnahmen_mit_ज"><span id="Au.C3.9Fnahmen_mit_.E0.A4.9C"></span>Außnahmen mit ज</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&action=edit&section=5" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Außnahmen mit ज"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:180%">ज् + ञ → ज्ञ (<span class="IAST">jña</span>)</div> <p>Dieses <span class="IAST">jña</span> oder gya gilt im Nepali als eigener Buchstabe, als letzter im Alphabet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Außnahmen_mit_त"><span id="Au.C3.9Fnahmen_mit_.E0.A4.A4"></span>Außnahmen mit त</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&action=edit&section=6" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Außnahmen mit त"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:180%">त् + त → त्त (tta)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bogenverkürzung"><span id="Bogenverk.C3.BCrzung"></span>Bogenverkürzung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&action=edit&section=7" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Bogenverkürzung"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bei einigen Konsonanten, die auf einen Bogen enden, wird dieser verkürzt, im einzelnen: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mit_क_und_फ"><span id="Mit_.E0.A4.95_und_.E0.A4.AB"></span>Mit क und फ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&action=edit&section=8" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Mit क und फ"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beim <b>ka (क)</b> wird meist die rechte Hälfte des rechten Bogens verkürzt, beim <b>फ (pha)</b> immer. </p><p>Beispiele: </p> <div style="font-size:180%"> <p>क् + क → क्क (kka)<br /> क् + य → क्य (kya)<br /> फ् + त → फ्त (phta)<br /> क् + त → क्त (kta)<br /> </p> </div> <p>Ausnahme ist </p> <div style="font-size:180%"> <p>क् + ष → क्ष (<span class="IAST">kṣa</span>) </p> </div> <p>Auch dieses <b><span class="IAST">kṣa</span></b> muss man sich als eigenes Zeichen merken, im Nepali gilt er sogar als eigener Buchstabe, alphabetisch hinter ha (ह). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mit_छ"><span id="Mit_.E0.A4.9B"></span>Mit छ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&action=edit&section=9" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Mit छ"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Auch mit <b>cha (छ)</b> lassen sich Ligaturen bilden. Dabei wird der Teil hinter der Schleife weggelassen: </p><p>Beispiele: </p> <div style="font-size:180%"> <p>छ् + क → छ्क (chka)<br /> छ् + म → छ्म (chma)<br /> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mit_ह"><span id="Mit_.E0.A4.B9"></span>Mit ह</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&action=edit&section=10" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Mit ह"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Auch mit <b>ha (ह)</b> lassen sich Ligaturen bilden. Dabei wird meist die rechte Hälfte des rechten Bogens verkürzt, Leider gibt es hierbei viele Ausnahmen Beispiele: </p> <div style="font-size:180%"> <p>ह् + क → ह्क (hka)<br /> ह् + त → ह्त (hta)<br /> </p> </div> <p>Ausnahmen: </p> <div style="font-size:180%"> <p>ह् + ण → ह्ण (<span class="IAST">hṇa</span>)<br /> ह् + न → ह्न (hna)<br /> ह् + म → ह्म (hma)<br /> ह् + य → ह्य (hya)<br /> ह् + ल → ह्ल (hla)<br /> ह् + व → ह्व (hva)<br /> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andere_Ligaturen">Andere Ligaturen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&action=edit&section=11" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Andere Ligaturen"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Es gibt eine Fülle von Ligaturen, besonders aus handschriftlicher Zeit, in der die Konsonanten auf abenteuerliche Weise zusammengeknäult wurden. Diese sind oft auch von der Schriftart abhängig Im Gebrauch sind heute die folgenden: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mit_ङ"><span id="Mit_.E0.A4.99"></span>Mit ङ</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&action=edit&section=12" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Mit ङ"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:180%"> <p>ङ् + म → ङ्म (ngma)<br /> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mit_द"><span id="Mit_.E0.A4.A6"></span>Mit द</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&action=edit&section=13" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Mit द"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size:180%"> <p>द् + ग → द्ग (dga)<br /> द् + ध → द्ध (ddha)<br /> द् + भ → द्भ (dbha)<br /> द् + म → द्म (dma)<br /> द् + य → द्य (dya)<br /> </p> </div><p><br /> </p><div style="background-color: Lavender; -moz-border-radius:15px; border: 2px solid CornflowerBlue; padding: 5px; clear: both;"> <table style="background-color: Lavender;"> <tbody><tr> <td><b> </b>  </td> <td><b>Lehrgang:</b> <b><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Hauptseite</a></b> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Vokale" title="Devanagari: Vokale"> Vokale</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Konsonanten" title="Devanagari: Konsonanten"> Konsonanten</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Silben" title="Devanagari: Silben"> Silben</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Ligaturen</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Modifikatoren" title="Devanagari: Modifikatoren"> Modifikatoren</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Verschiedenes" title="Devanagari: Verschiedenes"> Verschiedenes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> </b>  </td> <td><b>Erweiterte Infos:</b> <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Devanagari_am_Computer_benutzen" title="Devanagari: Devanagari am Computer benutzen"> Devanagari am Computer benutzen</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Andere_Umschriftverfahren" title="Devanagari: Andere Umschriftverfahren"> Andere Umschriftverfahren</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Deutsch_mit_Devanagari_schreiben" title="Devanagari: Deutsch mit Devanagari schreiben"> Deutsch mit Devanagari schreiben</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Ligaturenliste" title="Devanagari: Ligaturenliste"> Ligaturenliste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Devanagari:_Anh%C3%A4nge" title="Devanagari: Anhänge"> Anhänge</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><br /> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Abgerufen von „<a dir="ltr" href="https://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&oldid=934606">https://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Devanagari:_Ligaturen&oldid=934606</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 3. 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