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<li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cremation_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cremation_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Cremation facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cremation_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aktion_Erntefest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aktion_Erntefest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span><i>Aktion Erntefest</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aktion_Erntefest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evacuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Evacuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Victims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_NKVD_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_NKVD_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Soviet NKVD use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_NKVD_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_inmates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_inmates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable inmates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_inmates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Majdanek concentration camp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83" title="معسكر الاعتقال مايدانيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معسكر الاعتقال مايدانيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maydanek_h%C9%99bs_d%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99rg%C9%99si" title="Maydanek həbs düşərgəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maydanek həbs düşərgəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Майданек – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Майданек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek" title="Majdanek – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek" title="Majdanek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek_koncentrationslejr" title="Majdanek koncentrationslejr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Majdanek koncentrationslejr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzentrations-_und_Vernichtungslager_Lublin-Majdanek" title="Konzentrations- und Vernichtungslager Lublin-Majdanek – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konzentrations- und Vernichtungslager Lublin-Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF_%CE%B5%CE%BE%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BA" title="Στρατόπεδο εξόντωσης Μαϊντάνεκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατόπεδο εξόντωσης Μαϊντάνεκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Majdanek" title="Campo de concentración de Majdanek – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campo de concentración de Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek" title="Majdanek – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="اردوگاه کار اجباری مایدانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردوگاه کار اجباری مایدانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_Majdanek" title="Camp de Majdanek – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camp de Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek" title="Majdanek – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AF" title="Մայդանեկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մայդանեկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijski_logor_Majdanek" title="Koncentracijski logor Majdanek – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koncentracijski logor Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp_konsentrasi_Majdanek" title="Kamp konsentrasi Majdanek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamp konsentrasi Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_di_concentramento_di_Majdanek" title="Campo di concentramento di Majdanek – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campo di concentramento di Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="מיידנק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיידנק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Майданек – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Майданек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdaneki_koncentr%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_t%C3%A1bor" title="Majdaneki koncentrációs tábor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Majdaneki koncentrációs tábor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Мајданек – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мајданек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek" title="Majdanek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AF" title="マイダネク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マイダネク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek" title="Majdanek – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek" title="Majdanek – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_Majdanek" title="Camp de Majdanek – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Camp de Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maydanek" title="Maydanek – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maydanek" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_(KL)" title="Lublin (KL) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lublin (KL)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek" title="Majdanek – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C4%83rul_de_exterminare_Majdanek" title="Lagărul de exterminare Majdanek – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lagărul de exterminare Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Майданек – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Майданек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentra%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_t%C3%A1bor_Majdanek" title="Koncentračný tábor Majdanek – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Koncentračný tábor Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Логор Мајданек – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Логор Мајданек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijski_logor_Majdanek" title="Koncentracijski logor Majdanek – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koncentracijski logor Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanekin_keskitysleiri" title="Majdanekin keskitysleiri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Majdanekin keskitysleiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek" title="Majdanek – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Majdanek" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81" title="ค่ายกักกันไมดาแนก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ค่ายกักกันไมดาแนก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek_toplama_kamp%C4%B1" title="Majdanek toplama kampı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Majdanek toplama kampı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Майданек – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Майданек" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majdanek&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek">Majdanek</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nazi concentration camp</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Majdanek" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Majdanek (disambiguation)">Majdanek (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Majdanek_concentration_camp&params=51_13_14_N_22_35_58_E_region:PL-MA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°13′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">22°35′58″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.22056°N 22.59944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.22056; 22.59944</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Majdanek / Lublin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">Nazi concentration camp</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_KL_Majdanek_crematorium_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2013_KL_Majdanek_crematorium_-_01.jpg/225px-2013_KL_Majdanek_crematorium_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2013_KL_Majdanek_crematorium_-_01.jpg/338px-2013_KL_Majdanek_crematorium_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/2013_KL_Majdanek_crematorium_-_01.jpg/450px-2013_KL_Majdanek_crematorium_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Building of the <i>New Crematorium</i> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/220px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/330px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG/440px-WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2007" data-file-height="2161" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location">Near <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> (German-occupied Poland)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commandant</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Koch" title="Karl-Otto Koch">Karl-Otto Koch</a> (Sep. 1941–Aug. 1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Koegel" title="Max Koegel">Max Koegel</a> (Aug. 1942–Nov. 1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Florstedt" title="Hermann Florstedt">Hermann Florstedt</a> (Nov. 1942–Oct. 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gottfried_Weiss" title="Martin Gottfried Weiss">Martin Gottfried Weiss</a> (Nov. 1943–May 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Liebehenschel" title="Arthur Liebehenschel">Arthur Liebehenschel</a> (May 1944–July 1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original use</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Forced labor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operational</th><td class="infobox-data"><span data-sort-value="000000001941-10-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 1, 1941</span> – <span data-sort-value="000000001944-07-22-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">July 22, 1944</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">Jews, Poles</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">150,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Killed</th><td class="infobox-data">Estimated 78,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Liberated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, July 22, 1944</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Majdanek</b> (or <b>Lublin</b>) was a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camp</a> built and operated by the <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> on the outskirts of the city of <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Poland">German occupation of Poland</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It had seven <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chambers</a>, two wooden gallows, and some 227 structures in all, placing it among the largest of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi</a> concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Brittanica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Brittanica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although initially intended for <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labor</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination</a>, it was used to murder people on an industrial scale during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a>, the German plan to <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">murder all Polish Jews</a> within their own <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">occupied homeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reszka_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reszka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In operation from 1 October 1941 to 22 July 1944, it was captured nearly intact. The <a href="/wiki/Lublin%E2%80%93Brest_offensive" title="Lublin–Brest offensive">rapid advance</a> of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a> prevented the SS from destroying most of its infrastructure, and Deputy Camp Commandant <a href="/wiki/Anton_Thernes" title="Anton Thernes">Anton Thernes</a> failed to remove the most incriminating evidence of war crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The camp was nicknamed Majdanek ("little Majdan") in 1941 by local residents, as it was adjacent to the Lublin ghetto of Majdan Tatarski. Nazi documents initially described the site as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">POW camp</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, based on how it was funded and operated. It was renamed by the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> as <i>Konzentrationslager Lublin</i> on April 9, 1943, but the local Polish name remained more popular.<sup id="cite_ref-KL_Lublin(9.04.1943)_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KL_Lublin(9.04.1943)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the camp's liberation in July 1944, the site was formally protected by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Majdanek-1_YV_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majdanek-1_YV-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By autumn, with the war still raging, it had been preserved as a museum. The <a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">crematorium</a> ovens and gas chambers were largely intact, serving as some of the best examples of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">genocidal policy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. The site was given national designation in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-majdanek.eu-Kalendarium_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majdanek.eu-Kalendarium-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_State_Museum" title="Majdanek State Museum">Majdanek State Museum</a> is a <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> memorial museum and education centre devoted entirely to the memory of atrocities committed in the network of concentration, slave-labor, and extermination camps and sub-camps of <i>KL Lublin.</i> It houses a permanent collection of rare artifacts, archival photographs, and testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-BIP_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 216px;"><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 280px; width: 216px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 216px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="216" data-height="280" data-zoom="12" data-lat="51.238" data-lon="22.575" href="/wiki/Special:Map/12/51.238/22.575/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,51.238,22.575,216x280.png?lang=en" width="216" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,51.238,22.575,216x280@2x.png?lang=en 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 0px; left: -32px; width: 280px; height: 280px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 133px; left: -34px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 262px; left: 203px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 262px; left: 106px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 236px; left: 115.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 235.875px; left: 161px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: 9px; font-weight:normal;"> 2km<br />1.2miles</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 215.97759110209px; left: 174.70105215981px; width: 14px; height: 14px; transform: rotate(0deg); background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 213.97759110209px; left: 181.70105215981px; width: fit-content; height: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-100%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Majdanek</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 215.97759110209px; left: 181.70105215981px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 10px; font-weight:bold;">2</span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 85.100262615328px; left: 88.946776471687px; width: 14px; height: 14px; transform: rotate(0deg); background-color: #FF0000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 101.10026261533px; left: 95.946776471687px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Lublin Ghetto</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 85.100262615328px; left: 95.946776471687px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 10px; font-weight:bold;">1</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 180px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/13/51.238/22.575/en" data-zoom="13" data-lat="51.238" data-lon="22.575" data-overlays="["_77916a66c35516b1246f1bd5812d4c1994ebad1a"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles"> </span></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Location of Majdanek on the map of Lublin ~ 4 kilometres (2.5 mi)</div></div></div> <p><i>Konzentrationslager Lublin</i> was established in October 1941 on the orders of <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, forwarded to <a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a> soon after Himmler's visit to Lublin on 17–20 July 1941 in the course of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The original plan drafted by Himmler was for the camp to hold at least 25,000 POWs.<sup id="cite_ref-majdanek.eu/2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majdanek.eu/2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After large numbers of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Prisoners-of-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners-of-war">prisoners-of-war</a> were captured during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a>, the projected camp capacity was subsequently increased to 50,000. Construction for that many began on October 1, 1941 (as it did also in <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a>, which had received the same order). In early November, the plans were extended to allow for 125,000 inmates and in December to 150,000.<sup id="cite_ref-majdanek.eu/2006_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majdanek.eu/2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was further increased in March 1942 to allow for 250,000 Soviet prisoners of war. </p><p>Construction began with 150 Jewish forced laborers from one of Globocnik's Lublin camps, to which the prisoners returned each night. Later the workforce included 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> POWs, who had to survive extreme conditions, including sleeping out in the open. By mid-November, only 500 of them were still alive, of whom at least 30% were incapable of further labor. In mid-December, barracks for 20,000 were ready when a <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> epidemic broke out, and by January 1942 all the slave laborers – POWs as well as <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a> – were dead. All work ceased until March 1942, when new prisoners arrived. Although the camp did eventually have the capacity to hold approximately 50,000 prisoners, it did not grow significantly beyond that size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation">Operation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">The Holocaust in Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Majdanek_(June_24,_1944).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Majdanek_%28June_24%2C_1944%29.jpg/310px-Majdanek_%28June_24%2C_1944%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Majdanek_%28June_24%2C_1944%29.jpg/465px-Majdanek_%28June_24%2C_1944%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Majdanek_%28June_24%2C_1944%29.jpg/620px-Majdanek_%28June_24%2C_1944%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1735" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photograph of Majdanek (June 24, 1944). From bottom: the barracks under deconstruction with visible chimney stacks still standing, planks of wood piled up along the supply road, intact barracks.</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1942, Himmler visited <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Belzec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a>, the three secret <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">extermination camps</a> built specifically for Operation Reinhard to eliminate <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Polish Jews">Polish Jewry</a>. These camps had begun operations in March, May, and July 1942, respectively. Subsequently, Himmler issued an order that the deportations of Jews to the camps from the five districts of <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied Poland</a>, which constituted the Nazi <i><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">Generalgouvernement</a></i>, be completed by the end of 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Beevor584_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beevor584-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Majdanek was made into a secondary sorting and storage depot at the onset of Operation Reinhard, for property and valuables taken from the victims at the killing centers in Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_cond_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm_cond-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to large Jewish populations in southeastern Poland, including the ghettos at <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a>, which were not yet "processed", Majdanek was refurbished as a killing center around March 1942. The gassing was performed in plain view of other inmates, without as much as a fence around the buildings. Another frequent murder method was shootings by the squads of <a href="/wiki/Trawnikis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trawnikis">Trawnikis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reszka_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reszka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek Museum">Majdanek Museum</a>, the gas chambers began operation in September 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two identical buildings at Majdanek where <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a> was used. Executions were carried out in barrack 41 with crystalline hydrogen cyanide released by the Zyklon B. The same poison gas pellets were used to disinfect prisoner clothing in barrack 42.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the pressing need for foreign manpower in the war industry, Jewish laborers from Poland were originally spared. For a time they were either kept in the ghettos, such as <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">the one in Warsaw</a> (which became a concentration camp after the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a>), or sent to labor camps such as Majdanek, where they worked primarily at the <a href="/wiki/Steyr-Daimler-Puch" title="Steyr-Daimler-Puch">Steyr-Daimler-Puch</a> weapons/munitions factory. </p><p>By mid-October 1942, the camp held 9,519 registered prisoners, of whom 7,468 (or 78.45%) were Jews, and another 1,884 (19.79%) were non-Jewish Poles. By August 1943, there were 16,206 prisoners in the main camp, of which 9,105 (56.18%) were Jews and 3,893 (24.02%) were non-Jewish Poles.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_cond_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm_cond-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minority contingents included Belarusians, Ukrainians, Russians, Germans, Austrians, Slovenes, Italians, and French and Dutch nationals. According to the data from the official Majdanek State Museum, 300,000 people were inmates of the camp at one time or another. The prisoner population at any given time was much lower. </p><p>From October 1942 onward Majdanek also had female overseers. These SS guards, trained at the <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück concentration camp</a>, included <a href="/wiki/Elsa_Ehrich" title="Elsa Ehrich">Elsa Ehrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermine_Boettcher-Brueckner" title="Hermine Boettcher-Brueckner">Hermine Boettcher-Brueckner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermine_Braunsteiner" title="Hermine Braunsteiner">Hermine Braunsteiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_L%C3%A4chert" title="Hildegard Lächert">Hildegard Lächert</a>, Rosy Suess (Süss), Elisabeth Knoblich-Ernst, Charlotte Karla Mayer-Woellert, and <a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Heise" title="Gertrud Heise">Gertrud Heise</a> (1942–1944), who were later convicted as war criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-axishistory74732_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-axishistory74732-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Majdanek did not initially have subcamps. These were incorporated in early autumn 1943 when the remaining forced labor camps around Lublin, including Budzyn, <a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poniatowa_concentration_camp" title="Poniatowa concentration camp">Poniatowa</a>, Krasnik, Pulawy, as well as the "Airstrip" ("<a href="/wiki/Lublin_airfield_camp" title="Lublin airfield camp">Airfield</a>"), and <a href="/wiki/Lipowa_7_camp" title="Lipowa 7 camp">"Lipowa 7"</a>) concentration camps became sub-camps of Majdanek. </p><p>From 1 September 1941 to 28 May 1942, Alfons Bentele headed the Administration in the camp. Alois Kurz, SS <a href="/wiki/Untersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Untersturmführer">Untersturmführer</a>, was a German staff member at Majdanek, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and at Mittelbau-Dora. He was not charged. On 18 June 1943, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Ritterbusch" title="Fritz Ritterbusch">Fritz Ritterbusch</a> moved to KL Lublin to become aide-de-camp to the Commandant.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the camp's proximity to Lublin, prisoners were able to communicate with the outside world through letters smuggled out by civilian workers who entered the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-kurier_letters_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurier_letters-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these surviving letters have been donated by their recipients to the camp museum.<sup id="cite_ref-kurier_letters_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurier_letters-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 the museum held a special exhibition displaying a selection of those letters.<sup id="cite_ref-kurier_letters_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurier_letters-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From February 1943 onward, the Germans allowed the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Red_Cross" title="Polish Red Cross">Polish Red Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Welfare_Council" title="Central Welfare Council">Central Welfare Council</a> to bring in food items to the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-kurier_letters_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurier_letters-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners could receive food packages addressed to them by name via the Polish Red Cross. The Majdanek Museum archives document 10,300 such itemized deliveries.<sup id="cite_ref-majdanek_museum_1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majdanek_museum_1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cremation_facilities">Cremation facilities</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="background-color:#F0E2B4">Cremation facilities at Majdanek</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoke_rising_from_Majdanek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Smoke_rising_from_Majdanek.jpg/220px-Smoke_rising_from_Majdanek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Smoke_rising_from_Majdanek.jpg/330px-Smoke_rising_from_Majdanek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Smoke_rising_from_Majdanek.jpg/440px-Smoke_rising_from_Majdanek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Smoke rising from Majdanek, October 1943</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbrennungs%C3%B6fen_Majdanek_-_Fotothek_df_pk_0000125_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Verbrennungs%C3%B6fen_Majdanek_-_Fotothek_df_pk_0000125_003.jpg/220px-Verbrennungs%C3%B6fen_Majdanek_-_Fotothek_df_pk_0000125_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Verbrennungs%C3%B6fen_Majdanek_-_Fotothek_df_pk_0000125_003.jpg/330px-Verbrennungs%C3%B6fen_Majdanek_-_Fotothek_df_pk_0000125_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Verbrennungs%C3%B6fen_Majdanek_-_Fotothek_df_pk_0000125_003.jpg/440px-Verbrennungs%C3%B6fen_Majdanek_-_Fotothek_df_pk_0000125_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="504" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> soldiers examining the ovens of the burned-down <i>New Crematorium</i>, following the camp's liberation, summer 1944</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Majdanek_-_crematorium_ovens.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Majdanek_-_crematorium_ovens.JPG/220px-Majdanek_-_crematorium_ovens.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Majdanek_-_crematorium_ovens.JPG/330px-Majdanek_-_crematorium_ovens.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Majdanek_-_crematorium_ovens.JPG/440px-Majdanek_-_crematorium_ovens.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Preserved original ovens in the reconstructed building of the <i>New Crematorium</i> (closeup)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Until June 1942, the bodies of those murdered at Majdanek were buried in mass graves<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrarycrematoriumatmajdanek_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrarycrematoriumatmajdanek-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (these were later exhumed and burned by the prisoners assigned to <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_1005" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonderkommando 1005">Sonderkommando 1005</a></i>). </p><p>From June 1942, the SS disposed of the bodies by burning them, either on pyres made from the chassis of old lorries or in a crematorium. The so-called <i>First Crematorium</i> had two ovens which were brought to Majdanek from the <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrarycrematoriumatmajdanek_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrarycrematoriumatmajdanek-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This facility stood in "Interfield I", the area between the first and the second fenced camp section;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is no longer in existence today.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrarycrematoriumatmajdanek_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrarycrematoriumatmajdanek-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In autumn of 1943, the first crematorium at Majdanek was replaced by the <i>New Crematorium</i>. It was a T-shaped wooden building with five ovens, fueled with coke and built by the Heinrich Kori <a href="/wiki/GmbH" title="GmbH">GmbH</a> of Berlin. The building was set on fire by the Germans on 22 July 1944 as they abandoned the camp on the day that the Red Army entered the outskirts of Lublin. The crematorium building which stands on the site today is a reconstruction from the time when the former camp became a memorial. Its ovens are the original ones built in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrarycrematoriumatmajdanek_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrarycrematoriumatmajdanek-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aktion_Erntefest"><i>Aktion Erntefest</i></h3></div> <p>Operation Reinhard continued until early November 1943, when the last Jewish prisoners of the Majdanek system of subcamps from the District Lublin in the <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a> were massacred by the firing squads of <a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a> during <a href="/wiki/Aktion_Erntefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Erntefest">Operation "Harvest Festival"</a>. With respect to the main camp at Majdanek, the most notorious executions occurred on November 3, 1943, when 18,400 Jews were murdered in a single day.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next morning, 25 Jews who had succeeded in hiding were found and shot. Meanwhile, 611 other prisoners, 311 women and 300 men, were commanded to sort through the clothes of the dead and cover the burial trenches. The men were later assigned to <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_1005" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonderkommando 1005">Sonderkommando 1005</a></i>, where they had to exhume the same bodies for cremation. These men were then executed. The 311 women were subsequently sent to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, where they were murdered by gas. By the end of <i>Aktion Erntefest</i> ("Harvest Festival"), Majdanek had only 71 Jews left out of the total number of 6,562 prisoners still alive.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_cond_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm_cond-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Majdanek_-_enterace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Majdanek_-_enterace.jpg/220px-Majdanek_-_enterace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Majdanek_-_enterace.jpg/330px-Majdanek_-_enterace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Majdanek_-_enterace.jpg/440px-Majdanek_-_enterace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Inconspicuous structure for murder. <a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">Showers</a> (left), and similarly built <a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">gas chambers</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Executions of the remaining prisoners continued at Majdanek in the following months. Between December 1943 and March 1944, Majdanek received approximately 18,000 so-called "invalids", many of whom were subsequently murdered with <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a>. Executions by firing squad continued as well, with 600 shot on January 21, 1944; 180 shot on January 23, 1944; and 200 shot on March 24, 1944. </p><p> Adjutant Karl Höcker's postwar trial documented his culpability in mass murders committed at this camp: </p><blockquote><p>On 3 May 1989 a district court in the German city of Bielefeld sentenced Höcker to four years imprisonment for his involvement in gassing to death prisoners, primarily Polish Jews, in the concentration camp Majdanek in Poland. Camp records showed that between May 1943 and May 1944 Höcker had acquired at least 3,610 kilograms (7,960 lb) of Zyklon B poisonous gas for use in Majdanek from the Hamburg firm of <a href="/wiki/Tesch_%26_Stabenow" title="Tesch & Stabenow">Tesch & Stabenow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In addition, Commandant <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a> of Auschwitz wrote in his memoirs, while awaiting trial in Poland, that one method of murder used at Majdanek (KZ Lublin) was Zyklon B.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evacuation">Evacuation</h3></div> <p>In late July 1944, with Soviet forces rapidly approaching Lublin, the Germans hastily evacuated the camp and partially destroyed the crematoria before Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops arrived on July 24, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-ww2db_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww2db-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majdanek is the best-preserved camp of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> due to incompetence by its deputy commander, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Thernes" title="Anton Thernes">Anton Thernes</a>. It was the first major concentration camp liberated by Allied forces, and the horrors found there were widely publicised.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although 1,000 inmates had previously been <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">forcibly marched</a> to Auschwitz (of whom only half arrived alive), the Red Army still found thousands of inmates, mainly POWs, still in the camp, and ample evidence of the mass murder that had occurred there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victims">Victims</h2></div> <p>The official estimate of 78,000 victims, of those 59,000 Jews, was determined in 2005 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomasz_Kranz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomasz Kranz (page does not exist)">Tomasz Kranz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Kranz" class="extiw" title="pl:Tomasz Kranz">pl</a>]</span>, director of the Research Department of the <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_State_Museum" title="Majdanek State Museum">Majdanek State Museum</a>, calculated following the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fle_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Höfle Telegram">Höfle Telegram</a> in 2000. That number is close to the one currently indicated on the museum's website.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of victims has been a controversial since the research of Judge <a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_%C5%81ukaszkiewicz" title="Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz">Zdzisław Łukaszkiewicz</a> in 1948, who approximated a figure of 360,000 victims. It was followed by an estimate of around 235,000 victims by <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Rajca" class="extiw" title="pl:Czesław Rajca">Czesław Rajca</a> (1992) of the Majdanek Museum, which was cited by the museum for years. The current figure is considered "incredibly low" by Rajca,<sup id="cite_ref-Reszka_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reszka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nevertheless, it has been accepted by the Museum Board of Directors "with a certain caution", pending further research into the number of prisoners who were not entered into the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust train</a> records by German camp administration. For now, the museum states that based on new research, some 150,000 prisoners arrived at Majdanek during the 34 months of its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-PMnM_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMnM-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the more than two million Jews murdered in the course of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a>, some 60,000 (56,000 known by name)<sup id="cite_ref-Prisoner_Index_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prisoner_Index-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were most certainly killed at Majdanek, amongst its almost 80,000 counted victims.<sup id="cite_ref-Reszka_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reszka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kranz_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kranz-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Majdanek_Double-Fence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Majdanek_Double-Fence.jpg/220px-Majdanek_Double-Fence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Majdanek_Double-Fence.jpg/330px-Majdanek_Double-Fence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Majdanek_Double-Fence.jpg/440px-Majdanek_Double-Fence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Guard towers along the barbed-wire double-fence on the Majdanek camp perimeter</figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviets initially grossly overestimated the number of murders, claiming at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a> in 1946 that there were no fewer than 400,000 Jewish victims, and the official Soviet count was of 1.5 million victims of different nationalities,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent Canadian journalist Raymond Arthur Davies, based in Moscow and on the payroll of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Jewish_Congress" title="Canadian Jewish Congress">Canadian Jewish Congress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-delayed_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delayed-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> visited Majdanek on August 28, 1944. The following day he sent a telegram to <a href="/wiki/Saul_Hayes" title="Saul Hayes">Saul Hayes</a>, the executive director of the Canadian Jewish Congress. It states: "I do wish [to] stress that Majdanek where one million Jews and half a million others [were] killed"<sup id="cite_ref-delayed_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delayed-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "You can tell America that at least three million [Polish] Jews [were] killed of whom at least a third were killed in Majdanek",<sup id="cite_ref-delayed_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delayed-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and though widely reported in this way, the estimate was never taken seriously by scholars. </p><p>In 1961, <a href="/wiki/Raul_Hilberg" title="Raul Hilberg">Raul Hilberg</a> estimated that 50,000 Jewish victims were murdered in the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Reszka_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reszka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, Czesław Rajca gave his own estimate of 235,000; it was displayed at the camp museum.<sup id="cite_ref-Reszka_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reszka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2005 research by the Head of Scientific Department at Majdanek Museum, historian Tomasz Kranz indicated that there were 79,000 victims, 59,000 of them Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Reszka_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reszka-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kranz_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kranz-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The differences between the estimates stem from different methods used and the amounts of evidence available to the researchers. The Soviet figures relied on the crudest methodology, used for <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> estimates also—it assumed that the number of victims more or less corresponded to the crematoria capacity. Later researchers tried to take much more evidence into account, using records of deportations, contemporaneous population censuses, and recovered Nazi records. Hilberg's 1961 estimate, using these records, aligns closely with Kranz's report. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Majdanek commandants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Rank </th> <th>Service and Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Koch" title="Karl-Otto Koch">Karl-Otto Koch</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Standartenf%C3%BChrer" title="Standartenführer">SS-Standartenführer</a></i></td> <td>Camp commandant from October 1941 to August 1942. Tried and executed by the <i>SS</i> on April 5, 1945, for robbing the Reich of Jewish gold and money and committing multiple unauthorized murders.<sup id="cite_ref-DH341_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DH341-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Koegel" title="Max Koegel">Max Koegel</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Sturmbannführer">SS-Sturmbannführer</a></i></td> <td>Camp commandant from August 1942 to November 1942. Committed suicide in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Allied detention</a> in Germany the day after his arrest on June 27, 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-HEART_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEART-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Florstedt" title="Hermann Florstedt">Hermann Florstedt</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Obersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmführer">SS-Obersturmführer</a></i></td> <td>Camp commandant from November 1942 to October 1943. Tried and sentenced to death by the <i>SS</i> on April 15, 1945, for stealing from the Reich to become rich, the same as Koch. Whether he was executed is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-HEART_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEART-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gottfried_Weiss" title="Martin Gottfried Weiss">Martin Gottfried Weiss</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmbannführer">SS-Obersturmbannführer</a></i></td> <td>Camp commandant from November 1, 1943 to May 5, 1944. Tried by the U.S. military during the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_trials" title="Dachau trials">Dachau trials</a> in November 1945, hanged on May 29, 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-HEART_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEART-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Liebehenschel" title="Arthur Liebehenschel">Arthur Liebehenschel</a></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmbannführer">SS-Obersturmbannführer</a></i></td> <td>Camp commandant from May 5, 1944 to July 22, 1944. Tried by Poland at the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_trial" title="Auschwitz trial">Auschwitz trial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, sentenced to death and hanged on January 28, 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-HEART_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEART-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> <ul><li>The second in command, throughout, was <i>SS-Obersturmführer</i> <a href="/wiki/Anton_Thernes" title="Anton Thernes">Anton Thernes</a>. Tried at the <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, found guilty of crimes against humanity, sentenced to death by hanging and executed on December 3, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-HEART_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEART-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="background-color:#F0E2B4">The Memorial</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alians_PL_Obchody_64_rocznicy_likwidacji_KL_Majdanek_23_07_2008,P7230064.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alians_PL_Obchody_64_rocznicy_likwidacji_KL_Majdanek_23_07_2008%2CP7230064.jpg/220px-Alians_PL_Obchody_64_rocznicy_likwidacji_KL_Majdanek_23_07_2008%2CP7230064.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alians_PL_Obchody_64_rocznicy_likwidacji_KL_Majdanek_23_07_2008%2CP7230064.jpg/330px-Alians_PL_Obchody_64_rocznicy_likwidacji_KL_Majdanek_23_07_2008%2CP7230064.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alians_PL_Obchody_64_rocznicy_likwidacji_KL_Majdanek_23_07_2008%2CP7230064.jpg/440px-Alians_PL_Obchody_64_rocznicy_likwidacji_KL_Majdanek_23_07_2008%2CP7230064.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Memorial at the "entry gate" to the camp. The <a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">symbolic Pylon</a> is meant to represent mangled bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-majdanek.eu-Pomnik_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majdanek.eu-Pomnik-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Majdanek_-_ashes_mount.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Majdanek_-_ashes_mount.jpg/220px-Majdanek_-_ashes_mount.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Majdanek_-_ashes_mount.jpg/330px-Majdanek_-_ashes_mount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Majdanek_-_ashes_mount.jpg/440px-Majdanek_-_ashes_mount.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Mausoleum erected in 1969 contains ashes and remains of cremated victims, collected into a mound after liberation of the camp in 1944.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>After the camp takeover, in August 1944 the Soviets protected the camp area and convened a special Polish-Soviet commission, to investigate and document the crimes against humanity committed at Majdanek.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effort constitutes one of the first attempts to document the Nazi war crimes in Eastern Europe. In the fall of 1944 the Majdanek State Museum was founded on the grounds of the Majdanek concentration camp. In 1947 the actual camp became the monument of martyrology by the decree of <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Polish Parliament</a>. In the same year, some 1,300 m<sup>3</sup> of surface soil mixed with human ashes and fragments of bones was collected and turned into a large mound. Majdanek became a national museum in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-majdanek.eu-Kalendarium_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-majdanek.eu-Kalendarium-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_trials" title="Majdanek trials">Majdanek trials</a></div> <p>Some Nazi personnel of the camp were prosecuted immediately after the war, and some in the decades afterward. In November and December 1944, four SS Men and two <a href="/wiki/Kapo_(concentration_camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapo (concentration camp)">kapos</a> were placed on trial; one committed suicide and the rest were hanged on December 3, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last major, widely publicized prosecution of 16 SS members from Majdanek (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek-Prozess" class="extiw" title="de:Majdanek-Prozess"><i>Majdanek-Prozess</i></a> in German) took place from 1975 to 1981 in West Germany. Of 1,037 SS members who worked at Majdanek and are known by name, 170 were prosecuted, due to a rule applied by the West German justice system allowing only those directly involved in the process to be charged with murder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_NKVD_use">Soviet NKVD use</h3></div> <p>After the capture of the camp by the Soviet Army, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> retained the ready-made facility as a prison for soldiers of the <i>Armia Krajowa</i> (AK, the <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> resistance) loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Government-in-Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Government-in-Exile">Polish Government-in-Exile</a> and the <i>Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</i> (<a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces</a>) opposed to both German and Soviet occupation. The NKVD like the SS before them used the same facilities to imprison and torture Polish patriots. </p><p>On August 19, 1944, in a report to the Polish government-in-exile, the Lublin District of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> (AK) wrote: "Mass arrests of the AK soldiers are being carried out by the NKVD all over the region. These arrests are tolerated by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a>, and AK soldiers are incarcerated in the Majdanek Camp. Losses of our nation and the Home Army are equal to the losses which we suffered during the German occupation. We are paying with our blood."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the prisoners at the Majdanek NKVD Camp were <a href="/wiki/27th_Home_Army_Infantry_Division_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Home Army Infantry Division (Poland)">Volhynian members of the AK</a>, and soldiers of the AK units which had been moving toward Warsaw to join in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>. On August 23, 1944, some 250 inmates from Majdanek were transported to the rail station <a href="/wiki/Railway_lines_of_Poland#List" title="Railway lines of Poland">Lublin Tatary</a>. There, all victims were placed in cattle cars and taken to camps in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and other parts of the Soviet Union.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alians_PL_Lublin_StateMuseumKL_Majdanek,2007_05_20,P5200312.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alians_PL_Lublin_StateMuseumKL_Majdanek%2C2007_05_20%2CP5200312.jpg/170px-Alians_PL_Lublin_StateMuseumKL_Majdanek%2C2007_05_20%2CP5200312.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alians_PL_Lublin_StateMuseumKL_Majdanek%2C2007_05_20%2CP5200312.jpg/255px-Alians_PL_Lublin_StateMuseumKL_Majdanek%2C2007_05_20%2CP5200312.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Alians_PL_Lublin_StateMuseumKL_Majdanek%2C2007_05_20%2CP5200312.jpg/340px-Alians_PL_Lublin_StateMuseumKL_Majdanek%2C2007_05_20%2CP5200312.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Majdanek_State_Museum" title="Majdanek State Museum">Majdanek State Museum</a> site</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1969, on the 25th anniversary of its liberation, a large monument designed by <a href="/wiki/Wiktor_To%C5%82kin" title="Wiktor Tołkin">Wiktor Tołkin</a> (a.k.a. Victor Tolkin) was constructed at the site. It consists of two parts: a large gate monument at the camp's entrance and a large mausoleum holding ashes of the victims at its opposite end. </p><p>In October 2005, in cooperation with the Majdanek museum, four Majdanek survivors returned to the site and enabled archaeologists to find some 50 objects which had been buried by inmates, including watches, earrings, and wedding rings.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_2005_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the documentary film <i>Buried Prayers</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was the largest reported recovery of valuables in a death camp to date. Interviews between government historians and Jewish survivors were not frequent before 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_2005_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_2005-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The camp today occupies about half of its original 2.7 square kilometres (670 acres), and—but for the former buildings—is mostly bare. A fire in August 2010 destroyed one of the wooden buildings that was being used as a museum to house seven thousand pairs of prisoners' shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Lublin has tripled in size since the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and even the main camp is today within the boundaries of the city of Lublin. It is clearly visible to many inhabitants of the city's high-rises, a fact that many visitors remark upon. The gardens of houses and flats border on and overlook the camp. </p><p>In 2016, Majdanek State Museum and its branches, Sobibór and Bełżec, had about 210,000 visitors. This was an increase of 10,000 visitors from the previous year. Visitors include Jews, Poles, and others that wish to learn more about the harsh crimes against humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_inmates">Notable inmates</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Henio.jpg/220px-Henio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Henio.jpg/330px-Henio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Henio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henio_Zytomirski" title="Henio Zytomirski">Henio Zytomirski</a>, July 5, 1939</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halina_Birenbaum" title="Halina Birenbaum">Halina Birenbaum</a> – writer, poet and translator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Albin_Boniecki" title="Maria Albin Boniecki">Maria Albin Boniecki</a> – artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Filar_(pianist)" title="Marian Filar (pianist)">Marian Filar</a> – pianist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Freundlich" title="Otto Freundlich">Otto Freundlich</a> – one of the artists included in the Nazis' 1937 "<a href="/wiki/Degenerate_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Degenerate Art">Degenerate Art</a>" exhibition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mietek_Grocher" title="Mietek Grocher">Mietek Grocher</a> – Survived nine different camps. Author of <i>Jag överlevde</i> (eng. <i>I Survived</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Gutman" title="Israel Gutman">Israel Gutman</a> – historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kantor" title="Roman Kantor">Roman Kantor</a> (1912–1943) – épée fencer, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> champion and Soviet champion; murdered by the Nazis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Karbyshev" title="Dmitry Karbyshev">Dmitry Karbyshev</a> – Soviet general, <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omelyan_Kovch" title="Omelyan Kovch">Omelyan Kovch</a> – Ukrainian priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionys_Lenard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionys Lenard">Dionys Lenard</a> – escaped in 1942 warning the Slovak Jewish community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Newerly" title="Igor Newerly">Igor Newerly</a> – writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pl%C3%A4ttner" title="Karl Plättner">Karl Plättner</a> – revolutionary and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vrba" title="Rudolf Vrba">Rudolf Vrba</a> – transferred to Auschwitz, from which he escaped, and about which he co-authored the <a href="/wiki/Vrba-Wetzler_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrba-Wetzler report">Vrba-Wetzler report</a>, one of the first inside reports of the camp, and published during wartime</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henio_Zytomirski" title="Henio Zytomirski">Henio Zytomirski</a> – child icon of the Holocaust in Poland</li> <li>Sonia Mosse<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – actress and model for Man Ray, subject of the famous photograph Nusch and Sonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irena_I%C5%82%C5%82akowicz" title="Irena Iłłakowicz">Irena Iłłakowicz</a> – Second Lieutenant of the NSZ (National Armed Forces) Polish resistance movement and an intelligence agent, escaped from the camp in 1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yva" title="Yva">Yva</a> – fashion photographer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_of_Anthropology,_Human_Heredity,_and_Eugenics" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books about Nazi Germany">List of books about Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="List of Nazi concentration camps">List of Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Materials:_Max_Planck_Society_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Materials: Max Planck Society Archive">Research Materials: Max Planck Society Archive</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/15px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/22px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/29px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="261" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Genocide" title="Portal:Genocide">Genocide</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Brittanica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Brittanica_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213633/http://en.auschwitz.org/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=44&Itemid=8">"Majdanek Victims Enumerated. Changes in the history textbooks?"</a>. <i>Gazeta Wyborcza</i>. <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.auschwitz.org/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=44&Itemid=8">the original</a> on 4 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wyborcza&rft.atitle=Majdanek+Victims+Enumerated.+Changes+in+the+history+textbooks%3F&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft.aulast=Reszka&rft.aufirst=Pawe%C5%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.auschwitz.org%2Fm%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D44%26Itemid%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajdanek+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2009" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas, Lynn H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-18</span></span>. <q>Concentration camp name change 9.04.1943.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Majdanek+concentration+camp&rft.atitle=Za%C5%82o%C5%BCenia+i+budowa+%28Purpose+and+construction%2C+selection+of+photographs%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmichal.nintendos.pl%2Fobozy%2Fmajdanek%2Fzalozenia%2520i%2520budowa%2520%2528m%2529.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajdanek+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majdanek-1_YV-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Majdanek-1_YV_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127031515/http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%206622.pdf">"Majdanek"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Majdanek concentration camp</i>. 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KL Lublin)"</a>. <i>Holocaust Research Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Research+Project&rft.atitle=Majdanek+Concentration+Camp+%28a.k.a.+KL+Lublin%29&rft.date=2007&rft.au=S.J.&rft.au=Chris+Webb&rft.au=Carmelo+Lisciotto&rft.au=H.E.A.R.T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Fothercamps%2Fmajdanek.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajdanek+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <i>[Compare with:]</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamie_McCarthy1999" class="citation web cs1">Jamie McCarthy (September 15, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303184223/http://www.holocaust-history.org/~jamie/buchanan/">"Pat Buchanan and the Holocaust"</a>. The Holocaust History Project. <i>Note:</i> At Majdanek, no exhaust-producing engines were installed to kill prisoners. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-19</span></span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pat+Buchanan+and+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=The+Holocaust+History+Project&rft.date=1999-09-15&rft.au=Jamie+McCarthy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust-history.org%2F~jamie%2Fbuchanan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajdanek+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-axishistory74732-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-axishistory74732_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=74732">"KZ Aufseherinnen"</a>. <i>Majdanek Liste</i>. 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The Museum provides personal certificates upon written request.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KL+Lublin+Prisoner+Index&rft.atitle=Udzielanie+informacji+o+by%C5%82ych+wi%C4%99%C5%BAniach+%28Information+about+former+inmates%29&rft.date=2013&rft.au=PMnM+staff+writer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.majdanek.eu%2Farticles.php%3Facid%3D109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajdanek+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%205724.pdf"><i>Aktion Reinhard</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies, Yad Vashem.org, 29 Feb 2004, p. 2</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aktion+Reinhard&rft.series=Shoah+Resource+Center%2C+The+International+School+for+Holocaust+Studies&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem.org&rft.date=2004-02-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.yadvashem.org%2Fodot_pdf%2Fmicrosoft%2520word%2520-%25205724.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajdanek+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kranz-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kranz_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kranz_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKranz2005" class="citation cs2">Kranz, Tomasz (2005), <i>Ewidencja zgonów i śmiertelność więźniów KL Lublin</i>, vol. 23, Lublin: Zeszyty Majdanka, pp. 7–53</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ewidencja+zgon%C3%B3w+i+%C5%9Bmiertelno%C5%9B%C4%87+wi%C4%99%C5%BAni%C3%B3w+KL+Lublin&rft.place=Lublin&rft.pages=7-53&rft.pub=Zeszyty+Majdanka&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kranz&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajdanek+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/02-19-46.asp">"Nuremberg Trial. 19 Feb 1946. 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McGill-Queens. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2065-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2065-3"><bdi>978-0-7735-2065-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delayed+Impact%3A+The+Holocaust+and+the+Canadian+Jewish+Community&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=McGill-Queens&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2065-3&rft.aulast=Bialystok&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTEOzC2c9gmYC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajdanek+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214213154/http://cjccc.ca///national_archives/archives/arcguideD.htm">"Collection Guide"</a>. <i>Canadian Jewish Congress Charities Committee National Archives</i>. 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Pomnik ku czci ofiar Majdanka"</a>. Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku (Majdanek State Museum). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.majdanek.eu/articles.php?aid=335">the original</a> on 2014-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Je%C5%9Bli+ludzie+zamilkn%C4%85%2C+g%C5%82azy+wo%C5%82a%C4%87+b%C4%99d%C4%85.%22+Pomnik+ku+czci+ofiar+Majdanka&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Muzeum+na+Majdanku+%28Majdanek+State+Museum%29&rft.au=Danuta+Olesiuk%2C+Krzysztof+Kokowicz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.majdanek.eu%2Farticles.php%3Faid%3D335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajdanek+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitos1944" class="citation web cs1">Witos, A.; et al. 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href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/04/international/europe/04poland.html?_r=2&pagewanted=1&oref=slogin">"Treasures Emerge From Field of the Dead at Maidanek"</a>, <i>New York Times</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Treasures+Emerge+From+Field+of+the+Dead+at+Maidanek&rft.date=2005-11-04&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F11%2F04%2Finternational%2Feurope%2F04poland.html%3F_r%3D2%26pagewanted%3D1%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajdanek+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buriedprayers.com/">"Home"</a>. <i>buriedprayers.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buriedprayers.com&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fburiedprayers.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajdanek+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Brand in voormalig Pools concentratiekamp". <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Netherlands_Worldwide" title="Radio Netherlands Worldwide">Radio Netherlands Worldwide</a></i>. 11 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Netherlands+Worldwide&rft.atitle=Brand+in+voormalig+Pools+concentratiekamp&rft.date=2010-08-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajdanek+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State Museum at Majdanek, accessed March 13, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.majdanek.eu/en">http://www.majdanek.eu/en</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Political Education: Coming of Age in Paris and New York, Andre Schiffrin (2007)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Konzentrationslager_Majdanek" class="extiw" title="commons:Konzentrationslager Majdanek"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Majdanek concentration camp</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/tolkatchev/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki">Private Tolkatchev at the Gates of Hell – Majdanek and Auschwitz Liberated: Testimony of An Artist</a> an online exhibition by <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.majdanek.eu">State Museum at Majdanek – official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cincinnatijudaicafund.com/index.php/Detail/collections/83.html">Catalog of Pins and Medals Commemorating the Majdanek Concentration Camp</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lublin-majdanek-concentration-camp-conditions">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/gallery.php?ModuleId=10005190&MediaType=oi">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Oral Histories</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/film/liberation-of-majdanek">Historical Film of Camp Conditions</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Template:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Template talk:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_concentration_camps" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsdorf_concentration_camp" title="Arbeitsdorf concentration camp">Arbeitsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Auschwitz" title="List of subcamps of Auschwitz">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Bergen-Belsen" title="List of subcamps of Bergen-Belsen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Buchenwald" title="List of subcamps of Buchenwald">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Dachau" title="List of subcamps of Dachau">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Flossenb%C3%BCrg" title="List of subcamps of Flossenbürg">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Gross-Rosen" title="List of subcamps of Gross-Rosen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a> <ul><li>subcamps</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Hinzert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Hinzert (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Kaiserwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Kaiserwald (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Kauen" title="List of subcamps of Kauen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w" title="List of subcamps of Kraków-Płaszów">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Majdanek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Majdanek" title="List of subcamps of Majdanek">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mauthausen" title="List of subcamps of Mauthausen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mittelbau" title="List of subcamps of Mittelbau">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof" title="List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Neuengamme" title="List of subcamps of Neuengamme">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederhagen_concentration_camp" title="Niederhagen concentration camp">Niederhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Ravensbr%C3%BCck" title="List of subcamps of Ravensbrück">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Sachsenhausen" title="List of subcamps of Sachsenhausen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Stutthof" class="mw-redirect" title="List of subcamps of Stutthof">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Vaivara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Vaivara (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">SS Main Economic and Administrative Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Earth_and_Stone_Works" title="German Earth and Stone Works">German Earth and Stone Works</a> (DEST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe" title="Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe">Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></i> (Camp SS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appellplatz" title="Appellplatz">Appellplatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcamp" title="Subcamp">Subcamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_construction_brigade" title="SS construction brigade">SS construction brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revier_(Nazi_concentration_camps)" title="Revier (Nazi concentration camps)">Revier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strafkompanie" title="Strafkompanie">Strafkompanie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_14f13" title="Action 14f13">Action 14f13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_14f14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Action 14f14 (page does not exist)">Action 14f14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_camps" title="Early camps">Early camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Forced labor in Nazi concentration camps">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_of_inmates_in_German_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Identification of inmates in German concentration camps">Identification of inmates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Badges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_(Nazi_symbol)" title="P (Nazi symbol)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_triangle" title="Purple triangle">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Language of Nazi concentration camps">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muselmann" title="Muselmann">Muselmann</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_and_Penal_Code" title="Disciplinary and Penal Code">Disciplinary and Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">Death marches</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postenpflicht" title="Postenpflicht">Postenpflicht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_(Holocaust)" title="Selection (Holocaust)">Selection</a></li> <li>Slogans <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbeit_macht_frei" title="Arbeit macht frei">Arbeit macht frei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jedem_das_Seine" title="Jedem das Seine">Jedem das Seine</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_commandant" title="Nazi concentration camp commandant">Commandant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagerf%C3%BChrer" title="Lagerführer">Lagerführer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzhaftlagerf%C3%BChrer" title="Schutzhaftlagerführer">Schutzhaftlagerführer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_guards_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Female guards in Nazi concentration camps">Female guards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wehrmacht_guards_at_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wehrmacht guards at Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">Wehrmacht</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_guards_at_concentration_camps" title="Luftwaffe guards at concentration camps">Luftwaffe guards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prisoners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_functionaries" title="Prisoner functionaries">Prisoner functionaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapo" title="Kapo">Kapo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asocial_prisoners_in_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asocial prisoners in Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">"Asocials"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany#Concentration_camps" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews#Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_prisoners_in_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political prisoners in Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">Political prisoners</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacht_und_Nebel" title="Nacht und Nebel">Nacht und Nebel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonder-_und_Ehrenhaft" title="Sonder- und Ehrenhaft">Sonder- und Ehrenhaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">"Race defilers"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Roma and Sinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ort_des_Terrors" title="Der Ort des Terrors">Der Ort des Terrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/KL_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="KL (book)">KL</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Template:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Template talk:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Holocaust in German-occupied Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Main article</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></dd> <dt>Related articles by country</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Camps,_ghettos,_execution_sites_and_attacks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Majdanek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_I" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potulice_concentration_camp" title="Potulice concentration camp">Potulice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szebnie_concentration_camp" title="Szebnie concentration camp">Szebnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danzig-Matzkau_concentration_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danzig-Matzkau concentration camp (page does not exist)">Danzig-Matzkau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass shootings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Bia%C5%82ystok_massacres" title="1941 Białystok massacres">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto#Bloody_Sunday_massacre" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Bronna Góra">Bronna Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Death_(Bydgoszcz)" title="Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Erntefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Erntefest">Erntefest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard_in_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Operation Reinhard in Kraków">Aktion Krakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiry_massacre" title="Palmiry massacre">Palmiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_Krakau" title="Sonderaktion Krakau">Sonderaktion Krakau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv pogroms">Lviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tykocin_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tykocin pogrom">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Ghettos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto" title="Będzin Ghetto">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Ghetto" title="Brześć Ghetto">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto" title="Częstochowa Ghetto">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Ghetto" title="Grodno Ghetto">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_Ghetto" title="Kielce Ghetto">Kielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv pogroms (1941)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubart%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lubartów Ghetto">Lubartów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzyrzec_Podlaski_Ghetto" title="Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto">Międzyrzec Podlaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizocz_Ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizocz Ghetto">Mizocz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz_Ghetto" title="Nowy Sącz Ghetto">Nowy Sącz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84sk_Ghetto" title="Pińsk Ghetto">Pińsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_Ghetto" title="Siedlce Ghetto">Siedlce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambor_Ghetto" title="Sambor Ghetto">Sambor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82onim_Ghetto" title="Słonim Ghetto">Słonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Stanisławów Ghetto">Stanisławów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnopol_Ghetto" title="Tarnopol Ghetto">Tarnopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Wilno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossaktion_Warsaw_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossaktion Warsaw (1942)">Grossaktion Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Truppen%C3%BCbungsplatz_Heidelager" title="SS-Truppenübungsplatz Heidelager">Heidelager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Template talk:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Perpetrators of the Holocaust in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perpetrators,_participants,_organizations,_and_collaborators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Brack" title="Viktor Brack">Viktor Brack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Josef Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Fischer" title="Ludwig Fischer">Ludwig Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_H%C3%B6fle" title="Hermann Höfle">Hermann Höfle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Katzmann" title="Fritz Katzmann">Fritz Katzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Koppe" title="Wilhelm Koppe">Wilhelm Koppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger">Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Lambert" title="Erwin Lambert">Erwin Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lerch" title="Ernst Lerch">Ernst Lerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michalsen" title="Georg Michalsen">Georg Michalsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Pohl" title="Oswald Pohl">Oswald Pohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Reinefarth" title="Heinz Reinefarth">Heinz Reinefarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Scherner" title="Julian Scherner">Julian Scherner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Sporrenberg" title="Jakob Sporrenberg">Jakob Sporrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Streckenbach" title="Bruno Streckenbach">Bruno Streckenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thomalla" title="Richard Thomalla">Richard Thomalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%A4chter" title="Otto Wächter">Otto Wächter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Aumeier" title="Hans Aumeier">Hans Aumeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baer" title="Richard Baer">Richard Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Boger" title="Wilhelm Boger">Wilhelm Boger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermine_Braunsteiner" title="Hermine Braunsteiner">Hermine Braunsteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmfried_Eberl" title="Irmfried Eberl">Irmfried Eberl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_van_Eupen" title="Theodor van Eupen">Theodor van Eupen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Franz" title="Kurt Franz">Kurt Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Frenzel" title="Karl Frenzel">Karl Frenzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Fritzsch" title="Karl Fritzsch">Karl Fritzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_G%C3%B6th" title="Amon Göth">Amon Göth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Grabner" title="Maximilian Grabner">Maximilian Grabner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hantke" title="Otto Hantke">Otto Hantke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hartjenstein" title="Fritz Hartjenstein">Fritz Hartjenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Hering" title="Gottlieb Hering">Gottlieb Hering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_H%C3%B6ssler" title="Franz Hössler">Franz Hössler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Otto_Koch" title="Karl-Otto Koch">Karl-Otto Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kramer" title="Josef Kramer">Josef Kramer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Liebehenschel" title="Arthur Liebehenschel">Arthur Liebehenschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mandl" title="Maria Mandl">Maria Mandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Matthes" title="Heinrich Matthes">Heinrich Matthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Michel" title="Hermann Michel">Hermann Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%B6ckel" title="Karl Möckel">Karl Möckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulka" title="Robert Mulka">Robert Mulka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Niemann" title="Johann Niemann">Johann Niemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Oberhauser" title="Josef Oberhauser">Josef Oberhauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Reichleitner" title="Franz Reichleitner">Franz Reichleitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schwarz" title="Heinrich Schwarz">Heinrich Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schwarzhuber" title="Johann Schwarzhuber">Johann Schwarzhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Stangl" title="Franz Stangl">Franz Stangl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wagner" title="Gustav Wagner">Gustav Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gas chamber<br />executioners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Bauer" title="Erich Bauer">Erich Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Bolender" title="Kurt Bolender">Kurt Bolender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hackenholt" title="Lorenz Hackenholt">Lorenz Hackenholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Klehr" title="Josef Klehr">Josef Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Koch_(SS_man)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Koch (SS man)">Hans Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lange" title="Herbert Lange">Herbert Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Moll" title="Otto Moll">Otto Moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Plagge" title="Ludwig Plagge">Ludwig Plagge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Theuer" title="Adolf Theuer">Adolf Theuer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Physicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Bodmann" title="Franz von Bodmann">Franz von Bodmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Clauberg" title="Carl Clauberg">Carl Clauberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gebhardt" title="Karl Gebhardt">Karl Gebhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Fischer" title="Horst Fischer">Horst Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Klein" title="Fritz Klein">Fritz Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Horst Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Trzebinski" title="Alfred Trzebinski">Alfred Trzebinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wirths" title="Eduard Wirths">Eduard Wirths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghetto command</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Auerswald" title="Heinz Auerswald">Heinz Auerswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Biebow" title="Hans Biebow">Hans Biebow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Bl%C3%B6sche" title="Josef Blösche">Josef Blösche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%BCrkl" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Bürkl">Franz Bürkl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Klaustermeyer" title="Heinrich Klaustermeyer">Heinrich Klaustermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Konrad_(SS_officer)" title="Franz Konrad (SS officer)">Franz Konrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Palfinger" title="Alexander Palfinger">Alexander Palfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Sammern-Frankenegg" title="Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg">Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop" title="Jürgen Stroop">Jürgen Stroop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Birkner" title="Wolfgang Birkner">Wolfgang Birkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Bischoff" title="Helmut Bischoff">Helmut Bischoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Beutel" title="Lothar Beutel">Lothar Beutel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Blobel" title="Paul Blobel">Paul Blobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Brunner_(SS_general)" title="Karl Brunner (SS general)">Karl Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Damzog" title="Ernst Damzog">Ernst Damzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Flesch" title="Gerhard Flesch">Gerhard Flesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hahn" title="Ludwig Hahn">Ludwig Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Landau" title="Felix Landau">Felix Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albert_Meisinger" title="Josef Albert Meisinger">Josef Meisinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%BCller" title="Bruno Müller">Bruno Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Naumann" title="Erich Naumann">Erich Naumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Emanuel Schäfer">Emanuel Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schaper" title="Hermann Schaper">Hermann Schaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Eberhard_Sch%C3%B6ngarth" title="Karl Eberhard Schöngarth">Karl Eberhard Schöngarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udo_von_Woyrsch" title="Udo von Woyrsch">Udo von Woyrsch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camp guards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Anhalt" title="Hans Anhalt">Hans Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny-Wanda_Barkmann" title="Jenny-Wanda Barkmann">Jenny-Wanda Barkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_Bothe" title="Herta Bothe">Herta Bothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_Bormann" title="Juana Bormann">Juana Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_B%C3%BClow" title="Alexander Bülow">Alexander Bülow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise_Danz" title="Luise Danz">Luise Danz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Demjanjuk" title="John Demjanjuk">John Demjanjuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Dreschel" title="Margot Dreschel">Margot Dreschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Fedorenko" title="Feodor Fedorenko">Feodor Fedorenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hoffmann" title="Hans Hoffmann">Hans Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gerstein" title="Kurt Gerstein">Kurt Gerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G%C3%B6tze" title="Paul Götze">Paul Götze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Grese" title="Irma Grese">Irma Grese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Friedrich_H%C3%B6cker" title="Karl-Friedrich Höcker">Karl-Friedrich Höcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jeschke" title="Karl Jeschke">Karl Jeschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Kaduk" title="Oswald Kaduk">Oswald Kaduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Kollmer" title="Josef Kollmer">Josef Kollmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_L%C3%A4chert" title="Hildegard Lächert">Hildegard Lächert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Langefeld" title="Johanna Langefeld">Johanna Langefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Lechner" title="Anton Lechner">Anton Lechner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Lorenz" title="Eduard Lorenz">Eduard Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Muhsfeldt" title="Erich Muhsfeldt">Erich Muhsfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlef_Nebbe" title="Detlef Nebbe">Detlef Nebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Orlowski" title="Alice Orlowski">Alice Orlowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Volkenrath" title="Elisabeth Volkenrath">Elisabeth Volkenrath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By camp</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sobib%C3%B3r_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sobibór extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Template:Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">WVHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Commissioner_for_the_Consolidation_of_German_Nationhood" title="Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Nationhood">RKFDV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Mittelstelle" title="Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle">VoMi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Polski" title="Hotel Polski">Hotel Polski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Collaboration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft" title="Schutzmannschaft">Schutzmannschaft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Belarusian Auxiliary Police">Belarusian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Estonian Auxiliary Police">Estonian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/36th_Estonian_Police_Battalion" title="36th Estonian Police Battalion">36th Estonian Police Battalion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a> / <a href="/wiki/Schutzmannschaft_Battalion_118" title="Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118">Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Resistance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Resistance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Resistance,_victims,_documentation_and_technical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Resistance, victims, documentation and technical</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Military_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Military Organisation">AOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Corps" title="National Security Corps">PKB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">ŻOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">ŻZW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uprisings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto uprising">Ghetto uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp#The_uprising" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Zuckerman" title="Yitzhak Zuckerman">Icchak Cukierman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Tenenbaum" title="Mordechai Tenenbaum">Mordechai Tenenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Edelman" title="Marek Edelman">Marek Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Feldhendler" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Feldhendler">Leon Feldhendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Frenkiel" title="Paweł Frenkiel">Paweł Frenkiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Iwa%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Iwański">Henryk Iwański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Katzenelson" title="Itzhak Katzenelson">Itzhak Katzenelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Klepfisz" title="Michał Klepfisz">Michał Klepfisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Lerman" title="Miles Lerman">Miles Lerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pechersky" title="Alexander Pechersky">Alexander Pechersky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frumka_P%C5%82otnicka" title="Frumka Płotnicka">Frumka Płotnicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roza_Robota" title="Roza Robota">Roza Robota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szmul_Zygielbojm" title="Szmul Zygielbojm">Szmul Zygielbojm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victim lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghettos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Lwów Ghetto">Lviv (Lwów)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_the_Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in the Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Belzec extermination camp">Bełżec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Izbica_Ghetto" title="Category:People who died in Izbica Ghetto">Izbica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Soldau_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Soldau concentration camp">Soldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Category:People who died in Trawniki concentration camp">Trawniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_died_in_Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Category:People who died in Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Documentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Album" title="Auschwitz Album">Auschwitz Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Frank_memorandum" title="August Frank memorandum">Frank memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6cker_Album" title="Höcker Album">Höcker Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fle_telegram" title="Höfle telegram">Höfle telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzmann_Report" title="Katzmann Report">Katzmann Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korherr_Report" title="Korherr Report">Korherr Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen_speeches" title="Posen speeches">Posen speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_perpetrator_album" title="Sobibor perpetrator album">Sobibor perpetrator album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Prosecution_Book_%E2%80%93_Poland" title="Special Prosecution Book – Poland">Special Prosecution Book – Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroop_Report" title="Stroop Report">Stroop Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Witness accounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Friedrich_Graebe" title="Hermann Friedrich Graebe">Graebe affidavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerstein_Report" title="Gerstein Report">Gerstein Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold%27s_Report" title="Witold's Report">Witold's Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs"><i>Sonderkommando</i> photographs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical and logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Identification in camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Nazi_Germany" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Template talk:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Poland_Aftermath" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Poland Aftermath"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aftermath,_trials_and_commemoration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath, trials and commemoration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">Population transfers (1944–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Poland)">Ministry of Public Security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_trials" title="Category:Holocaust trials">Trials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West German trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">Frankfurt Auschwitz trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_trials" title="Treblinka trials">Treblinka trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polish, East German, and Soviet trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_trial" title="Auschwitz trial">Auschwitz trial (Poland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_trials" title="Stutthof trials">Stutthof trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_State_Commission" title="Extraordinary State Commission">Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Ghetto_Heroes" title="Monument to the Ghetto Heroes">Monument to the Ghetto Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau_State_Museum" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum">Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_State_Museum" title="Majdanek State Museum">Majdanek State Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_Museum" title="Sobibór Museum">Sobibór Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Youth_Meeting_Center_in_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim/Auschwitz" title="International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz">International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Living" title="March of the Living">March of the Living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Polish Righteous Among the Nations">Polish Righteous Among the Nations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Righteous" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Polish Righteous">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations">Garden of the Righteous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size:85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160135#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160135#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160135#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12565280s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12565280s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Majdanek (koncentrační tábor)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20050607001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264963505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=60486">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majdanek_concentration_camp&oldid=1248648130">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majdanek_concentration_camp&oldid=1248648130</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Category:Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek concentration camp</a></li><li><a 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