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Ugljen – Wikipedija/Википедија

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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nastanak_ugljena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nastanak_ugljena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Nastanak ugljena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nastanak_ugljena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podjela_ugljena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podjela_ugljena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Podjela ugljena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podjela_ugljena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kemijski_sastav_ugljena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kemijski_sastav_ugljena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kemijski sastav ugljena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kemijski_sastav_ugljena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktura_i_fizikalna_svojstva_ugljena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktura_i_fizikalna_svojstva_ugljena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Struktura i fizikalna svojstva ugljena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktura_i_fizikalna_svojstva_ugljena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glavne_vrste_ugljena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glavne_vrste_ugljena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Glavne vrste ugljena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glavne_vrste_ugljena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prerada_i_uporaba_ugljena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prerada_i_uporaba_ugljena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prerada i uporaba ugljena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prerada_i_uporaba_ugljena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povezano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povezano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Povezano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povezano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vanjske veze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ugljen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 126 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">126 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenkool" title="Steenkool — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Steenkool" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="فحم حجري — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فحم حجري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="কয়লা — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কয়লা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illima" title="K&#039;illima — Ajmara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="K&#039;illima" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Ajmara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6m%C3%BCr" title="Kömür — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kömür" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Coal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Вугаль — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вугаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Вугаль — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вугаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A8ngkul" title="Stèngkul — Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Stèngkul" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Въглища — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглища" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कोइला — Biharski" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोइला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Biharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_arang" title="Batu arang — Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Batu arang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="কয়লা — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কয়লা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaou" title="Glaou — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Glaou" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugalj" title="Ugalj — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ugalj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3" title="Carbó — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carbó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%27ose" title="Ho&#039;ose — Čejenski" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ho&#039;ose" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Čejenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B2" title="خەڵووز — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەڵووز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%AD" title="Uhlí — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uhlí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80_%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Çĕр кăмрăкĕ — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕр кăмрăкĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glo" title="Glo — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Glo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul_(bjergart)" title="Kul (bjergart) — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kul (bjergart)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohle" title="Kohle — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF)" title="Γαιάνθρακας (καύσιμο) — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαιάνθρακας (καύσιμο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2%E1%B9%85" title="Carbòṅ — Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Carbòṅ" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Coal" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbo" title="Karbo — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivis%C3%BCsi" title="Kivisüsi — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kivisüsi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrikatz" title="Harrikatz — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harrikatz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="زغال‌سنگ — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زغال‌سنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivihiili" title="Kivihiili — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kivihiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol" title="Kol — Farski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kol" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Farski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbon" title="Charbon — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charbon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%B6l" title="Kööl — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kööl" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Severno-frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cjarbon" title="Cjarbon — Friulijski" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cjarbon" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gual" title="Gual — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gual" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gual" title="Gual — Škotski Galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gual" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Škotski Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2i-than" title="Mòi-than — hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mòi-than" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9D" title="פחם — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פחם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कोयला — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोयला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljen" title="Ugljen — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabon" title="Chabon — Haićanski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chabon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haićanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91sz%C3%A9n" title="Kőszén — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kőszén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Ածուխ — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածուխ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Ածուխ — Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ածուխ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_bara" title="Batu bara — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu bara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karbono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol" title="Kol — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kol" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carbone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD" title="石炭 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石炭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areng_watu" title="Areng watu — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Areng watu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="ნახშირი (წიაღისეული) — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახშირი (წიაღისეული)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Көмір — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көмір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಲು — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%ED%83%84" title="석탄 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%95%D9%86%D8%A0" title="ژٕنؠ — Kašmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ژٕنؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kašmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Көмүр — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көмүр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbo" title="Carbo — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carbo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D3%80" title="ХъуручӀ — Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ХъуручӀ" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjteekoal" title="Sjteekoal — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjteekoal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon — ligurski" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbun" title="Carbun — lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carbun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%96%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ຖ່ານຫີນ — Laoški" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຖ່ານຫີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akmens_anglis" title="Akmens anglis — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akmens anglis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akme%C5%86ogles" title="Akmeņogles — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akmeņogles" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arintany" title="Arintany — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arintany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Јаглен — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="കൽക്കരി — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൽക്കരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članci"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81" title="Нүүрс — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүүрс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="कोळसा — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोळसा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arang_batu" title="Arang batu — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arang batu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ကျောက်မီးသွေး — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်မီးသွေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teconalli" title="Teconalli — Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teconalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कोइला — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोइला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="ह्यंग्वा — Nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ह्यंग्वा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenkool" title="Steenkool — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steenkool" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol" title="Kol — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kol" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kull" title="Kull — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kull" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A9k%C7%AB%CA%BC" title="Tsékǫʼ — Navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsékǫʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Æвзалы — Osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзалы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੋਲਾ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon — Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl" title="Kohl — Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Kohl" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99gle_kopalne" title="Węgle kopalne — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węgle kopalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کوئلا — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوئلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ډبرين سکاره — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډبرين سکاره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carv%C3%A3o_mineral" title="Carvão mineral — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carvão mineral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illimsa" title="K&#039;illimsa — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K&#039;illimsa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83rbune" title="Cărbune — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cărbune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2rbuni" title="Cârbuni — Aromanijski" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cârbuni" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ископаемый уголь — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ископаемый уголь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Угля — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Угля" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Таас чох — Jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Таас чох" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cravuni" title="Cravuni — Sicilijanski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cravuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhlie" title="Uhlie — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uhlie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premog" title="Premog — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Premog" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuxul_Dhagax" title="Dhuxul Dhagax — Somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhuxul Dhagax" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qymyri" title="Qymyri — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qymyri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%99" title="Угаљ — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угаљ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batubara" title="Batubara — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Batubara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol_(br%C3%A4nsle)" title="Kol (bränsle) — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kol (bränsle)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makaa_mawe" title="Makaa mawe — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Makaa mawe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="நிலக்கரி — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலக்கரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81" title="బొగ్గు — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బొగ్గు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82" title="Ангишт — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ангишт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tađik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ถ่านหิน — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ถ่านหิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_(bato)" title="Karbon (bato) — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karbon (bato)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6m%C3%BCr" title="Kömür — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kömür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Вугілля — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вугілля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84%DB%81" title="کوئلہ — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوئلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBmir" title="Koʻmir — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻmir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon — venecijanski" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venecijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_%C4%91%C3%A1" title="Than đá — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Than đá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoye" title="Hoye — Valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Hoye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Valun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uring" title="Uring — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Uring" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="煤" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="煤" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="煤" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4%CD%98-tho%C3%A0%E2%81%BF" title="Thô͘-thoàⁿ — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thô͘-thoàⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="煤" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q24489#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ugljen" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Ugljen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Latinica</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-sh-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;variant=sh-latn" lang="sh-Latn" hreflang="sh-Latn"><span>Latinica</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-sh-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;variant=sh-cyrl" lang="sh-Cyrl" hreflang="sh-Cyrl"><span>Ћирилица</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Teme"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ugljen"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;action=history" title="Pogledajte prethodne verzije ove stranice [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alatke" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alatke</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ugljen"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;action=history"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Opšte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovdje/Ugljen" title="Pogledajte listu svih stranica koje vode ovamo [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Šta vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_izmjene/Ugljen" rel="nofollow" title="Prelistajte nedavne izmjene stranica koje su povezane s ovom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane izmjene</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Pregledajte listu svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;oldid=42217959" title="Nabavite trajnu vezu do ove verzije stranice"><span>Trajna veza</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;action=info" title="Pronađite više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podaci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&amp;page=Ugljen&amp;id=42217959&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Saznajte kako da citirate ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUgljen"><span>Skrati URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUgljen"><span>Preuzmi QR kod</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Štampanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Kolekcija&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Ugljen"><span>Napravi knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Ugljen&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;printable=yes" title="Odštampajte ovu stranicu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Odštampaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Coal" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q24489" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><table style="vertical-align:center; background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Disambig.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/20px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/30px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/40px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></a></span> <i>Ovo je glavno značenje pojma <b>Ugljen</b>. Za ugljen za crtanje, v. <a href="/wiki/Ugljen_(crta%C4%8Dki)" title="Ugljen (crtački)">Ugljen (crtački)</a>.</i><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Coal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Coal.jpg/200px-Coal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Coal.jpg/300px-Coal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Coal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption><b>Ugljen</b></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ugljen</b> ili <b>ugalj</b>, kao vrsta <a href="/wiki/Fosilna_goriva" title="Fosilna goriva">fosilnog goriva</a>, je crna ili crno-smeđa, <a href="/wiki/Sedimentne_stijene" title="Sedimentne stijene">sedimentna stijena</a>, sa sadržajem <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a> od 30% (<a href="/wiki/Lignit" title="Lignit">lignit</a>) do 98% (<a href="/wiki/Antracit" title="Antracit">antracit</a>), pomiješanog s malim količinama <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">sumpornih</a> i <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušikovih</a> spojeva. Nastao je raspadanjem i kompakcijom biljne <a href="/wiki/Tvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvar">tvari</a> u <a href="/wiki/Mo%C4%8Dvara" title="Močvara">močvarama</a> tijekom milijuna godina. Ugljen se vadi u ugljenokopima, a primarno se upotrebljava kao <a href="/wiki/Gorivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorivo">gorivo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nastanak_ugljena">Nastanak ugljena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Nastanak ugljena" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Nastanak ugljena"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ugljen je organskog podrjetla, uglavnom <a href="/wiki/Biljke" title="Biljke">biljnog</a>, a u manjoj mjeri <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotinje" title="Životinje">životinjskog</a>. </p><p>Razlikujemo dvije faze nastanka ugljena: </p><p>1. U <b>prvoj fazi</b> nakupljena <a href="/wiki/Organska_tvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Organska tvar">organska tvar</a> taloži se u slatkovodnim sredinama i <a href="/wiki/Redukcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Redukcija">redukcijskim</a> uvjetima. Tada dolazi do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Truljenje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Truljenje (stranica ne postoji)">truljenja</a> organskih ostataka djelovanjem ograničene količine <a href="/wiki/Kisik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisik">kisika</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerobne_bakterije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aerobne bakterije (stranica ne postoji)">aerobnih bakterija</a>, te gnjiljenja i raspadanja djelovanjem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anaerobne_bakterije&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anaerobne bakterije (stranica ne postoji)">anaerobnih bakterija</a>. Tako organski ostatci postupno prelaze u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Humus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Humus (stranica ne postoji)">humusne</a> tvari i <a href="/wiki/Treset" title="Treset">treset</a>. </p><p>2. <b>Druga faza</b> ili <b>pougljenjivanje</b> zbiva se nakon slijeganja <a href="/wiki/Tlo" title="Tlo">tla</a> i prekrivanja treseta nanosima <a href="/wiki/Pijesak" title="Pijesak">pijeska</a> i <a href="/wiki/Glina_(tlo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glina (tlo)">gline</a>, pod utjecajem fizikalnih i kemijskih činitelja (povišeni <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlak</a> i <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a>, djelovanje mineralnih primjesa, kemijski učinak plinova). To je proces redukcije i kompakcije u kojem se i dalje istiskuje <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a>, a treset počinje pretvorbu u <a href="/wiki/Lignit" title="Lignit">lignit</a> (ili po nekim klasifikacijama u mekani smeđi ugljen). Nastavkom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dehidratacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dehidratacija (stranica ne postoji)">dehidratacije</a> stvara se (tvrdi) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sme%C4%91i_ugljen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Smeđi ugljen (stranica ne postoji)">smeđi</a>, zatim <a href="/wiki/Kameni_ugljen" title="Kameni ugljen">kameni ugljen</a>, a na kraju eventualno <a href="/wiki/Antracit" title="Antracit">antracit</a>. Pri povišenoj temperaturi i povišenom tlaku može nastati <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>. </p><p>Ugljenonosni bazeni su depresije i uleknuća (uglavnom <a href="/wiki/Sinklinala" title="Sinklinala">sinklinale</a>), u kojima su taložine često <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinsedimentacijski_procesi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinsedimentacijski procesi (stranica ne postoji)">sinsedimentacijske</a> i mogu doseći iznimno velike debljine (cijela serija do nekoliko stotina metara). Građa bazena najčešće je karakterizirana manje ili više poremećenim sinklinalama, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinklinorij&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinklinorij (stranica ne postoji)">sinklinorijima</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tektonska_graba&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tektonska graba (stranica ne postoji)">tektonskim grabama</a>. </p><p>Obzirom na položaj, ugljena serija može biti <b>otkrivena, poluotkrivena</b> i <b>pokrivena</b>. </p><p>Unutar cijele serije može biti jedno ili više ležišta. Dijelovi ležišta koji su istraženi, ograničeni i određeni za otkopavanje označuju se kao polja. Stupanj ugljenonosnosti polja iskazuje se masom ugljena na 1 m³, a stupanj ugljenonosnosti bazena u tonama na 1 km³. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Podjela_ugljena">Podjela ugljena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Podjela ugljena" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Podjela ugljena"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ugljen možemo podijeliti na <i>prirodni</i> i <i>umjetni</i>. </p> <ul><li><b>Prirodni ugljen</b> nastaje milijunima godina procesom koji se zove <a href="/wiki/Karbonizacija" title="Karbonizacija">karbonizacija</a> ili <i>pougljenjivanje</i>.</li> <li>Posebnim postupkom može se proizvesti i <b>umjetni ugljen</b> tako da se organska materija zagrijava bez prisustva <a href="/wiki/Zrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zrak">zraka</a>. Taj proces se zove <a href="/wiki/Suha_destilacija" title="Suha destilacija">suha destilacija</a>. Pri suhoj destilaciji uz umjetni ugljen kao čvrsti proizvod nastaju još i plinoviti i tekući prizvodi koji se koriste kao sirovine za kemijsku industriju. <a href="/wiki/Koks" title="Koks">Koks</a> je najpoznatija vrsta umjetnog ugljena. Ima veliku primjenu u industriji jer je zbog visokog sadržaja <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a> kvalitetno gorivo i dobro redukcijsko sredstvo. Drugi česti primjer, koji se ranije puno upotrebljavao u kućanstvima, je <a href="/wiki/Drveni_ugljen" title="Drveni ugljen">drveni ugljen</a>.</li></ul> <p>Razlike među pojedinim <i>vrstama ugljena</i> potječu od različite ishodišne tvari, ali nastaju i tijekom niza biokemijskih, geokemijskih i geoloških pretvorbi te tvari. </p><p>S obzirom na <i>sastav ishodišne tvari</i> ugljen može biti <i>humusni</i>, <i>sapropelitni</i> ili <i>liptobiolitni</i>. Na Zemlji ima najviše humusnog ugljena, dok su sapropelitni i liptobiolitni rjeđi. </p> <ol><li><b>Humusni ugljen</b> nastaje od ligninsko-<a href="/wiki/Celuloza" title="Celuloza">celuloznog</a> tkiva <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vi%C5%A1e_biljke&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Više biljke (stranica ne postoji)">viših biljaka</a>. To je ogrjevni ugljen, slojevit, trakaste teksture i ne sadrži mnogo bitumena.</li> <li><b>Sapropelitni ugljen</b> potječe od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sapropel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapropel (stranica ne postoji)">sapropela</a>, ostataka nižih organizama, <a href="/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton">fitoplanktona</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplanktona</a>. Ishodišne su tvari bile <a href="/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjelančevine">bjelančevine</a> i <a href="/wiki/Masti" class="mw-redirect" title="Masti">masti</a>, a nastali proizvod <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>. Razlikuju se <i>pravi sapropeliti</i> i <i>saprokoliti</i>. U sapropelite spadaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljeni_kenel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugljeni kenel (stranica ne postoji)">ugljeni kenel</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boghed&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Boghed (stranica ne postoji)">boghed</a>.</li> <li><b>Liptobiolitni ugljen</b> nastao je od otpornih ostataka viših biljaka. On ne sadrži dijelove lingninsko-celuloznih tkiva. Obično je homogen u cijeloj svojoj masi. Postoje <i>smolni</i> i <i>kutikulski liptobioti</i>. Glavni su predstavnici <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disodil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Disodil (stranica ne postoji)">disodil</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piropisit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Piropisit (stranica ne postoji)">piropisit</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabdopisit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabdopisit (stranica ne postoji)">rabdopisit</a>.</li></ol> <p>S obzirom na <b>stupanj karbonizacije</b> razlikuju se dvije velike skupine: <b>kameni ugljen</b> (plameni, plinski, kovački, koksni, polumasni, mršavi, antracit) i <b>smeđi ugljen</b> (lignit, zemljasti, obični, sjajni) te <b>treset</b> koji se ne smatra pravim ugljenom. Ugljen se može razlikovati po geološkoj starosti i po primjeni (energetski i tehnološki). Najmlađi je treset, pa smeđi ugljen. Kameni ugljen je stariji, a antracit je najstarija vrsta ugljena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kemijski_sastav_ugljena">Kemijski sastav ugljena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Kemijski sastav ugljena" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kemijski sastav ugljena"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ugljen je složena smjesa tvari koja se sastoji od različitih <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik">ugljikovih</a> i drugih spojeva. Organski spojevi su gorivi dio, a mineralne primjese i voda (<a href="/wiki/Vlaga" title="Vlaga">vlaga</a>) negorivi dio ugljena koji mu smanjuje toplinsku vrijednost. Ugljik je glavni sastavni element i nosilac toplinske vrijednosti ugljena. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maseni_udio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maseni udio (stranica ne postoji)">Maseni udio</a> ugljika se povećava sa starošću. <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">Vodik</a> u ugljenu može biti vezan s ugljikom u <a href="/wiki/Ugljikovodici" title="Ugljikovodici">ugljikovodicima</a> (slobodni vodik) ili vezan s vodom (vezani vodik). Slobodni vodik može goriti uz oslobađanje topline dok vezani ne može. Što je veći stupanj pougljenjenja, udio vodika je manji. Koks je praktički bez vodika pa izgara bez plamena, dok ugljeni s većim udjelom vodika imaju veći plamen i više dima pri izgaranju. Kisik i dušik u ugljenu smanjuju toplinsku vrijednost, ali <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ik" title="Dušik">dušik</a>, za razliku od kisika, poboljšava kvalitetu ugljena namjenjenog kemijskoj preradi jer daje više <a href="/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak">amonijaka</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sumpor" title="Sumpor">Sumpor</a> u ugljenu može biti organski i anorganski. Organski potječe od biljne <a href="/wiki/Protoplazma" title="Protoplazma">protoplazme</a> koja sadrži bjelančevine. Prilikom izgaranja ugljena izgara i organski i anorganski dio. Anorganski dio se spaja s kisikom u plin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumporni_dioksid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumporni dioksid (stranica ne postoji)">sumporni dioksid</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">Fosfor</a> je u ugljenu zastupljen vrlo malo i pri izgaranju ostaje u pepelu. </p><p>U ugljenu se osim gorive tvari nalaze i vlaga, pepeo i hlapljivi sastojci. Ukupni hlapljivi sastojci se određuju iz razlike masa ugljena i dobivenog koksa, a suhi hlapljivi sastojci preostaju nakon odbitka vlage. Stalni ugljik je razlika masa koksa i pripadnog pepela. Čista goriva tvar sastoji se od stalnog ugljika i suhih hlapljivih sastojaka. Vlaga se iskazuje kao vanjska i unutrašnja te ukupna vlaga. Sirovi ili rovni ugljen sadrži i unutrašnju i vanjsku vlagu, ugljen sušen na zraku samo unutrašnju, koja se može ukloniti na 105°C, a apsolutno suhi ugljen uopće nema vlage. U nekim vrstama ugljena postoji i konstitucijska vlaga u obliku kristalne vode koja je vezana uz pojedine mineralne sastojke. Udio vlage ovisi o stupnju pougljenjenja, strukturi, usitnjenosti ugljena i hidrogeološkim uvjetima na radilištu. <a href="/wiki/Pepeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepeo">Pepeo</a> ostaje nakon potpunog izgaranja ugljena. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Singenetski_pepeo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Singenetski pepeo (stranica ne postoji)">Singenetski pepeo</a> sadrži primjese koje su ušle u ugljen za njihova nastajanja. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epigenetski_pepeo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Epigenetski pepeo (stranica ne postoji)">Epigenetski pepeo</a> daju mineralne primjese naknadno dospjele u ugljen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infiltracija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Infiltracija (stranica ne postoji)">infiltracijom</a> ili cirkulacijom mineralnih voda uzduž pukotina i slojnih ploha u ugljenu. U ugljenom se pepelu često nalaze vezani <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkalijski_elementi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkalijski elementi (stranica ne postoji)">alkalijski</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zemnoalkalijski_elementi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zemnoalkalijski elementi (stranica ne postoji)">zemnoalkalijski elementi</a>, čestice gline i <a href="/wiki/Kremen" title="Kremen">kremena</a>, te <a href="/wiki/Oksidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidi">oksidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfidi">sulfidi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sulfati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfati">sulfati</a>. Pepeo nekih vrsta ugljena sadrži i veće udjele teških, čak i plemenitih metala: <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srebro" title="Srebro">srebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olovo_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olovo (element)">olova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cink" title="Cink">cinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikal">nikala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalta</a> i drugih. U posljednje su vrijeme u ugljenom pepelu nađeni i spojevi <a href="/wiki/Vanadij" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadij">vanadija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Uranij" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranij">uranija</a>; osobito zanimanje vlada za dobivanje uranija (kod nas za uran iz pepela raškog ugljena). Hlapljivi sastojci se izdvajaju prilikom suhe destilacije (zagrijavanje ugljena na visokoj temperaturi bez prisustva zraka). Prvo se pojavljuje <a href="/wiki/Vodena_para" title="Vodena para">vodena para</a>, zatim izdvajanje <a href="/wiki/Molekula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekula">molekula</a> vode, <a href="/wiki/Uglji%C4%8Dni_monoksid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljični monoksid">ugljičnog monoksida</a>, ugljičnog dioksida i <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metana</a>. Pri temperaturi višoj od 500 °C izdvajaju se složeni ugljikovodici i kisikovi spojevi te dijelom <a href="/wiki/Sumporovodik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumporovodik">sumporovodik</a>. Zbroj masa hlapljivih sastojaka i koksa bez mineralnih sastojaka čini ukupnu masu čiste gorive tvari u ugljenu. Koks je čvrst ostatak nakon suhe destilacije, a sadrži uglavnom ugljik, mineralne tvari i vrlo malo hlapljivih tvari. </p><p><i>Elementarnom analizom</i> određuje se kemijski sastav čiste gorive tvari (ugljika, vodika, kisika, dušika i sumpora) u ugljenoj tvari bez vlage i mineralnih sastojaka. <i>Tehničkom analizom</i> ugljena dobivamo podatke u udjelu vlage, pepela, stalnog ugljika i hlapljivih sastojaka. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Toplina" title="Toplina">Toplinska</a> vrijednost ugljena može se odrediti na više načina: eksperimentalno u <a href="/wiki/Kalorimetar" title="Kalorimetar">kalorimetru</a> ili računski na temelju podataka elementarne i tehničke analize. </p><p>Razlikujemo <i>gornju</i> i <i>donju toplinsku vrijednost</i>. Gornja se odnosi na ukupnu toplinu koja se oslobađa potpunim izgaranjem mase od 1 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> ugljena, s tim da voda nastala izgaranjem ugljena ostaje u kapljevitom stanju. Donja toplinska vrijednost dobiva se iz gornje oduzimanjem topline utrošene na isparavanje vode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktura_i_fizikalna_svojstva_ugljena">Struktura i fizikalna svojstva ugljena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Struktura i fizikalna svojstva ugljena" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Struktura i fizikalna svojstva ugljena"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ugljen nije jednostavna i homogena masa, nego složena i heterogena tvorevina. Za ocjenu kvalitete ugljena određuju se njegova fizikalna svojstva, a pod <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskopom</a> i građa te međusobni odnosi glavnih sastojaka. Glavni sastojci ugljena su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Durit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Durit (stranica ne postoji)">durit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuzit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuzit (stranica ne postoji)">fuzit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klarit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Klarit (stranica ne postoji)">klarit</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitrit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitrit (stranica ne postoji)">vitrit</a>. </p> <ul><li><i>Durit</i> (lat. durus = tvrd) je heterogeni tamni sastojak. Tvori tamne pruge s neprozirnom osnovnom masom. Na uglačanoj površini je mutan, tvrd i ne raspada se. Nastao je od lupina <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epiderma" title="Epiderma">epiderme</a> lišća, <a href="/wiki/Pelud" title="Pelud">peluda</a>, tvrdih kapljica <a href="/wiki/Smola" title="Smola">smole</a> i amorfnog veziva. Pojavljuje se u samostalnim slojevima ili u proslojcima u svijetlom ugljenu. Zrnate je građe i sastoji se od temeljne mase bez strukture i uklopaka od biljnih ostataka.</li> <li><i>Fuzit</i> (lat. fusus = istegnut) je homogen i tvrd poput <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ca%C4%91a" title="Čađa">čađe</a>, prlja prste pri opipu i pri gorenju jako čađi. Mekan je i lako se raspada. To je tipičan vlaknasti ugljeni vrlo je sličan drvenom ugljenu pa ga često zovu fosilni drveni ugljen. Pod mikroskopom u prolaznoj svjetlosti obično pokazuje jednoličnu strukturu komora, s neprozirnim crnim stijenkama i slobodnim prozračnim otvorima.</li> <li><i>Klarit</i> (lat. clarus = svijetao) je polusjajni složeni sastojak ugljena. Pojavljuje se u proslojcima ili u debelim slojevima, a naziva se i svijetli ugljen. Za klarit je karakteristična velika količina amorfnog veziva. Pod mikroskopom pokazuje kutikule i spore u temeljnoj masi.</li> <li><i>Vitrit</i> (lat. vitreus = staklast) je sasvim svijetao, sjajan, proziran, krhak i složen sastojak. Pojavljuje se u obliku dugih ili kratkih leća debljine od 1 do 3 cm koje su uvjek pravilne <a href="/wiki/Kalavost" title="Kalavost">kalavosti</a>. U vitritu prevladava amorfno vezivo. Vitrit nepravilne strukture zove se <i>kolinit</i> ili <i>euvitrit</i>, a ako u njemu ima drvene tvari, radi se o <i>telinitu</i>.</li></ul> <p>Uz spomenute glavne sastojke česti su i prijelazni oblici: <i>duroklarit</i>, <i>klarodurit</i>, <i>vitrofuzit</i>, <i>fuzosilit</i>. </p><p>Na fizikalna svojstva pojedinih vrsta ugljena utječe njihov petrografski sastav, stupanj pougljenjenja, udio i vrste anorganskih primjesa te stupanj <a href="/wiki/Oksidacija" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidacija">oksidacije</a>. Neka od svojstava služe za razlikovanje pojedinih vrsta ugljena: <a href="/wiki/Sjaj" title="Sjaj">sjaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boja" title="Boja">boja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogreb" title="Ogreb">crt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lom_(mineralogija)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lom (mineralogija) (stranica ne postoji)">prijelom</a>, struktura. </p><p>Prava <a href="/wiki/Gusto%C4%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustoća">gustoća</a> ugljena odnosi se na gustoću čiste gorive tvari pri 0 °C, dakle bez mineralnih primjesa i vlage. Praktična gustoća pokazuje gustoću ugljena kakav dolazi izravno iz <a href="/wiki/Rudnik" title="Rudnik">rudnika</a>. Najmanju pravu gustoću imaju treseti, a zatim se povećava od lignita i smeđeg ugljena do kamenog ugljena i antracita. Praktična gustoća je redovito veća od prave jer su anorganske primjese veće gustoće od organskih ugljenih tvari. Električna otpornost ugljena ispituje se prilikom geofizičkih istraživanja ugljenih ležišta. Ona je najmanja u antracitu, a najveća u mršavom i masnom kamenom ugljenu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glavne_vrste_ugljena">Glavne vrste ugljena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Glavne vrste ugljena" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Glavne vrste ugljena"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na osnovi stupnja pougljenjenja i razlika u geološkoj starosti ugljen se svrstava na treset, smeđi ugljen i kameni ugljen. </p><p><b>Treset</b> se ne smatra pravim ugljenom. To je geološki najmlađe fosilno gorivo. Njegova su ležišta mjesta na kojima se nakupilo i gdje bez prisutnosti zraka humificira uginulo bilje iz najbliže <a href="/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen">pliocenske</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kvartar" title="Kvartar">kvartarne</a> prošlosti. Treset je laka, šupljikava, kompresibilna i elastična masa biljnih ostataka. Mekan je dok je vlažan, tvrđi i lako drobljiv kad je suh, smeđe, žućkaste i crne boje. Unutar debljih naslaga treseta razlikuju se slojevi prema starosti i vrstama bilja. Obično je najmlađi treset vlaknast, lisnat ili mahovinast, a stariji je gust, amorfan, smolinast ili jetrenast. U svježem je tresetu maseni udio vode 90&#160;%, a udio ugljika raste s dubinom sloja. S obzirom na malu ogrjevnu moć treset nije rentabilno prevoziti, pa se iskorištava izravno u termoelektranama izgrađenim uz velika nalazišta. Treset služi i za proizvodnju <a href="/wiki/Fenol" title="Fenol">fenola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vosak" title="Vosak">voska</a>, amonijaka, <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkohol">alkohola</a>, nekih kiselina i drugo. Najviše treseta imaju zemlje istočne <a href="/wiki/Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa">Europe</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sjeverna_Amerika" title="Sjeverna Amerika">Sjeverne Amerike</a>, zatim <a href="/wiki/Finska" title="Finska">Finska</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vedska" title="Švedska">Švedska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norve%C5%A1ka" title="Norveška">Norveška</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska">Nizozemska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka">Njemačka</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1ka" title="Češka">Češka</a> i <a href="/wiki/Slova%C4%8Dka" title="Slovačka">Slovačka</a>. U <a href="/wiki/Hrvatska" title="Hrvatska">Hrvatskoj</a> ga ima uz rijeku <a href="/wiki/Zrmanja" title="Zrmanja">Zrmanju</a> te u <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uma" title="Šuma">šumama</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavonija" title="Slavonija">Slavonije</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Surface_Mining_Hambach_200800806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Surface_Mining_Hambach_200800806.jpg/250px-Surface_Mining_Hambach_200800806.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Surface_Mining_Hambach_200800806.jpg/375px-Surface_Mining_Hambach_200800806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Surface_Mining_Hambach_200800806.jpg/500px-Surface_Mining_Hambach_200800806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><b>Dnevni kop lignita u blizini <a href="/wiki/Hambach" class="mw-disambig" title="Hambach">Hambacha</a> u <a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka">Njemačkoj</a></b></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Smeđi ugljen</b> pripada humusnom ugljenu, a samo su neki lipobioliti i sapropeliti. Pri zagrijavanju u kalijevoj lužini daje joj izrazito tamnu boju, a u razrijeđenoj dušičnoj kiselini svjetlocrvenu boju. Vrlo bogatim ležištima razovrsnog smeđeg ugljena raspolažu <a href="/wiki/SAD" class="mw-redirect" title="SAD">SAD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka">Njemačka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksiko</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ce%C5%A1ka" title="Češka">Češka</a> i <a href="/wiki/Slova%C4%8Dka" title="Slovačka">Slovačka</a>. Smeđi ugljen djeli se na ugljen s uklopcima drvenog sastava ili mekani smeđi ugljen, odnosno lignit, i na ugljen bez ukopaka drvenog sastava ili tvrdi smeđi ugljen. <i>Lignit</i> se dijeli na zemljasti i škriljasti lignit, a <i>tvrdi smeđi ugljen</i> na obični, sjajni i zemljasti smeđi ugljen. Zemljasti lignit zemljaste je strukture, neravna i tupa prijeloma. Stajanjem na otvorenom gubi žutu ili smeđu boju, a gubitkom vlage mrvi se i raspada. Pri otkopavanju daje dosta sitneži i prašine, a može se oplemeniti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Briketiranje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Briketiranje (stranica ne postoji)">briketiranjem</a>. Ovakvi ligniti se nalaze u lignitu iz <a href="/wiki/Konj%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Konjščina">Konjščine</a> u <a href="/wiki/Hrvatsko_zagorje" title="Hrvatsko zagorje">Hrvatskom zagorju</a>. Škriljasti lignit ima škriljasti prijelom, ne gubi boju i vrlo se rijetko raspada u prašinu. To je tresetasti ugljen u koji se svrstavaju naši najmlađi pliocenski ligniti iz gornjopontskih i paludinskih naslaga u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Podravina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Podravina (stranica ne postoji)">Podravini</a>. Pojedini slojevi sadrže i više od 50% treseta. Obični (tamni) smeđi ugljen je kompaktan, smeđ ili crn, s tamnim sjajem na poprečnom vertikalnom prijelomu, dok su plohe na horizontalnom prijelomu još tamnije. Ne raspada se u prah i ne gubi boju. Prijelom mu je četvrtast, rjeđe škriljast ili školjkast. Sjajni (svijetli) smeđi ugljen najtvrđi je i najkompaktniji među smeđim ugljenima. Crn je i vanjskim izgledom nalikuje kamenom ugljenu. Ima svjetao kockast, četvrtast ili školjkast prijelom. U nas je takav ugljen u <a href="/wiki/Krapina" title="Krapina">Krapini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golubovec&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Golubovec (stranica ne postoji)">Golubovcu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zajezda" title="Zajezda">Zajezdi</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen">oligocena</a> Hrvatskog zagorja te u <a href="/wiki/Siveri%C4%87" title="Siverić">Siveriću</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velu%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Velušić">Velušiću</a> i <a href="/wiki/Dubravice_(Skradin)" title="Dubravice (Skradin)">Dubravicama</a> iz gornjeg <a href="/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen">eocena</a> i donjeg oligocena iz <a href="/wiki/Dalmacija" title="Dalmacija">Dalmacije</a>. Zemljasti smeđi ugljen vrsta je smeđeg ugljena podudarna s disodilom i piropisitom i bogata bitumenom. Amorfan je i prašinast, lako se drobi, žute je do smeđe boje. Često sadrži fosilne smole pa je prikladan za preradu <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0velanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Švelanje (stranica ne postoji)">švelanjem</a>. Osim navedenih postoje i posebne vrste smeđeg ugljena: <i>disodil, piropisit, rabdopisit, marahunit, smolinasti ugljen, gagat</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Coal_anthracite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/200px-Coal_anthracite.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/300px-Coal_anthracite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption><b>Antracit</b></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kameni ugljen</b> se od smeđeg ugljena razlikuje po vanjskom izgledu, čvrstoj strukturi, obično crnoj ili sivocrnoj i smeđosivoj boji, a posebno po crtu koji je crn. Kameni ugljen može biti sjajan, mutan ili vlaknast i često kockasta ili sitnoprizmatična prijeloma. Pripada pretežito humusnim ugljenima, a u manjoj mjeri sapropelitima i mješovitim tipovima. Destilat kamenih ugljena reagira alkalno, a smeđih ugljena kiselo. Maseni udio vlage u kamenom ugljenu rijetko je veći od 7&#160;%, u smeđem 15&#160;%, a u lignitu i veći od 40&#160;%. Najviše kamenog ugljena ima na teritoriju bivšeg <a href="/wiki/SSSR" class="mw-redirect" title="SSSR">SSSR</a>-a, u <a href="/wiki/SAD" class="mw-redirect" title="SAD">SAD</a>-u, <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka">Njemačkoj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velika_Britanija" class="mw-disambig" title="Velika Britanija">Velikoj Britaniji</a> i <a href="/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska">Poljskoj</a>. Hrvatska je poznata po <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istarski_ugljenokopi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Istarski ugljenokopi (stranica ne postoji)">Istarskim ugljenokpima</a>. Pojedine vrste kamenog ugljena: <i>masni ugljen, plinski ugljen, plameni ugljen, mršavi ugljen, kanel, boghed</i> te <i>antracit</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prerada_i_uporaba_ugljena">Prerada i uporaba ugljena</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Prerada i uporaba ugljena" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prerada i uporaba ugljena"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dva su glavna područja uporabe ugljena. Može se izravno nakon oplemenjivanja (a katkad i briketiranja) upotrebljavati kao gorivo ili se može prerađivati u mnoge korisne kemijske spojeve i industrijske proizvode. </p><p>Mehanička preradba ugljena obuhvaća njegovo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oplemenjivanje_mineralnih_sirovina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oplemenjivanje mineralnih sirovina (stranica ne postoji)">oplemenjivanje</a> (odvajanje korisnih od ne korisnih sastojaka), promjenu granulacije i klasiranje te briketiranje, okrupnjivanje sitnozrnatog ili prašinastog ugljena primjenom tlaka. </p><p>Kemijska preradba ugljena obuhvaća <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasplinjivanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasplinjivanje (stranica ne postoji)">rasplinjivanje</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogenacija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogenacija (stranica ne postoji)">hidrogenaciju</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekstrakcija&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekstrakcija (stranica ne postoji)">ekstrakciju</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isplinjivanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Isplinjivanje (stranica ne postoji)">isplinjivanje</a>. Rasplinjivanje je kemijski proces u kojem se užareni ugljen dovodi u dodir sa zrakom, vodenom parom, smjesom zraka i vodene pare ili smjesom kisika i vodene pare, a kao glavni proizvod reakcije nastaju različiti tehnički plinovi. Hidrogenacijom ugljena vodikom pri višoj temperaturi i pri tlaku i do 100 MPa uz <a href="/wiki/Katalizator" title="Katalizator">katalizator</a> dobivaju se tekući ugljikovodici, uglavnom <a href="/wiki/Benzin" title="Benzin">benzin</a> i srednje <a href="/wiki/Ulje" class="mw-disambig" title="Ulje">ulje</a>. Ekstrakcija ugljena je blaga ne izravna hidrogenacija pomoću otapala koja otpuštaju vodik, a dobivaju se ekološki vrijedna tekuća pogonska goriva bez sumpora i mineralnih tvari koje ostavljaju pepeo. Isplinjavanje je <a href="/wiki/Suha_destilacija" title="Suha destilacija">suha destilacija</a>, zagrijavanje bez prisustva zraka. Pritom ugljen ne može izgoriti nego otpušta hlapljive sastojke od kojih se dobiju gorivi plin i tekući destilacijski proizvodi (<a href="/wiki/Katran" title="Katran">katran</a>), a kao čvrsti proizvod ostaje koks ili polukoks. Prema temperaturi isplinjavanja razlikuju se <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0velanje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Švelanje (stranica ne postoji)">švelanje</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koksarenje&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Koksarenje (stranica ne postoji)">koksarenje</a>. Švelanje je niskotemperaturno isplinjavanje ugljena (pri 500-600°C). Glavni proizvodi švelanja su polukoks i švelni katran. Za švelanje se uzima smeđi ugljen, a švelanje kamenog ugljena mnogo je manje važno. Ugljen za švelanje mora biti briketiran, a u švelnim pećima se različito zagrijava. Koksarenje je visokotemperaturno isplinjavanje ugljena (900-1200°C). Kao sirovina se koristi masni kameni ugljen. Glavni proizvod je koks, a sporedni su katran, koksni plin i destilacijska voda. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Tagebau_Garzweiler_Panorama_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tagebau_Garzweiler_Panorama_2005.jpg/1000px-Tagebau_Garzweiler_Panorama_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tagebau_Garzweiler_Panorama_2005.jpg/1500px-Tagebau_Garzweiler_Panorama_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tagebau_Garzweiler_Panorama_2005.jpg/2000px-Tagebau_Garzweiler_Panorama_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12000" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povezano">Povezano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Povezano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povezano"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugljenica" title="Ugljenica">Ugljenica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_veze">Vanjske veze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Vanjske veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugljen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske veze"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.our-energy.com/ugljen_hr.html">Načini pročišćavanja, proizvodnja, potrošnja i zalihe ugljena</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070604231002/http://www.our-energy.com/ugljen_hr.html">Arhivirano</a> 2007-06-04 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ostali projekti</dt></dl> <table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" style="background:none; color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td><td>U <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> ima još materijala vezanih za: <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coal">Ugljen</a></b></td></tr><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Wiktionary-logo-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/13px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/26px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></a></span></td><td>Potražite izraz <i><b><a href="https://sh.wiktionary.org/wiki/ugljen" class="extiw" title="wikt:ugljen">ugljen</a></b></i> u <a href="/wiki/W(j)e%C4%8Dnik" class="mw-redirect" title="W(j)ečnik">W(j)ečniku</a>, slobodnom r<span style="color: gray">j</span>ečniku.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41348688">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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