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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Milestones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulsar-like_white_dwarfs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulsar-like_white_dwarfs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pulsar-like white dwarfs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulsar-like_white_dwarfs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation,_mechanism,_turn_off" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation,_mechanism,_turn_off"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Formation, mechanism, turn off</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation,_mechanism,_turn_off-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Categories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Categories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disrupted_recycled_pulsar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disrupted_recycled_pulsar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Disrupted recycled pulsar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disrupted_recycled_pulsar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulsar_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulsar_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Pulsar navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulsar_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precise_clocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precise_clocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Precise clocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precise_clocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Probes_of_the_interstellar_medium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Probes_of_the_interstellar_medium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Probes of the interstellar medium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Probes_of_the_interstellar_medium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Probes_of_space-time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Probes_of_space-time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Probes of space-time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Probes_of_space-time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravitational_wave_detectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravitational_wave_detectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Gravitational wave detectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravitational_wave_detectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_pulsars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_pulsars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Significant pulsars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_pulsars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pulsar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="نباض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نباض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAlsar" title="Púlsar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Púlsar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="পালসার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পালসার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пульсар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пульсар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пульсар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пульсар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAlsar" title="Púlsar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Púlsar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пульсар – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пульсар" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Πάλσαρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάλσαρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B9lsar" title="Pùlsar – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pùlsar" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAlsar" title="Púlsar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Púlsar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsaro" title="Pulsaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pulsaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%BE%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="تپ‌اختر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تپ‌اختر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puls%C3%A1r" title="Pulsár – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pulsár" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAlsar" title="Púlsar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Púlsar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%84%EC%82%AC" title="펄사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펄사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պուլսարներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պուլսարներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="पल्सर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पल्सर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsaro" title="Pulsaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pulsaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A8" title="פולסר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולסר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪಲ್ಸಾರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಲ್ಸಾರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პულსარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პულსარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пульсар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пульсар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пульсар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пульсар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puls%C4%81rs" title="Pulsārs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pulsārs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsaras" title="Pulsaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pulsaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulz%C3%A1r" title="Pulzár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pulzár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пулсар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пулсар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="പൾസാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൾസാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="पल्सार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पल्सार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC" title="ပါလဆာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပါလဆာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC" title="パルサー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パルサー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="پلسار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پلسار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пульсар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пульсар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="ස්පන්දන තරු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්පන්දන තරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulzar" title="Pulzar – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pulzar" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulzar" title="Pulzar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pulzar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пулсар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пулсар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsari" title="Pulsari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pulsari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="துடிவிண்மீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துடிவிண்மீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пульсар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пульсар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พัลซาร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พัลซาร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пулсар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пулсар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пульсар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пульсар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B6" title="نابض – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نابض" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_xung" title="Sao xung – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao xung" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%89%E5%86%B2%E6%98%9F" title="脉冲星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脉冲星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%88%E8%A1%9D%E6%98%9F" title="脈衝星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="脈衝星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pulsar" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%89%E5%86%B2%E6%98%9F" title="脉冲星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脉冲星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4360#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pulsar (disambiguation)">Pulsar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA18848-PSRB1509-58-ChandraXRay-WiseIR-20141023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/PIA18848-PSRB1509-58-ChandraXRay-WiseIR-20141023.jpg/223px-PIA18848-PSRB1509-58-ChandraXRay-WiseIR-20141023.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/PIA18848-PSRB1509-58-ChandraXRay-WiseIR-20141023.jpg/335px-PIA18848-PSRB1509-58-ChandraXRay-WiseIR-20141023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/PIA18848-PSRB1509-58-ChandraXRay-WiseIR-20141023.jpg/446px-PIA18848-PSRB1509-58-ChandraXRay-WiseIR-20141023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PSR_B1509%E2%88%9258" title="PSR B1509−58">PSR B1509−58</a> – <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra</a> are gold; <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a> in red, green and blue/max.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pulsar_anim.ogv/220px--Pulsar_anim.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="163" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Pulsar_anim.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Pulsar_anim.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Pulsar_anim.ogv/Pulsar_anim.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="648" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Pulsar_anim.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="800" data-height="592" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Pulsar_anim.ogv/Pulsar_anim.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="194" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Pulsar_anim.ogv/Pulsar_anim.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="324" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Pulsar_anim.ogv/Pulsar_anim.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Pulsar_anim.ogv/Pulsar_anim.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="486" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Animation of a rotating pulsar. The sphere in the middle represents the neutron star, the curves indicate the magnetic field lines and the protruding cones represent the emission zones.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightsmall-optimised.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lightsmall-optimised.gif/220px-Lightsmall-optimised.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lightsmall-optimised.gif/330px-Lightsmall-optimised.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lightsmall-optimised.gif/440px-Lightsmall-optimised.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the "<a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a>" effect produced by a pulsar.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pulsar</b> (from <i>pulsating radio source</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a highly magnetized rotating <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a> that emits beams of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a> out of its <a href="/wiki/Poles_of_astronomical_bodies#Magnetic_poles" title="Poles of astronomical bodies">magnetic poles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This radiation can be observed only when a beam of emission is pointing toward Earth (similar to the way a <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a> can be seen only when the light is pointed in the direction of an observer), and is responsible for the pulsed appearance of emission. Neutron stars are very <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">dense</a> and have short, regular rotational <a href="/wiki/Period_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (physics)">periods</a>. This produces a very precise interval between pulses that ranges from milliseconds to seconds for an individual pulsar. Pulsars are one of the candidates for the source of <a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_cosmic_ray" title="Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray">ultra-high-energy cosmic rays</a>. (See also <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_mechanism_of_acceleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrifugal mechanism of acceleration">centrifugal mechanism of acceleration</a>.) </p><p>Pulsars’ highly regular pulses make them very useful tools for astronomers. For example, observations of a pulsar in a <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1913%2B16" class="mw-redirect" title="PSR B1913+16">binary neutron star system</a> were used to indirectly confirm the existence of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational radiation</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">extrasolar planets</a> were discovered in 1992 around a pulsar, specifically <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12" title="PSR B1257+12">PSR B1257+12</a>. In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Millisecond_pulsar" title="Millisecond pulsar">certain types of pulsars</a> were detected that, at that time, exceeded the accuracy of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clocks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_clock" title="Pulsar clock">keeping time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_observation">History of observation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of observation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Signals from the <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1919%2B21" title="PSR B1919+21">first discovered pulsar</a> were initially observed by <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell</a> while analyzing data recorded on August 6, 1967, from a <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_Scintillation_Array" title="Interplanetary Scintillation Array">newly commissioned radio telescope</a> that she helped build. Initially dismissed as <a href="/wiki/Radio_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio interference">radio interference</a> by her supervisor and developer of the telescope, <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20210727_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20210727-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fact that the signals always appeared at the same <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a> soon ruled out a terrestrial source.<sup id="cite_ref-HewishBell1967_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HewishBell1967-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 28, 1967, Bell and Hewish using a fast strip <a href="/wiki/Chart_recorder" title="Chart recorder">chart recorder</a> resolved the signals as a series of pulses, evenly spaced every 1.337 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No astronomical object of this nature had ever been observed before. On December 21, Bell discovered a second pulsar, quashing speculation that these might be signals beamed at earth from an <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When observations with another telescope confirmed the emission, it eliminated any sort of instrumental effects. At this point, Bell said of herself and Hewish that "we did not really believe that we had picked up signals from another civilization, but obviously the idea had crossed our minds and we had no proof that it was an entirely natural radio emission. It is an interesting problem—if one thinks one may have detected life elsewhere in the universe, how does one announce the results responsibly?"<sup id="cite_ref-cosmic_search_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosmic_search-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, they nicknamed the signal <i>LGM-1</i>, for "<a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">little green men</a>" (a playful name for intelligent <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">beings of extraterrestrial origin</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chart_Showing_Radio_Signal_of_First_Identified_Pulsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chart_Showing_Radio_Signal_of_First_Identified_Pulsar.jpg/220px-Chart_Showing_Radio_Signal_of_First_Identified_Pulsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chart_Showing_Radio_Signal_of_First_Identified_Pulsar.jpg/330px-Chart_Showing_Radio_Signal_of_First_Identified_Pulsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chart_Showing_Radio_Signal_of_First_Identified_Pulsar.jpg/440px-Chart_Showing_Radio_Signal_of_First_Identified_Pulsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Chart on which <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell</a> first recognised evidence of a pulsar, exhibited at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library" title="Cambridge University Library">Cambridge University Library</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It was not until a second pulsating source was discovered in a different part of the sky that the "LGM hypothesis" was entirely abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their pulsar was later dubbed <a href="/wiki/CP_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="CP 1919">CP 1919</a>, and is now known by a number of designators including PSR B1919+21 and PSR J1921+2153. Although CP 1919 emits in <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio wavelengths</a>, pulsars have subsequently been found to emit in visible light, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> wavelengths.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The word "pulsar" first appeared in print in 1968: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>An entirely novel kind of star came to light on Aug. 6 last year and was referred to, by astronomers, as LGM (Little Green Men). Now it is thought to be a novel type between a white dwarf and a neutron [star]. The name Pulsar is likely to be given to it. Dr. A. Hewish told me yesterday: '... I am sure that today every radio telescope is looking at the Pulsars.'<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandra-crab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chandra-crab.jpg/220px-Chandra-crab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chandra-crab.jpg/330px-Chandra-crab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chandra-crab.jpg/440px-Chandra-crab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Composite optical/X-ray image of the <a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchrotron emission">synchrotron emission</a> in the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_wind_nebula" title="Pulsar wind nebula">pulsar wind nebula</a>, powered by injection of magnetic fields and particles from the central pulsar.</figcaption></figure> <p>The existence of neutron stars was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade">Walter Baade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Fritz Zwicky</a> in 1934, when they argued that a small, dense star consisting primarily of neutrons would result from a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baade1934_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baade1934-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the idea of magnetic flux conservation from magnetic main sequence stars, <a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Woltjer" title="Lodewijk Woltjer">Lodewijk Woltjer</a> proposed in 1964 that such neutron stars might contain magnetic fields as large as 10<sup>14</sup> to 10<sup>16</sup> <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a> (=10<sup>10</sup> to 10<sup>12</sup> <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Woltjer1964_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woltjer1964-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, shortly before the discovery of pulsars, <a href="/wiki/Franco_Pacini" title="Franco Pacini">Franco Pacini</a> suggested that a rotating neutron star with a magnetic field would emit radiation, and even noted that such energy could be pumped into a <a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">supernova remnant</a> around a neutron star, such as the <a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pacini1968_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pacini1968-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the discovery of the first pulsar, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gold" title="Thomas Gold">Thomas Gold</a> independently suggested a rotating neutron star model similar to that of Pacini, and explicitly argued that this model could explain the pulsed radiation observed by Bell Burnell and Hewish.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold1968_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold1968-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Richard_V._E._Lovelace" title="Richard V. E. Lovelace">Richard V. E. Lovelace</a> with collaborators discovered period <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P\approx 33}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>33</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P\approx 33}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c961c2c336ec6428878f265cf48884edfe0e10e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P\approx 33}"></span> ms of the <a href="/wiki/Crab_Pulsar" title="Crab Pulsar">Crab Nebula pulsar</a> using <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">Arecibo Observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovelace1969_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovelace1969-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lovelace1969a_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovelace1969a-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Crab_pulsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab pulsar">Crab pulsar</a> provided confirmation of the rotating neutron star model of pulsars.<sup id="cite_ref-LovelaceTyler2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LovelaceTyler2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crab pulsar 33-<a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">millisecond</a> pulse period was too short to be consistent with other proposed models for pulsar emission. Moreover, the Crab pulsar is so named because it is located at the center of the Crab Nebula, consistent with the 1933 prediction of Baade and Zwicky.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyne1998_pp1-7_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyne1998_pp1-7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, Antony Hewish and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a>, who had developed revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Radio_telescope" title="Radio telescope">radio telescopes</a>, became the first astronomers to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> noting that Hewish played a "decisive role in the discovery of pulsars".<sup id="cite_ref-nobel1974_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel1974-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considerable controversy is associated with the fact that Hewish was awarded the prize while Bell, who made the initial discovery while she was his PhD student, was not. Bell claims no bitterness upon this point, supporting the decision of the Nobel prize committee.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milestones">Milestones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Milestones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vela_Pulsar_jet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vela_Pulsar_jet.jpg/220px-Vela_Pulsar_jet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vela_Pulsar_jet.jpg/330px-Vela_Pulsar_jet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vela_Pulsar_jet.jpg/440px-Vela_Pulsar_jet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vela_Pulsar" title="Vela Pulsar">Vela Pulsar</a> and its surrounding <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_wind_nebula" title="Pulsar wind nebula">pulsar wind nebula</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.">Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russell_Hulse" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell Hulse">Russell Hulse</a> discovered for the first time a pulsar in a <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary system</a>, <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1913%2B16" class="mw-redirect" title="PSR B1913+16">PSR B1913+16</a>. This pulsar orbits another neutron star with an orbital period of just eight hours. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> predicts that this system should emit strong <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational radiation">gravitational radiation</a>, causing the orbit to continually contract as it loses <a href="/wiki/Orbital_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital energy">orbital energy</a>. Observations of the pulsar soon confirmed this prediction, providing the first ever evidence of the existence of gravitational waves. As of 2010, observations of this pulsar continue to agree with general relativity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Taylor and Hulse for the discovery of this pulsar.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Don_Backer" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Backer">Don Backer</a> led a group that discovered <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1937%2B21" title="PSR B1937+21">PSR B1937+21</a>, a pulsar with a rotation period of just 1.6 milliseconds (38,500 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">rpm</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observations soon revealed that its magnetic field was much weaker than ordinary pulsars, while further discoveries cemented the idea that a new class of object, the "<a href="/wiki/Millisecond_pulsar" title="Millisecond pulsar">millisecond pulsars</a>" (MSPs) had been found. MSPs are believed to be the end product of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binaries</a>. Owing to their extraordinarily rapid and stable rotation, MSPs can be used by <a href="/wiki/Astronomers" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomers">astronomers</a> as clocks rivaling the stability of the best <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic clocks">atomic clocks</a> on Earth. Factors affecting the arrival time of pulses at Earth by more than a few hundred <a href="/wiki/Nanosecond" title="Nanosecond">nanoseconds</a> can be easily detected and used to make precise measurements. Physical parameters accessible through pulsar timing include the 3D position of the pulsar, its <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> content of the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> along the propagation path, the orbital parameters of any binary companion, the pulsar rotation period and its evolution with time. (These are computed from the raw timing data by <a href="/wiki/Tempo_(astronomy)" title="Tempo (astronomy)">Tempo</a>, a computer program specialized for this task.) After these factors have been taken into account, deviations between the observed arrival times and predictions made using these parameters can be found and attributed to one of three possibilities: intrinsic variations in the spin period of the pulsar, errors in the realization of <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">Terrestrial Time</a> against which arrival times were measured, or the presence of background gravitational waves. Scientists are currently attempting to resolve these possibilities by comparing the deviations seen between several different pulsars, forming what is known as a <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">pulsar timing array</a>. The goal of these efforts is to develop a pulsar-based <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">time standard</a> precise enough to make the first ever direct detection of gravitational waves. In 2006, a team of astronomers at <a href="/wiki/LANL" class="mw-redirect" title="LANL">LANL</a> proposed a model to predict the likely date of <a href="/wiki/Glitch_(astronomy)" title="Glitch (astronomy)">pulsar glitches</a> with observational data from the <a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer</a>. They used observations of the pulsar <a href="/wiki/PSR_J0537%E2%88%926910" title="PSR J0537−6910">PSR J0537−6910</a>, that is known to be a quasi-periodic glitching pulsar.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no general scheme for glitch forecast is known to date.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%27s_concept_of_PSR_B1257%2B12_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Artist%27s_concept_of_PSR_B1257%2B12_system.jpg/220px-Artist%27s_concept_of_PSR_B1257%2B12_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Artist%27s_concept_of_PSR_B1257%2B12_system.jpg/330px-Artist%27s_concept_of_PSR_B1257%2B12_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Artist%27s_concept_of_PSR_B1257%2B12_system.jpg/440px-Artist%27s_concept_of_PSR_B1257%2B12_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of the planets orbiting <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12" title="PSR B1257+12">PSR B1257+12</a>. The one in the foreground is planet "C".</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Wolszczan" title="Aleksander Wolszczan">Aleksander Wolszczan</a> discovered the first <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planets</a> around <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12" title="PSR B1257+12">PSR B1257+12</a>. This discovery presented important evidence concerning the widespread existence of planets outside the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, although it is very unlikely that any <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">life form</a> could survive in the environment of intense radiation near a pulsar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pulsar-like_white_dwarfs">Pulsar-like white dwarfs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pulsar-like white dwarfs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="WD-PSR"></span> <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarfs</a> can also act as pulsars. Because the <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia" title="Moment of inertia">moment of inertia</a> of a white dwarf is much higher than that of a neutron star, the white-dwarf pulsars rotate once every several minutes, far slower than neutron-star pulsars. </p><p>By 2024, three pulsar-like white dwarfs have been identified. </p> <ul><li>In 1998, Nazar Ikhsanov showed that a white dwarf in the binary system <a href="/wiki/AE_Aquarii" title="AE Aquarii">AE Aquarii</a> acts like a radio pulsar.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confirmation of the pulsar-like properties of the white dwarf in AE Aquarii was provided in 2008 by a discovery of X-ray pulsations,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which showed that this white dwarf acts not only as a radio pulsar, but also as an <a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray pulsar</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>In 2016, a white dwarf in the binary system <a href="/wiki/AR_Scorpii" title="AR Scorpii">AR Scorpii</a> was identified as a pulsar<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (it is often mistakenly called the first discovered pulsar-like white dwarf). The system displays strong pulsations from ultraviolet to radio wavelengths, powered by the spin-down of the strongly magnetized white dwarf.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>In 2023, it was suggested that the white dwarf eRASSU J191213.9−441044 acts as a pulsar both in radio and X-rays.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>There is an alternative tentative explanation of the pulsar-like properties of these white dwarfs. In 2019, the properties of pulsars have been explained using a numerical magnetohydrodynamic model explaining was developed at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this model, AE Aqr is an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_polar" title="Intermediate polar">intermediate polar</a>-type star, where the magnetic field is relatively weak and an <a href="/wiki/Accretion_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Accretion disc">accretion disc</a> may form around the white dwarf. The star is in the propeller regime, and many of its observational properties are determined by the disc-<a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> interaction. A similar model for eRASSU J191213.9−441044 is supported by the results of its observations at ultraviolet wave lengths, which showed that its magnetic field strength does not exceed 50 MG.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially pulsars were named with letters of the discovering observatory followed by their <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a> (e.g. CP 1919). As more pulsars were discovered, the letter code became unwieldy, and so the convention then arose of using the letters PSR (Pulsating Source of Radio) followed by the pulsar's right ascension and degrees of <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a> (e.g. PSR 0531+21) and sometimes declination to a tenth of a degree (e.g. PSR 1913+16.7). Pulsars appearing very close together sometimes have letters appended (e.g. PSR 0021−72C and PSR 0021−72D). </p><p>The modern convention prefixes the older numbers with a B (e.g. PSR B1919+21), with the B meaning the coordinates are for the 1950.0 epoch. All new pulsars have a J indicating 2000.0 coordinates and also have declination including minutes (e.g. PSR J1921+2153). Pulsars that were discovered before 1993 tend to retain their B names rather than use their J names (e.g. PSR J1921+2153 is more commonly known as PSR B1919+21). Recently discovered pulsars only have a J name (e.g. <a href="/wiki/PSR_J0437%E2%88%924715" title="PSR J0437−4715">PSR J0437−4715</a>). All pulsars have a J name that provides more precise coordinates of its location in the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation,_mechanism,_turn_off"><span id="Formation.2C_mechanism.2C_turn_off"></span>Formation, mechanism, turn off</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Formation, mechanism, turn off"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulsar_schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pulsar_schematic.svg/220px-Pulsar_schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pulsar_schematic.svg/330px-Pulsar_schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Pulsar_schematic.svg/440px-Pulsar_schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Schematic view of a pulsar. The sphere in the middle represents the neutron star, the curves indicate the magnetic field lines, the protruding cones represent the emission beams and the green line represents the axis on which the star rotates.</figcaption></figure> <p>The events leading to the formation of a pulsar begin when the core of a massive star is compressed during a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>, which collapses into a neutron star. The neutron star retains most of its <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a>, and since it has only a tiny fraction of its progenitor's radius, it is formed with very high rotation speed. A beam of <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> is emitted along the magnetic axis of the pulsar, which spins along with the rotation of the neutron star. The magnetic axis of the pulsar determines the direction of the electromagnetic beam, with the magnetic axis not necessarily being the same as its rotational axis. This misalignment causes the beam to be seen once for every rotation of the neutron star, which leads to the "pulsed" nature of its appearance. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulsar_formation_spinup_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pulsar_formation_spinup_animation.gif/219px-Pulsar_formation_spinup_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="219" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pulsar_formation_spinup_animation.gif/329px-Pulsar_formation_spinup_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pulsar_formation_spinup_animation.gif/438px-Pulsar_formation_spinup_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Animation of the increased spin of a pulsar as it collapses. It begins with (1) The rotating progenitor (2) The collapse and speedup and (3) The final fast spinning pulsar remnant. The animation demonstrates the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of momentum">conservation of momentum</a> as the star spins faster as it collapses. The <a href="/wiki/Angular_frequency" title="Angular frequency">angular speed</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega /\Omega _{\text{init}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>init</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega /\Omega _{\text{init}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d4dbd65107a55056d016858c4fd942887f66e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.219ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega /\Omega _{\text{init}}}"></span>) and radius (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R/R_{\text{init}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>init</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R/R_{\text{init}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d15eca0e00e8b2962caa19df75aedb788e1ed4f5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.391ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R/R_{\text{init}}}"></span>) relative to the progenitor are shown throughout the process. This does not capture the entire collapse scale as the final star would be too small to see compared to its progenitor.</figcaption></figure> <p>In rotation-powered pulsars, the beam is the result of the <a href="/wiki/Rotational_energy" title="Rotational energy">rotational energy</a> of the neutron star, which generates an electrical field and very strong magnetic field, resulting in the acceleration of protons and electrons on the star surface and the creation of an electromagnetic beam emanating from the poles of the magnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observations by <a href="/wiki/NICER" class="mw-redirect" title="NICER">NICER</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=PSR_J0030%2B0451&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSR J0030+0451 (page does not exist)">PSR J0030+0451</a> indicate that both beams originate from hotspots located on the south pole and that there may be more than two such hotspots on that star.<sup id="cite_ref-Arzoumanian&Gendreau_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arzoumanian&Gendreau-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garner_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rotation slows down over time as <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic</a> power is emitted. When a pulsar's spin period slows down sufficiently, the radio pulsar mechanism is believed to turn off (the so-called "death line"). This turn-off seems to take place after about 10–100 million years, which means of all the neutron stars born in the 13.6-billion-year age of the universe, around 99% no longer pulsate.<sup id="cite_ref-cv.nrao.edu_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv.nrao.edu-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the general picture of pulsars as rapidly rotating neutron stars is widely accepted, Werner Becker of the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Extraterrestrial_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics">Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics</a> said in 2006, "The theory of how pulsars emit their radiation is still in its infancy, even after nearly forty years of work."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories">Categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three distinct classes of pulsars are currently known to <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomers</a>, according to the source of the power of the electromagnetic radiation: </p> <ul><li>rotation-powered pulsars, where the loss of rotational energy of the star provides the power,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion-powered_pulsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Accretion-powered pulsar">accretion-powered pulsars</a> (accounting for most but not all <a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray pulsars</a>), where the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_energy" title="Gravitational energy">gravitational potential energy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accreted</a> matter is the power source (producing X-rays that are observable from the Earth),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">magnetars</a>, where the decay of an extremely strong <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> provides the electromagnetic power.</li></ul> <p>Although all three classes of objects are neutron stars, their observable behavior and the underlying physics are quite different. There are, however, some connections. For example, <a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray pulsars</a> are probably old rotationally-powered pulsars that have already lost most of their energy, and have only become visible again after their <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary companions</a> had expanded and begun transferring matter on to the neutron star. </p><p>The process of accretion can, in turn, transfer enough <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> to the neutron star to "recycle" it as a rotation-powered <a href="/wiki/Millisecond_pulsar" title="Millisecond pulsar">millisecond pulsar</a>. As this matter lands on the neutron star, it is thought to "bury" the magnetic field of the neutron star (although the details are unclear), leaving millisecond pulsars with magnetic fields 1000–10,000 times weaker than average pulsars. This low magnetic field is less effective at slowing the pulsar's rotation, so millisecond pulsars live for billions of years, making them the oldest known pulsars. Millisecond pulsars are seen in globular clusters, which stopped forming neutron stars billions of years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-cv.nrao.edu_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cv.nrao.edu-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of interest to the study of the state of the matter in a neutron star are the <i><a href="/wiki/Glitch_(astronomy)" title="Glitch (astronomy)">glitches</a></i> observed in the rotation velocity of the neutron star.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This velocity decreases slowly but steadily, except for an occasional sudden variation known as "glitch". One model put forward to explain these glitches is that they are the result of "<a href="/wiki/Starquake_(astrophysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Starquake (astrophysics)">starquakes</a>" that adjust the crust of the neutron star. Models where the glitch is due to a decoupling of the possibly <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting</a> interior of the star have also been advanced. In both cases, the star's <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia" title="Moment of inertia">moment of inertia</a> changes, but its <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> does not, resulting in a change in rotation rate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23863-NeutronStars-Types-20200624.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PIA23863-NeutronStars-Types-20200624.jpg/600px-PIA23863-NeutronStars-Types-20200624.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PIA23863-NeutronStars-Types-20200624.jpg/900px-PIA23863-NeutronStars-Types-20200624.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/PIA23863-NeutronStars-Types-20200624.jpg/1200px-PIA23863-NeutronStars-Types-20200624.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3334" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Neutron star types (24 June 2020)</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disrupted_recycled_pulsar">Disrupted recycled pulsar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Disrupted recycled pulsar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When two massive stars are born close together from the same cloud of gas, they can form a binary system and orbit each other from birth. If those two stars are at least a few times as massive as the Sun, their lives will both end in supernova explosions. The more massive star explodes first, leaving behind a neutron star. If the explosion does not kick the second star away, the binary system survives. The neutron star can now be visible as a radio pulsar, and it slowly loses energy and spins down. Later, the second star can swell up, allowing the neutron star to suck up its matter. The matter falling onto the neutron star spins it up and reduces its magnetic field. </p><p>This is called "recycling" because it returns the neutron star to a quickly-spinning state. Finally, the second star also explodes in a supernova, producing another neutron star. If this second explosion also fails to disrupt the binary, a double neutron star (neutron star binary) is formed. Otherwise, the spun-up neutron star is left with no companion and becomes a "disrupted recycled pulsar", spinning between a few and 50 times per second.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The discovery of pulsars allowed astronomers to study an object never observed before, the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a>. This kind of object is the only place where the behavior of matter at <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nuclear</a> density can be observed (though not directly). Also, millisecond pulsars have allowed a test of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> in conditions of an intense gravitational field. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer_plaque_sun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pioneer_plaque_sun.svg/220px-Pioneer_plaque_sun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pioneer_plaque_sun.svg/330px-Pioneer_plaque_sun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pioneer_plaque_sun.svg/440px-Pioneer_plaque_sun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2845" data-file-height="2011" /></a><figcaption>Relative position of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> to the center of the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a> and 14 pulsars with their periods denoted, shown on a <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque"><i>Pioneer</i> plaque</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pulsar maps have been included on the two <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Plaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Plaque"><i>Pioneer</i> plaques</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record"><i>Voyager</i> Golden Record</a>. They show the position of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, relative to 14 pulsars, which are identified by the unique timing of their electromagnetic pulses, so that Earth's position both in space and time can be calculated by potential <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial</a> intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because pulsars are emitting very regular pulses of radio waves, its radio transmissions do not require daily corrections. Moreover, pulsar positioning could create a spacecraft navigation system independently, or be used in conjunction with satellite navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulsar_navigation">Pulsar navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pulsar navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar-based_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray pulsar-based navigation">X-ray pulsar-based navigation</a></div> <p><i>X-ray pulsar-based navigation and timing (XNAV)</i> or simply <i>pulsar navigation</i> is a navigation technique whereby the periodic <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> signals emitted from <a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">pulsars</a> are used to determine the location of a vehicle, such as a spacecraft in deep space. A vehicle using XNAV would compare received X-ray signals with a database of known pulsar frequencies and locations. Similar to <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>, this comparison would allow the vehicle to calculate its position accurately (±5 km). The advantage of using X-ray signals over <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a> is that <a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray telescopes">X-ray telescopes</a> can be made smaller and lighter.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experimental demonstrations have been reported in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precise_clocks">Precise clocks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Precise clocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally, the regularity of pulsar emission does not rival the stability of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic clocks">atomic clocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can still be used as external reference.<sup id="cite_ref-Matsakis1997_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matsakis1997-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, J0437−4715 has a period of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997575745193671263♠"></span>0.005<span style="margin-left:.25em;">757</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">451</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">936</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">712</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">637</span></span> s with an error of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6983170000000000000♠"></span>1.7<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−17</sup> s</span>. This stability allows millisecond pulsars to be used in establishing <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_time" title="Ephemeris time">ephemeris time</a><sup id="cite_ref-brief_backer_review_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brief_backer_review-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in building <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_clock" title="Pulsar clock">pulsar clocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polska_Agencja_Prasowa_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polska_Agencja_Prasowa-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Timing noise</i> is the name for rotational irregularities observed in all pulsars. This timing noise is observable as random wandering in the pulse frequency or phase.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown whether timing noise is related to pulsar <a href="/wiki/Glitch_(astronomy)" title="Glitch (astronomy)">glitches</a>. According to a study published in 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the timing noise observed in pulsars is believed to be caused by background <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational waves</a>. Alternatively, it may be caused by stochastic fluctuations in both the internal (related to the presence of superfluids or turbulence) and external (due to magnetospheric activity) torques in a pulsar.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Probes_of_the_interstellar_medium">Probes of the interstellar medium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Probes of the interstellar medium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The radiation from pulsars passes through the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> (ISM) before reaching Earth. Free <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> in the warm (8000 K), ionized component of the ISM and <a href="/wiki/H_II_region" title="H II region">H II regions</a> affect the radiation in two primary ways. The resulting changes to the pulsar's radiation provide an important probe of the ISM itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferriere_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferriere-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersive</a> nature of the interstellar <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>, lower-frequency radio waves travel through the medium slower than higher-frequency radio waves. The resulting delay in the arrival of pulses at a range of frequencies is directly measurable as the <i><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_measure" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispersion measure">dispersion measure</a></i> of the pulsar. The dispersion measure is the total <a href="/wiki/Column_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Column density">column density</a> of free electrons between the observer and the pulsar: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {DM} =\int _{0}^{D}n_{e}(s)\,ds,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {DM} =\int _{0}^{D}n_{e}(s)\,ds,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f56390c7fab138d77e076d273c58b419d7ef7969" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.082ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {DM} =\int _{0}^{D}n_{e}(s)\,ds,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}"></span> is the distance from the pulsar to the observer, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{e}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{e}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e21303faca6e2167f4ecbf2a75aed982e817035" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.393ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{e}}"></span> is the electron density of the ISM. The dispersion measure is used to construct models of the free electron distribution in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, density inhomogeneities in the ISM cause <a href="/wiki/Scattering" title="Scattering">scattering</a> of the radio waves from the pulsar. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Scintillation_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scintillation (astronomy)">scintillation</a> of the radio waves—the same effect as the twinkling of a star in <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> due to density variations in the Earth's atmosphere—can be used to reconstruct information about the small scale variations in the ISM.<sup id="cite_ref-Rickett_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rickett-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the high velocity (up to several hundred km/s) of many pulsars, a single pulsar scans the ISM rapidly, which results in changing scintillation patterns over timescales of a few minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact cause of these density inhomogeneities remains an open question, with possible explanations ranging from <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> to <a href="/wiki/Current_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Current sheets">current sheets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pen_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pen-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Probes_of_space-time">Probes of space-time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Probes of space-time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pulsars orbiting within the curved <a href="/wiki/Space-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Space-time">space-time</a> around <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sgr A*</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black hole</a> at the center of the Milky Way, could serve as probes of gravity in the strong-field regime.<sup id="cite_ref-saha10_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saha10-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrival times of the pulses would be affected by <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special</a>- and <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general-relativistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler shifts</a> and by the complicated paths that the radio waves would travel through the strongly curved space-time around the black hole. In order for the effects of general relativity <a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">to be measurable</a> with current instruments, pulsars with orbital periods less than about 10 years would need to be discovered;<sup id="cite_ref-saha10_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saha10-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such pulsars would orbit at distances inside 0.01 pc from Sgr A*. Searches are currently underway; at present, five pulsars are known to lie within 100 pc from Sgr A*.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravitational_wave_detectors">Gravitational wave detectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gravitational wave detectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four consortia around the world which use pulsars to search for <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational waves">gravitational waves</a>: the <a href="/wiki/European_Pulsar_Timing_Array" title="European Pulsar Timing Array">European Pulsar Timing Array</a> (EPTA) in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Parkes_Pulsar_Timing_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkes Pulsar Timing Array">Parkes Pulsar Timing Array</a> (PPTA) in Australia, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Nanohertz_Observatory_for_Gravitational_Waves" title="North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves">North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves</a> (NANOGrav) in Canada and the US, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Pulsar_Timing_Array&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Pulsar Timing Array (page does not exist)">Indian Pulsar Timing Array</a> (InPTA) in India. Together, the consortia form the <a href="/wiki/International_Pulsar_Timing_Array" title="International Pulsar Timing Array">International Pulsar Timing Array</a> (IPTA). The pulses from <a href="/wiki/Millisecond_Pulsars" class="mw-redirect" title="Millisecond Pulsars">Millisecond Pulsars</a> (MSPs) are used as a system of galactic clocks. Disturbances in the clocks will be measurable at Earth. A disturbance from a passing gravitational wave will have a particular signature across the ensemble of pulsars, and will be thus detected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_pulsars">Significant pulsars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Significant pulsars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star#Examples_of_neutron_stars" title="Neutron star">Neutron star § Examples of neutron stars</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; float: right;"> <caption>Pulsars within 300 pc<sup id="cite_ref-aj141_5_165_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj141_5_165-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>PSR</th> <th>Distance<br />(pc)</th> <th>Age<br />(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">Myr</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSR_J0030%2B0451&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSR J0030+0451 (page does not exist)">J0030+0451</a></td> <td>244</td> <td>7,580 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PSR_J0108%E2%88%921431" title="PSR J0108−1431">J0108−1431</a></td> <td>238</td> <td>166 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PSR_J0437%E2%88%924715" title="PSR J0437−4715">J0437−4715</a></td> <td>156</td> <td>1,590 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geminga" title="Geminga">J0633+1746</a></td> <td>156</td> <td>0.342 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PSR_J0659%2B1414" title="PSR J0659+1414">J0659+1414</a></td> <td>290</td> <td>0.111 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vela_Pulsar" title="Vela Pulsar">J0835−4510</a></td> <td>290</td> <td>0.0113 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSR_J0453%2B0755&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSR J0453+0755 (page does not exist)">J0453+0755</a></td> <td>260</td> <td>17.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSR_J1045%E2%88%924509&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSR J1045−4509 (page does not exist)">J1045−4509</a></td> <td>300</td> <td>6,710 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSR_J1741%E2%88%922054&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSR J1741−2054 (page does not exist)">J1741−2054</a></td> <td>250</td> <td>0.387 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSR_J1856%E2%88%923754&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSR J1856−3754 (page does not exist)">J1856−3754</a></td> <td>161</td> <td>3.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PSR_J2144%E2%88%923933" title="PSR J2144−3933">J2144−3933</a></td> <td>165</td> <td>272 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fermi%27s_Gamma-ray_Pulsars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Fermi%27s_Gamma-ray_Pulsars.jpg/220px-Fermi%27s_Gamma-ray_Pulsars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Fermi%27s_Gamma-ray_Pulsars.jpg/330px-Fermi%27s_Gamma-ray_Pulsars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Fermi%27s_Gamma-ray_Pulsars.jpg/440px-Fermi%27s_Gamma-ray_Pulsars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>Gamma-ray pulsars detected by the <a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pulsars listed here were either the first discovered of its type, or represent an extreme of some type among the known pulsar population, such as having the shortest measured period. </p> <ul><li>The first radio pulsar "CP 1919" (now known as <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1919%2B21" title="PSR B1919+21">PSR B1919+21</a>), with a pulse period of 1.337 seconds and a pulse width of 0.04-second, was discovered in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-HewishBell1967_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HewishBell1967-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">binary pulsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/PSR_1913%2B16" class="mw-redirect" title="PSR 1913+16">PSR 1913+16</a>, whose orbit is decaying due to the emission of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational radiation">gravitational radiation</a> at the exact rate predicted by <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>.</li> <li>The brightest radio pulsar, the <a href="/wiki/Vela_Pulsar" title="Vela Pulsar">Vela Pulsar</a>.</li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/Millisecond_pulsar" title="Millisecond pulsar">millisecond pulsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1937%2B21" title="PSR B1937+21">PSR B1937+21</a></li> <li>The brightest <a href="/wiki/Millisecond_pulsar" title="Millisecond pulsar">millisecond pulsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/PSR_J0437%E2%88%924715" title="PSR J0437−4715">PSR J0437−4715</a></li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray pulsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cen_X-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Cen X-3">Cen X-3</a></li> <li>The first accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar, <a href="/wiki/SAX_J1808.4%E2%88%923658" title="SAX J1808.4−3658">SAX J1808.4−3658</a></li> <li>The first pulsar with planets, <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12" title="PSR B1257+12">PSR B1257+12</a></li> <li>The first pulsar observed to have been affected by <a href="/wiki/Asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroids">asteroids</a>: <a href="/wiki/PSR_J0738%E2%88%924042" title="PSR J0738−4042">PSR J0738−4042</a></li> <li>The first double pulsar binary system, <a href="/wiki/PSR_J0737%E2%88%923039" title="PSR J0737−3039">PSR J0737−3039</a></li> <li>The shortest period pulsar, <a href="/wiki/PSR_J1748%E2%88%922446ad" title="PSR J1748−2446ad">PSR J1748−2446ad</a>, with a period of ~0.0014 seconds or ~1.4 milliseconds (716 times a second).</li> <li>The longest period neutron star pulsar, <a href="/wiki/PSR_J0901-4046" class="mw-redirect" title="PSR J0901-4046">PSR J0901-4046</a>, with a period of 75.9 seconds.</li> <li>The longest period pulsar, at 118.2 seconds, as well as one of the only known two white dwarf pulsars, <a href="/wiki/AR_Scorpii" title="AR Scorpii">AR Scorpii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first white dwarf pulsar <a href="/wiki/AE_Aquarii" title="AE Aquarii">AE Aquarii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The pulsar with the most stable period, <a href="/wiki/PSR_J0437%E2%88%924715" title="PSR J0437−4715">PSR J0437−4715</a></li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/Millisecond_pulsar" title="Millisecond pulsar">millisecond pulsar</a> with 2 stellar mass companions, <a href="/wiki/PSR_J0337%2B1715" title="PSR J0337+1715">PSR J0337+1715</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSR_J1841%E2%88%920500" title="PSR J1841−0500">PSR J1841−0500</a>, stopped pulsing for 580 days. One of only two pulsars known to have stopped pulsing for more than a few minutes.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSR_B1931%2B24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PSR B1931+24 (page does not exist)">PSR B1931+24</a>, has a cycle. It pulses for about a week and stops pulsing for about a month.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of only two pulsars known to have stopped pulsing for more than a few minutes.</li> <li>Swift J0243.6+6124 most magnetic pulsar with <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7013160000000000000♠"></span>1.6<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>13</sup> <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">G</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSR_J0952-0607" class="mw-redirect" title="PSR J0952-0607">PSR J0952-0607</a> heaviest pulsar with <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000235000000000000♠"></span>2.35<span style="margin-left:0.3em;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:right;">+0.17<br />−0.17</span></span></span> <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSR_J1903%2B0327" title="PSR J1903+0327">PSR J1903+0327</a>, a ~2.15 ms pulsar discovered to be in a highly eccentric <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary star</a> system with a Sun-like star.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSR_J2007%2B2722" title="PSR J2007+2722">PSR J2007+2722</a>, a 40.8-hertz 'recycled' isolated pulsar was the first pulsar found by volunteers on data taken in February 2007 and analyzed by <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a> project <a href="/wiki/Einstein@Home" title="Einstein@Home">Einstein@Home</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSR_J1311%E2%80%933430" title="PSR J1311–3430">PSR J1311–3430</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Millisecond_pulsar" title="Millisecond pulsar">millisecond pulsar</a> discovered via gamma-ray pulsations and part of a binary system with the shortest orbital period.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 402px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 400px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crab_Lucky_video2.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Video – Crab Pulsar – bright pulse and interpulse."><img alt="Video – Crab Pulsar – bright pulse and interpulse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Crab_Lucky_video2.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Video – <a href="/wiki/Crab_Pulsar" title="Crab Pulsar">Crab Pulsar</a> – bright pulse and interpulse.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv/320px--Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv/Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="512" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="512" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv/Vela_Pulsar_jet_seen_by_Chandra_Observatory.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Video – <a href="/wiki/Vela_pulsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vela pulsar">Vela pulsar</a> – <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray light</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm/320px--Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Artist’s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_(video).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/04/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AArtist%E2%80%99s_impression_video_of_the_exotic_binary_star_system_AR_Scorpii_%28video%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Video – Artist's impression of <a href="/wiki/AR_Scorpii" title="AR Scorpii">AR Scorpii</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_X-ray_pulsar" title="Anomalous X-ray pulsar">Anomalous X-ray pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSR_J0737%E2%88%923039" title="PSR J0737−3039">Double pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_pulsar" title="Optical pulsar">Optical pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_clock" title="Pulsar clock">Pulsar clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">Pulsar planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">Pulsar timing array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_wind_nebula" title="Pulsar wind nebula">Pulsar wind nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_star" title="Radio star">Radio star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_radio_transient" title="Rotating radio transient">Rotating radio transient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">Soft gamma repeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray pulsar</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNora_RobertsD._R._LorimerM._Kramer2005" class="citation book cs1">Nora Roberts; D. R. Lorimer; M. Kramer (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZ8tdN6qJcsC"><i>Handbook of Pulsar Astronomy</i></a> (illustrated, herdruk ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521828239" title="Special:BookSources/9780521828239"><bdi>9780521828239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Pulsar+Astronomy&rft.pages=249&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+herdruk&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521828239&rft.au=Nora+Roberts&rft.au=D.+R.+Lorimer&rft.au=M.+Kramer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZ8tdN6qJcsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulsar" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZ8tdN6qJcsC&pg=PA249">Extract of page 249</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116004442/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZ8tdN6qJcsC&pg=PA249">Archived</a> 2022-11-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pulsar">"Definition of PULSAR"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. 31 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+PULSAR&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpulsar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulsar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/nasa-s-nicer-delivers-best-ever-pulsar-measurements-1st-surface-map">"NASA's NICER Delivers Best-ever Pulsar Measurements, 1st Surface Map"</a>. 11 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA%27s+NICER+Delivers+Best-ever+Pulsar+Measurements%2C+1st+Surface+Map&rft.date=2019-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fgoddard%2F2019%2Fnasa-s-nicer-delivers-best-ever-pulsar-measurements-1st-surface-map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulsar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1983" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Walter (9 February 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/02/09/us/pulsar-termed-most-accurate-clock-in-sky.html">"Pulsar Termed Most Accurate 'Clock' in Sky"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pulsar+Termed+Most+Accurate+%27Clock%27+in+Sky&rft.date=1983-02-09&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1983%2F02%2F09%2Fus%2Fpulsar-termed-most-accurate-clock-in-sky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulsar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20210727-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20210727_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudfoot2021" class="citation news cs1">Proudfoot, Ben (July 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/27/opinion/pulsars-jocelyn-bell-burnell-astronomy.html">"She Changed Astronomy Forever. He Won the Nobel Prize For It - In 1967, Jocelyn Bell Burnell made an astounding discovery. But as a young woman in science, her role was overlooked"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=She+Changed+Astronomy+Forever.+He+Won+the+Nobel+Prize+For+It+-+In+1967%2C+Jocelyn+Bell+Burnell+made+an+astounding+discovery.+But+as+a+young+woman+in+science%2C+her+role+was+overlooked.&rft.date=2021-07-27&rft.aulast=Proudfoot&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F07%2F27%2Fopinion%2Fpulsars-jocelyn-bell-burnell-astronomy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulsar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDW9zKqvPJI">"I Changed Astronomy Forever. 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"Binary millisecond pulsar discovery via gamma-ray pulsations". <i>Science</i>. <b>338</b> (6112): 1314–1317. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.1385">1211.1385</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...338.1314P">2012Sci...338.1314P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1229054">10.1126/science.1229054</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23112297">23112297</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206544680">206544680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Binary+millisecond+pulsar+discovery+via+gamma-ray+pulsations&rft.volume=338&rft.issue=6112&rft.pages=1314-1317&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206544680%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...338.1314P&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1211.1385&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23112297&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1229054&rft.aulast=Pletsch&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft.au=Guillemot&rft.au=Fehrmann%2C+H.&rft.au=Allen%2C+B.&rft.au=Kramer%2C+M.&rft.au=Aulbert%2C+C.&rft.au=Ackermann%2C+M.&rft.au=Ajello%2C+M.&rft.au=De+Angelis%2C+A.&rft.au=Atwood%2C+W.+B.&rft.au=Baldini%2C+L.&rft.au=Ballet%2C+J.&rft.au=Barbiellini%2C+G.&rft.au=Bastieri%2C+D.&rft.au=Bechtol%2C+K.&rft.au=Bellazzini%2C+R.&rft.au=Borgland%2C+A.+W.&rft.au=Bottacini%2C+E.&rft.au=Brandt%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Bregeon%2C+J.&rft.au=Brigida%2C+M.&rft.au=Bruel%2C+P.&rft.au=Buehler%2C+R.&rft.au=Buson%2C+S.&rft.au=Caliandro%2C+G.+A.&rft.au=Cameron%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Caraveo%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Casandjian%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Cecchi%2C+C.&rft.au=%C3%87elik%2C+%C3%96.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulsar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lorimer2004" class="citation book cs1">Lorimer, Duncan R.; Kramer, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZ8tdN6qJcsC"><i>Handbook of Pulsar Astronomy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82823-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82823-9"><bdi>978-0-521-82823-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Pulsar+Astronomy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82823-9&rft.au=Lorimer%2C+Duncan+R.&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZ8tdN6qJcsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulsar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lorimer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lorimer, Duncan R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5256074">"Binary and Millisecond Pulsars"</a>. <i>Living Reviews in Relativity</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 8. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0811.0762">0811.0762</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008LRR....11....8L">2008LRR....11....8L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12942%2Flrr-2008-8">10.12942/lrr-2008-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5256074">5256074</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28179824">28179824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Living+Reviews+in+Relativity&rft.atitle=Binary+and+Millisecond+Pulsars&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5256074%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008LRR....11....8L&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0811.0762&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28179824&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12942%2Flrr-2008-8&rft.au=Lorimer%2C+Duncan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5256074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulsar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lyne1998" class="citation book cs1">Lyne, Andrew G.; Graham-Smith, Francis (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AK9N3zxL4ToC"><i>Pulsar Astronomy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59413-4"><bdi>978-0-521-59413-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pulsar+Astronomy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59413-4&rft.au=Lyne%2C+Andrew+G.&rft.au=Graham-Smith%2C+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAK9N3zxL4ToC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulsar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Manchester1977" class="citation book cs1">Manchester, Richard N.; Taylor, Joseph H. (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pulsars0000manc"><i>Pulsars</i></a></span>. W. H. Freeman and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0358-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0358-7"><bdi>978-0-7167-0358-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pulsars&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0358-7&rft.au=Manchester%2C+Richard+N.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Joseph+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpulsars0000manc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulsar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Stairs2003" class="citation journal cs1">Stairs, Ingrid H (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5253800">"Testing General Relativity with Pulsar Timing"</a>. <i>Living Reviews in Relativity</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 5. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0307536">astro-ph/0307536</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003LRR.....6....5S">2003LRR.....6....5S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12942%2Flrr-2003-5">10.12942/lrr-2003-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5253800">5253800</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28163640">28163640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Living+Reviews+in+Relativity&rft.atitle=Testing+General+Relativity+with+Pulsar+Timing&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5253800%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003LRR.....6....5S&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0307536&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28163640&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12942%2Flrr-2003-5&rft.au=Stairs%2C+Ingrid+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5253800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulsar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pulsars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pulsars">Pulsars</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/mod/">A Pulsar Discovery: First Optical Pulsar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071003093545/http://www.aip.org/history/mod/">Archived</a> 2007-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Moments of Discovery</i>, American Institute of Physics, 2007 (Includes audio and teachers guides).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jodcast.net/archive/200706/20070601-jodcast-interview-high.mp3">Discovery of Pulsars</a>: Interview with Jocelyn Bell Burnell. Jodcast, June 2007 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jodcast.net/archive/200706/20070601-jodcast-interview-low.mp3">Low Quality Version</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/stars/compact-objects/ep-158-pulsars/">Audio: Cain/Gay – Astronomy Cast. Pulsars – Nov 2009</a></li> <li>Australia National Telescope Facility: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/pulsar/psrcat/">Pulsar Catalogue</a></li> <li>Johnston, William Robert. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/relativity/binpulstable.html">List of Pulsars in Binary Systems</a>". Johnston Archive, 22 March 2005.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neutron_star" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neutron_star" title="Template:Neutron star"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neutron_star" title="Template talk:Neutron star"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neutron_star" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neutron star"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neutron_star" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulsar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single pulsars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">Soft gamma repeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_X-ray_pulsar" title="Anomalous X-ray pulsar">Anomalous X-ray</a></li> <li>Ultra-long period</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_radio_transient" title="Rotating radio transient">Rotating radio transient</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Binary pulsars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray pulsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">X-ray burster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_X-ray_pulsars" title="List of X-ray pulsars">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millisecond_pulsar" title="Millisecond pulsar">Millisecond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be/X-ray_binary" title="Be/X-ray binary">Be/X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_spin-up" title="Neutron star spin-up">Spin-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulse%E2%80%93Taylor_pulsar" title="Hulse–Taylor pulsar">Hulse–Taylor pulsar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_radio_burst" title="Fast radio burst">Fast radio burst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondi_accretion" title="Bondi accretion">Bondi accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_(astronomy)" title="Glitch (astronomy)">Glitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron matter">Neutron matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron-star_oscillation" title="Neutron-star oscillation">Neutron-star oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_pulsar" title="Optical pulsar">Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_kick" title="Pulsar kick">Pulsar kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-periodic_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-periodic oscillation">Quasi-periodic oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_star" title="Relativistic star">Relativistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rp-process" title="Rp-process">Rp-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starquake_(astrophysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Starquake (astrophysics)">Starquake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Precise_clocks">Timing noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_limit" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urca_process" title="Urca process">Urca process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst_progenitors" title="Gamma-ray burst progenitors">Gamma-ray burst progenitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Supernovae" title="Template:Supernovae">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova">Kilonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microquasar" title="Microquasar">Microquasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star_merger" title="Neutron star merger">Neutron star merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark-nova" title="Quark-nova">Quark-nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:White_dwarf" title="Template:White dwarf">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_holes" title="Template:Black holes">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_star" title="Radio star">Radio star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">Pulsar planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_wind_nebula" title="Pulsar wind nebula">Pulsar wind nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QCD_matter" title="QCD matter">QCD matter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PSR_B1919%2B21" title="PSR B1919+21">LGM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurus_X-3" title="Centaurus X-3">Centaurus X-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_white_dwarfs,_neutron_stars,_and_supernovae" title="Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae">Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite<br />investigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar-based_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray pulsar-based navigation">X-ray pulsar-based navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Seven_(neutron_stars)" title="The Magnificent Seven (neutron stars)">The Magnificent Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neutron_stars" title="List of neutron stars">List of neutron stars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_neutron_stars" title="List of most massive neutron stars">Most massive neutron stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_stars_in_fiction" title="Neutron stars in fiction">Neutron stars in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Neutron_stars" title="Category:Neutron stars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neutron_stars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Neutron stars">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="White_dwarf" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:White_dwarf" title="Template:White dwarf"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:White_dwarf" title="Template talk:White dwarf"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:White_dwarf" title="Special:EditPage/Template:White dwarf"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="White_dwarf" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159_star" title="PG 1159 star">PG 1159 star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Stellar evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira_variable" title="Mira variable">Mira variable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Neutron_star" title="Template:Neutron star">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_holes" title="Template:Black holes">Related links</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme helium star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">Subdwarf B star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In binary<br />systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novae" class="mw-redirect" title="List of novae">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_nova" title="Dwarf nova">Dwarf nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_variable_star" title="Cataclysmic variable star">Cataclysmic variable star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_CVn_star" class="mw-redirect" title="AM CVn star">AM CVn star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_(cataclysmic_variable)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar (cataclysmic variable)">Polar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_polar" title="Intermediate polar">Intermediate polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_soft_X-ray_source" title="Super soft X-ray source">Super soft X-ray source</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_detonation" title="Carbon detonation">Carbon detonation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsating_white_dwarf" title="Pulsating white dwarf">Pulsating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urca_process" title="Urca process">Urca process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter#Electron_degeneracy" title="Degenerate matter">Electron-degenerate matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-periodic_oscillations" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi-periodic oscillations">Quasi-periodic oscillations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robust_associations_of_massive_baryonic_objects" title="Robust associations of massive baryonic objects">RAMBOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf_luminosity_function" class="mw-redirect" title="White dwarf luminosity function">White dwarf luminosity function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_white_dwarfs,_neutron_stars,_and_supernovae" title="Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae">Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:White_dwarfs" title="Category:White dwarfs">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stellar_core_collapse" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stellar_core_collapse" title="Template:Stellar core collapse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stellar_core_collapse" title="Template talk:Stellar core collapse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stellar_core_collapse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stellar core collapse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stellar_core_collapse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Stellar core</a> <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">collapse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar physics">Stellar physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_plasma" title="Astrophysical plasma">Stellar plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant star">Supergiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Variable_star_topics" title="Template:Variable star topics">Variable star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_variable_star" title="Cataclysmic variable star">Cataclysmic variable star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_soft_X-ray_source" title="Super soft X-ray source">Super soft X-ray source</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Core_collapse_scenario.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Core_collapse_scenario.svg/270px-Core_collapse_scenario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Core_collapse_scenario.svg/405px-Core_collapse_scenario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Core_collapse_scenario.svg/540px-Core_collapse_scenario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stellar processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Nuclear fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Surface fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">R-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rp-process" title="Rp-process">RP-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova nucleosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bondi_accretion" title="Bondi accretion">Bondi accretion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">Electron capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_detonation" title="Carbon detonation">Carbon detonation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carbon_deflagration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon deflagration">deflagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_decay" title="Orbital decay">Orbital decay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collapse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_limit" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernovae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae" title="Type Ib and Ic supernovae">Type Ib and Ic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_supernova" title="Type II supernova">Type II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair-instability_supernova" title="Pair-instability supernova">Pair instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark-nova" title="Quark-nova">Quark-nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Supernovae" title="Template:Supernovae">More...</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact and <br />exotic objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsar" title="Collapsar">Collapsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_collapsar" title="Shell collapsar">Shell collapsar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_white_dwarfs,_neutron_stars,_and_supernovae" title="Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae">Observational timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Particles, forces, <br />and interactions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary particles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">Fundamental interactions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">Strong interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">Weak interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">Gravitation</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pair_production" title="Pair production">Pair production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_beta_decay" title="Inverse beta decay">Inverse beta decay (electron capture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneracy_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneracy pressure">Degeneracy pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_degeneracy_pressure" title="Electron degeneracy pressure">Electron degeneracy pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle" title="Pauli exclusion principle">Pauli exclusion principle</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_processes" title="Template:Nuclear processes">More...</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_concepts_of_quantum_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic concepts of quantum mechanics">Basic concepts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">Quantum electrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_hydrodynamics" title="Quantum hydrodynamics">Quantum hydrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_QCD" title="Lattice QCD">Lattice QCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_confinement" title="Color confinement">Color confinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconfinement" title="Deconfinement">Deconfinement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">Degenerate matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutronium" title="Neutronium">Neutron matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QCD_matter" title="QCD matter">QCD matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark matter">Quark matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">Quark–gluon plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon matter">Preon matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_matter" title="Strange matter">Strange matter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_astrophysics" title="Nuclear astrophysics">Nuclear astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">Physics of shock waves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/14px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/21px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/28px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Star" title="Template:Star"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Star" title="Template talk:Star"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Star" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Star"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">Young stellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-AGB_star" title="Post-AGB star">post-AGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">Blue loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Rayet_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-Rayet nebula">Wolf-Rayet nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159_star" title="PG 1159 star">PG1159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OH/IR_star" title="OH/IR star">OH/IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-type star">Late</a></li> <li>Main sequence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O-type_main-sequence_star" title="O-type main-sequence star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star" title="F-type main-sequence star">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star" title="K-type main-sequence star">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_O_star" title="Subdwarf O star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">WR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_star" title="OB star">OB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_giant" title="Blue giant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_star" title="CN star">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH_star" title="CH star">CH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Am_star" title="Am star">Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap_and_Bp_stars" title="Ap and Bp stars">Ap/Bp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEMP_star" title="CEMP star">CEMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-manganese_star" title="Mercury-manganese star">HgMn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-weak_star" title="Helium-weak star">He-weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_star" title="Lead star">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_star" title="Be star">Be</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_star" title="Shell star">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B(e)_star" title="B(e) star">B[e]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">SGR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li>Black hole star <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li> <li>Hawking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_star" title="Iron star">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor_(astronomy)" title="Fusor (astronomy)">Fusor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric<br />observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest known stars">Largest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects#List_of_most_distant_objects_by_type" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">Most distant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Stars" title="Category:Stars">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/14px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/21px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/28px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Variable_stars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Variable_star_topics" title="Template:Variable star topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Variable_star_topics" title="Template talk:Variable star topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Variable_star_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Variable star topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Variable_stars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_pulsation" title="Stellar pulsation">Pulsating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cepheid_variable" title="Cepheid variable">Cepheids</a> and<br />cepheid-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_I_Cepheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Type I Cepheid">Type I</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Classical_Cepheid_variable" title="Classical Cepheid variable">Classical cepheids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Scuti_variable" title="Delta Scuti variable">Delta Scuti</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_Cepheid" title="Type II Cepheid">Type II</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/BL_Herculis_variable" title="BL Herculis variable">BL Herculis</a>, <a href="/wiki/W_Virginis_variable" title="W Virginis variable">W Virginis</a>, <a href="/wiki/RV_Tauri_variable" title="RV Tauri variable">RV Tauri</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RR_Lyrae_variable" title="RR Lyrae variable">RR Lyrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidly_oscillating_Ap_star" title="Rapidly oscillating Ap star">Rapidly oscillating Ap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SX_Phoenicis_variable" title="SX Phoenicis variable">SX Phoenicis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blue-white with<br />early spectra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Cygni_variable" title="Alpha Cygni variable">Alpha Cygni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Cephei_variable" title="Beta Cephei variable">Beta Cephei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowly_pulsating_B-type_star" title="Slowly pulsating B-type star">Slowly pulsating B-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PV_Telescopii_variable" title="PV Telescopii variable">PV Telescopii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_large-amplitude_pulsator" title="Blue large-amplitude pulsator">Blue large-amplitude pulsator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Long-period_variable_star" title="Long-period variable star">Long-period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mira_variable" title="Mira variable">Mira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiregular_variable_star" title="Semiregular variable star">Semiregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_irregular_variable" title="Slow irregular variable">Slow irregular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Doradus_variable" title="Gamma Doradus variable">Gamma Doradus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Solar-like oscillations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsating_white_dwarf" title="Pulsating white dwarf">White dwarf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eruptive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Protostar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">PMS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_variable" title="Orion variable">Orion</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/FU_Orionis_star" title="FU Orionis star">FU Orionis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Giants and<br />supergiants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Coronae_Borealis_variable" title="R Coronae Borealis variable">R Coronae Borealis</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/DY_Persei_variable" title="DY Persei variable">DY Persei</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow hypergiant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eruptive binary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_periodic_variable" title="Double periodic variable">Double periodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FS_Canis_Majoris_variable" title="FS Canis Majoris variable">FS Canis Majoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS_Canum_Venaticorum_variable" title="RS Canum Venaticorum variable">RS Canum Venaticorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flare_star" title="Flare star">Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_Cassiopeiae_variable" title="Gamma Cassiopeiae variable">Gamma Cassiopeiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Eridani_variable" title="Lambda Eridani variable">Lambda Eridani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_variable_star" title="Cataclysmic variable star">Cataclysmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AM_Canum_Venaticorum_star" title="AM Canum Venaticorum star">AM Canum Venaticorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_nova" title="Dwarf nova">Dwarf nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_(star)" title="Polar (star)">Polar</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_polar" title="Intermediate polar">Intermediate</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SW_Sextantis_variable" title="SW Sextantis variable">SW Sextantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic nova</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Z Andromedae</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-spherical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_ellipsoidal_variable" title="Rotating ellipsoidal variable">Rotating ellipsoidal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stellar spots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BY_Draconis_variable" title="BY Draconis variable">BY Draconis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_star#FK_Comae_Berenices_variables" title="Variable star">FK Comae Berenices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magnetic fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha2_Canum_Venaticorum_variable" title="Alpha2 Canum Venaticorum variable">α<sup>2</sup> Canum Venaticorum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SX_Arietis_variable" title="SX Arietis variable">SX Arietis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Binary_star#Eclipsing_binaries" title="Binary star">Eclipsing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algol_variable" title="Algol variable">Algol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Lyrae_variable" title="Beta Lyrae variable">Beta Lyrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_transit_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary transit variable">Planetary transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_Ursae_Majoris_variable" title="W Ursae Majoris variable">W Ursae Majoris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/14px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/21px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/28px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Star">Star portal</a></b> * <a href="/wiki/List_of_variable_stars" title="List of variable stars">List</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supernovae" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supernovae" title="Template:Supernovae"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supernovae" title="Template talk:Supernovae"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supernovae" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supernovae"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supernovae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernovae</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">Type Ia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Iax_supernova" title="Type Iax supernova">Type Iax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_Ib_and_Ic_supernovae" title="Type Ib and Ic supernovae">Type Ib and Ic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_II_supernova" title="Type II supernova">Type II (IIP, IIL, IIn, and IIb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair-instability_supernova" title="Pair-instability supernova">Pair-instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-rich_supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-rich supernovae">Calcium-rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope_jets_supernova" title="Common envelope jets supernova">Common envelope jets supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/180px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/270px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg/360px-G299-Remnants-SuperNova-Type1a-20150218.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="946" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_detonation" title="Carbon detonation">Carbon detonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foe_(unit)" title="Foe (unit)">Foe/Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_relationship" title="Phillips relationship">Phillips relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_process_(astrophysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma process (astrophysics)">γ-process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_neutrinos" title="Supernova neutrinos">Neutrinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Failed_supernova" title="Failed supernova">Failed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_blue_optical_transient" title="Fast blue optical transient">Fast blue optical transient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_radio_burst" title="Fast radio burst">Fast radio burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova">Kilonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_kick" title="Pulsar kick">Pulsar kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark-nova" title="Quark-nova">Quark-nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">Soft gamma repeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_impostor" title="Supernova impostor">Imposter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsational_pair-instability_supernova" title="Pulsational pair-instability supernova">pulsational pair-instability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Progenitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_hypergiant" class="mw-redirect" title="Red hypergiant">Red</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant star">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue supergiant star">blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Red supergiant star">red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow supergiant star">yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">Super-AGB star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_III_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population III star">Population III star</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remnants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_remnant" title="Supernova remnant">Supernova remnant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_wind_nebula" title="Pulsar wind nebula">Pulsar wind nebula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron star</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">exotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">quark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Zombie star">Zombie star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superbubble" title="Superbubble">Superbubble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion%E2%80%93Eridanus_Superbubble" title="Orion–Eridanus Superbubble">Orion–Eridanus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_supernova_observation" title="History of supernova observation">History of supernova observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_white_dwarfs,_neutron_stars,_and_supernovae" title="Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae">Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Notable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Massive stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_distant_supernovae" title="List of most distant supernovae">Most distant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernovae_in_fiction" title="Supernovae in fiction">In fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnard%27s_Loop" title="Barnard's Loop">Barnard's Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_A" title="Cassiopeia A">Cassiopeia A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1054" title="SN 1054">SN 1054</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPTF14hls" title="IPTF14hls">iPTF14hls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1000%2B0216" title="SN 1000+0216">SN 1000+0216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1572" title="SN 1572">Tycho's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler%27s_Supernova" title="Kepler's Supernova">Kepler's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1885A" title="SN 1885A">SN 1885A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1987A" title="SN 1987A">SN 1987A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1994D" title="SN 1994D">SN 1994D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_185" title="SN 185">SN 185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_1006" title="SN 1006">SN 1006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2003fg" title="SN 2003fg">SN 2003fg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G1.9%2B0.3" title="G1.9+0.3">Remnant G1.9+0.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2007bi" title="SN 2007bi">SN 2007bi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2011fe" title="SN 2011fe">SN 2011fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2014J" title="SN 2014J">SN 2014J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_Refsdal" title="SN Refsdal">SN Refsdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_Supernova_Remnant" title="Vela Supernova Remnant">Vela Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2006gy" title="SN 2006gy">SN 2006gy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASASSN-15lh" title="ASASSN-15lh">ASASSN-15lh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2016aps" title="SN 2016aps">SN 2016aps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2018cow" title="SN 2018cow">SN 2018cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_2022jli" title="SN 2022jli">SN 2022jli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SN_H0pe" title="SN H0pe">SN H0pe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Sky_Automated_Survey_for_SuperNovae" title="All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae">ASAS-SN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A1n/Tololo_Survey" title="Calán/Tololo Survey">Calán/Tololo Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Z_Supernova_Search_Team" title="High-Z Supernova Search Team">High-Z Supernova Search Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzman_Automatic_Imaging_Telescope" title="Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope">Katzman Automatic Imaging Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Agliale_Supernovae_and_Asteroid_Survey" title="Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey">Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearby_Supernova_Factory" title="Nearby Supernova Factory">Nearby Supernova Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey#Sloan_Supernova_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Supernova Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova/Acceleration_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova/Acceleration Probe">Supernova/Acceleration Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_Cosmology_Project" title="Supernova Cosmology Project">Supernova Cosmology Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperNova_Early_Warning_System" title="SuperNova Early Warning System">SuperNova Early Warning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_Legacy_Survey" title="Supernova Legacy Survey">Supernova Legacy Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Supernova_Search" title="Texas Supernova Search">Texas Supernova Search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Supernovae" title="Category:Supernovae">Category:Supernovae</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Supernovae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Supernovae">Commons:Supernovae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radio_surveys" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Radio_surveys" title="Template:Radio surveys"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Radio_surveys" title="Template talk:Radio surveys"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Radio_surveys" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Radio surveys"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Radio_surveys" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Radio surveys</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cambridge_surveys_of_radio_sources" title="Category:Cambridge surveys of radio sources">Cambridge Radio Surveys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Cambridge_Catalogue_of_Radio_Sources" title="First Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cambridge_Catalogue_of_Radio_Sources" title="Second Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cambridge_Catalogue_of_Radio_Sources" title="Third Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Cambridge_Survey" title="Fourth Cambridge Survey">4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Cambridge_Survey_of_Radio_Sources" title="Fifth Cambridge Survey of Radio Sources">5C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Cambridge_Survey_of_Radio_Sources" title="Sixth Cambridge Survey of Radio Sources">6C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Cambridge_Survey" title="Seventh Cambridge Survey">7C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Cambridge_Survey" title="Eighth Cambridge Survey">8C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Cambridge_survey_at_15GHz" title="Ninth Cambridge survey at 15GHz">9C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Cambridge_survey" title="Tenth Cambridge survey">10C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array">Very Large Array</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NRAO_VLA_Sky_Survey" title="NRAO VLA Sky Survey">NRAO VLA Sky Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faint_Images_of_the_Radio_Sky_at_Twenty-Centimeters" title="Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters">Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extragalactic sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GALEX_Arecibo_SDSS_Survey" title="GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey">GALEX Arecibo SDSS Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIPASS" title="HIPASS">HIPASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Sky_Survey" title="Ohio Sky Survey">Ohio Sky Survey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulsars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PALFA_Survey" title="PALFA Survey">PALFA Survey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Galactic surveys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-Band_All_Sky_Survey" title="C-Band All Sky Survey">C-Band All Sky Survey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4360#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td 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