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class="logo grid-three"> <img itemprop="logo" src="https://images.theconversation.com/institutions/1322/logos/logo-1527199726.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=170&h=170" /> </div> <div class="description grid-nine"> <p>Iowa State is an international university with a friendly welcoming personality. Students from all 50 states and more than 100 countries come to Ames, Iowa, to choose from 100 majors, study with world-class scholars and hone their leadership skills in 800-plus student organizations. Iowa State offers a great environment where students can enjoy reaching their potential and discovering their passions.</p> </div> <section class="grid-four grid-last"> <h4 class="legacy">Links</h4> <ul class="article-list"> <li class="article"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://www.iastate.edu/">Visit iastate.edu/</a> </li> <li class="article"> <a href="/become-an-author">Are you an expert from this institution? Register to write</a> </li> <li class="feed"> <a href="/institutions/iowa-state-university-1322/articles.atom"> <i class="icon-rss"></i> Article Feed </a> </li> </ul> </section> </section> <nav id="tabbed-navigation" class="tabbed tabbed-section-navigation"> <a class="tab active" href="#articles">Articles</a> <a class="tab" href="#contributors">Authors</a> </nav> <div class="institution-page sm-display-articles"> <div class="grid-ten large-grid-eight"> <section id="articles"> <h3 class="border">Displaying 1 - 20 of 152 articles</h3> <div class="content-list"> <article data-id="238538" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Young families are leaving many large US cities − here’s why that matters" href="/young-families-are-leaving-many-large-us-cities-heres-why-that-matters-238538"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:48.50299401197605%;--background-color:#50352e"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/633033/original/file-20241119-15-ihg5y7.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=49%2C696%2C5472%2C2736&q=45&auto=format&w=668&h=324&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="633033"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Parents and educators rally at Boston City Hall demanding urgent action to improve the city’s public schools. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Barry Chin/The Boston Globe via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-20T20:33:59Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 20, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/young-families-are-leaving-many-large-us-cities-heres-why-that-matters-238538">Young families are leaving many large US cities − here’s why that matters</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/biswa-das-1251334">Biswa Das</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Although many US cities have recovered from economic downturns during the COVID-19 pandemic, they still are losing young families in large numbers. Here’s how that trend degrades urban life.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="238161" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Why school police officers may not be the most effective way to prevent violence" href="/why-school-police-officers-may-not-be-the-most-effective-way-to-prevent-violence-238161"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#ac7257"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/631574/original/file-20241112-15-z02z3v.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=597%2C0%2C1958%2C1958&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="631574"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Research shows school police officers may subconsciously make students feel less safe. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Portland Press Herald via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-18T13:26:21Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 18, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/why-school-police-officers-may-not-be-the-most-effective-way-to-prevent-violence-238161">Why school police officers may not be the most effective way to prevent violence</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/monic-behnken-1530854">Monic Behnken</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The presence of police in schools has grown in the past 30 years. But research shows that these officers may not be the most effective method for deterring violence.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="240431" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Only 5.3% of welders in the US are women. After years as a writing professor, I became one − here’s what I learned" href="/only-5-3-of-welders-in-the-us-are-women-after-years-as-a-writing-professor-i-became-one-heres-what-i-learned-240431"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#483826"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/625259/original/file-20241011-16-l9x6yz.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=31%2C99%2C2987%2C2987&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="625259"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> The author welds a headboard. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Jo Mackiewicz</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-05T13:44:39Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 5, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/only-5-3-of-welders-in-the-us-are-women-after-years-as-a-writing-professor-i-became-one-heres-what-i-learned-240431">Only 5.3% of welders in the US are women. After years as a writing professor, I became one − here’s what I learned</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jo-mackiewicz-2208351">Jo Mackiewicz</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Being a woman in a welding and fabrication shop means finding workarounds for getting tasks done.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="239160" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="TikTok ban goes to the court: 5 essential reads on the case and its consequences" href="/tiktok-ban-goes-to-the-court-5-essential-reads-on-the-case-and-its-consequences-239160"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#523d4d"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/619688/original/file-20240916-20-lskreb.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=796%2C419%2C2431%2C2431&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="619688"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> TikTok takes on the U.S. government. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Costfoto/NurPhoto via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-16T21:26:44Z" data-format="tc_date"> September 16, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/tiktok-ban-goes-to-the-court-5-essential-reads-on-the-case-and-its-consequences-239160">TikTok ban goes to the court: 5 essential reads on the case and its consequences</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/us/team#eric-smalley">Eric Smalley</a>, <em>The Conversation</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/us/team#matt-williams">Matt Williams</a>, <em>The Conversation</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Lawyers for the popular video app warned of ‘staggering’ consequences for free speech if ban is allowed to happen.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="235877" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Wasps can be pests in NZ – but they have potential to be pest controllers too" href="/wasps-can-be-pests-in-nz-but-they-have-potential-to-be-pest-controllers-too-235877"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#92a05e"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/610485/original/file-20240731-17-znr8en.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=361%2C0%2C2448%2C2448&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="610485"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Jenny Jandt</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-27T01:20:53Z" data-format="tc_date"> August 27, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/wasps-can-be-pests-in-nz-but-they-have-potential-to-be-pest-controllers-too-235877">Wasps can be pests in NZ – but they have potential to be pest controllers too</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jennifer-jandt-1395747">Jennifer Jandt</a>, <em>University of Otago</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/amy-toth-1558273">Amy Toth</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Research shows wasps are active and useful predators of caterpillars on crop plants, but we need to know more about their full biocontrol potential.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="232564" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="2024’s violent tornado season has been one of the most active on record − a meteorologist explains the weather behind the outbreaks" href="/2024s-violent-tornado-season-has-been-one-of-the-most-active-on-record-a-meteorologist-explains-the-weather-behind-the-outbreaks-232564"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4d362d"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/601346/original/file-20240617-17-hpdqjx.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=611%2C0%2C3885%2C3885&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="601346"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Juana Landeros and her husband and 9-year-old son survived a deadly tornado in Valley View, Texas, on May 26, 2024. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">AP Photo/Julio Cortez</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-24T12:20:27Z" data-format="tc_date"> June 24, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/2024s-violent-tornado-season-has-been-one-of-the-most-active-on-record-a-meteorologist-explains-the-weather-behind-the-outbreaks-232564">2024’s violent tornado season has been one of the most active on record − a meteorologist explains the weather behind the outbreaks</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/william-gallus-1299645">William Gallus</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Spring 2024 was menacing for large parts of the US, with a tornado nearly every day in May. Tornado outbreaks tore up communities across multiple states.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="223408" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Is hard water bad for you? 2 water quality engineers explain the potential benefits and pitfalls that come with having hard water" href="/is-hard-water-bad-for-you-2-water-quality-engineers-explain-the-potential-benefits-and-pitfalls-that-come-with-having-hard-water-223408"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#9a6855"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/589655/original/file-20240422-18-wsq063.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=35%2C0%2C3927%2C3927&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="589655"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Do you know how hard your water is? </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Tatiana Maksimova/Moment via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-20T12:26:46Z" data-format="tc_date"> May 20, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/is-hard-water-bad-for-you-2-water-quality-engineers-explain-the-potential-benefits-and-pitfalls-that-come-with-having-hard-water-223408">Is hard water bad for you? 2 water quality engineers explain the potential benefits and pitfalls that come with having hard water</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sarah-blank-1511179">Sarah Blank</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/timothy-ellis-1511180">Timothy Ellis</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Hard water might dry out your hair and skin − but having hard water isn’t necessarily a bad thing.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="228581" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="What America’s first board game can teach us about the aspirations of a young nation" href="/what-americas-first-board-game-can-teach-us-about-the-aspirations-of-a-young-nation-228581"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#a67953"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/591643/original/file-20240502-19-wvumn4.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1642%2C301%2C3014%2C3014&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="591643"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> ‘The Travellers’ Tour Through the United States’ is the earliest known board game to depict a map of North America. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Library of Congress</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-09T15:17:49Z" data-format="tc_date"> May 9, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/what-americas-first-board-game-can-teach-us-about-the-aspirations-of-a-young-nation-228581">What America’s first board game can teach us about the aspirations of a young nation</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/matthew-wynn-sivils-1517459">Matthew Wynn Sivils</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Few copies remain of the earliest known board game produced in the US.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="222967" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Ancient Rome successfully fought against voter intimidation − a political story told on a coin that resonates today" href="/ancient-rome-successfully-fought-against-voter-intimidation-a-political-story-told-on-a-coin-that-resonates-today-222967"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#a4835d"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/576049/original/file-20240215-17705-r7jti2.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=885%2C25%2C1031%2C1031&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="576049"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Democracy was enshrined in Roman currency. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">American Numismatic Society</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-11T12:24:32Z" data-format="tc_date"> March 11, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/ancient-rome-successfully-fought-against-voter-intimidation-a-political-story-told-on-a-coin-that-resonates-today-222967">Ancient Rome successfully fought against voter intimidation − a political story told on a coin that resonates today</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/david-b-hollander-1509700">David B. Hollander</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Fighting for voter access is an inevitable part of any democracy, from ancient Rome to the US today. Roman legislators were able to thwart elite political sway by introducing written ballots.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="222472" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick" href="/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#ae714e"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/578977/original/file-20240229-24-sr8g1w.JPG?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=53%2C0%2C1009%2C1009&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="578977"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> One of the earliest depictions of flying witches is in a 15th-century text entitled “Le champion des dames,” or “The Defender of Ladies.” </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Martin Le Franc/W. Schild. Die Maleficia der Hexenleut' via Wikimedia Commons</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-03-05T13:59:14Z" data-format="tc_date"> March 5, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/can-witches-fly-a-historian-unpacks-the-medieval-invention-and-skepticism-of-the-witch-on-a-broomstick-222472">Can witches fly? A historian unpacks the medieval invention − and skepticism − of the witch on a broomstick</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/michael-d-bailey-546272">Michael D. Bailey</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>The iconic image of a witch on a broomstick has apocryphal origins. But whether they could actually fly didn’t stop Christian society from persecuting them.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="220509" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="How the Iowa caucuses became the first major challenge of US presidential campaigns" href="/how-the-iowa-caucuses-became-the-first-major-challenge-of-us-presidential-campaigns-220509"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4c362d"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/567745/original/file-20240103-27-wzffb0.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="567745"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Guests attend a rally for former U.S. President Donald Trump on Dec. 19, 2023, in Waterloo, Iowa. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Scott Olson/Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-04T13:48:30Z" data-format="tc_date"> January 4, 2024 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/how-the-iowa-caucuses-became-the-first-major-challenge-of-us-presidential-campaigns-220509">How the Iowa caucuses became the first major challenge of US presidential campaigns</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/steffen-w-schmidt-527236">Steffen W. Schmidt</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>A political scientist traces the development of the first-in-the-nation Iowa caucuses and how the small, rural state became influential in presidential politics.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="217614" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Guatemala’s <span class="nobr">anti-corruption</span> <span class="nobr">leader-to</span>-be could be prevented from taking office, deepening migration concerns for US" href="/guatemalas-anti-corruption-leader-to-be-could-be-prevented-from-taking-office-deepening-migration-concerns-for-us-217614"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#575631"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/566364/original/file-20231218-17-s6fipw.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="566364"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Guatemala’s President-elect Bernardo Arévalo waves to supporters. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Orlando Estrada/AFP via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-19T13:17:06Z" data-format="tc_date"> December 19, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/guatemalas-anti-corruption-leader-to-be-could-be-prevented-from-taking-office-deepening-migration-concerns-for-us-217614">Guatemala’s <span class="nobr">anti-corruption</span> <span class="nobr">leader-to</span>-be could be prevented from taking office, deepening migration concerns for US</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/bonar-hernandez-sandoval-1479108">Bonar Hernández Sandoval</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Anti-democratic actions and government corruption are key reasons many Guatemalans migrate to the US.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="215753" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="How to provide reliable water in a warming world – these cities are testing <span class="nobr">small-scale</span> treatment systems and wastewater recycling" href="/how-to-provide-reliable-water-in-a-warming-world-these-cities-are-testing-small-scale-treatment-systems-and-wastewater-recycling-215753"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#5a84a9"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/564629/original/file-20231209-21-270hhg.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=1034%2C0%2C3093%2C3093&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="564629"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Water treatment doesn’t have to be one large, citywide system. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Deepblue4you/E+ via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-21T08:32:54Z" data-format="tc_date"> December 21, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/how-to-provide-reliable-water-in-a-warming-world-these-cities-are-testing-small-scale-treatment-systems-and-wastewater-recycling-215753">How to provide reliable water in a warming world – these cities are testing <span class="nobr">small-scale</span> treatment systems and wastewater recycling</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/lu-liu-1433426">Lu Liu</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Water shortages are one of the greatest problems created by a warming world. A decentralized water system is a compelling counterargument to the notion that bigger is better.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="213210" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="3 ways AI can help farmers tackle the challenges of modern agriculture" href="/3-ways-ai-can-help-farmers-tackle-the-challenges-of-modern-agriculture-213210"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4e4b37"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/560543/original/file-20231120-21-t0o5ng.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=88%2C0%2C2189%2C2189&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="560543"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Farming today is as much about data as hardware. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">AP Photo/Nati Harnik</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-11-29T13:39:07Z" data-format="tc_date"> November 29, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/3-ways-ai-can-help-farmers-tackle-the-challenges-of-modern-agriculture-213210">3 ways AI can help farmers tackle the challenges of modern agriculture</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/joe-hollis-1430988">Joe Hollis</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>AI is exciting and scary, but it’s also a very useful tool. Here’s how AI is helping farmers shore up their bottom lines, protect the environment and boost food security.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="210997" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="A layered lake is a little like Earth’s early oceans − and lets researchers explore how oxygen built up in our atmosphere billions of years ago" href="/a-layered-lake-is-a-little-like-earths-early-oceans-and-lets-researchers-explore-how-oxygen-built-up-in-our-atmosphere-billions-of-years-ago-210997"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4e544e"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542374/original/file-20230811-17-9wl0g5.jpeg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C0%2C3024%2C3024&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="542374"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Researchers sample water from various layers to analyze back in the lab. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Elizabeth Swanner</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-23T12:25:38Z" data-format="tc_date"> October 23, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/a-layered-lake-is-a-little-like-earths-early-oceans-and-lets-researchers-explore-how-oxygen-built-up-in-our-atmosphere-billions-of-years-ago-210997">A layered lake is a little like Earth’s early oceans − and lets researchers explore how oxygen built up in our atmosphere billions of years ago</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/elizabeth-swanner-862853">Elizabeth Swanner</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>An unusual lake with distinct layers of low-oxygen and high-iron water lets researchers investigate conditions like those in the early Earth’s oceans.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="207186" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Why does a plane look and feel like it’s moving more slowly than it actually is?" href="/why-does-a-plane-look-and-feel-like-its-moving-more-slowly-than-it-actually-is-207186"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#537398"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/537863/original/file-20230717-230575-4lcw35.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=489%2C462%2C1401%2C1401&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="537863"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Without a point of reference, it can be hard to tell just how fast an airplane is traveling. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Daniel Berehulak/Getty Images News via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-25T12:20:49Z" data-format="tc_date"> September 25, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/why-does-a-plane-look-and-feel-like-its-moving-more-slowly-than-it-actually-is-207186">Why does a plane look and feel like it’s moving more slowly than it actually is?</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sara-nelson-1445268">Sara Nelson</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>An aerospace engineer explains why it’s so hard to tell just how fast an airplane is really moving.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="213069" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Jika manusia punah, seperti apa rupa Bumi satu tahun kemudian?" href="/jika-manusia-punah-seperti-apa-rupa-bumi-satu-tahun-kemudian-213069"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#7094ad"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/546799/original/file-20230501-28-b9wqpt.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=3367%2C0%2C5116%2C5116&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="546799"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Sekilas tentang dunia pasca-apokaliptik. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Bulgar/E+ via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-13T03:49:02Z" data-format="tc_date"> September 13, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/jika-manusia-punah-seperti-apa-rupa-bumi-satu-tahun-kemudian-213069">Jika manusia punah, seperti apa rupa Bumi satu tahun kemudian?</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/carlton-basmajian-1415089">Carlton Basmajian</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Mungkin itu adalah perang nuklir, perubahan iklim yang menghancurkan, atau virus yang mematikan. Namun, jika sesuatu menyebabkan orang menghilang, bayangkan apa yang akan terjadi setelahnya.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="210358" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="To steal today’s computerized cars, thieves go <span class="nobr">high-tech</span>" href="/to-steal-todays-computerized-cars-thieves-go-high-tech-210358"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#314f2a"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/542204/original/file-20230810-19-rndn2l.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=966%2C0%2C3721%2C3718&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="542204"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> A laptop is one of car thieves’ go-to tools. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Lorado/iStock via Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-14T12:24:09Z" data-format="tc_date"> August 14, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/to-steal-todays-computerized-cars-thieves-go-high-tech-210358">To steal today’s computerized cars, thieves go <span class="nobr">high-tech</span></a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/doug-jacobson-809162">Doug Jacobson</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Thieves are trading their pry bars for laptops and wireless devices to steal cars that nowadays rely on remotes and computer networks.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="210221" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Despite giving students chances to cheat, unsupervised online exams gauge student learning comparably to <span class="nobr">in-person</span> exams" href="/despite-giving-students-chances-to-cheat-unsupervised-online-exams-gauge-student-learning-comparably-to-in-person-exams-210221"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#4c3032"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/539990/original/file-20230728-21-i20d5f.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=460%2C111%2C1238%2C1238&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="539990"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> Research shows that unsupervised online exams can accurately assess student learning. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Geber86/iStock via Getty Images</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-09T12:30:23Z" data-format="tc_date"> August 9, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/despite-giving-students-chances-to-cheat-unsupervised-online-exams-gauge-student-learning-comparably-to-in-person-exams-210221">Despite giving students chances to cheat, unsupervised online exams gauge student learning comparably to <span class="nobr">in-person</span> exams</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jason-c-k-chan-1456362">Jason C.K. Chan</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/dahwi-ahn-1456435">Dahwi Ahn</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Students score about the same on online exams as they do on in-person exams, new research shows.</span> </div> </article> <article data-id="205110" class="clearfix placed analysis published"> <figure> <a class="article-link" aria-label="Zebrafish are a scientist’s favorite for <span class="nobr">early-stage</span> research – especially to study human blood disorders" href="/zebrafish-are-a-scientists-favorite-for-early-stage-research-especially-to-study-human-blood-disorders-205110"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:100.0%;--background-color:#294e28"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/540000/original/file-20230728-23-tbljsp.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=137%2C6%2C1290%2C1290&q=45&auto=format&w=240&h=240&fit=crop" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="540000"></div> </a> <figcaption> <span class="caption"> As an animal model, the zebrafish offers many advantages that save researchers time and money. </span> <span class="source" title="Source">Uri Manor/NICHD via Flickr</span> </figcaption> </figure> <header> <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-07T12:43:56Z" data-format="tc_date"> August 7, 2023 </time> <div class="article--header"> <h2><a href="/zebrafish-are-a-scientists-favorite-for-early-stage-research-especially-to-study-human-blood-disorders-205110">Zebrafish are a scientist’s favorite for <span class="nobr">early-stage</span> research – especially to study human blood disorders</a></h2> <p class="byline"> <span><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/gabrielle-dubansky-1432811">Gabrielle Dubansky</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em> and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/raquel-espin-palazon-1436932">Raquel Espín-Palazón</a>, <em>Iowa State University</em></span> </p> </div> </header> <div class="content" data-raw=""> <span>Of the many qualities that make the zebrafish a model organism, the fact that it shares 70% of the genes humans have makes it an ideal candidate for developmental biology research.</span> </div> </article> </div> <nav class="pagination" role="navigation" aria-label="pager"> <span class="page current"> 1 </span> <span class="page"> <a rel="next" href="/institutions/iowa-state-university-1322?page=2">2</a> </span> <span class="page"> <a href="/institutions/iowa-state-university-1322?page=3">3</a> </span> <span class="page"> <a href="/institutions/iowa-state-university-1322?page=4">4</a> </span> <span class="page"> <a href="/institutions/iowa-state-university-1322?page=5">5</a> </span> <span class="page gap"></span> <span class="next"> <a rel="next" href="/institutions/iowa-state-university-1322?page=2"><i class="icon-caret-right" title="Next"></i></a> </span> <span class="last"> <a href="/institutions/iowa-state-university-1322?page=8">Last</a> </span> </nav> </section> </div> <div class="grid-six large-grid-eight grid-last"> <div id="jobs-and-events" class="grid-six large-grid-four"> </div> <div id="contributors" class="grid-six large-grid-four grid-last"> <section id="experts" class="article-section"> <h3 class="border">Authors</h3> <ol class="semantic article-authors"> <li class="vcard" id="author-1558273" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/amy-toth-1558273"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1558273/width170/image-20240801-17-2njyws.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Amy Toth </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor & Chair, Graduate Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Iowa State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1251334" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/biswa-das-1251334"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1251334/width170/image-20240908-16-wcuc5g.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Biswa Das </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Professor of Community and Regional Planning and Extension Economist, Iowa State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1479108" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/bonar-hernandez-sandoval-1479108"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1479108/width170/image-20231207-15-1x3y7e.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Bonar Hernández Sandoval </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Professor of History, Iowa State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1509700" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/david-b-hollander-1509700"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1509700/width170/David_Hollander.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> David B. Hollander </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of History, Iowa State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-809162" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/doug-jacobson-809162"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/809162/width170/image-20230322-24-tkxggx.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Doug Jacobson </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-2208351" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/jo-mackiewicz-2208351"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/2208351/width170/file-20240925-16-7904rc.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Jo Mackiewicz </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of Rhetoric and Professional Communication, Iowa State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1430988" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/joe-hollis-1430988"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1430988/width170/image-20230915-29-9ds1y6.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Joe Hollis </span> </a> <p class="role"> PhD student in Rural Sociology and Sustainable Agriculture, Iowa State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1433426" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/lu-liu-1433426"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1433426/width170/image-20230509-30-rmcvef.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Lu Liu </span> </a> <p class="role"> Assistant Professor of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1517459" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/matthew-wynn-sivils-1517459"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1517459/width170/image-20240507-16-m8ksxu.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Matthew Wynn Sivils </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of American Literature, Iowa State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-546272" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/michael-d-bailey-546272"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/546272/width170/image-20240229-24-d72lzs.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Michael D. Bailey </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of History, Iowa State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1530854" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/monic-behnken-1530854"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1530854/width170/file-20240429-15-bunb5q.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Monic Behnken </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Dean, Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Iowa State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1511179" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/sarah-blank-1511179"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1511179/width170/file-20240227-22-nxu2xy.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Sarah Blank </span> </a> <p class="role"> Master's Student in Civil Engineering, Iowa State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-527236" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/steffen-w-schmidt-527236"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/527236/width170/file-20180801-136649-1ugn0v.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Steffen W. Schmidt </span> </a> <p class="role"> Professor of Political Science, Iowa State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1511180" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/timothy-ellis-1511180"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/1511180/width170/Ellis-Tim_directory-200x300.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Timothy Ellis </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Professor of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University </p> </li> <li class="vcard" id="author-1299645" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/william-gallus-1299645"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" 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Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")),g.forEach((s=>{if(this.isValidLookup(t))return;n=s;const o=[l];if(this.i18nFormat&&this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys)this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys(o,l,s,e,r);else{let e;u&&(e=this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(s,r.count,r));const t=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`,i=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}ordinal${this.options.pluralSeparator}`;if(u&&(o.push(l+e),r.ordinal&&0===e.indexOf(i)&&o.push(l+e.replace(i,this.options.pluralSeparator)),h&&o.push(l+t)),p){const s=`${l}${this.options.contextSeparator}${r.context}`;o.push(s),u&&(o.push(s+e),r.ordinal&&0===e.indexOf(i)&&o.push(s+e.replace(i,this.options.pluralSeparator)),h&&o.push(s+t))}}let a;for(;a=o.pop();)this.isValidLookup(t)||(i=a,t=this.getResource(s,e,a,r))})))}))})),{res:t,usedKey:s,exactUsedKey:i,usedLng:n,usedNS:o}}isValidLookup(e){return!(void 0===e||!this.options.returnNull&&null===e||!this.options.returnEmptyString&&""===e)}getResource(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};return this.i18nFormat&&this.i18nFormat.getResource?this.i18nFormat.getResource(e,t,s,i):this.resourceStore.getResource(e,t,s,i)}getUsedParamsDetails(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};const t=["defaultValue","ordinal","context","replace","lng","lngs","fallbackLng","ns","keySeparator","nsSeparator","returnObjects","returnDetails","joinArrays","postProcess","interpolation"],s=e.replace&&"string"!=typeof e.replace;let i=s?e.replace:e;if(s&&void 0!==e.count&&(i.count=e.count),this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(i={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...i}),!s){i={...i};for(const e of t)delete i[e]}return i}static hasDefaultValue(e){const t="defaultValue";for(const s in e)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,s)&&t===s.substring(0,12)&&void 0!==e[s])return!0;return!1}}const R=e=>e.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+e.slice(1);class C{constructor(e){this.options=e,this.supportedLngs=this.options.supportedLngs||!1,this.logger=o.create("languageUtils")}getScriptPartFromCode(e){if(!(e=S(e))||e.indexOf("-")<0)return null;const t=e.split("-");return 2===t.length?null:(t.pop(),"x"===t[t.length-1].toLowerCase()?null:this.formatLanguageCode(t.join("-")))}getLanguagePartFromCode(e){if(!(e=S(e))||e.indexOf("-")<0)return e;const t=e.split("-");return this.formatLanguageCode(t[0])}formatLanguageCode(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.indexOf("-")>-1){if("undefined"!=typeof Intl&&void 0!==Intl.getCanonicalLocales)try{let t=Intl.getCanonicalLocales(e)[0];if(t&&this.options.lowerCaseLng&&(t=t.toLowerCase()),t)return t}catch(e){}const t=["hans","hant","latn","cyrl","cans","mong","arab"];let s=e.split("-");return this.options.lowerCaseLng?s=s.map((e=>e.toLowerCase())):2===s.length?(s[0]=s[0].toLowerCase(),s[1]=s[1].toUpperCase(),t.indexOf(s[1].toLowerCase())>-1&&(s[1]=R(s[1].toLowerCase()))):3===s.length&&(s[0]=s[0].toLowerCase(),2===s[1].length&&(s[1]=s[1].toUpperCase()),"sgn"!==s[0]&&2===s[2].length&&(s[2]=s[2].toUpperCase()),t.indexOf(s[1].toLowerCase())>-1&&(s[1]=R(s[1].toLowerCase())),t.indexOf(s[2].toLowerCase())>-1&&(s[2]=R(s[2].toLowerCase()))),s.join("-")}return this.options.cleanCode||this.options.lowerCaseLng?e.toLowerCase():e}isSupportedCode(e){return("languageOnly"===this.options.load||this.options.nonExplicitSupportedLngs)&&(e=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)),!this.supportedLngs||!this.supportedLngs.length||this.supportedLngs.indexOf(e)>-1}getBestMatchFromCodes(e){if(!e)return null;let t;return e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.formatLanguageCode(e);this.options.supportedLngs&&!this.isSupportedCode(s)||(t=s)})),!t&&this.options.supportedLngs&&e.forEach((e=>{if(t)return;const s=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e);if(this.isSupportedCode(s))return t=s;t=this.options.supportedLngs.find((e=>e===s?e:e.indexOf("-")<0&&s.indexOf("-")<0?void 0:e.indexOf("-")>0&&s.indexOf("-")<0&&e.substring(0,e.indexOf("-"))===s||0===e.indexOf(s)&&s.length>1?e:void 0))})),t||(t=this.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng)[0]),t}getFallbackCodes(e,t){if(!e)return[];if("function"==typeof e&&(e=e(t)),"string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]),Array.isArray(e))return e;if(!t)return e.default||[];let s=e[t];return s||(s=e[this.getScriptPartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.formatLanguageCode(t)]),s||(s=e[this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)]),s||(s=e.default),s||[]}toResolveHierarchy(e,t){const s=this.getFallbackCodes(t||this.options.fallbackLng||[],e),i=[],n=e=>{e&&(this.isSupportedCode(e)?i.push(e):this.logger.warn(`rejecting language code not found in supportedLngs: ${e}`))};return"string"==typeof e&&(e.indexOf("-")>-1||e.indexOf("_")>-1)?("languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&n(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),"languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&n(this.getScriptPartFromCode(e)),"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&n(this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))):"string"==typeof e&&n(this.formatLanguageCode(e)),s.forEach((e=>{i.indexOf(e)<0&&n(this.formatLanguageCode(e))})),i}}let N=[{lngs:["ach","ak","am","arn","br","fil","gun","ln","mfe","mg","mi","oc","pt","pt-BR","tg","tl","ti","tr","uz","wa"],nr:[1,2],fc:1},{lngs:["af","an","ast","az","bg","bn","ca","da","de","dev","el","en","eo","es","et","eu","fi","fo","fur","fy","gl","gu","ha","hi","hu","hy","ia","it","kk","kn","ku","lb","mai","ml","mn","mr","nah","nap","nb","ne","nl","nn","no","nso","pa","pap","pms","ps","pt-PT","rm","sco","se","si","so","son","sq","sv","sw","ta","te","tk","ur","yo"],nr:[1,2],fc:2},{lngs:["ay","bo","cgg","fa","ht","id","ja","jbo","ka","km","ko","ky","lo","ms","sah","su","th","tt","ug","vi","wo","zh"],nr:[1],fc:3},{lngs:["be","bs","cnr","dz","hr","ru","sr","uk"],nr:[1,2,5],fc:4},{lngs:["ar"],nr:[0,1,2,3,11,100],fc:5},{lngs:["cs","sk"],nr:[1,2,5],fc:6},{lngs:["csb","pl"],nr:[1,2,5],fc:7},{lngs:["cy"],nr:[1,2,3,8],fc:8},{lngs:["fr"],nr:[1,2],fc:9},{lngs:["ga"],nr:[1,2,3,7,11],fc:10},{lngs:["gd"],nr:[1,2,3,20],fc:11},{lngs:["is"],nr:[1,2],fc:12},{lngs:["jv"],nr:[0,1],fc:13},{lngs:["kw"],nr:[1,2,3,4],fc:14},{lngs:["lt"],nr:[1,2,10],fc:15},{lngs:["lv"],nr:[1,2,0],fc:16},{lngs:["mk"],nr:[1,2],fc:17},{lngs:["mnk"],nr:[0,1,2],fc:18},{lngs:["mt"],nr:[1,2,11,20],fc:19},{lngs:["or"],nr:[2,1],fc:2},{lngs:["ro"],nr:[1,2,20],fc:20},{lngs:["sl"],nr:[5,1,2,3],fc:21},{lngs:["he","iw"],nr:[1,2,20,21],fc:22}],j={1:e=>Number(e>1),2:e=>Number(1!=e),3:e=>0,4:e=>Number(e%10==1&&e%100!=11?0:e%10>=2&&e%10<=4&&(e%100<10||e%100>=20)?1:2),5:e=>Number(0==e?0:1==e?1:2==e?2:e%100>=3&&e%100<=10?3:e%100>=11?4:5),6:e=>Number(1==e?0:e>=2&&e<=4?1:2),7:e=>Number(1==e?0:e%10>=2&&e%10<=4&&(e%100<10||e%100>=20)?1:2),8:e=>Number(1==e?0:2==e?1:8!=e&&11!=e?2:3),9:e=>Number(e>=2),10:e=>Number(1==e?0:2==e?1:e<7?2:e<11?3:4),11:e=>Number(1==e||11==e?0:2==e||12==e?1:e>2&&e<20?2:3),12:e=>Number(e%10!=1||e%100==11),13:e=>Number(0!==e),14:e=>Number(1==e?0:2==e?1:3==e?2:3),15:e=>Number(e%10==1&&e%100!=11?0:e%10>=2&&(e%100<10||e%100>=20)?1:2),16:e=>Number(e%10==1&&e%100!=11?0:0!==e?1:2),17:e=>Number(1==e||e%10==1&&e%100!=11?0:1),18:e=>Number(0==e?0:1==e?1:2),19:e=>Number(1==e?0:0==e||e%100>1&&e%100<11?1:e%100>10&&e%100<20?2:3),20:e=>Number(1==e?0:0==e||e%100>0&&e%100<20?1:2),21:e=>Number(e%100==1?1:e%100==2?2:e%100==3||e%100==4?3:0),22:e=>Number(1==e?0:2==e?1:(e<0||e>10)&&e%10==0?2:3)};const $=["v1","v2","v3"],A=["v4"],E={zero:0,one:1,two:2,few:3,many:4,other:5};class I{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.languageUtils=e,this.options=t,this.logger=o.create("pluralResolver"),this.options.compatibilityJSON&&!A.includes(this.options.compatibilityJSON)||"undefined"!=typeof Intl&&Intl.PluralRules||(this.options.compatibilityJSON="v3",this.logger.error("Your environment seems not to be Intl API compatible, use an Intl.PluralRules polyfill. Will fallback to the compatibilityJSON v3 format handling.")),this.rules=(()=>{const e={};return N.forEach((t=>{t.lngs.forEach((s=>{e[s]={numbers:t.nr,plurals:j[t.fc]}}))})),e})(),this.pluralRulesCache={}}addRule(e,t){this.rules[e]=t}clearCache(){this.pluralRulesCache={}}getRule(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};if(this.shouldUseIntlApi())try{const s=S("dev"===e?"en":e),i=t.ordinal?"ordinal":"cardinal",n=JSON.stringify({cleanedCode:s,type:i});if(n in this.pluralRulesCache)return this.pluralRulesCache[n];const o=new Intl.PluralRules(s,{type:i});return this.pluralRulesCache[n]=o,o}catch(e){return}return this.rules[e]||this.rules[this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)]}needsPlural(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};const s=this.getRule(e,t);return this.shouldUseIntlApi()?s&&s.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length>1:s&&s.numbers.length>1}getPluralFormsOfKey(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};return this.getSuffixes(e,s).map((e=>`${t}${e}`))}getSuffixes(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};const s=this.getRule(e,t);return s?this.shouldUseIntlApi()?s.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.sort(((e,t)=>E[e]-E[t])).map((e=>`${this.options.prepend}${t.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${e}`)):s.numbers.map((s=>this.getSuffix(e,s,t))):[]}getSuffix(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const i=this.getRule(e,s);return i?this.shouldUseIntlApi()?`${this.options.prepend}${s.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${i.select(t)}`:this.getSuffixRetroCompatible(i,t):(this.logger.warn(`no plural rule found for: ${e}`),"")}getSuffixRetroCompatible(e,t){const s=e.noAbs?e.plurals(t):e.plurals(Math.abs(t));let i=e.numbers[s];this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix&&2===e.numbers.length&&1===e.numbers[0]&&(2===i?i="plural":1===i&&(i=""));const n=()=>this.options.prepend&&i.toString()?this.options.prepend+i.toString():i.toString();return"v1"===this.options.compatibilityJSON?1===i?"":"number"==typeof i?`_plural_${i.toString()}`:n():"v2"===this.options.compatibilityJSON||this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix&&2===e.numbers.length&&1===e.numbers[0]?n():this.options.prepend&&s.toString()?this.options.prepend+s.toString():s.toString()}shouldUseIntlApi(){return!$.includes(this.options.compatibilityJSON)}}const T=function(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:".",n=!(arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4])||arguments[4],o=((e,t,s)=>{const i=d(e,s);return void 0!==i?i:d(t,s)})(e,t,s);return!o&&n&&"string"==typeof s&&(o=k(e,s,i),void 0===o&&(o=k(t,s,i))),o},D=e=>e.replace(/\$/g,"$$$$");class F{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=o.create("interpolator"),this.options=e,this.format=e.interpolation&&e.interpolation.format||(e=>e),this.init(e)}init(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};e.interpolation||(e.interpolation={escapeValue:!0});const{escape:t,escapeValue:s,useRawValueToEscape:i,prefix:n,prefixEscaped:o,suffix:r,suffixEscaped:a,formatSeparator:l,unescapeSuffix:c,unescapePrefix:u,nestingPrefix:h,nestingPrefixEscaped:p,nestingSuffix:g,nestingSuffixEscaped:d,nestingOptionsSeparator:f,maxReplaces:y,alwaysFormat:b}=e.interpolation;this.escape=void 0!==t?t:v,this.escapeValue=void 0===s||s,this.useRawValueToEscape=void 0!==i&&i,this.prefix=n?m(n):o||"{{",this.suffix=r?m(r):a||"}}",this.formatSeparator=l||",",this.unescapePrefix=c?"":u||"-",this.unescapeSuffix=this.unescapePrefix?"":c||"",this.nestingPrefix=h?m(h):p||m("$t("),this.nestingSuffix=g?m(g):d||m(")"),this.nestingOptionsSeparator=f||",",this.maxReplaces=y||1e3,this.alwaysFormat=void 0!==b&&b,this.resetRegExp()}reset(){this.options&&this.init(this.options)}resetRegExp(){const e=(e,t)=>e&&e.source===t?(e.lastIndex=0,e):new RegExp(t,"g");this.regexp=e(this.regexp,`${this.prefix}(.+?)${this.suffix}`),this.regexpUnescape=e(this.regexpUnescape,`${this.prefix}${this.unescapePrefix}(.+?)${this.unescapeSuffix}${this.suffix}`),this.nestingRegexp=e(this.nestingRegexp,`${this.nestingPrefix}(.+?)${this.nestingSuffix}`)}interpolate(e,t,s,i){let n,o,r;const a=this.options&&this.options.interpolation&&this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables||{},c=e=>{if(e.indexOf(this.formatSeparator)<0){const n=T(t,a,e,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure);return this.alwaysFormat?this.format(n,void 0,s,{...i,...t,interpolationkey:e}):n}const n=e.split(this.formatSeparator),o=n.shift().trim(),r=n.join(this.formatSeparator).trim();return this.format(T(t,a,o,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure),r,s,{...i,...t,interpolationkey:o})};this.resetRegExp();const u=i&&i.missingInterpolationHandler||this.options.missingInterpolationHandler,h=i&&i.interpolation&&void 0!==i.interpolation.skipOnVariables?i.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables;return[{regex:this.regexpUnescape,safeValue:e=>D(e)},{regex:this.regexp,safeValue:e=>this.escapeValue?D(this.escape(e)):D(e)}].forEach((t=>{for(r=0;n=t.regex.exec(e);){const s=n[1].trim();if(o=c(s),void 0===o)if("function"==typeof u){const t=u(e,n,i);o="string"==typeof t?t:""}else if(i&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(i,s))o="";else{if(h){o=n[0];continue}this.logger.warn(`missed to pass in variable ${s} for interpolating ${e}`),o=""}else"string"==typeof o||this.useRawValueToEscape||(o=l(o));const a=t.safeValue(o);if(e=e.replace(n[0],a),h?(t.regex.lastIndex+=o.length,t.regex.lastIndex-=n[0].length):t.regex.lastIndex=0,r++,r>=this.maxReplaces)break}})),e}nest(e,t){let s,i,n,o=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const r=(e,t)=>{const s=this.nestingOptionsSeparator;if(e.indexOf(s)<0)return e;const i=e.split(new RegExp(`${s}[ ]*{`));let o=`{${i[1]}`;e=i[0],o=this.interpolate(o,n);const r=o.match(/'/g),a=o.match(/"/g);(r&&r.length%2==0&&!a||a.length%2!=0)&&(o=o.replace(/'/g,'"'));try{n=JSON.parse(o),t&&(n={...t,...n})}catch(t){return this.logger.warn(`failed parsing options string in nesting for key ${e}`,t),`${e}${s}${o}`}return n.defaultValue&&n.defaultValue.indexOf(this.prefix)>-1&&delete n.defaultValue,e};for(;s=this.nestingRegexp.exec(e);){let a=[];n={...o},n=n.replace&&"string"!=typeof n.replace?n.replace:n,n.applyPostProcessor=!1,delete n.defaultValue;let c=!1;if(-1!==s[0].indexOf(this.formatSeparator)&&!/{.*}/.test(s[1])){const e=s[1].split(this.formatSeparator).map((e=>e.trim()));s[1]=e.shift(),a=e,c=!0}if(i=t(r.call(this,s[1].trim(),n),n),i&&s[0]===e&&"string"!=typeof i)return i;"string"!=typeof i&&(i=l(i)),i||(this.logger.warn(`missed to resolve ${s[1]} for nesting 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Intl.ListFormat(e,{...t});return e=>s.format(e)}))},this.init(e)}init(e){const t=(arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{interpolation:{}}).interpolation;this.formatSeparator=t.formatSeparator?t.formatSeparator:t.formatSeparator||","}add(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=t}addCached(e,t){this.formats[e.toLowerCase().trim()]=V(t)}format(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};const n=t.split(this.formatSeparator);if(n.length>1&&n[0].indexOf("(")>1&&n[0].indexOf(")")<0&&n.find((e=>e.indexOf(")")>-1))){const e=n.findIndex((e=>e.indexOf(")")>-1));n[0]=[n[0],...n.splice(1,e)].join(this.formatSeparator)}return n.reduce(((e,t)=>{const{formatName:n,formatOptions:o}=(e=>{let t=e.toLowerCase().trim();const s={};if(e.indexOf("(")>-1){const i=e.split("(");t=i[0].toLowerCase().trim();const n=i[1].substring(0,i[1].length-1);"currency"===t&&n.indexOf(":")<0?s.currency||(s.currency=n.trim()):"relativetime"===t&&n.indexOf(":")<0?s.range||(s.range=n.trim()):n.split(";").forEach((e=>{if(e){const[t,...i]=e.split(":"),n=i.join(":").trim().replace(/^'+|'+$/g,""),o=t.trim();s[o]||(s[o]=n),"false"===n&&(s[o]=!1),"true"===n&&(s[o]=!0),isNaN(n)||(s[o]=parseInt(n,10))}}))}return{formatName:t,formatOptions:s}})(t);if(this.formats[n]){let t=e;try{const r=i&&i.formatParams&&i.formatParams[i.interpolationkey]||{},a=r.locale||r.lng||i.locale||i.lng||s;t=this.formats[n](e,a,{...o,...i,...r})}catch(e){this.logger.warn(e)}return t}return this.logger.warn(`there was no format function for ${n}`),e}),e)}}class M extends r{constructor(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};super(),this.backend=e,this.store=t,this.services=s,this.languageUtils=s.languageUtils,this.options=i,this.logger=o.create("backendConnector"),this.waitingReads=[],this.maxParallelReads=i.maxParallelReads||10,this.readingCalls=0,this.maxRetries=i.maxRetries>=0?i.maxRetries:5,this.retryTimeout=i.retryTimeout>=1?i.retryTimeout:350,this.state={},this.queue=[],this.backend&&this.backend.init&&this.backend.init(s,i.backend,i)}queueLoad(e,t,s,i){const n={},o={},r={},a={};return e.forEach((e=>{let i=!0;t.forEach((t=>{const r=`${e}|${t}`;!s.reload&&this.store.hasResourceBundle(e,t)?this.state[r]=2:this.state[r]<0||(1===this.state[r]?void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0):(this.state[r]=1,i=!1,void 0===o[r]&&(o[r]=!0),void 0===n[r]&&(n[r]=!0),void 0===a[t]&&(a[t]=!0)))})),i||(r[e]=!0)})),(Object.keys(n).length||Object.keys(o).length)&&this.queue.push({pending:o,pendingCount:Object.keys(o).length,loaded:{},errors:[],callback:i}),{toLoad:Object.keys(n),pending:Object.keys(o),toLoadLanguages:Object.keys(r),toLoadNamespaces:Object.keys(a)}}loaded(e,t,s){const i=e.split("|"),n=i[0],o=i[1];t&&this.emit("failedLoading",n,o,t),!t&&s&&this.store.addResourceBundle(n,o,s,void 0,void 0,{skipCopy:!0}),this.state[e]=t?-1:2,t&&s&&(this.state[e]=0);const r={};this.queue.forEach((s=>{((e,t,s,i)=>{const{obj:n,k:o}=p(e,t,Object);n[o]=n[o]||[],n[o].push(s)})(s.loaded,[n],o),((e,t)=>{void 0!==e.pending[t]&&(delete e.pending[t],e.pendingCount--)})(s,e),t&&s.errors.push(t),0!==s.pendingCount||s.done||(Object.keys(s.loaded).forEach((e=>{r[e]||(r[e]={});const t=s.loaded[e];t.length&&t.forEach((t=>{void 0===r[e][t]&&(r[e][t]=!0)}))})),s.done=!0,s.errors.length?s.callback(s.errors):s.callback())})),this.emit("loaded",r),this.queue=this.queue.filter((e=>!e.done))}read(e,t,s){let i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:0,n=arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4]?arguments[4]:this.retryTimeout,o=arguments.length>5?arguments[5]:void 0;if(!e.length)return o(null,{});if(this.readingCalls>=this.maxParallelReads)return void this.waitingReads.push({lng:e,ns:t,fcName:s,tried:i,wait:n,callback:o});this.readingCalls++;const r=(r,a)=>{if(this.readingCalls--,this.waitingReads.length>0){const e=this.waitingReads.shift();this.read(e.lng,e.ns,e.fcName,e.tried,e.wait,e.callback)}r&&a&&i<this.maxRetries?setTimeout((()=>{this.read.call(this,e,t,s,i+1,2*n,o)}),n):o(r,a)},a=this.backend[s].bind(this.backend);if(2!==a.length)return a(e,t,r);try{const s=a(e,t);s&&"function"==typeof s.then?s.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,s)}catch(e){r(e)}}prepareLoading(e,t){let s=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;if(!this.backend)return this.logger.warn("No backend was added via i18next.use. Will not load resources."),i&&i();"string"==typeof e&&(e=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e)),"string"==typeof t&&(t=[t]);const n=this.queueLoad(e,t,s,i);if(!n.toLoad.length)return n.pending.length||i(),null;n.toLoad.forEach((e=>{this.loadOne(e)}))}load(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{},s)}reload(e,t,s){this.prepareLoading(e,t,{reload:!0},s)}loadOne(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"";const s=e.split("|"),i=s[0],n=s[1];this.read(i,n,"read",void 0,void 0,((s,o)=>{s&&this.logger.warn(`${t}loading namespace ${n} for language ${i} failed`,s),!s&&o&&this.logger.log(`${t}loaded namespace ${n} for language ${i}`,o),this.loaded(e,s,o)}))}saveMissing(e,t,s,i,n){let o=arguments.length>5&&void 0!==arguments[5]?arguments[5]:{},r=arguments.length>6&&void 0!==arguments[6]?arguments[6]:()=>{};if(this.services.utils&&this.services.utils.hasLoadedNamespace&&!this.services.utils.hasLoadedNamespace(t))this.logger.warn(`did not save key "${s}" as the namespace "${t}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!");else if(null!=s&&""!==s){if(this.backend&&this.backend.create){const a={...o,isUpdate:n},l=this.backend.create.bind(this.backend);if(l.length<6)try{let n;n=5===l.length?l(e,t,s,i,a):l(e,t,s,i),n&&"function"==typeof n.then?n.then((e=>r(null,e))).catch(r):r(null,n)}catch(e){r(e)}else l(e,t,s,i,r,a)}e&&e[0]&&this.store.addResource(e[0],t,s,i)}}}const H=()=>({debug:!1,initImmediate:!0,ns:["translation"],defaultNS:["translation"],fallbackLng:["dev"],fallbackNS:!1,supportedLngs:!1,nonExplicitSupportedLngs:!1,load:"all",preload:!1,simplifyPluralSuffix:!0,keySeparator:".",nsSeparator:":",pluralSeparator:"_",contextSeparator:"_",partialBundledLanguages:!1,saveMissing:!1,updateMissing:!1,saveMissingTo:"fallback",saveMissingPlurals:!0,missingKeyHandler:!1,missingInterpolationHandler:!1,postProcess:!1,postProcessPassResolved:!1,returnNull:!1,returnEmptyString:!0,returnObjects:!1,joinArrays:!1,returnedObjectHandler:!1,parseMissingKeyHandler:!1,appendNamespaceToMissingKey:!1,appendNamespaceToCIMode:!1,overloadTranslationOptionHandler:e=>{let t={};if("object"==typeof e[1]&&(t=e[1]),"string"==typeof e[1]&&(t.defaultValue=e[1]),"string"==typeof e[2]&&(t.tDescription=e[2]),"object"==typeof e[2]||"object"==typeof e[3]){const s=e[3]||e[2];Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{t[e]=s[e]}))}return t},interpolation:{escapeValue:!0,format:e=>e,prefix:"{{",suffix:"}}",formatSeparator:",",unescapePrefix:"-",nestingPrefix:"$t(",nestingSuffix:")",nestingOptionsSeparator:",",maxReplaces:1e3,skipOnVariables:!0}}),K=e=>("string"==typeof e.ns&&(e.ns=[e.ns]),"string"==typeof e.fallbackLng&&(e.fallbackLng=[e.fallbackLng]),"string"==typeof e.fallbackNS&&(e.fallbackNS=[e.fallbackNS]),e.supportedLngs&&e.supportedLngs.indexOf("cimode")<0&&(e.supportedLngs=e.supportedLngs.concat(["cimode"])),e),J=()=>{};class z extends r{constructor(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},t=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;var s;if(super(),this.options=K(e),this.services={},this.logger=o,this.modules={external:[]},s=this,Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Object.getPrototypeOf(s)).forEach((e=>{"function"==typeof s[e]&&(s[e]=s[e].bind(s))})),t&&!this.isInitialized&&!e.isClone){if(!this.options.initImmediate)return this.init(e,t),this;setTimeout((()=>{this.init(e,t)}),0)}}init(){var e=this;let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},s=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;this.isInitializing=!0,"function"==typeof t&&(s=t,t={}),!t.defaultNS&&!1!==t.defaultNS&&t.ns&&("string"==typeof t.ns?t.defaultNS=t.ns:t.ns.indexOf("translation")<0&&(t.defaultNS=t.ns[0]));const i=H();this.options={...i,...this.options,...K(t)},"v1"!==this.options.compatibilityAPI&&(this.options.interpolation={...i.interpolation,...this.options.interpolation}),void 0!==t.keySeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator=t.keySeparator),void 0!==t.nsSeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator=t.nsSeparator);const n=e=>e?"function"==typeof e?new e:e:null;if(!this.options.isClone){let t;this.modules.logger?o.init(n(this.modules.logger),this.options):o.init(null,this.options),this.modules.formatter?t=this.modules.formatter:"undefined"!=typeof Intl&&(t=U);const s=new C(this.options);this.store=new O(this.options.resources,this.options);const r=this.services;r.logger=o,r.resourceStore=this.store,r.languageUtils=s,r.pluralResolver=new I(s,{prepend:this.options.pluralSeparator,compatibilityJSON:this.options.compatibilityJSON,simplifyPluralSuffix:this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix}),!t||this.options.interpolation.format&&this.options.interpolation.format!==i.interpolation.format||(r.formatter=n(t),r.formatter.init(r,this.options),this.options.interpolation.format=r.formatter.format.bind(r.formatter)),r.interpolator=new F(this.options),r.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:this.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(this)},r.backendConnector=new M(n(this.modules.backend),r.resourceStore,r,this.options),r.backendConnector.on("*",(function(t){for(var s=arguments.length,i=new Array(s>1?s-1:0),n=1;n<s;n++)i[n-1]=arguments[n];e.emit(t,...i)})),this.modules.languageDetector&&(r.languageDetector=n(this.modules.languageDetector),r.languageDetector.init&&r.languageDetector.init(r,this.options.detection,this.options)),this.modules.i18nFormat&&(r.i18nFormat=n(this.modules.i18nFormat),r.i18nFormat.init&&r.i18nFormat.init(this)),this.translator=new P(this.services,this.options),this.translator.on("*",(function(t){for(var s=arguments.length,i=new Array(s>1?s-1:0),n=1;n<s;n++)i[n-1]=arguments[n];e.emit(t,...i)})),this.modules.external.forEach((e=>{e.init&&e.init(this)}))}if(this.format=this.options.interpolation.format,s||(s=J),this.options.fallbackLng&&!this.services.languageDetector&&!this.options.lng){const e=this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng);e.length>0&&"dev"!==e[0]&&(this.options.lng=e[0])}this.services.languageDetector||this.options.lng||this.logger.warn("init: no languageDetector is used and no lng is defined");["getResource","hasResourceBundle","getResourceBundle","getDataByLanguage"].forEach((t=>{this[t]=function(){return e.store[t](...arguments)}}));["addResource","addResources","addResourceBundle","removeResourceBundle"].forEach((t=>{this[t]=function(){return e.store[t](...arguments),e}}));const r=a(),l=()=>{const e=(e,t)=>{this.isInitializing=!1,this.isInitialized&&!this.initializedStoreOnce&&this.logger.warn("init: i18next is already initialized. You should call init just once!"),this.isInitialized=!0,this.options.isClone||this.logger.log("initialized",this.options),this.emit("initialized",this.options),r.resolve(t),s(e,t)};if(this.languages&&"v1"!==this.options.compatibilityAPI&&!this.isInitialized)return e(null,this.t.bind(this));this.changeLanguage(this.options.lng,e)};return this.options.resources||!this.options.initImmediate?l():setTimeout(l,0),r}loadResources(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:J;const s="string"==typeof e?e:this.language;if("function"==typeof e&&(t=e),!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages){if(s&&"cimode"===s.toLowerCase()&&(!this.options.preload||0===this.options.preload.length))return t();const e=[],i=t=>{if(!t)return;if("cimode"===t)return;this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t).forEach((t=>{"cimode"!==t&&e.indexOf(t)<0&&e.push(t)}))};if(s)i(s);else{this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng).forEach((e=>i(e)))}this.options.preload&&this.options.preload.forEach((e=>i(e))),this.services.backendConnector.load(e,this.options.ns,(e=>{e||this.resolvedLanguage||!this.language||this.setResolvedLanguage(this.language),t(e)}))}else t(null)}reloadResources(e,t,s){const i=a();return"function"==typeof e&&(s=e,e=void 0),"function"==typeof t&&(s=t,t=void 0),e||(e=this.languages),t||(t=this.options.ns),s||(s=J),this.services.backendConnector.reload(e,t,(e=>{i.resolve(),s(e)})),i}use(e){if(!e)throw new Error("You are passing an undefined module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");if(!e.type)throw new Error("You are passing a wrong module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");return"backend"===e.type&&(this.modules.backend=e),("logger"===e.type||e.log&&e.warn&&e.error)&&(this.modules.logger=e),"languageDetector"===e.type&&(this.modules.languageDetector=e),"i18nFormat"===e.type&&(this.modules.i18nFormat=e),"postProcessor"===e.type&&w.addPostProcessor(e),"formatter"===e.type&&(this.modules.formatter=e),"3rdParty"===e.type&&this.modules.external.push(e),this}setResolvedLanguage(e){if(e&&this.languages&&!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(e)>-1))for(let e=0;e<this.languages.length;e++){const t=this.languages[e];if(!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(t)>-1)&&this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(t)){this.resolvedLanguage=t;break}}}changeLanguage(e,t){var s=this;this.isLanguageChangingTo=e;const i=a();this.emit("languageChanging",e);const n=e=>{this.language=e,this.languages=this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e),this.resolvedLanguage=void 0,this.setResolvedLanguage(e)},o=(e,o)=>{o?(n(o),this.translator.changeLanguage(o),this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,this.emit("languageChanged",o),this.logger.log("languageChanged",o)):this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,i.resolve((function(){return s.t(...arguments)})),t&&t(e,(function(){return s.t(...arguments)}))},r=t=>{e||t||!this.services.languageDetector||(t=[]);const s="string"==typeof t?t:this.services.languageUtils.getBestMatchFromCodes(t);s&&(this.language||n(s),this.translator.language||this.translator.changeLanguage(s),this.services.languageDetector&&this.services.languageDetector.cacheUserLanguage&&this.services.languageDetector.cacheUserLanguage(s)),this.loadResources(s,(e=>{o(e,s)}))};return e||!this.services.languageDetector||this.services.languageDetector.async?!e&&this.services.languageDetector&&this.services.languageDetector.async?0===this.services.languageDetector.detect.length?this.services.languageDetector.detect().then(r):this.services.languageDetector.detect(r):r(e):r(this.services.languageDetector.detect()),i}getFixedT(e,t,s){var i=this;const n=function(e,t){let o;if("object"!=typeof t){for(var r=arguments.length,a=new Array(r>2?r-2:0),l=2;l<r;l++)a[l-2]=arguments[l];o=i.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler([e,t].concat(a))}else o={...t};o.lng=o.lng||n.lng,o.lngs=o.lngs||n.lngs,o.ns=o.ns||n.ns,""!==o.keyPrefix&&(o.keyPrefix=o.keyPrefix||s||n.keyPrefix);const c=i.options.keySeparator||".";let u;return u=o.keyPrefix&&Array.isArray(e)?e.map((e=>`${o.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`)):o.keyPrefix?`${o.keyPrefix}${c}${e}`:e,i.t(u,o)};return"string"==typeof e?n.lng=e:n.lngs=e,n.ns=t,n.keyPrefix=s,n}t(){return this.translator&&this.translator.translate(...arguments)}exists(){return this.translator&&this.translator.exists(...arguments)}setDefaultNamespace(e){this.options.defaultNS=e}hasLoadedNamespace(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};if(!this.isInitialized)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18next was not initialized",this.languages),!1;if(!this.languages||!this.languages.length)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18n.languages were undefined or empty",this.languages),!1;const s=t.lng||this.resolvedLanguage||this.languages[0],i=!!this.options&&this.options.fallbackLng,n=this.languages[this.languages.length-1];if("cimode"===s.toLowerCase())return!0;const o=(e,t)=>{const s=this.services.backendConnector.state[`${e}|${t}`];return-1===s||0===s||2===s};if(t.precheck){const e=t.precheck(this,o);if(void 0!==e)return e}return!!this.hasResourceBundle(s,e)||(!(this.services.backendConnector.backend&&(!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages))||!(!o(s,e)||i&&!o(n,e)))}loadNamespaces(e,t){const s=a();return this.options.ns?("string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]),e.forEach((e=>{this.options.ns.indexOf(e)<0&&this.options.ns.push(e)})),this.loadResources((e=>{s.resolve(),t&&t(e)})),s):(t&&t(),Promise.resolve())}loadLanguages(e,t){const s=a();"string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]);const i=this.options.preload||[],n=e.filter((e=>i.indexOf(e)<0&&this.services.languageUtils.isSupportedCode(e)));return n.length?(this.options.preload=i.concat(n),this.loadResources((e=>{s.resolve(),t&&t(e)})),s):(t&&t(),Promise.resolve())}dir(e){if(e||(e=this.resolvedLanguage||(this.languages&&this.languages.length>0?this.languages[0]:this.language)),!e)return"rtl";const t=this.services&&this.services.languageUtils||new C(H());return["ar","shu","sqr","ssh","xaa","yhd","yud","aao","abh","abv","acm","acq","acw","acx","acy","adf","ads","aeb","aec","afb","ajp","apc","apd","arb","arq","ars","ary","arz","auz","avl","ayh","ayl","ayn","ayp","bbz","pga","he","iw","ps","pbt","pbu","pst","prp","prd","ug","ur","ydd","yds","yih","ji","yi","hbo","men","xmn","fa","jpr","peo","pes","prs","dv","sam","ckb"].indexOf(t.getLanguagePartFromCode(e))>-1||e.toLowerCase().indexOf("-arab")>1?"rtl":"ltr"}static createInstance(){return new z(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}cloneInstance(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:J;const s=e.forkResourceStore;s&&delete e.forkResourceStore;const i={...this.options,...e,isClone:!0},n=new z(i);void 0===e.debug&&void 0===e.prefix||(n.logger=n.logger.clone(e));return["store","services","language"].forEach((e=>{n[e]=this[e]})),n.services={...this.services},n.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},s&&(n.store=new O(this.store.data,i),n.services.resourceStore=n.store),n.translator=new P(n.services,i),n.translator.on("*",(function(e){for(var t=arguments.length,s=new Array(t>1?t-1:0),i=1;i<t;i++)s[i-1]=arguments[i];n.emit(e,...s)})),n.init(i,t),n.translator.options=i,n.translator.backendConnector.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:n.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(n)},n}toJSON(){return{options:this.options,store:this.store,language:this.language,languages:this.languages,resolvedLanguage:this.resolvedLanguage}}}const q=z.createInstance();q.createInstance=z.createInstance;q.createInstance,q.dir,q.init,q.loadResources,q.reloadResources,q.use,q.changeLanguage,q.getFixedT,q.t,q.exists,q.setDefaultNamespace,q.hasLoadedNamespace,q.loadNamespaces,q.loadLanguages}},function(e){var 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