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href="#Military_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Military bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Professional bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Community bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>School bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumentation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumentation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumentation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repertoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repertoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Repertoire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Repertoire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Repertoire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Repertoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_of_a_repertoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_a_repertoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Development of a repertoire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_a_repertoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_composers_for_concert_band" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_composers_for_concert_band"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Prominent composers for concert band</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_composers_for_concert_band-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_to_middle_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_to_middle_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Early to middle 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_to_middle_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century_to_the_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century_to_the_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Late 20th century to the present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century_to_the_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_concert_band_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_concert_band_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Important concert band literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_concert_band_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind-band_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind-band_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wind-band research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind-band_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Band_associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Band_associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Band associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Band_associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Concert band</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_simf%C3%B2nica" title="Banda simfònica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banda simfònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmoniorkester" title="Harmoniorkester – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Harmoniorkester" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_Band" title="Concert Band – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Concert Band" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_sinf%C3%B3nica" title="Banda sinfónica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Banda sinfónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ارکستر بادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارکستر بادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestre_d%27harmonie" title="Orchestre d'harmonie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orchestre d'harmonie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonyorkest" title="Harmonyorkest – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Harmonyorkest" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%98%EC%84%9C%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B0%B4%EB%93%9C" title="콘서트 밴드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콘서트 밴드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkes_tiup" title="Orkes tiup – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orkes tiup" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94" title="תזמורת כלי נשיפה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תזמורת כלי נשיפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96" title="Үрмелі музыкалық аспаптар оркестрі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үрмелі музыкалық аспаптар оркестрі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonie" title="Harmonie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Harmonie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonieorkest" title="Harmonieorkest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harmonieorkest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="コンサート・バンド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンサート・バンド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janitsjarkorps" title="Janitsjarkorps – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Janitsjarkorps" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janitsjarkorps" title="Janitsjarkorps – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Janitsjarkorps" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filarm%C3%B3nica" title="Filarmónica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filarmónica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Духовой оркестр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Духовой оркестр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Concert band" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5sorkester" title="Blåsorkester – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blåsorkester" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Оркестри созҳои нафасӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оркестри созҳои нафасӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80" title="Духовий оркестр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Духовий оркестр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%98" title="管樂團 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="管樂團" 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There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Concert_band" title="Talk:Concert band">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concert_Band.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Concert_Band.jpg/300px-Concert_Band.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks music-education"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Music_ClefG.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Music_ClefG.svg/45px-Music_ClefG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Music_ClefG.svg/68px-Music_ClefG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Music_ClefG.svg/90px-Music_ClefG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major methodologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kod%C3%A1ly_method" title="Kodály method">Kodály method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orff_Schulwerk" title="Orff Schulwerk">Orff Schulwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalcroze_Eurhythmics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalcroze Eurhythmics">Dalcroze Eurhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuki_method" title="Suzuki method">Suzuki method</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Instructional settings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_band" title="School band">School band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">Marching band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_orchestra" title="Youth orchestra">Youth orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">International organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Music_Education" title="International Society for Music Education">International Society for<br />Music Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Jazz_Education" title="International Association for Jazz Education">International Association for<br />Jazz Education</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">US national organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Music_Education" title="National Association for Music Education">National Association for<br />Music Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Teachers_National_Association" title="Music Teachers National Association">Music Teachers National<br />Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Choral_Directors_Association" title="American Choral Directors Association">American Choral Directors<br />Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_String_Teachers_Association" title="American String Teachers Association">American String Teachers<br />Association</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_education" title="Template:Music education"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_education" title="Template talk:Music education"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_education" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>concert band</b>, also called a <b>wind band</b>, <b>wind ensemble</b>, <b>wind symphony</b>, <b>wind orchestra</b>, <b>symphonic band</b>, the <b>symphonic winds</b>, or <b>symphonic wind ensemble</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a performing ensemble consisting of members of the <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion</a> families of instruments,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occasionally including the <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a>. On rare occasions, additional, non-traditional instruments may be added to such ensembles such as <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concert band music generally includes original <a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">wind</a> compositions, <a href="/wiki/Concert_march" title="Concert march">concert marches</a>, transcriptions of <a href="/wiki/Orchestral" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestral">orchestral</a> arrangements, <a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">light music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">popular music</a>. Though the concert band does have similar <a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_(music)" title="Instrumentation (music)">instrumentation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching band</a>, a marching band's main purpose is to perform while marching. In contrast, a concert band usually performs as a <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">stationary ensemble</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, though European ensembles often do both. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of concert band can be traced back to the French Revolution, in which large bands would often gather for patriotic festivals and celebrations. These bands would play popular music that would immediately captivate the public's attention. Throughout the French Revolution, however, serious composers were often not interested in composing music for bands; this was due in large part to the instrumentation. Concert bands were (and still are) not standardized in their required type and number of instruments, making it nearly impossible to write the correct number of parts for the correct types of instruments. The quality of instruments also impacted composers' unwillingness to compose music for concert band. Wind instruments at that time were often difficult to play in tune and had difficulty in switching pitch and rhythm fast enough.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt-Jones_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Jones-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This in turn influenced bands to stick with pieces that were transposed from <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestral</a> movements and arrangements, something that has carried into modern day. </p><p>During the 19th century, large ensembles of wind and percussion instruments in the <a href="/wiki/Early_British_popular_music" title="Early British popular music">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">American</a> traditions existed mainly in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">military band</a> for ceremonial and festive occasions, and the works performed consisted mostly of <a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">marches</a>. The only time wind bands were used in a concert setting comparable to that of a <a href="/wiki/Symphony_orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphony orchestra">symphony orchestra</a> was when transcriptions of orchestral or operatic pieces were arranged and performed, as there were comparatively few original concert works for a large wind ensemble.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It wasn't until the early 20th century that composers began writing works for concert band. Concert band composers of this time were frustrated at the lack of quality music for bands, and as such, began writing and performing pieces to remedy this. One of the first and most important original works for concert band, <a href="/wiki/First_Suite_in_E-flat_for_Military_Band" title="First Suite in E-flat for Military Band">First Suite for Band</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a>, was written in 1909. Other composers of this time period include <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the 1950s, wind ensembles included various combinations of instruments. The modern "standard" instrumentation of the wind ensemble was more or less established by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Fennell" title="Frederick Fennell">Frederick Fennell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Eastman_School_of_Music" title="Eastman School of Music">Eastman School of Music</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Wind_Ensemble" title="Eastman Wind Ensemble">Eastman Wind Ensemble</a> in 1952 after the model of the <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>: a pool of players from which a composer can select in order to create different sonorities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Fennell, the wind ensemble was not revolutionary, but developed naturally out of the music.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bands_today">Bands today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bands today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_bands">Military bands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_drums" title="Corps of drums">Corps of drums</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC_8763_(7084102945).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/DSC_8763_%287084102945%29.jpg/350px-DSC_8763_%287084102945%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/DSC_8763_%287084102945%29.jpg/525px-DSC_8763_%287084102945%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/DSC_8763_%287084102945%29.jpg/700px-DSC_8763_%287084102945%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>A military band—<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Band" title="United States Army Band">The United States Army Band</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>military band</b> is a group of personnel that performs musical duties for military functions, usually for the <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a>. A typical military band consists mostly of wind and percussion instruments. The <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a> of a band commonly bears the title of <a href="/wiki/Bandmaster" title="Bandmaster">Bandmaster</a> or <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of Music">Director of Music</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_band" title="Ottoman military band">Ottoman military bands</a> are thought to be the oldest variety of military marching band in the world, dating from the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military bands were originally used to control troops on the battlefield,By using instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Military_drums" title="Military drums">drums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugle" title="Bugle">bugles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fife_(instrument)" title="Fife (instrument)">fifes</a> among others. As communication systems during war became more advanced, the use of instruments on the battlefield as signaling devices fell out of use. From then on, military bands would fulfill a ceremonial role, entertaining troops and playing for the community. As its role shifted so too did its instrumentation. A wider range of instruments was employed to play transcriptions of orchestral works, the bulk of the early wind band repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These military bands evolved into the modern <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bugle_corps_(modern)" title="Drum and bugle corps (modern)">drum and bugle corps</a> and helped to spread the idea of a concert band. A modern military will often have multiple types of bands (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> has both a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps" title="United States Marine Drum and Bugle Corps">drum and bugle corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Band" title="United States Marine Band">wind ensemble</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_bands">Professional bands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Professional bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professional concert bands not associated with the military appear across the globe, particularly in developed countries. However, most do not offer full-time positions. The competition to make it into one of these concert bands is incredibly high and the ratio of performers to entrants is narrowly small.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Examples of professional non-military concert bands include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Wind_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Wind Symphony">Dallas Wind Symphony</a>, led by Jerry Junkin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Kosei_Wind_Orchestra" title="Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra">Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra</a>, led for many years by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Fennell" title="Frederick Fennell">Frederick Fennell</a>, and currently conducted by Takeshi Ooi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaka_Shion_Wind_Orchestra" title="Osaka Shion Wind Orchestra">Osaka Shion Wind Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hawaiian_Band" title="Royal Hawaiian Band">Royal Hawaiian Band</a>, created by royal decree in 1836 by King Kamehameha III</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_bands">Community bands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Community bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Community_band" title="Community band">Community band</a></div> <p>A community band is a concert band or brass band ensemble composed of volunteer (non-paid) <a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">amateur</a> <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musicians</a> in a particular geographic area. It may be sponsored by the local (municipal) government or self-supporting. These groups rehearse regularly and perform at least once a year. Some bands are also <a href="/wiki/Marching_band" title="Marching band">marching bands</a>, participating in parades and other outdoor events. Although they are volunteer musical organizations, community bands may employ an artistic director (<a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a>) or various operational staff. </p><p>The rise of the community band can partially be attributed to industrialization. As the instruments became easier to manufacture, their availability greatly increased.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meant that many amateurs could now form a town band, their arrangements typically consisting of patriotic tunes, marches, and popular music. The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> marked a turning point in the American community band where many military musicians, either stemming from amateur or professional backgrounds, sought to create their own community band after the war's conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large number of bands created during this era led to a "Golden Age of Bands", spearheaded by conductors such as <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gilmore" title="Patrick Gilmore">Patrick Gilmore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new forms of twentieth-century entertainment, namely the <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>, led to decline in community bands. This led to instrument manufacturers, who previously had marketed to the community bands, to focus on schools.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion of school music programs would eventually help restore interest in the community band as graduates sought to play in a band together again. </p><p>Notable community bands include: </p><p><b>U.S.A.</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Band" title="The American Band">The American Band</a>, Providence, Rhode Island, conducted by Brian Cardany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allentown_Band" title="Allentown Band">Allentown Band</a>, the oldest American civilian band, Allentown, Pennsylvania, conducted by Ronald Demkee</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Wind_Symphony" title="Brooklyn Wind Symphony">Brooklyn Wind Symphony</a>, Brooklyn, NY, conducted by Jeff W. Ball</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_%26_Gay_Big_Apple_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian & Gay Big Apple Corps">Lesbian & Gay Big Apple Corps</a>, New York, New York, conducted by Kelly Watkins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northshore_Concert_Band" title="Northshore Concert Band">Northshore Concert Band</a>, Evanston, Illinois, conducted by Mallory Thompson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Symphonic_Winds" title="Salt Lake Symphonic Winds">Salt Lake Symphonic Winds</a>, Salt Lake City, Utah, conducted by Thomas P. Rohrer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_TriBattery_Pops_Tom_Goodkind_Conductor" title="The TriBattery Pops Tom Goodkind Conductor">The TriBattery Pops</a>, New York, NY, conducted by Tom Goodkind</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Winds_Symphonic_Band" title="East Winds Symphonic Band">East Winds Symphonic Band</a>, Pittsburgh, PA, conducted by Susan Sands</li></ul> <p><b>United Kingdom</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Symphonic_Winds" title="Birmingham Symphonic Winds">Birmingham Symphonic Winds</a>, conducted by Keith Allen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark_and_Sherwood_Concert_Band" title="Newark and Sherwood Concert Band">Newark and Sherwood Concert Band</a>, Newark, Nottinghamshire, conducted by Colum J O'Shea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Cheshire_Wind_Orchestra" title="North Cheshire Wind Orchestra">North Cheshire Wind Orchestra</a>, Warrington, Cheshire, conducted by Catherine Tackley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Concert_Band" title="Nottingham Concert Band">Nottingham Concert Band</a>, conducted by Robert Parker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Wind_Orchestra_of_Great_Britain" title="National Youth Wind Orchestra of Great Britain">National Youth Wind Orchestra of Great Britain</a>, various conductors</li></ul> <p><b>Canada</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Symphonic_Wind_Ensemble" title="Pacific Symphonic Wind Ensemble">Pacific Symphonic Wind Ensemble</a>, Vancouver. David Branter, Resident Conductor and Acting Music Director</li></ul> <p><b>Australia</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Wind_Ensemble" title="North West Wind Ensemble">North West Wind Ensemble</a>, Sydney, James Brice, Musical Director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Wind_Symphony" title="Sydney Wind Symphony">Sydney Wind Symphony</a>, Mark Brown, Musical Director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Wind_Orchestra" title="Queensland Wind Orchestra">Queensland Wind Orchestra</a>, conducted by David Law</li></ul> <p><b>Norway</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragefjellets_Musikkorps" title="Dragefjellets Musikkorps">Dragefjellets Musikkorps</a> (Bergen Symphonic Band)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandvikens_Ungdomskorps" title="Sandvikens Ungdomskorps">Sandvikens Ungdomskorps</a>, Bergen, conducted by Tormod Flaten and Bjørn Breistein</li></ul> <p><b>Portugal</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Filarm%C3%B3nica_do_Troviscal" title="União Filarmónica do Troviscal">União Filarmónica do Troviscal</a>, Troviscal—Aveiro, conducted by André Granjo</li></ul> <p><b>Finland</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tikkurilan_Soittokunta" title="Tikkurilan Soittokunta">Tikkurilan Soittokunta</a>, Vantaa, conducted by Kimmo Nurmi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_bands">School bands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: School bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/School_band" title="School band">School band</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concertband.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Concertband.jpg/350px-Concertband.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Concertband.jpg/525px-Concertband.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Concertband.jpg/700px-Concertband.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>A high school concert band—BHS Band in performance, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>A school band is a group of <a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">student</a> musicians who rehearse and perform <a href="/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental">instrumental</a> <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> together. A school band is usually under the direction of one or more <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductors</a> (band directors). A school band consists of <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwind instruments</a>, brass instruments and <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion</a> instruments, although upper level bands may also have <a href="/wiki/String_basses" class="mw-redirect" title="String basses">string basses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many traditional U.S. high schools, there are multiple band levels, distinguished by skill level or other factors. In such schools, an audition may be required to advance to further band levels, while the common level would be open to anyone. For example, in many U.S. high schools, "Concert Band" refers to the introductory level band, "Symphonic Band" is the title for the intermediate level band, and "Wind Ensemble" is the title for the advanced level band. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumentation_2">Instrumentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1911_Sousa_Band.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1911_Sousa_Band.jpg/220px-1911_Sousa_Band.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1911_Sousa_Band.jpg/330px-1911_Sousa_Band.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/1911_Sousa_Band.jpg/440px-1911_Sousa_Band.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption>The early instrumentation of a large concert band (including violin soloist <a href="/wiki/Nicoline_Zedeler" title="Nicoline Zedeler">Nicoline Zedeler</a>) is shown by the <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa Band</a> during their 1911 world tour.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Instrumentation for the wind band is not completely standardized; composers will frequently add or omit parts. Instruments and parts in parentheses in the list below are less common but still often used; due to the fact that some bands are missing these instruments, important lines for these instruments are often cued into other parts. </p><p>Instrumentation differs depending on the type of ensemble. Middle school and high school bands frequently have more limited instrumentation and fewer parts (for example, no <a href="/wiki/Double_reed" title="Double reed">double reeds</a>, or only two horn parts instead of four). This is both to limit the difficulty for inexperienced players and because schools frequently do not have access to the less common instruments. </p><p>The standard concert band will have several players on each part depending on available personnel and the preference of <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">the conductor.</a> A concert band can theoretically have as many as 200 members from a set of only 35 parts. The wind ensemble, on the other hand, will have very little doubling, if any; commonly, <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">flutes</a> may be doubled, especially to handle any <a href="/wiki/Divisi" title="Divisi"><i>divisi</i> passages</a>, and others will have one player per part, as dictated by the requirements of a specific composition. It is also common to see two <a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">tubas</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">euphoniums</a> or <a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">baritones</a> playing the same part in a wind ensemble. </p><p>While largely made up of wind and percussion instruments, string instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">string bass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedal_harp" title="Pedal harp">concert harp</a> are often scored for.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of a harp dates back to its inclusion in the professional and military bands of <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Franko_Goldman" title="Edwin Franko Goldman">Edwin Franko Goldman</a>. Such bands would often contain the top harpists of the country, such as <a href="/wiki/Winifred_Bambrick" title="Winifred Bambrick">Winifred Bambrick</a>, who was one of the first female instrumentalists to tour with the Sousa Band, and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Salvi" title="Victor Salvi">Victor Salvi</a>, who played with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Band" title="United States Navy Band">United States Navy Band</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Band" title="United States Air Force Band">United States Air Force Band</a> scores for <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellos</a>, a practice unique to the ensemble that dates back to the tenure of director <a href="/wiki/George_S._Howard" title="George S. Howard">George S. Howard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Complicated percussion parts are common in concert band pieces, often requiring many percussionists. Many believe this is a major difference between the orchestra (which usually lacks a large battery of percussion) and the concert band. While in older transcriptions and concert works, <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">the timpani</a> were treated as their own section as in an orchestra, today in bands the timpani are considered <i>a part of</i> the percussion section. Consequently, the timpani player often will double on other percussion instruments. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary compositions</a> often call on players to use unusual instruments or effects. For example, several pieces call on the use of <a href="/wiki/Siren_(noisemaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siren (noisemaker)">a siren</a> while others will ask players to play <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whirly_tube" title="Whirly tube">whirly tubes</a>, or to <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">sing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humming" title="Humming">hum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finger_snapping" title="Finger snapping">snap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clapping" title="Clapping">clap</a> or even crinkle <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">sheets of paper</a>. The wind band's diverse instrumentation and large number of players makes it a very flexible ensemble, capable of producing a variety of sonic effects. </p><p>Instrumentation has developed throughout time to become more efficient for the conditions that marching bands need to play in. For example, <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinets</a> were found to be more suitable than the older <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboes</a> and became more widely used in the 18th century. More heavy and bulky instruments were replaced by <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornets</a>. In the 19th century, band instruments became highly developed as they started to add keys and valves that made certain ranges and notes on instruments easier to navigate and perform, which became a huge game changer for all musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt-Jones_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-Jones-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Woodwinds</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">Piccolos</a> 1 (<i>, 2</i>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">Flutes</a> 1, 2 (<i>, 3</i>)</dd> <dd><i>(<a href="/wiki/Alto_flute" title="Alto flute">Alto flute</a>)</i><sup id="cite_ref-flute_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flute-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><i>(<a href="/wiki/Bass_flute" title="Bass flute">Bass flute</a>)</i><sup id="cite_ref-flute_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flute-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">Oboes</a> 1, 2</dd> <dd><i>(<a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">English horn</a>)</i><sup id="cite_ref-oboe_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oboe-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">Bassoons</a> 1, 2</dd> <dd><i>(<a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">Contrabassoon</a>)</i><sup id="cite_ref-bassoon_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bassoon-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>(<i><a href="/wiki/E-flat_clarinet" title="E-flat clarinet">Sopranino clarinet in E♭</a></i>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">Soprano clarinets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soprano_clarinet" title="Soprano clarinet">B♭</a> 1, 2, 3 (<i>, 4, 5</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-clarinet1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarinet1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>(<i><a href="/wiki/Alto_clarinet" title="Alto clarinet">Alto clarinet</a></i>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">Bass clarinets</a> 1 (<i>, 2</i>)</dd> <dd>(<i><a href="/wiki/Contra-alto_clarinet" title="Contra-alto clarinet">Contra-alto clarinet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Contrabass_clarinet" title="Contrabass clarinet">Contrabass clarinet</a></i>) (<i>often one of either, rarely both</i><sup id="cite_ref-clarinet2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarinet2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>(<i><a href="/wiki/Soprano_saxophone" title="Soprano saxophone">Soprano saxophone</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-saxophone1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saxophone1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alto_saxophone" title="Alto saxophone">Alto saxophones</a> 1, 2<sup id="cite_ref-saxophone2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saxophone2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tenor_saxophone" title="Tenor saxophone">Tenor saxophone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baritone_saxophone" title="Baritone saxophone">Baritone saxophone</a></dd> <dd>(<i><a href="/wiki/Bass_saxophone" title="Bass saxophone">Bass saxophone</a></i>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Brass</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">Trumpets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cornet" title="Cornet">cornets</a> in B♭ 1, 2, 3 (<i>, 4, 5, 6</i><sup id="cite_ref-trumpet1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trumpet1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</dd> <dd>(<i><a href="/wiki/Piccolo_trumpet" title="Piccolo trumpet">Piccolo trumpet</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-trumpet2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trumpet2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</dd> <dd>(<i><a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">Flugelhorns</a> in B♭ 1</i> (, 2))</dd> <dd>(<i><a href="/wiki/Tenor_horn" title="Tenor horn">Alto/tenor horns</a> in E♭ 1, 2 </i>(, 3, 4)<sup id="cite_ref-horn_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horn-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">Horns in F</a> 1, 2, 3, 4</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tenor_trombone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenor trombone">Tenor trombones</a> 1, 2 (<i>, 3</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-trombone1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trombone1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bass_trombone" title="Bass trombone">Bass trombone</a></dd> <dd>(<i><a href="/wiki/Contrabass_trombone" title="Contrabass trombone">Contrabass trombone</a></i>)</dd> <dd>(<i><a href="/wiki/Alto_trombone" title="Alto trombone">Alto trombone</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-trombone2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trombone2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Euphoniums" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoniums">Euphoniums</a><sup id="cite_ref-baritone1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baritone1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">baritone horns</a><sup id="cite_ref-baritone2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baritone2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 (<i>, 2</i>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">Tubas</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Keyboards</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizers</a></i></dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Percussion<sup id="cite_ref-percussion1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-percussion1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt> <dd> <ul><li><i>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Unpitched_percussion_instrument" title="Unpitched percussion instrument">non-pitched</a> choices</i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">Snare drums</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">Bass drums</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tenor_drum" title="Tenor drum">Tenor drums</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clash_cymbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Clash cymbal">Cymbals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tam-tam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam-tam">Tam-tams</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">Triangles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourines</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCiro" title="Güiro">Güiros</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timbales" title="Timbales">Timbales</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Slide_whistle" title="Slide whistle">Slide whistles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sleigh_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleigh bell">Sleigh bells</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_(instrument)" title="Woodblock (instrument)">Wood blocks</a> <i>or</i> <a href="/wiki/Temple_blocks" title="Temple blocks">temple blocks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom-tom_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom-tom drum">Tom-toms</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bongo_drum" title="Bongo drum">Bongos</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Conga" title="Conga">Congas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">Claves</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vibraslap" title="Vibraslap">Vibraslaps</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wind_chimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind chimes">Wind chimes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rainstick" title="Rainstick">Rain sticks</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Whip_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whip (instrument)">Whips</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maracas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maracas">Maracas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finger_cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger cymbals">Finger cymbals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_tree" title="Mark tree">Mark tree</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bell_tree" title="Bell tree">Bell tree</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drum_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum set">Drum set</a></dd></dl></li> <li><i>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Pitched_percussion_instrument" title="Pitched percussion instrument">pitched percussion instruments</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a><sup id="cite_ref-percussion2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-percussion2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">Glockenspiels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">Xylophones</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">Marimba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crotales" title="Crotales">Crotales</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">Vibraphone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Chimes</a></dd></dl></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Strings</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/String_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="String bass">String bass</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-strings_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strings-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Pedal_harp" title="Pedal harp">Harp</a></i> (1, 2)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric guitar</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Bass guitar</a></i></dd></dl> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-flute-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flute_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-flute_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">If called for, sometimes doubled by flute 2 or 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oboe-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oboe_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If called for, sometimes doubled by oboe 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bassoon-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bassoon_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If called for, sometimes doubled by bassoon 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clarinet1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clarinet1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarinets in A are sometimes used in professional concert bands, generally with a similar intent as <a href="/wiki/Symphony_orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphony orchestra">symphonic orchestras</a> for which B♭ or A clarinets are substituted to simplify a part's <a href="/wiki/Key_signature" title="Key signature">key signature</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clarinet2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clarinet2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The contrabass clarinet part is usually provided in both B♭ and E♭ (contra-alto).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saxophone1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saxophone1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In most cases, if a soprano saxophone is called for, it will replace the first alto saxophone part.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saxophone2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saxophone2_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In very rare cases, only a single alto saxophone will be called for (e.g., Holst <a href="/wiki/Second_Suite_in_F" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Suite in F">Band Suites</a>). However, this practice has generally been discontinued with two alto saxophones almost always called for.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trumpet1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trumpet1_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trumpet and cornet parts have often been considered interchangeable and are sometimes separated into 3 or 4 cornet parts and two trumpet parts; however, this practice is no longer used and is usually only seen in older (e.g. pre-1950) works and transcriptions. Trumpets are almost always in B♭ though models in E♭, D, and C were used commonly in the heyday of professional concert bands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trumpet2-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trumpet2_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If called for, sometimes doubled by trumpet 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horn-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horn_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In older works, there was often a middle brass part that could be played on either alto/tenor horn in E♭, French horn, or <a href="/wiki/Mellophone" title="Mellophone">mellophone in F or E♭</a>. There were usually copies of the parts in both F and E♭, for players to read off of based on the key of their instrument. Some modern publishers still include E♭ horn parts, which are merely duplicates of the F horn parts <i>transposed</i> to E♭. Alto/tenor horns are especially common in Britain, where they are often referred to as <i>tenor</i> horns.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trombone1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trombone1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trombone parts will usually be divided into three parts with the first two parts (trombones 1, 2) played by tenor trombones and the third played by a bass trombone. However, in rare cases where a fourth part is required, either trombone 3 is a tenor and trombone 4 is a bass, or trombones 3 and 4 are both Bass. Scores will typically notate which one is preferred.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trombone2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trombone2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If called for, sometimes doubled by trombone 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baritone1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baritone1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The baritone/euphonium part is usually provided in both <a href="/wiki/Bass_clef" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass clef">bass clef</a> (concert pitch) and <a href="/wiki/Treble_clef" class="mw-redirect" title="Treble clef">treble clef</a> (in B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span>, sounding a <a href="/wiki/Major_ninth" class="mw-redirect" title="Major ninth">major 9th</a> below written).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baritone2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baritone2_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baritones and euphoniums are often used interchangeably, though some works have distinct parts for the two instruments. Most of the time when a composer writes for "baritone", they are actually thinking of the larger-bore euphonium.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-percussion1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-percussion1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Percussion ensembles in concert bands can range from 2 to over 14 players. The type of percussion instruments used varies with the piece of music being played. Many percussion instruments from different cultures are used in a lot of contemporary concert band literature, especially in high school and college bands.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-percussion2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-percussion2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timpani are always included in percussion parts; they have their own stave, <a href="/wiki/Clef#bass_clef" title="Clef">notated in bass clef.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strings-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-strings_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">String bass parts are typically included in more advanced band pieces and larger ensemble instrumentation. The string bass part is sometimes replaced with <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">an electric bass</a> in certain contemporary band pieces. Some high schools and most college and professional bands will have a bassist in the ensemble.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repertoire">Repertoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Repertoire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_a_repertoire">Development of a repertoire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development of a repertoire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Concert_band" title="Special:EditPage/Concert band">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Until early in the 20th century, there was little music written specifically for the wind band, which led to an extensive repertoire of pieces transcribed from orchestral works, or arranged from other sources. However, as the wind band moved out of the sole domain of the military marching ensemble and into the concert hall, it has gained favor with composers, and now many works are being written specifically for the concert band and the wind ensemble. While today there are composers who write exclusively for band, it is worth noting that many composers famous for their work in other genres have given their talents to composition for wind bands as well. This is especially true in Japan, where an enormous market can be found for wind band compositions, which is largely due to commissions by the <a href="/wiki/All-Japan_Band_Association" title="All-Japan Band Association">All-Japan Band Association</a> and leading professional ensembles such as the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Kosei_Wind_Orchestra" title="Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra">Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Municipal_Symphonic_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka Municipal Symphonic Band">Osaka Municipal Symphonic Band</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Psi" title="Kappa Kappa Psi">Kappa Kappa Psi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tau_Beta_Sigma" title="Tau Beta Sigma">Tau Beta Sigma</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_commissioned_by_Kappa_Kappa_Psi_or_Tau_Beta_Sigma" class="mw-redirect" title="List of works commissioned by Kappa Kappa Psi or Tau Beta Sigma">Commissioning Program</a>, the longest-running commissioning series for wind band in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_composers_for_concert_band">Prominent composers for concert band</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prominent composers for concert band"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_to_middle_20th_century">Early to middle 20th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early to middle 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the most important people in establishing literature written specifically for concert band in the early and middle 20th century were: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Russell_Bennett" title="Robert Russell Bennett">Robert Russell Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Dello_Joio" title="Norman Dello Joio">Norman Dello Joio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Giannini" title="Vittorio Giannini">Vittorio Giannini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Gould" title="Morton Gould">Morton Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hanson" title="Howard Hanson">Howard Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Jacob" title="Gordon Jacob">Gordon Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Darius Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Mailman" title="Martin Mailman">Martin Mailman</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaclav_Nelhybel" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaclav Nelhybel">Vaclav Nelhybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Persichetti" title="Vincent Persichetti">Vincent Persichetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Reed" title="Alfred Reed">Alfred Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Owen_Reed" title="H. Owen Reed">H. Owen Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_T._Smith" title="Claude T. Smith">Claude T. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Tull" title="Fisher Tull">Fisher Tull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Williams_(composer)" title="Clifton Williams (composer)">Clifton Williams</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_20th_century_to_the_present">Late 20th century to the present</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Late 20th century to the present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the last fifty years, many composers have written major works for wind ensemble. Some rose to prominence for helping to develop the concert band. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adler_(composer)" title="Samuel Adler (composer)">Samuel Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Balmages" title="Brian Balmages">Brian Balmages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barnes_(composer)" title="James Barnes (composer)">James Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Bassett" title="Leslie Bassett">Leslie Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Benson" title="Warren Benson">Warren Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Bourgeois" title="Derek Bourgeois">Derek Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brubaker" title="Jerry Brubaker">Jerry Brubaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Camphouse" title="Mark Camphouse">Mark Camphouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_Chance" title="John Barnes Chance">John Barnes Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Bryant_(composer)" title="Steven Bryant (composer)">Steven Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Clarke_(composer)" title="Nigel Clarke (composer)">Nigel Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Colgrass" title="Michael Colgrass">Michael Colgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Corigliano" title="John Corigliano">John Corigliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Curnow" title="James Curnow">James Curnow</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Danner" title="Greg Danner">Greg Danner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Daugherty" title="Michael Daugherty">Michael Daugherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingolf_Dahl" title="Ingolf Dahl">Ingolf Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_del_Borgo" title="Elliot del Borgo">Elliot del Borgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Del_Tredici" title="David Del Tredici">David Del Tredici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gillingham" title="David Gillingham">David Gillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rossano_Galante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rossano Galante (page does not exist)">Rossano Galante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Giroux" title="Julie Giroux">Julie Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Graham_(composer)" title="Peter Graham (composer)">Peter Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Grantham" title="Donald Grantham">Donald Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gregson" title="Edward Gregson">Edward Gregson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_de_Haan_(composer)" title="Jacob de Haan (composer)">Jacob de Haan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Hazo" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel R. Hazo">Samuel R. Hazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigyes_Hidas" title="Frigyes Hidas">Frigyes Hidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Higdon" title="Jennifer Higdon">Jennifer Higdon</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Holsinger" title="David Holsinger">David Holsinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Husa" title="Karel Husa">Karel Husa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuhide_Ito" title="Yasuhide Ito">Yasuhide Ito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jager" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Jager">Robert Jager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mackey_(composer)" title="John Mackey (composer)">John Mackey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Mahr" title="Timothy Mahr">Timothy Mahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maslanka" title="David Maslanka">David Maslanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Francis_McBeth" title="W. Francis McBeth">W. Francis McBeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Meij" title="Johan de Meij">Johan de Meij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lior_Navok" title="Lior Navok">Lior Navok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Nelson_(composer)" title="Ron Nelson (composer)">Ron Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Pann" title="Carter Pann">Carter Pann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Persichetti" title="Vincent Persichetti">Vincent Persichetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Van_der_Roost" title="Jan Van der Roost">Jan Van der Roost</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_St._Clair" title="Richard St. Clair">Richard St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schuller" title="Gunther Schuller">Gunther Schuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schwantner" title="Joseph Schwantner">Joseph Schwantner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Shapiro" title="Alex Shapiro">Alex Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Smith_(musician)" title="Robert W. Smith (musician)">Robert W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sparke" title="Philip Sparke">Philip Sparke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Stamp" title="Jack Stamp">Jack Stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Swearingen" title="James Swearingen">James Swearingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ticheli" title="Frank Ticheli">Frank Ticheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Tull" title="Fisher Tull">Fisher Tull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Whitacre" title="Eric Whitacre">Eric Whitacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zdechlik" title="John Zdechlik">John Zdechlik</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Important_concert_band_literature">Important concert band literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Important concert band literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See article at <a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_band_literature" title="List of concert band literature">List of concert band literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphonies_for_concert_band" title="Symphonies for concert band">Symphonies for concert band</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wind-band_research">Wind-band research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wind-band research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research on wind-band topics began in earnest in 1964 through the <i>Journal of Band Research</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/American_Bandmasters_Association" title="American Bandmasters Association">American Bandmasters Association</a>. </p><p>During the early 21st century, organizations that promote band research began publishing more research on wind band-related topics: Germany-based IGEB (founded 1974),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the World Association of Symphonic Bands and Ensembles (WASBE, founded 1983),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and US-based organizations <a href="/wiki/Historic_Brass_Society" title="Historic Brass Society">Historic Brass Society</a> (founded 1988),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National Band Association (NBA, founded 1960),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and College Band Directors National Association (CBDNA, founded 1941).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internationally notable wind-band researchers include Vincent Dubois on French bands, Paul Niemisto on Finnish bands, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Harris_(conductor)" title="Frederick Harris (conductor)">Frederick Harris</a> on wind-band conductors, Jill M. Sullivan on US women's bands, Frank Battisti on US bands, <a href="/wiki/David_Hebert" class="mw-redirect" title="David Hebert">David Hebert</a> on Japanese and Polynesian bands, Patrick M. Jones on US military bands, and David Whitwell on European bands and repertoire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Band_associations">Band associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Band associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some notable band associations include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Bandmasters_Association" title="American Bandmasters Association">American Bandmasters Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Association_of_Symphonic_Bands_and_Wind_Ensembles" title="British Association of Symphonic Bands and Wind Ensembles">British Association of Symphonic Bands and Wind Ensembles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Japan_Band_Association" title="All-Japan Band Association">All Japan Band Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Concert_Bands" title="Association of Concert Bands">Association of Concert Bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_and_Gay_Band_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian and Gay Band Association">Lesbian and Gay Band Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Band_Council_of_Australia" title="National Band Council of Australia">National Band Council of Australia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_band" title="Ottoman military band">Ottoman military band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_bands" title="United States military bands">United States military bands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawkes.co.uk/sound-room/what-is-a-concert-band/">"Ultimate Guide: What is a Concert Band?"</a>. <i>Dawkes Music</i>. 23 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ww2.lipscomb.edu&rft.atitle=A+History+of+the+Wind+Band%3A+The+Nineteenth-Century+American+Wind+Band&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fww2.lipscomb.edu%2Fwindbandhistory%2Frhodeswindband_06_19thcenturyamerican.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcert+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuion2019" class="citation web cs1">Guion, David (2019-09-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.allpurposeguru.com/2019/09/school-bands-in-the-united-states/">"School bands in the United States"</a>. <i>Musicology for Everyone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Musicology+for+Everyone&rft.atitle=School+bands+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2019-09-02&rft.aulast=Guion&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.allpurposeguru.com%2F2019%2F09%2Fschool-bands-in-the-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcert+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2016" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Bret (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035017338"><i>Band Orchestration</i></a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5376-1984-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5376-1984-2"><bdi>978-1-5376-1984-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035017338">1035017338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Band+Orchestration&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035017338&rft.isbn=978-1-5376-1984-2&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Bret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1035017338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcert+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierley2006" class="citation book cs1">Bierley, Paul E. (2006). <i>The Incredible Band of John Philip Sousa</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-03147-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-03147-4"><bdi>0-252-03147-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/67345796">67345796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incredible+Band+of+John+Philip+Sousa&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F67345796&rft.isbn=0-252-03147-4&rft.aulast=Bierley&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcert+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedNeubert1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Reed" title="Alfred Reed">Reed, Alfred</a>; Neubert, David (May 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000313138803800225">"The String Bass in a Wind Group"</a>. <i>American String Teacher</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 66–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000313138803800225">10.1177/000313138803800225</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7254879185">7254879185</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125597639">125597639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+String+Teacher&rft.atitle=The+String+Bass+in+a+Wind+Group&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=66-69&rft.date=1988-05&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7254879185&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125597639%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000313138803800225&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft.au=Neubert%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F000313138803800225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcert+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovea1995" class="citation book cs1">Govea, W. M. (1995). <i>Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Harpists: A Bio-critical Sourcebook</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. 20, 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36946-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36946-9"><bdi>978-0-313-36946-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/650310430">650310430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-+and+Twentieth-century+Harpists%3A+A+Bio-critical+Sourcebook&rft.pages=20%2C+249&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F650310430&rft.isbn=978-0-313-36946-9&rft.aulast=Govea&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcert+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2017" class="citation book cs1">Schofield, Donald Edward Jr. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1917411365"><i>A History of the United States Air Force Band and Its Relationship to Music Education: The Foundational Years, 1941-1945</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-369-86947-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-369-86947-7"><bdi>978-1-369-86947-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8518794570">8518794570</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1917411365">1917411365</a> – via <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+United+States+Air+Force+Band+and+Its+Relationship+to+Music+Education%3A+The+Foundational+Years%2C+1941-1945&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Boston+University&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8518794570&rft.isbn=978-1-369-86947-7&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Donald+Edward+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F1917411365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcert+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofbandresearch.org/index.html">"JBR Home"</a>. <i>The Journal of Band Research</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Band+Research&rft.atitle=JBR+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalofbandresearch.org%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcert+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Initiatives expanded in recent decades include a research award, digital books, biography series, and monograph series. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.igeb.net/">IGEB: International Society for Research and Promotion of Wind Music</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WASBE Journal became peer-reviewed from 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wasbe.org/wasbe-journal">WASBE Journal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806222135/https://historicbrass.org/publications/hbs-journal">"Historic Brass Society – <i>Historic Brass Society Journal</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicbrass.org/publications/hbs-journal">the original</a> on 2020-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Brass+Society+%E2%80%93+Historic+Brass+Society+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicbrass.org%2Fpublications%2Fhbs-journal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcert+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalbandassociation.org/nba-journal/">"NBA Journal"</a>. <i>Nationalbandassociation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationalbandassociation.org&rft.atitle=NBA+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalbandassociation.org%2Fnba-journal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcert+band" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CBDNA Journal established in 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/cbdna-journal-research-review/journal202608">CBDNA Journal</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concert_band&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Concert_bands" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Concert bands">Concert bands</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.community-music.info/">Community-Music—a resource for community band musicians and conductors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concert-bands.co.uk/">The Concert Band Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040613150707/http://www.bandmusic.org/">Directory of American Community Concert Bands and Wind Ensembles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grahamnasby.com/misc/music_local-resources.shtml">Directory of Canadian Community Concert Bands and Wind Ensembles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/education+%26+language/book/978-94-007-2177-7">Wind Bands and Cultural Identity in Japanese Schools</a>, by David G. Hebert (Dordrecht and New York: Springer, 2012).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Chamber orchestra">Chamber orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">String orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_ensemble" title="Percussion ensemble">Percussion ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_orchestra" title="Pit orchestra">Pit orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductorless_orchestra" title="Conductorless orchestra">Conductorless orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_orchestra" title="Radio orchestra">Radio orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandmaster" title="Bandmaster">Bandmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertmaster" title="Concertmaster">Concertmaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orchestra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodwind_section" title="Woodwind section">Woodwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_section" title="Brass section">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_section" title="Percussion section">Percussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_section" title="Keyboard section">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">String</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">Flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">Oboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_clarinet" title="Soprano clarinet">Clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">Bassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">Trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">Trombone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_trombone" title="Bass trombone">Bass trombone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba" title="Tuba">Tuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">Timpani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion">Percussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">Violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">Viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">Cello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concert band</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sections" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woodwind_section" title="Woodwind section">Woodwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_section" title="Brass section">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_section" title="Percussion section">Percussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">Piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">Flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">Oboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_clarinet" title="Soprano clarinet">Clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_clarinet" title="Alto clarinet">Alto clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">Bass clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">Bassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_saxophone" title="Alto saxophone">Alto saxophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_saxophone" title="Tenor saxophone">Tenor saxophone</a></li> <li><a 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