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aria-controls="toc-Parts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_pressure_vessel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_pressure_vessel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The pressure vessel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_pressure_vessel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aluminium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aluminium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Aluminium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aluminium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Steel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cylinder_neck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cylinder_neck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Cylinder neck</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cylinder_neck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanent_stamp_markings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanent_stamp_markings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Permanent stamp markings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanent_stamp_markings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_cylinder_valve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_cylinder_valve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The cylinder valve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_cylinder_valve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manifolds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manifolds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Manifolds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manifolds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valve_cage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valve_cage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Valve cage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valve_cage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cylinder_bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cylinder_bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Cylinder bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cylinder_bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cylinder_boot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cylinder_boot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Cylinder boot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cylinder_boot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cylinder_net" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cylinder_net"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Cylinder net</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cylinder_net-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cylinder_handle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cylinder_handle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Cylinder handle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cylinder_handle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dust_caps_and_plugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dust_caps_and_plugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.7</span> <span>Dust caps and plugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dust_caps_and_plugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressure_rating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure_rating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pressure rating</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pressure_rating-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pressure rating subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pressure_rating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Working_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Working pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Test_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Test_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Test pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Test_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developed_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developed_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Developed pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developed_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressure_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pressure monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Capacity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Capacity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Capacity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Internal volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_sizes_by_internal_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_sizes_by_internal_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Standard sizes by internal volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_sizes_by_internal_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nominal_volume_of_gas_stored" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominal_volume_of_gas_stored"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nominal volume of gas stored</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominal_volume_of_gas_stored-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_sizes_by_volume_of_gas_stored" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_sizes_by_volume_of_gas_stored"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Standard sizes by volume of gas stored</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_sizes_by_volume_of_gas_stored-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Physical dimensions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_dimensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical dimensions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buoyancy_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buoyancy_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Buoyancy characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buoyancy_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_and_configurations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_and_configurations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Applications and configurations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications_and_configurations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications and configurations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications_and_configurations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open-circuit_scuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open-circuit_scuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Open-circuit scuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open-circuit_scuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Single_cylinder_back_mount" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_cylinder_back_mount"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Single cylinder back mount</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_cylinder_back_mount-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_cylinder_plus_a_small_independent_cylinder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_cylinder_plus_a_small_independent_cylinder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Main cylinder plus a small independent cylinder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_cylinder_plus_a_small_independent_cylinder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_twins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_twins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Independent twins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_twins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plain_manifolded_twins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plain_manifolded_twins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Plain manifolded twins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plain_manifolded_twins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolation_manifolded_twins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolation_manifolded_twins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Isolation manifolded twins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolation_manifolded_twins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sling_cylinders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sling_cylinders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.6</span> <span>Sling cylinders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sling_cylinders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_mount_cylinders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_mount_cylinders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.7</span> <span>Side mount cylinders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_mount_cylinders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hand-off_cylinders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hand-off_cylinders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.8</span> <span>Hand-off cylinders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hand-off_cylinders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drop_cylinders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drop_cylinders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.9</span> <span>Drop cylinders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drop_cylinders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebreathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebreathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Rebreathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebreathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_supplied_diver_emergency_gas_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_supplied_diver_emergency_gas_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Surface supplied diver emergency gas supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_supplied_diver_emergency_gas_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_gas_supply_on_diving_bells" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_gas_supply_on_diving_bells"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Emergency gas supply on diving bells</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_gas_supply_on_diving_bells-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suit_inflation_cylinders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suit_inflation_cylinders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Suit inflation cylinders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suit_inflation_cylinders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses_of_compressed_gas_cylinders_in_diving_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses_of_compressed_gas_cylinders_in_diving_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Other uses of compressed gas cylinders in diving operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses_of_compressed_gas_cylinders_in_diving_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_calculations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_calculations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gas calculations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gas_calculations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gas calculations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gas_calculations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_cylinder's_capacity_to_store_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_cylinder's_capacity_to_store_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The cylinder's capacity to store gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_cylinder's_capacity_to_store_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diver_gas_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diver_gas_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Diver gas consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diver_gas_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breathing_gas_endurance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breathing_gas_endurance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Breathing gas endurance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breathing_gas_endurance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Reserves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weight_of_gas_consumed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight_of_gas_consumed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Weight of gas consumed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight_of_gas_consumed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Filling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Filling subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Filling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-fill_inspection_and_recording_of_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-fill_inspection_and_recording_of_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Pre-fill inspection and recording of details</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-fill_inspection_and_recording_of_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filling_from_a_compressor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filling_from_a_compressor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Filling from a compressor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filling_from_a_compressor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filling_from_high-pressure_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filling_from_high-pressure_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Filling from high-pressure storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filling_from_high-pressure_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature_change_during_filling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_change_during_filling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Temperature change during filling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_change_during_filling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Safety and legal issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_purity_and_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_purity_and_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Gas purity and testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_purity_and_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handling_of_specialty_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handling_of_specialty_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Handling of specialty gases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handling_of_specialty_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Gas contamination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catastrophic_failures_during_filling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catastrophic_failures_during_filling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Catastrophic failures during filling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catastrophic_failures_during_filling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periodic_inspection_and_testing_of_diving_cylinders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodic_inspection_and_testing_of_diving_cylinders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Periodic inspection and testing of diving cylinders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Periodic_inspection_and_testing_of_diving_cylinders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Periodic inspection and testing of diving cylinders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Periodic_inspection_and_testing_of_diving_cylinders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intervals_between_inspections_and_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intervals_between_inspections_and_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Intervals between inspections and tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intervals_between_inspections_and_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedures_for_periodic_inspections_and_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedures_for_periodic_inspections_and_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Procedures for periodic inspections and tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedures_for_periodic_inspections_and_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Cleaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Service life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Accidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Handling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long-term_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Long-term storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.1</span> <span>International air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_finish,_colour-coding_and_labeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_finish,_colour-coding_and_labeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Surface finish, colour-coding and labeling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surface_finish,_colour-coding_and_labeling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surface finish, colour-coding and labeling subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surface_finish,_colour-coding_and_labeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Worldwide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Offshore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offshore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>Offshore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offshore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Diving cylinder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B5" title="أسطوانة الغوص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسطوانة الغوص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampolla_de_busseig" title="Ampolla de busseig – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ampolla de busseig" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druckluftflasche" title="Druckluftflasche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Druckluftflasche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botella_de_buceo" title="Botella de buceo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Botella de buceo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouteille_de_plong%C3%A9e" title="Bouteille de plongée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouteille de plongée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombola_(subacquea)" title="Bombola (subacquea) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bombola (subacquea)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duikfles" title="Duikfles – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duikfles" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dykkeflaske" title="Dykkeflaske – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dykkeflaske" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butla_nurkowa" title="Butla nurkowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Butla nurkowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilindro_de_ar_comprimido" title="Cilindro de ar comprimido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cilindro de ar comprimido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butelie_pentru_scufund%C4%83ri" title="Butelie pentru scufundări – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Butelie pentru scufundări" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Баллон для дайвинга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баллон для дайвинга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot%C3%A1pa%C4%8Dsk%C3%A1_tlakov%C3%A1_f%C4%BEa%C5%A1a" title="Potápačská tlaková fľaša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Potápačská tlaková fľaša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dykflaska" title="Dykflaska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dykflaska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%9B%E6%B0%B4%E6%B0%A3%E7%BC%B8" title="潛水氣缸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="潛水氣缸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decompression_cylinder&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Container to supply high pressure breathing gas for divers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Diving tank" redirects here. For the venue for diver training, see <a href="/wiki/Diver_training_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver training tank">Diver training tank</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Diving cylinder</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Diving_cylinders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large number of scuba cylinders and twin sets of different colours stacked together" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diving_cylinders.jpg/220px-Diving_cylinders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diving_cylinders.jpg/330px-Diving_cylinders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diving_cylinders.jpg/440px-Diving_cylinders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Diving cylinders to be filled at a <a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">diving air compressor</a> station</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Scuba tank</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Uses</th><td class="infobox-data">Breathing gas supply for scuba or surface-supplied divers</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>diving cylinder</b> or <b>diving gas cylinder</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">gas cylinder</a> used to store and transport high pressure gas used in <a href="/wiki/Diving_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving operation">diving operations</a>. This may be <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> used with a <a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">scuba set</a>, in which case the cylinder may also be referred to as a <b>scuba cylinder</b>, <b>scuba tank</b> or <b>diving tank</b>. When used for an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">emergency gas supply</a> for surface supplied diving or scuba, it may be referred to as a <b>bailout cylinder</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">bailout bottle</a></b>. It may also be used for <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">surface-supplied diving</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">decompression gas</a> . A diving cylinder may also be used to supply inflation gas for a dry suit or buoyancy compensator. Cylinders provide gas to the <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">diver</a> through the demand valve of a <a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">diving regulator</a> or the breathing loop of a diving <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">re-breather</a>. </p><p>Diving cylinders are usually manufactured from aluminum or steel alloys, and when used on a scuba set are normally fitted with one of two common types of <a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder#Cylinder_valve" title="Gas cylinder">cylinder valve</a> for filling and connection to the regulator. Other accessories such as <a href="/wiki/Scuba_manifold" title="Scuba manifold">manifolds</a>, cylinder bands, protective nets and boots and carrying handles may be provided. Various configurations of harness may be used by the diver to carry a cylinder or cylinders while diving, depending on the application. Cylinders used for scuba typically have an internal volume (known as water capacity) of between 3 and 18 litres (0.11 and 0.64 cu ft) and a maximum working pressure rating from 184 to 300 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bars</a> (2,670 to 4,350 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>). Cylinders are also available in smaller sizes, such as 0.5, 1.5 and 2 litres, however these are usually used for purposes such as inflation of <a href="/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">surface marker buoys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">dry suits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">buoyancy compensators</a> rather than breathing. Scuba divers may dive with a single cylinder, a pair of similar cylinders, or a main cylinder and a smaller <a href="/wiki/Pony_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pony cylinder">"pony" cylinder</a>, carried on the diver's back or clipped onto the harness at the side. Paired cylinders may be manifolded together or independent. In <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical diving</a>, more than two scuba cylinders may be needed. </p><p>When pressurized, the gas is <a href="/wiki/Boyle%27s_law" title="Boyle's law">compressed</a> up to several hundred times atmospheric pressure. The <a href="/wiki/Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">selection</a> of an appropriate set of diving cylinders for a diving operation is based on the <a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">amount of gas required</a> to safely complete the dive. Diving cylinders are most commonly filled with air, but because the main components of air can cause problems when breathed underwater at higher ambient pressure, divers may choose to breathe from cylinders filled with mixtures of gases other than air. Many jurisdictions have regulations that govern the filling, recording of contents, and labeling for diving cylinders. Periodic <a href="/wiki/Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a> is often obligatory to ensure the safety of operators of filling stations. Pressurized diving cylinders are considered <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">dangerous goods</a> for commercial transportation, and regional and <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">international standards</a> for colouring and labeling may also apply. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "diving cylinder" tends to be used by gas equipment engineers, manufacturers, support professionals, and divers speaking <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>. "Scuba tank" or "diving tank" is more often used colloquially by non-professionals and native speakers of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>. The term "<a href="/wiki/Oxygen_tank" title="Oxygen tank">oxygen tank</a>" is commonly used by non-divers; however, this is a misnomer since these cylinders typically contain (compressed atmospheric) breathing air, or an <a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">oxygen-enriched air mix</a>. They rarely contain pure oxygen, except when used for <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a> diving, shallow <a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)#Staged_decompression_and_decompression_stops" title="Decompression (diving)">decompression stops</a> in <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical diving</a> or for <a href="/wiki/In-water_recompression" title="In-water recompression">in-water oxygen recompression therapy</a>. Breathing pure oxygen at depths greater than 6 metres (20 ft) can result in <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_3.3.3.3_Oxygen_toxicity_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_3.3.3.3_Oxygen_toxicity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diving cylinders have also been referred to as bottles or flasks, usually preceded with the word scuba, diving, air,<sup id="cite_ref-ANSI_Commercial_Diver_Training_2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSI_Commercial_Diver_Training_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or bailout. Cylinders may also be called aqualungs, a <a href="/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">genericized trademark</a> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Aqua-lung" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqua-lung">Aqua-lung</a> equipment made by the <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung/La_Spirotechnique" title="Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique">Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique</a> company,<sup id="cite_ref-aqualung_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aqualung-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although that is more properly applied to an open circuit scuba set or open circuit diving regulator. </p><p>Diving cylinders may also be specified by their application, as in bailout cylinders, stage cylinders, decocompression (deco) cylinders, si-demount cylinders, pony cylinders, suit inflation cylinders, etc. The same cylinder, rigged in the same way, may be used as a bailout cylinder, a decompression cylinder or a stage cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-DAN_2023_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAN_2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parts">Parts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifolded_twin_12l_steel_cylinder_set_PB128182.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two 12-litre steel cylinders connected by an isolation manifold and two stainless steel tank bands, with black plastic tank boots" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Manifolded_twin_12l_steel_cylinder_set_PB128182.jpg/220px-Manifolded_twin_12l_steel_cylinder_set_PB128182.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Manifolded_twin_12l_steel_cylinder_set_PB128182.jpg/330px-Manifolded_twin_12l_steel_cylinder_set_PB128182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Manifolded_twin_12l_steel_cylinder_set_PB128182.jpg/440px-Manifolded_twin_12l_steel_cylinder_set_PB128182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Twin 12-litre steel cylinder set</figcaption></figure> <p>The functional diving cylinder consists of a pressure vessel and a cylinder valve. There are usually one or more optional accessories depending on the specific application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_pressure_vessel">The pressure vessel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The pressure vessel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder#Manufacture" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder § Manufacture</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pressure vessel</a> is a seamless cylinder normally made of cold-extruded <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminum</a> or forged <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.7_Compressed_gas_cylinders_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.7_Compressed_gas_cylinders-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">Filament wound</a> composite cylinders are used in fire fighting breathing apparatus and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_first_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen first aid">oxygen first aid</a> equipment because of their low weight, but are rarely used for diving, due to their high positive <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>. They are occasionally used when portability for accessing the dive site is critical, such as in <a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">cave diving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StoneAAUS1986_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoneAAUS1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StoneAerospace_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoneAerospace-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composite cylinders certified to ISO-11119-2 or ISO-11119-3 may only be used for underwater applications if they are manufactured in accordance with the requirements for underwater use and are marked "UW".<sup id="cite_ref-DoT2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoT2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pressure vessel comprises a cylindrical section of even wall thickness, with a thicker base at one end, and domed shoulder with a central neck to attach a cylinder valve or manifold at the other end. </p><p>Occasionally other materials may be used. <a href="/wiki/Inconel" title="Inconel">Inconel</a> has been used for non-magnetic and highly corrosion resistant oxygen compatible spherical high-pressure gas containers for the US Navy's Mk-15 and Mk-16 mixed gas rebreathers, and a few other military rebreathers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aluminium">Aluminium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aluminium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An especially common rental cylinder provided at <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> dive resorts is the "aluminium-S80" which is an aluminum cylinder design with an internal volume of 0.39 cubic feet (11.0 L) rated to hold a nominal volume of 80 cubic feet (2,300 L) of atmospheric pressure gas at its rated working pressure of 3,000 pounds per square inch (207 bar).<sup id="cite_ref-Catalina_3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalina_3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aluminum cylinders are also often used where divers carry many cylinders, such as in <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical diving</a> in water which is warm enough that the dive suit does not provide much buoyancy, because the greater buoyancy of aluminum cylinders reduces the amount of extra buoyancy the diver would need to achieve neutral buoyancy. They are also sometimes preferred when carried as "side mount" or "sling" cylinders as the near neutral buoyancy allows them to hang comfortably along the sides of the diver's body, without disturbing trim, and they can be handed off to another diver or <a href="/wiki/Stage_drop" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage drop">stage dropped</a> with a minimal effect on buoyancy. Most aluminum cylinders are flat bottomed, allowing them to stand upright on a level surface, but some were manufactured with domed bottoms. When in use, the cylinder valve and regulator add mass to the top of the cylinder, so the base tends to be relatively buoyant, and aluminum drop-cylinders tend to rest on the bottom in an inverted position if near neutral buoyancy. For the same reason they tend to hang at an angle when carried as sling cylinders unless constrained or ballasted. </p><p>The aluminum alloys used for diving cylinders are <a href="/wiki/6061_aluminium_alloy" title="6061 aluminium alloy">6061</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=6351_aluminium_alloy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6351 aluminium alloy (page does not exist)">6351</a>. 6351 alloy is subject to <a href="/wiki/Sustained_load_cracking" title="Sustained load cracking">sustained load cracking</a> and cylinders manufactured of this alloy should be periodically eddy current tested according to national legislation and manufacturer's recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-slc_6351_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slc_6351-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-High2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6351 alloy has been superseded for new manufacture, but many old cylinders are still in service, and are still legal and considered safe if they pass the periodic hydrostatic, visual and eddy current tests required by regulation and as specified by the manufacturer. The number of cylinders that have failed catastrophically is in the order of 50 out of some 50 million manufactured. A larger number have failed the eddy current test and visual inspection of neck threads, or have leaked and been removed from service without harm to anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-Gresham_2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gresham_2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aluminum cylinders are usually manufactured by cold <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extrusion</a> of aluminum billets in a process which first <a href="/wiki/Machine_press" title="Machine press">presses</a> the walls and base, then trims the top edge of the cylinder walls, followed by press forming the shoulder and neck. The final structural process is machining the neck outer surface, boring and cutting the neck threads and <a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a> groove. The cylinder is then heat-treated, tested and stamped with the required permanent markings.<sup id="cite_ref-Luxfer_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luxfer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aluminum diving cylinders commonly have flat bases, which allows them to stand upright on horizontal surfaces, and which are relatively thick to allow for rough treatment and considerable wear. This makes them heavier than they need to be for strength, but the extra weight at the base also helps keep the centre of gravity low which gives better balance in the water and reduces excess buoyancy. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_with_billet.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Section of die with billet inserted"><img alt="Diagram showing a steel die in section with an aluminium billet inserted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Die_with_billet.png/180px-Die_with_billet.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Die_with_billet.png/270px-Die_with_billet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Die_with_billet.png/360px-Die_with_billet.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section of die with billet inserted</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminium_cylinder_extrusion.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Cold extrusion process"><img alt="Animation showing cold extrusion of the aluminium cylinder by pressing a rounded end cylindrical mandrel into the billet, with the aluminium extruding between the sides of the die and the mandrel to form a blind tube" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Aluminium_cylinder_extrusion.gif/180px-Aluminium_cylinder_extrusion.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Aluminium_cylinder_extrusion.gif/270px-Aluminium_cylinder_extrusion.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Aluminium_cylinder_extrusion.gif/360px-Aluminium_cylinder_extrusion.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cold extrusion process</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinder_open.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Extrusion product before trimming"><img alt="The blind tube of the cylinder after removal from the die. It consists of the base and walls of the cylinder, but is still open at the top" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cylinder_open.png/180px-Cylinder_open.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cylinder_open.png/270px-Cylinder_open.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Cylinder_open.png/360px-Cylinder_open.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Extrusion product before trimming</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinder_closed.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Section after closure of the top end"><img alt="The cylinder has been closed at the top by further cold forming, and the neck is still closed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cylinder_closed.png/180px-Cylinder_closed.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cylinder_closed.png/270px-Cylinder_closed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cylinder_closed.png/360px-Cylinder_closed.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section after closure of the top end</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinder_machined_with_neck_detail.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Section showing machined areas of the neck in detail"><img alt="The cylinder neck has been machined, and the threaded hole for the cylinder valve is shown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cylinder_machined_with_neck_detail.png/180px-Cylinder_machined_with_neck_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cylinder_machined_with_neck_detail.png/270px-Cylinder_machined_with_neck_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cylinder_machined_with_neck_detail.png/360px-Cylinder_machined_with_neck_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section showing machined areas of the neck in detail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrostatic_test.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hydrostatic test"><img alt="The cylinder undergoes hydrostatic testing for quality control" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hydrostatic_test.png/180px-Hydrostatic_test.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hydrostatic_test.png/270px-Hydrostatic_test.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hydrostatic_test.png/360px-Hydrostatic_test.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hydrostatic test</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steel">Steel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Steel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pressed_steel_cylinder_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pressed_steel_cylinder_animation.gif/220px-Pressed_steel_cylinder_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pressed_steel_cylinder_animation.gif/330px-Pressed_steel_cylinder_animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pressed_steel_cylinder_animation.gif/440px-Pressed_steel_cylinder_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>Animation showing two stages of deep drawing of a steel plate to a cup, and a similar cup to a diving cylinder blank with domed bottom</figcaption></figure> <p>In cold water diving, where a person wearing a highly buoyant thermally insulating <a href="/wiki/Dive_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive suit">dive suit</a> has a large excess of buoyancy, steel cylinders are often used because they are denser than aluminium cylinders. They also often have a lower mass than aluminium cylinders with the same gas capacity, due to considerably higher <a href="/wiki/Specific_strength" title="Specific strength">material strength</a>, so the use of steel cylinders can result in both a lighter cylinder and less <a href="/wiki/Diver_weighting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver weighting system">ballast</a> required for the same gas capacity, a two way saving on overall dry weight carried by the diver.<sup id="cite_ref-scubadivingdotcom_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scubadivingdotcom-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leisurepro_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leisurepro-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steel cylinders are more susceptible than aluminium to external corrosion, particularly in seawater, and may be <a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">galvanized</a> or coated with corrosion barrier paints to resist corrosion damage. It is not difficult to monitor external corrosion, and repair the paint when damaged, and steel cylinders which are well maintained have a long service life, often longer than aluminium cylinders, as they are not susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Metal_fatigue" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal fatigue">fatigue</a> damage when filled within their safe working pressure limits. </p><p>Steel cylinders are manufactured with domed (convex) and dished (concave) bottoms. The dished profile allows them to stand upright on a horizontal surface, and is the standard shape for industrial cylinders. The cylinders used for emergency gas supply on diving bells are often this shape, and commonly have a water capacity of about 50 litres ("J"). Domed bottoms give a larger volume for the same cylinder mass, and are the standard for scuba cylinders up to 18 litres water capacity, though some concave bottomed cylinders have been marketed for scuba.<sup id="cite_ref-DirDirect_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DirDirect-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steel alloys used for dive cylinder manufacture are authorised by the manufacturing standard. For example, the US standard <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">DOT</a> 3AA requires the use of open-hearth, basic oxygen, or electric steel of uniform quality. Approved alloys include 4130X, NE-8630, 9115, 9125, Carbon-boron and Intermediate manganese, with specified constituents, including manganese and carbon, and molybdenum, chromium, boron, nickel or zirconium.<sup id="cite_ref-DOT_3AA_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOT_3AA-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steel cylinders may be manufactured from steel plate discs, which are <a href="/wiki/Cold_drawn" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold drawn">cold drawn</a> to a cylindrical cup form, in two or three stages, and generally have a domed base if intended for the scuba market, so they cannot stand up by themselves. After forming the base and side walls, the top of the cylinder is trimmed to length, heated and <a href="/wiki/Metal_spinning" title="Metal spinning">hot spun</a> to form the shoulder and close the neck. This process thickens the material of the shoulder. The cylinder is <a href="/wiki/Heat-treated" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat-treated">heat-treated</a> by quenching and tempering to provide the best strength and toughness. The cylinders are machined to provide the neck thread and o-ring seat (if applicable), then chemically cleaned or shot-blasted inside and out to remove mill-scale. After inspection and hydrostatic testing they are stamped with the required permanent markings, followed by external coating with a corrosion barrier paint or <a href="/wiki/Hot_dip_galvanising" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot dip galvanising">hot dip galvanising</a> and final inspection.<sup id="cite_ref-Worthington_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worthington-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative production method is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Backward_extrusion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Backward extrusion (page does not exist)">backward extrusion</a> of a heated steel billet, similar to the cold extrusion process for aluminium cylinders, followed by hot drawing and bottom forming to reduce wall thickness, and trimming of the top edge in preparation for shoulder and neck formation by hot spinning. The other processes are much the same for all production methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Vitkovice_Az_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitkovice_Az-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cylinder_neck">Cylinder neck</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cylinder neck"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>neck</i> of the cylinder is the part of the end which is shaped as a narrow concentric cylinder, and internally threaded to fit a cylinder valve. There are several standards for neck threads, these include: </p> <ul><li>Taper thread (17E),<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_11116-1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_11116-1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a 12% taper right hand thread, <a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Whitworth" title="British Standard Whitworth">standard Whitworth</a> 55° form with a pitch of 14 threads per inch (5.5 threads per cm) and pitch diameter at the top thread of the cylinder of 18.036 millimetres (0.71 in). These connections are sealed using thread tape and torqued to between 120 and 150 <a href="/wiki/Newton-metre" title="Newton-metre">newton-metres</a> (89 and 111 lbf⋅ft) on steel cylinders, and between 75 and 140 N⋅m (55 and 103 lbf⋅ft) on aluminium cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO13341_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO13341-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: Alternative taper thread for small cylinders: British? Historical?. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Parallel threads are made to several standards: </p> <ul><li>M25x2 <a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">ISO parallel thread</a>, which is sealed by an O-ring and torqued to 100 to 130 N⋅m (74 to 96 lbf⋅ft) on steel, and 95 to 130 N⋅m (70 to 96 lbf⋅ft) on aluminum cylinders;<sup id="cite_ref-ISO13341_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO13341-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>M18x1.5 parallel thread, which is sealed by an O-ring, and torqued to 100 to 130 N⋅m (74 to 96 lbf⋅ft) on steel cylinders, and 85 to 100 N⋅m (63 to 74 lbf⋅ft) on aluminum cylinders;<sup id="cite_ref-ISO13341_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO13341-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3/4"x14 <a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">BSP</a> parallel thread,<sup id="cite_ref-BS2779_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BS2779-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has a 55° Whitworth thread form, a pitch diameter of 25.279 millimetres (0.9952 in) and a pitch of 14 threads per inch (1.814 mm);</li> <li>3/4"x14 <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Gas_Standard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Gas Standard (page does not exist)">NGS</a><sup id="cite_ref-Metal_Cutting_Tool_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metal_Cutting_Tool-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (NPSM) parallel thread, sealed by an O-ring, torqued to 40 to 50 N⋅m (30 to 37 lbf⋅ft) on aluminium cylinders,<sup id="cite_ref-Catalina_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalina-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has a 60° thread form, a pitch diameter of 0.9820 to 0.9873 in (24.94 to 25.08 mm), and a pitch of 14 threads per inch (5.5 threads per cm);</li> <li>3/4"x16 <a href="/wiki/Unified_Thread_Standard#Designation" title="Unified Thread Standard">UNF</a>, sealed by an O-ring, torqued to 40 to 50 N⋅m (30 to 37 lbf⋅ft) on aluminium cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-Catalina_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalina-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>7/8"x14 UNF, sealed by an O-ring.<sup id="cite_ref-XS_Scuba_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XS_Scuba-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The 3/4"NGS and 3/4"BSP are very similar, having the same pitch and a pitch diameter that only differs by about 0.2 mm (0.008 in), but they are not compatible, as the thread forms are different. </p><p>All parallel thread valves are sealed using an O-ring at top of the neck thread which seals in a chamfer or step in the cylinder neck and against the flange of the valve. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Permanent_stamp_markings">Permanent stamp markings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Permanent stamp markings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shoulder of the cylinder carries <i>stamp markings</i> providing required information about the cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_13769_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_13769-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Permanent_cylinder_markings_2.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Stamp markings on an American manufacture aluminum 40 cu ft 3000 psi cylinder"><img alt="Diagram of a cylinder shoulder with stamp marking: TC3ALM 207 DOT-3AL 3000 LS 10822 LUXFER 08(testing authority stamp)04 S040" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Permanent_cylinder_markings_2.gif/270px-Permanent_cylinder_markings_2.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Permanent_cylinder_markings_2.gif/405px-Permanent_cylinder_markings_2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Permanent_cylinder_markings_2.gif/540px-Permanent_cylinder_markings_2.gif 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stamp markings on an American manufacture aluminum 40 cu ft 3000 psi cylinder</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Permanent_cylinder_markings_3.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Stamp markings on an American manufacture aluminum 80 cu ft 3000 psi cylinder"><img alt="Diagram of a cylinder shoulder with stamp marking: TC3ALM 207 DOT-3AL 3000 P1576 LUXFER 01(testing authority stamp)93 S80 and date stamps for 3 hydrostatic tests" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Permanent_cylinder_markings_3.gif/270px-Permanent_cylinder_markings_3.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Permanent_cylinder_markings_3.gif/405px-Permanent_cylinder_markings_3.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Permanent_cylinder_markings_3.gif/540px-Permanent_cylinder_markings_3.gif 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stamp markings on an American manufacture aluminum 80 cu ft 3000 psi cylinder</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Permanent_cylinder_markings_4.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Stamp markings on a British-manufacture aluminium 12.2-litre 232 bar cylinder"><img alt="Diagram of a cylinder shoulder with stamp marking: M25x2 ISO BS5045/3/B/S CP 23200kPa 11/92 SER NO P2699M LUXUK 2451 3V03 TP 34800kPa CAPACITY 12.2L TARE 16.3 kg, and three hydrostatic test dates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Permanent_cylinder_markings_4.gif/270px-Permanent_cylinder_markings_4.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Permanent_cylinder_markings_4.gif/405px-Permanent_cylinder_markings_4.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Permanent_cylinder_markings_4.gif/540px-Permanent_cylinder_markings_4.gif 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stamp markings on a British-manufacture aluminium 12.2-litre 232 bar cylinder</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Permanent_cylinder_markings_5.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Stamp markings on an Italian manufacture steel 7-litre 300 bar cylinder"><img alt="Diagram of a cylinder shoulder with stamp marking: FABER 96/9856 187 BS5045/1/CM/S TP 265 BAR AIR/LUCHT 06.96 CP 300BAR 15C 7.0L WT 9.9 kg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Permanent_cylinder_markings_5.gif/270px-Permanent_cylinder_markings_5.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Permanent_cylinder_markings_5.gif/405px-Permanent_cylinder_markings_5.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Permanent_cylinder_markings_5.gif/540px-Permanent_cylinder_markings_5.gif 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stamp markings on an Italian manufacture steel 7-litre 300 bar cylinder</div> </li> </ul> <p>Universally required markings include: </p> <ul><li>Identification of the manufacturer</li> <li>Manufacturing standard, which will identify the material specification</li> <li>Serial number</li> <li>Date of manufacture</li> <li>Charging pressure</li> <li>Capacity</li> <li>Mark of the accredited testing agency</li> <li>Date of each re-validation test</li></ul> <p>A variety of other markings may be required by national regulations, or may be optional.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_13769_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_13769-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_cylinder_valve">The cylinder valve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The cylinder valve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scuba_cylinder_valve" title="Scuba cylinder valve">Scuba cylinder valve</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DIN-INT_ISO12209-2-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tops of two cylinders showing regulators connected via DIN and yoke connectors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/DIN-INT_ISO12209-2-3.jpg/220px-DIN-INT_ISO12209-2-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/DIN-INT_ISO12209-2-3.jpg/330px-DIN-INT_ISO12209-2-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/DIN-INT_ISO12209-2-3.jpg/440px-DIN-INT_ISO12209-2-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12652" data-file-height="5960" /></a><figcaption>Regulators with DIN-valve (left) and yoke-valve (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>The purpose of the <i>cylinder valve</i> or <i>pillar valve</i> is to control gas flow to and from the pressure vessel and to provide a connection with the regulator or filling hose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.7_Compressed_gas_cylinders_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.7_Compressed_gas_cylinders-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cylinder valves are usually machined from <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> and finished by a protective and decorative layer of <a href="/wiki/Chrome_plating" title="Chrome plating">chrome plating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PADI_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PADI-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A metal or plastic <i>dip tube</i> or <i>valve snorkel</i> screwed into the bottom of the valve extends into the cylinder to reduce the risk of liquid or particulate contaminants in the cylinder getting into the gas passages when the cylinder is inverted, and blocking or jamming the regulator. Some of these dip tubes have a plain opening, but some have an integral filter.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlow_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlow-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cylinder valves are classified by four basic aspects: the thread specification, the connection to the regulator, pressure rating,<sup id="cite_ref-Scuba_Doctor_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scuba_Doctor-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other distinguishing features. Standards relating to the specifications and manufacture of cylinder valves include ISO 10297 and CGA V-9 Standard for Gas Cylinder Valves.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavagna_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavagna-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other distinguishing features include outlet configuration, handedness and valve knob orientation,<sup id="cite_ref-Apeks_valves_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apeks_valves-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> number of outlets and valves (1 or 2), shape of the valve body,<sup id="cite_ref-Dowding_2003_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowding_2003-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presence of a reserve valve, manifold connections, and the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Bursting_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bursting disk">bursting disk</a> overpressure relief device.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.7_Compressed_gas_cylinders_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.7_Compressed_gas_cylinders-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cylinder threads may be in two basic configurations: Taper <a href="/wiki/Screw_thread" title="Screw thread">thread</a> and parallel thread.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.7_Compressed_gas_cylinders_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.7_Compressed_gas_cylinders-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The valve thread specification must exactly match the neck thread specification of the cylinder. Improperly matched neck threads can fail under pressure and can have fatal consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_SF_05/10_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_SF_05/10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_SF_19/14_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_SF_19/14-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_SF_01/16_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_SF_01/16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Inquest_96/2015_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inquest_96/2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The valve pressure rating must be compatible with the cylinder pressure rating. </p><p>Parallel threads are more tolerant of repeated removal and refitting of the valve for inspection and testing.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker_2002_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker_2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: s9">: s9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessories">Accessories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Accessories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Additional components for convenience, protection or other functions, not directly required for the function as a pressure vessel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manifolds">Manifolds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Manifolds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scuba_manifold" title="Scuba manifold">Scuba manifold</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Face_sealed_isolation_manifold_on_twin_12l_steel_cylinders_PB128181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two 12-litre steel cylinders with DIN outlet valves connected by a manifold with a central isolation valve." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Face_sealed_isolation_manifold_on_twin_12l_steel_cylinders_PB128181.jpg/220px-Face_sealed_isolation_manifold_on_twin_12l_steel_cylinders_PB128181.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Face_sealed_isolation_manifold_on_twin_12l_steel_cylinders_PB128181.jpg/330px-Face_sealed_isolation_manifold_on_twin_12l_steel_cylinders_PB128181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Face_sealed_isolation_manifold_on_twin_12l_steel_cylinders_PB128181.jpg/440px-Face_sealed_isolation_manifold_on_twin_12l_steel_cylinders_PB128181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Face sealed isolation manifold on twin 12 L steel cylinders. The plastic discs are records of the latest internal inspection</figcaption></figure> <p>A cylinder manifold is a tube which connects two cylinders together so that the contents of both can be supplied to one or more regulators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Section_7-2.2_Open_circuit_scuba_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Section_7-2.2_Open_circuit_scuba-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WatersportPublishing_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WatersportPublishing-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164, 165">: 164, 165 </span></sup> There are three commonly used configurations of manifold. The oldest type is a tube with a connector on each end which is attached to the cylinder valve outlet, and an outlet connection in the middle, to which the regulator is attached. A variation on this pattern includes a reserve valve at the outlet connector. The cylinders are isolated from the manifold when closed, and the manifold can be attached or disconnected while the cylinders are pressurised.<sup id="cite_ref-WatersportPublishing_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WatersportPublishing-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, manifolds have become available which connect the cylinders on the cylinder side of the valve, leaving the outlet connection of the cylinder valve available for connection of a regulator. This means that the connection cannot be made or broken while the cylinders are pressurised, as there is no valve to isolate the manifold from the interior of the cylinder. This apparent inconvenience allows a regulator to be connected to each cylinder, and isolated from the internal pressure independently, which allows a malfunctioning regulator on one cylinder to be isolated while still allowing the regulator on the other cylinder access to all the gas in both cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-WatersportPublishing_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WatersportPublishing-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These manifolds may be plain or may include an isolation valve in the manifold, which allows the contents of the cylinders to be isolated from each other. This allows the contents of one cylinder to be isolated and secured for the diver if a leak at the cylinder neck thread, manifold connection, or burst disk on the other cylinder causes its contents to be lost.<sup id="cite_ref-WatersportPublishing_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WatersportPublishing-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A relatively uncommon manifold system is a connection which screws directly into the neck threads of both cylinders, and has a single valve to release gas to a connector for a regulator. These manifolds can include a reserve valve, either in the main valve or at one cylinder. This system is mainly of historical interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cylinders may also be manifolded by a removable whip, commonly associated with dual outlet cylinder valves, and the on board emergency gas supply of a diving bell is usually manifolded by semi-permanent metal alloy pipes between the cylinder valves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valve_cage">Valve cage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Valve cage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also known as a manifold cage or regulator cage, this is a structure which can be clamped to the neck of the cylinder or manifolded cylinders to protect the valves and regulator first stages from impact and abrasion damage while in use,<sup id="cite_ref-WatersportPublishing_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WatersportPublishing-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 166">: 166 </span></sup> and from rolling the valve closed by friction of the handwheel against an overhead (roll-off). A valve cage is often made of stainless steel,<sup id="cite_ref-WatersportPublishing_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WatersportPublishing-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some designs can snag on obstructions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cylinder_bands">Cylinder bands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cylinder bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cylinder bands are straps, usually of stainless steel, which are used to clamp two cylinders together as a twin set. The cylinders may be manifolded or independent. It is usual to use a cylinder band near the top of the cylinder, just below the shoulders, and one lower down. The conventional distance between centre-lines for bolting to a <a href="/wiki/Backplate_and_wing" title="Backplate and wing">backplate</a> is 11 inches (280 mm). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cylinder_boot">Cylinder boot</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cylinder boot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twin_cylinders_with_tank_band_and_bootsPB128184.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The lower part of a twin steel set showing a stainless steel tank band just above the black plastic cylinder boots. The boots and tank band have been fitted over close fitting small mesh netting covers intended to protect the paintwork and facilitate rinsing and drying of the surface under the boots." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Twin_cylinders_with_tank_band_and_bootsPB128184.jpg/220px-Twin_cylinders_with_tank_band_and_bootsPB128184.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Twin_cylinders_with_tank_band_and_bootsPB128184.jpg/330px-Twin_cylinders_with_tank_band_and_bootsPB128184.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Twin_cylinders_with_tank_band_and_bootsPB128184.jpg/440px-Twin_cylinders_with_tank_band_and_bootsPB128184.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Twinned cylinders showing cylinder boots, nets and lower band</figcaption></figure> <p>A cylinder boot is a hard rubber or plastic cover which fits over the base of a diving cylinder to protect the paint from abrasion and impact, to protect the surface the cylinder stands on from impact with the cylinder, and in the case of round bottomed cylinders, to allow the cylinder to stand upright on its base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some boots have flats moulded into the plastic to reduce the tendency of the cylinder to roll on a flat surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible in some cases for water to be trapped between the boot and the cylinder, and if this is seawater and the paint under the boot is in poor condition, the surface of the cylinder may corrode in those areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hendrick2000_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrick2000-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can usually be avoided by rinsing in fresh water after use and storing in a dry place. The added hydrodynamic drag caused by a cylinder boot is trivial in comparison with the overall drag of the diver, but some boot styles may present a slightly increased risk of snagging on the environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cylinder_net">Cylinder net</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cylinder net"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cylinder net is a tubular net which is stretched over a cylinder and tied on at top and bottom. The function is to protect the paintwork from scratching, and on booted cylinders it also helps drain the surface between the boot and cylinder, which reduces corrosion problems under the boot. Mesh size is usually about 6 millimetres (0.24 in). Some divers will not use boots or nets as they can snag more easily than a bare cylinder and constitute an entrapment hazard in some environments such as caves and the interior of wrecks. Occasionally sleeves made from other materials may be used to protect the cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cylinder_handle">Cylinder handle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cylinder handle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scuba_cylinder_handle_P8160074.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Top of a scuba cylinder showing a moulded black plastic carrying handle fitted by clamping around the neck of the cylinder, just below the cylinder valve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Scuba_cylinder_handle_P8160074.jpg/220px-Scuba_cylinder_handle_P8160074.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Scuba_cylinder_handle_P8160074.jpg/330px-Scuba_cylinder_handle_P8160074.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Scuba_cylinder_handle_P8160074.jpg/440px-Scuba_cylinder_handle_P8160074.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Plastic scuba cylinder handle </figcaption></figure> <p>A cylinder handle may be fitted, usually clamped to the neck, to conveniently carry the cylinder. This can also increase the risk of snagging in an enclosed environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dust_caps_and_plugs">Dust caps and plugs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dust caps and plugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are used to cover the cylinder valve orifice when the cylinder is not in use to prevent dust, water or other materials from contaminating the orifice. They can also help prevent the O-ring of a yoke type valve from falling out. The plug may be vented so that the leakage of gas from the cylinder does not pressurise the plug, making it difficult to remove.<sup id="cite_ref-Scuba_doctor_2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scuba_doctor_2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pressure_rating">Pressure rating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pressure rating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The thickness of the cylinder walls is directly related to the working pressure, and this affects the buoyancy characteristics of the cylinder. A low-pressure cylinder will be more buoyant than a high-pressure cylinder with similar size and proportions of length to diameter and in the same alloy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_pressure">Working pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Working pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scuba cylinders are technically all high-pressure gas containers, but within the industry in the United States there are three nominal working pressure ratings (WP) in common use;<sup id="cite_ref-DGE_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGE-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>low pressure (2400 to 2640 psi — 165 to 182 bar),</dd> <dd>standard (3000 psi — 207 bar), and</dd> <dd>high pressure (3300 to 3500 psi — 227 to 241 bar).</dd></dl> <p>US-made aluminum cylinders usually have a standard working pressure of 3,000 pounds per square inch (210 bar), and the compact aluminum range have a working pressure of 3,300 pounds per square inch (230 bar). Some steel cylinders manufactured to US standards are permitted to exceed the nominal working pressure by 10%, and this is indicated by a '+' symbol. This extra pressure allowance is dependent on the cylinder passing the appropriate higher standard periodical hydrostatic test.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlow_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlow-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those parts of the world using the metric system usually refer to the cylinder pressure directly in bar but would generally use "high pressure" to refer to a 300 bars (4,400 psi) working pressure cylinder, which can not be used with a yoke connector on the regulator. 232 bar is a very popular working pressure for scuba cylinders in both steel and aluminum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Test_pressure">Test pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Test pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hydro-static test pressure (TP) is specified by the manufacturing standard. This is usually 1.5 × working pressure, or in the United States, 1.67 × working pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developed_pressure">Developed pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Developed pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cylinder working pressure is specified at a reference temperature, usually 15 °C or 20 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cylinders also have a specified maximum safe working temperature, often 65 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual pressure in the cylinder will vary with temperature, as described by the gas laws, but this is acceptable in terms of the standards provided that the developed pressure when corrected to the reference temperature does not exceed the specified working pressure stamped on the cylinder. This allows cylinders to be safely and legally filled to a pressure that is higher than the specified working pressure when the filling temperature is greater than the reference temperature, but not more than 65 °C, provided that the filling pressure does not exceed the developed pressure for that temperature, and cylinders filled according to this provision will be at the correct working pressure when cooled to the reference temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressure_monitoring">Pressure monitoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pressure monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pressure_measurement" title="Pressure measurement">Pressure measurement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Submersible_pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Submersible pressure gauge">Submersible pressure gauge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finimeter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pressure gauge with a rubber protective housing and flexible high-pressure hose which would be connected to the high-pressure port of the regulator first stage, so that the internal pressure of a diving cylinder can be monitored throughout a dive. The low-pressure area of the face is coloured red to indicate that the pressure may be too low to safely continue diving." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Finimeter.JPG/220px-Finimeter.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Finimeter.JPG/330px-Finimeter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Finimeter.JPG/440px-Finimeter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Typical submersible pressure gauge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psidial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psidial.jpg/220px-Psidial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psidial.jpg/330px-Psidial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psidial.jpg/440px-Psidial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1641" data-file-height="1641" /></a><figcaption>Gas pressure in diving cylinders is measured in both <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a> psi (<a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">pounds per square inch</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric</a> <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a>, where 1 bar equals 100 kPa, 0.1 MPa or about 14.5 psi. The face of this US-made cylinder pressure gauge is calibrated in pounds per square inch in red and <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kilopascals</a> in black.</figcaption></figure> <p>The internal pressure of a diving cylinder is measured at several stages during use. It is checked before filling, monitored during filling and checked when filling is completed. This can all be done with the pressure gauge on the filling equipment. </p><p>Pressure is also generally monitored by the diver. Firstly as a check of contents before use, then during use to ensure that there is enough left at all times to allow a safe completion of the dive, and often after a dive for purposes of record keeping and personal consumption rate calculation. </p><p>The pressure is also monitored during hydrostatic testing to ensure that the test is done to the correct pressure. </p><p>Most diving cylinders do not have a dedicated pressure gauge, but this is a standard feature on most diving regulators, and a requirement on all filling facilities. </p><p>There are two widespread standards for pressure measurement of diving gas. In the United States and perhaps<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a few other places the pressure is measured in <a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">pounds per square inch</a> (psi), and the rest of the world uses <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a>. Sometimes gauges may be calibrated in other metric units, such as <a href="/wiki/Kilopascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilopascal">kilopascal</a> (kPa) or <a href="/wiki/Megapascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapascal">megapascal</a> (MPa), or in <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atmospheres</a> (atm, or ATA), particularly gauges not actually used underwater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capacity">Capacity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12_and_3_litre_diving_cylinders.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two steel cylinders are shown: The larger is about twice the diameter of the smaller, and about 20% longer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/12_and_3_litre_diving_cylinders.JPG/220px-12_and_3_litre_diving_cylinders.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/12_and_3_litre_diving_cylinders.JPG/330px-12_and_3_litre_diving_cylinders.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/12_and_3_litre_diving_cylinders.JPG/440px-12_and_3_litre_diving_cylinders.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>12-litre and 3-litre steel diving cylinders: Typical Primary and Pony sizes</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two commonly used conventions for describing the capacity of a diving cylinder. One is based on the internal volume of the cylinder. The other is based on nominal volume of gas stored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_volume">Internal volume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Internal volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The internal volume is commonly quoted in most countries using the metric system. This information is required by ISO 13769 to be stamped on the cylinder shoulder. It can be measured easily by filling the cylinder with fresh water. This has resulted in the term 'water capacity', abbreviated as WC which is often stamp marked on the cylinder shoulder. It's almost always expressed as a volume in litres, but sometimes as mass of the water in kg. Fresh water has a density close to one kilogram per litre so the numerical values are effectively identical at two decimal places accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_13769_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_13769-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standard_sizes_by_internal_volume">Standard sizes by internal volume</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Standard sizes by internal volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are representative examples, for a larger range, the on-line catalogues of the manufacturers such as Faber, Pressed Steel, Luxfer, and Catalina may be consulted. The applications are typical, but not exclusive. </p> <ul><li>22 litres: Available in steel, 200 and 232bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_15_to_22_liter_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_15_to_22_liter-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>20 litres: Available in steel, 200 and 232bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_15_to_22_liter_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_15_to_22_liter-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>18 litres: Available in steel, 200 and 232 bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_15_to_22_liter_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_15_to_22_liter-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used as single or twins for back gas.</li> <li>16 litres: Available in steel, 200 and 232bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_15_to_22_liter_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_15_to_22_liter-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used as single or twins for back gas.</li> <li>15 litres: Available in steel, 200 and 232 bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_15_to_22_liter_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_15_to_22_liter-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used as single or twins for back gas</li> <li>12.2 litres: Available in steel 232, 300 bar<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_12_to_14.5_liter_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_12_to_14.5_liter-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aluminium 232 bar, used as single or twins for back gas</li> <li>12 litres: Available in steel 200, 232, 300 bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_12_to_14.5_liter_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_12_to_14.5_liter-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aluminium 232 bar, used as single or twins for back gas</li> <li>11 litres: Available in aluminium, 200, 232 bar used as single or twins for back gas or sidemount</li> <li>10.2 litres: Available in aluminium, 232 bar, used as single or twins for back gas</li> <li>10 litres: Available in steel, 200, 232 and 300 bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_9.5_to_11.9_liter_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_9.5_to_11.9_liter-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used as single or twins for back gas, and for bailout</li> <li>9.4 litres: Available in aluminium, 232 bar, used for back gas or as slings</li> <li>8 litres: Available in steel, 200 bar, used for Semi-closed rebreathers</li> <li>7 litres: Available in steel, 200, 232 and 300 bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_6_to_9.5_liter_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_6_to_9.5_liter-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and aluminium 232 bar, back gas as singles and twins, and as bailout cylinders. A popular size for <a href="/wiki/SCBA" class="mw-redirect" title="SCBA">SCBA</a></li> <li>6 litres: Available in steel, 200, 232, 300 bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_6_to_9.5_liter_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_6_to_9.5_liter-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used for back gas as singles and twins, and as bailout cylinders. Also a popular size for SCBA</li> <li>5.5 litres: Available in steel, 200 and 232 bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_1_to_5_liter_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_1_to_5_liter-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>5 litres: Available in steel, 200 bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_1_to_5_liter_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_1_to_5_liter-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used for rebreathers</li> <li>4 litres: Available in steel, 200 bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_1_to_5_liter_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_1_to_5_liter-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used for rebreathers and pony cylinders</li> <li>3 litres: Available in steel, 200 bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_1_to_5_liter_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_1_to_5_liter-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used for rebreathers and pony cylinders</li> <li>2 litres: Available in steel, 200 bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_1_to_5_liter_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_1_to_5_liter-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used for rebreathers, pony cylinders, and suit inflation</li> <li>1.5 litres: Available in steel, 200 and 232 bar,<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_1_to_5_liter_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_1_to_5_liter-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used for suit inflation</li> <li>0.5 litres: Available in steel and aluminium, 200 bar, used for <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">buoyancy compensator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">surface marker buoy</a> inflation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominal_volume_of_gas_stored">Nominal volume of gas stored</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nominal volume of gas stored"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nominal volume of gas stored is commonly quoted as the cylinder capacity in the USA. It is a measure of the volume of gas that can be released from the full cylinder at atmospheric pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Section_7-2.2_Open_circuit_scuba_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Section_7-2.2_Open_circuit_scuba-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terms used for the capacity include 'free gas volume' or 'free gas equivalent'. It depends on the internal volume and the working pressure of a cylinder. If the working pressure is higher, the cylinder will store more gas for the same volume. </p><p>The nominal working pressure is not necessarily the same as the actual working pressure used. Some steel cylinders manufactured to US standards are permitted to exceed the nominal working pressure by 10% and this is indicated by a '+' symbol. This extra pressure allowance is dependent on the cylinder passing the appropriate periodical hydrostatic test and is not necessarily valid for US cylinders exported to countries with differing standards. The nominal gas content of these cylinders is based on the 10% higher pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Harlow_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harlow-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, common Aluminum 80 (Al80) cylinder is an aluminum cylinder which has a nominal 'free gas' capacity of 80 cubic feet (2,300 L) when pressurized to 3,000 pounds per square inch (210 bar). It has an internal volume of approximately 11 litres (0.39 cu ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standard_sizes_by_volume_of_gas_stored">Standard sizes by volume of gas stored</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Standard sizes by volume of gas stored"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aluminum C100 is a large (13.l l), high-pressure (3,300 pounds per square inch (228 bar)) cylinder. Heavy at 42.0 pounds (19.1 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-Catalina_2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalina_2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aluminum S80 is probably the most common cylinder, used by resorts in many parts of the world for back gas, but also popular as a sling cylinder for decompression gas, and as side-mount cylinder in fresh water, as it has nearly neutral buoyancy. These cylinders have an internal volume of approximately 11 litres (0.39 cu ft) and working pressure of 3,000 pounds per square inch (207 bar).<sup id="cite_ref-Catalina_2_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalina_2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also sometimes used as manifolded twins for back mount, but in this application the diver needs more ballast weights than with most steel cylinders of equivalent capacity.</li> <li>Aluminium C80 is the high-pressure equivalent, with a water capacity of 10.3 L and working pressure 3,300 pounds per square inch (228 bar).<sup id="cite_ref-Catalina_2_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalina_2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aluminum S40 is a popular cylinder for side-mount and sling mount bailout and decompression gas for moderate depths, as it is small diameter and nearly neutral buoyancy, which makes it relatively unobtrusive for this mounting style. Internal volume is approximately 5.8 litres (0.20 cu ft) and working pressure 3,000 pounds per square inch (207 bar).<sup id="cite_ref-Catalina_2_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalina_2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aluminum S63 (9.0 L) 3,000 pounds per square inch (207 bar),<sup id="cite_ref-Catalina_2_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalina_2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and steel HP65 (8.2 L) are smaller and lighter than the Al80, but have a lower capacity, and are suitable for smaller divers or shorter dives.</li> <li>Steel LP80 2,640 pounds per square inch (182 bar) and HP80 (10.1 L) at 3,442 pounds per square inch (237 bar) are both more compact and lighter than the Aluminium S80 and are both negatively buoyant, which reduces the amount of ballast weight required by the diver.<sup id="cite_ref-DGE_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DGE-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Steel HP119 (14.8 L), HP120 (15.3 L) and HP130 (16.0 L) cylinders provide larger amounts of gas for nitrox or technical diving.<sup id="cite_ref-XSS_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XSS-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_dimensions">Physical dimensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Physical dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cylinders made from seamless steel and aluminium alloys are described here. The constraints on filament wound composite cylinders will differ: </p><p>There are a small number of standardised outside diameters as this is cost effective for manufacture, because most of the same tooling can be shared between cylinders of the same diameter and wall thickness. A limited number of standard diameters is also convenient for sharing accessories such as manifolds, boots and tank bands. Volume within a series with given outside diameter is controlled by wall thickness, which is consistent for material, pressure class, and design standard, and length, which is the basic variable for controlling volume within a series. Mass is determined by these factors and the density of the material. Steel cylinders are available in the following size classes, and possibly others:<sup id="cite_ref-Vitkovice_catalog_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitkovice_catalog-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>OD = 83mm, 0.8 to 1.8 litres</li> <li>OD = 100mm, 2.0 to 4.75 litres</li> <li>OD = 115mm, 2.5 to 5.0 litres</li> <li>OD = 140mm, 4.0 to 15.0 litres</li> <li>OD = 160mm, 6.0 to 16.0 litres</li> <li>OD = 171mm, 8.0 to 23.0 litres</li> <li>OD = 178mm, 8.0 to 35.0 litres</li> <li>OD = 204mm, 10.0 to 40.0 litres</li> <li>OD = 229mm, 20.0 to 50.0 litres</li> <li>OD = 267mm, 33.0 to 80.0 litres</li></ul> <p>Wall thickness varies depending on location, material, pressure rating and practical considerations. The sides of the cylindrical section are sufficient to withstand the stresses of a large number of cycles to test pressure, with an allowance for a small amount of material loss due to general corrosion and minor local damage due to abrasion and normal wear and tear of use, and a limited depth of local damage due to pit and line corrosion and physical damage. The amount of damage and material loss allowed is compatible with the visual inspection rejection criteria. Steel cylinders are designed for test stresses to be below the fatigue limit for the alloy. The wall thickness is roughly proportional to diameter for a given test pressure and material strength – if the diameter is double, the basic wall thickness will also double. Wall thickness is also proportional to working pressure and test pressure for a given diameter and material specification. The cylindrical section has the lowest wall thickness, and it is consistent within manufacturing tolerances for the entire cylindrical section. </p><p>End thickness allows for considerably more wear and tear and corrosion on the bottom of the cylinder, and the shoulder is made thicker to allow for the variabilities inherent in the manufacturing process for closing the end, and for any stress raisers due to the process of permanent stamp marking. To a large extent bottom thickness distribution of a steel cylinder and shoulder thickness of all metal cylinders are influenced by the manufacturing process, and may be thicker than strictly necessary for strength and corrosion tolerance. Faber steel cylinders to CE standards have slightly decreased in mass for the same cylinder size from 2023. A 200 bar 15 litre cylinder with 203mm outside diameter domed bottom, reduced from 16.2kg to 145kg. The equivalent 232 bar cylinder reduced from 18.2 to 16.7kg.<sup id="cite_ref-Faber_lighter_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber_lighter-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buoyancy_characteristics">Buoyancy characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Buoyancy characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The density of a cylinder is concentrated in the ends, which are relatively thick walled and have a lower enclosed volume per unit mass. The details vary depending on the specification, but this tendency is common to both steel and aluminium cylinders, and is more extreme in flat or dished ends. As a consequence, long narrow cylinders are less dense than short wide cylinders for the same material and the same end configuration, while for the same internal volume, a short wide cylinder is heavier than a long narrow cylinder. </p><p>Buoyancy of a diving cylinder is only of practical relevance in combination with the attached cylinder valve, scuba regulator and regulator accessories, as it will not be used underwater without them. These accessories are attached to the top of the cylinder, and both decrease the buoyancy of the combined unit and move the centre of gravity towards the top (valved end). This affects the cylinder orientation for sling and side mount. </p><p>Back mounted cylinder sets are generally not removed during a dive, and the buoyancy characteristics can be allowed for at the start of the dive, by ensuring that the diver has sufficient reserve buoyancy to float with the cylinders full, and sufficient ballast to remain submerged when the cylinders are all empty. The buoyancy compensator must be sufficient to provide some positive buoyancy at all depths with full cylinders. Adjustments to ballasting can compensate for other buoyancy variables. Inability to remain consistently immersed at the shallowest decompression stop can lead to incomplete decompression and increased risk of decompression sickness. </p><p>The change in buoyancy of a diving cylinder during the dive can be more problematic with side-mounted cylinders, and the actual buoyancy at any point during the dive is a consideration with any cylinder that may be separated from the diver for any reason. Cylinders which will be <span title="See entry on this page at § stage-dropped" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_P%E2%80%93S#stage-dropped" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: P–S">stage-dropped</a></span> or handed off to another diver should not change the diver's buoyancy beyond what can be compensated using their buoyancy compensator. Cylinders with approximately neutral buoyancy when full generally require the least compensation when detached, as they are likely to be detached for staging or handed off when relatively full. This is less likely to be a problem for a <a href="/wiki/Solo_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo diver">solo diver</a>'s bailout set, as there will be fewer occasions to remove it during a dive. Side-mount sets for tight penetrations are expected to be swung forward or detached to pass through tight constrictions, and should not grossly affect trim or buoyancy during these maneuvers. </p><p>A major manufacturer of steel cylinders, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faber_Industrie_Spa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faber Industrie Spa (page does not exist)">Faber Industrie Spa</a>, claim that their steel cylinders are neutral or slightly negative when empty, but do not specify which pressure rating this refers to, or whether this takes into account the cylinder valve.<sup id="cite_ref-divefaber_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-divefaber-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table showing the buoyancy of diving cylinders in water when empty and full of air </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Cylinder specification </th> <th colspan="2">Air capacity </th> <th colspan="2">Weight in air </th> <th colspan="2">Buoyancy in water </th></tr> <tr> <th>Material </th> <th>Volume<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(litre)</span> </th> <th>Pressure<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(bar)</span> </th> <th>Volume<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(litre)</span> </th> <th>Weight<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(kg)</span> </th> <th>Empty<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(kg)</span> </th> <th>Full<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(kg)</span> </th> <th>Empty<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(kg)</span> </th> <th>Full<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(kg)</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8">Steel </th> <td>12 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>2400 </td> <td>3.0 </td> <td>16.0 </td> <td>19.0 </td> <td>-1.2 </td> <td>-4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>3000 </td> <td>3.8 </td> <td>20.0 </td> <td>23.8 </td> <td>-1.4 </td> <td>-5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 (XS 130) </td> <td>230 </td> <td>3680 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>19.5 </td> <td>23.9 </td> <td>-0.9 </td> <td>-5.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2x7 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>2800 </td> <td>3.4 </td> <td>19.5 </td> <td>23.0 </td> <td>-2.2 </td> <td>-5.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>2400 </td> <td>2.9 </td> <td>13.0 </td> <td>16.0 </td> <td>-3.6 </td> <td>-6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>3000 </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>17.0 </td> <td>20.8 </td> <td>-4.2 </td> <td>-7.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2x4 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>2400 </td> <td>2.9 </td> <td>15.0 </td> <td>18.0 </td> <td>-4.1 </td> <td>-7.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2x6 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>3600 </td> <td>4.4 </td> <td>21.0 </td> <td>25.6 </td> <td>-5.2 </td> <td>-9.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Aluminium </th> <td>9 (AL 63) </td> <td>207 </td> <td>1863 </td> <td>2.3 </td> <td>12.2 </td> <td>13.5 </td> <td>+1.8 </td> <td>-0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 (AL 80) </td> <td>207 </td> <td>2277 </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>14.4 </td> <td>17.2 </td> <td>+1.7 </td> <td>-1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 (AL100) </td> <td>207 </td> <td>2584 </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>17.1 </td> <td>20.3 </td> <td>+1.4 </td> <td>-1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9">Assumes 1 litre of air at atmospheric pressure and 15 °C weighs 1.225 g.<sup id="cite_ref-gas_diving_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gas_diving-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Cylinder, valve and manifold weights will vary depending on model, so actual values will vary accordingly. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_configurations">Applications and configurations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Applications and configurations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tec_diver_with_sidemount_tanks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The front view of a standing diver ready for the water is shown. He is carrying a sling mounted aluminium cylinder on each side, clipped to a chest D-ring and a hip D-ring." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tec_diver_with_sidemount_tanks.JPG/220px-Tec_diver_with_sidemount_tanks.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tec_diver_with_sidemount_tanks.JPG/330px-Tec_diver_with_sidemount_tanks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Tec_diver_with_sidemount_tanks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Technical diver with decompression gases in side mounted stage cylinders.</figcaption></figure> <p>Divers may carry one cylinder or multiples, depending on the requirements of the dive. Where diving takes place in low risk areas, where the diver may safely make a free ascent, or where a buddy is available to provide an alternative air supply in an emergency, recreational divers usually carry only one cylinder. Where diving risks are higher, for example where the visibility is low or when the dive is deeper requires <a href="/wiki/Decompression_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression stop">decompression stops</a>, and particularly when diving under an overhead, divers routinely carry more than one gas source. </p><p>Diving cylinders may serve different purposes. One or two cylinders may be used as a primary breathing source which is intended to be breathed from for most of the dive. A smaller cylinder carried in addition to a larger cylinder is called a "<a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">pony bottle</a>". A cylinder to be used purely as an independent safety reserve is called a "<a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">bailout bottle</a>" or <a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">emergency gas supply</a> (EGS).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Section_14-2.5_Emergency_gas_supply_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Section_14-2.5_Emergency_gas_supply-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pony bottle is commonly used as a bailout bottle, but this would depend on the time required to surface. </p><p>Divers doing <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical diving</a> often carry different gases, each in a separate cylinder, for each phase of the dive:<sup id="cite_ref-CMASISATxManual_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMASISATxManual-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel gas">travel gas</a> is used during the descent and ascent. It is typically air or <a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">nitrox</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> content between 21% and 40%. Travel gas is needed when the bottom gas is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypoxic" class="extiw" title="wikt:hypoxic">hypoxic</a> and therefore is unsafe to breathe in shallow water. The travel gas may also be used as a decompression gas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom gas">bottom gas</a> is only breathed at depth. It is typically a <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>-based gas which is low in oxygen (below 21%) or hypoxic (below 17%).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression gas">decompression gas</a>, or deco gas, is used during the ascent and at the <a href="/wiki/Decompression_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression stop">decompression stops</a>, and is generally one or more nitrox mixes with a high oxygen content, or pure oxygen, to <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_decompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerated decompression">accelerate decompression</a>.</li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Stage_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage cylinder">stage cylinder</a> is a cylinder holding reserve, travel or deco gas. They are usually carried side slung (sling mounted), clipped on either side of the diver to the harness of the <a href="/wiki/Backplate_and_wing" title="Backplate and wing">backplate and wing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">buoyancy compensator</a>, rather than on the back, and may be left on the distance line to be picked up for use on return (stage dropped). Commonly divers use aluminium stage cylinders, particularly in fresh water, because they are nearly neutrally buoyant and can be removed underwater with less effect on the diver's overall buoyancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Rigging_stage_bottles_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rigging_stage_bottles-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Suit inflation gas may be taken from a breathing gas cylinder or may be supplied from a small independent cylinder. Helium based gases are avoided for this use because they have a higher thermal conductivity. Argon can be used for this purpose as it is a better insulator than air.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout gas">Bailout gas</a> is sometimes carried in an additional independent scuba cylinder with its own regulator to mitigate out-of-air emergencies if the primary breathing gas supply should fail. For much common recreational diving where a controlled emergency swimming ascent is acceptably safe, this extra equipment is not needed or used. This extra cylinder is known as a <a href="/wiki/Bail-out_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bail-out cylinder">bail-out cylinder</a>, and may be carried in several ways, and can be any size that can hold enough gas to get the diver safely back to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.4_Emergency_gas_supply_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.4_Emergency_gas_supply-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open-circuit_scuba">Open-circuit scuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Open-circuit scuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For open-circuit scuba divers, there are several basic options for the combined cylinder and regulator system configuration: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aqua_lung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large scuba cylinder is shown, with a handle, boot, plastic net and single hose regulator with one demand valve, a combo submersible pressure gauge console and two low-pressure inflator hoses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aqua_lung.jpg/220px-Aqua_lung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aqua_lung.jpg/330px-Aqua_lung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Aqua_lung.jpg/440px-Aqua_lung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>15-litre, 232 bar, A-clamp single cylinder open circuit scuba set</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Single_cylinder_back_mount">Single cylinder back mount</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Single cylinder back mount"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A single cylinder configuration is usually a single large cylinder, usually back mounted, with one first-stage regulator, and usually two second-stage regulators. This configuration is simple and cheap but it has only a single breathing gas supply and no redundancy in case of failure. If the cylinder or first-stage regulator fails, the diver is totally out of air and faces a life-threatening emergency. Recreational diver training agencies train divers to rely on a buddy to assist them in this situation. The skill of gas sharing is trained on most entry level scuba courses. This equipment configuration, although common with entry-level divers and used for most sport diving, is not recommended by training agencies for any dive where decompression stops are needed, or where there is an <a href="/wiki/Overhead_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead environment">overhead environment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">wreck diving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">cave diving</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">ice diving</a>) as it provides no <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">functional redundancy</a>. </p><p>A single cylinder with dual regulators consists of a single large back mounted cylinder, with two first-stage regulators, each with a second-stage regulator. This system is mostly used for diving where cold water makes the risk of regulator freezing high and functional regulator redundancy is required.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian2007_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian2007-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common in continental Europe, especially Germany. The advantage is that a regulator failure can be solved underwater to bring the dive to a controlled conclusion without buddy breathing or gas sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian2007_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian2007-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is hard to reach the valves, so there may be some reliance on the dive buddy to help close the valve of the free-flowing regulator quickly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Main_cylinder_plus_a_small_independent_cylinder">Main cylinder plus a small independent cylinder</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Main cylinder plus a small independent cylinder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This configuration uses a larger, back mounted main cylinder along with an independent smaller cylinder, often called a "pony" or "bailout cylinder".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.4_Emergency_gas_supply_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.4_Emergency_gas_supply-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diver has two independent systems, but the total 'breathing system' is now heavier, and more expensive to buy and maintain. </p><p>The <b>pony</b> is typically a 2- to 5-litre cylinder. Its capacity determines the depth of dive and decompression duration for which it provides protection. Ponies may be fixed to the diver's <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">buoyancy compensator</a> (BC) or main cylinder behind the diver's back, or can be clipped to the harness at the diver's side or chest or carried as a sling cylinder. Ponies provide an accepted and reliable emergency gas supply but require that the diver is trained to use them. </p><p>Another type of small independent air source is a hand-held cylinder filled with about 85 litres (3.0 cu ft) of free air with a <a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">diving regulator</a> directly attached, such as the Spare Air.<sup id="cite_ref-sa_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This source provides only a few breaths of gas at depth and is most suitable as a shallow water bailout. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diving_cylinder_twin_7s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The rear view of a set of twin independent cylinders strapped to a jacket harness, each with a scuba regulator fitted." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Diving_cylinder_twin_7s.JPG/220px-Diving_cylinder_twin_7s.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Diving_cylinder_twin_7s.JPG/330px-Diving_cylinder_twin_7s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Diving_cylinder_twin_7s.JPG/440px-Diving_cylinder_twin_7s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>7-litre, 232 bar, DIN pillar valve independent twin set. The left cylinder shows manufacturer markings. The right cylinder shows test stamps</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independent_twins">Independent twins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Independent twins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Independent_twin_sets"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Independent twin sets</span></span></b> or <b>independent doubles</b> consists of two independent cylinders and two regulators, each with a submersible pressure gauge. This system is heavier, more expensive to buy and maintain and more expensive to fill than a single cylinder set. The diver must swap demand valves during the dive to preserve a sufficient reserve of gas in each cylinder. If this is not done, then if a cylinder should fail the diver may end up having an inadequate reserve. Independent twin sets only work well with <a href="/wiki/Air-integrated_dive_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-integrated dive computer">air-integrated dive computers</a> which can monitor two or more cylinders. The complexity of switching regulators periodically to ensure both cylinders are evenly used may be offset by the redundancy of two entirely separate breathing gas supplies. The cylinders may be mounted as a twin set on the diver's back, or alternatively can be carried in a <a href="/wiki/Side_mount_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Side mount diving">sidemount</a> configuration where penetration of wrecks or caves requires it, and where the cylinder valves are in easy reach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plain_manifolded_twins">Plain manifolded twins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Plain manifolded twins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Plain manifolded twin sets</b>, or manifolded doubles with a single regulator, consist of two back mounted cylinders with their pillar valves connected by a manifold but only one regulator is attached to the manifold. This makes it relatively simple and cheap but means there is no redundant functionality to the breathing system, only a double gas supply. This arrangement was fairly common in the early days of scuba when low-pressure cylinders were manifolded to provide a larger air supply than was possible from the available single cylinders. It is still in use for large capacity bailout sets for deep commercial diving.<sup id="cite_ref-Divex_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Divex-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifolded_twinset.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The top of a manifolded twin is shown over the diver's right shoulder." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manifolded_twinset.JPG/220px-Manifolded_twinset.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manifolded_twinset.JPG/330px-Manifolded_twinset.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Manifolded_twinset.JPG/440px-Manifolded_twinset.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Isolation manifolded twin 12-litre, 232 bar scuba set with two A-clamp pillar valves and two regulators</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isolation_manifolded_twins">Isolation manifolded twins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Isolation manifolded twins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Isolation_manifolded_twin_sets"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Isolation manifolded twin sets</span></span> or manifolded doubles with two regulators, consist of two back mounted cylinders with their pillar valves connected by a <a href="/wiki/Manifold_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifold (scuba)">manifold</a>, with a valve in the manifold that can be closed to isolate the two pillar valves. In the event of a problem with one cylinder the diver may close the isolation valve to preserve gas in the cylinder which has not failed. The advantages of this configuration include: a larger gas supply than from a single cylinder; automatic balancing of the gas supply between the two cylinders; thus, no requirement to constantly change regulators underwater during the dive; and in most failure situations, the diver may close a valve to a failed regulator or isolate a cylinder and may retain access to all the remaining gas in both the tanks. The disadvantages are that the manifold is another potential point of failure, and there is a danger of losing all gas from both cylinders if the isolation valve cannot be closed when a problem occurs. This configuration of cylinders is often used in <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical diving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CMASISATxManual_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMASISATxManual-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminium_cylinder_rigged_as_a_sling_mount_PB128186.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The sling harness is shown on a standing cylinder, with the bolt snaps for chest and hip connection and the connecting webbing and a cambelt securing the lower end of the webbing strap to the body of the cylinder." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aluminium_cylinder_rigged_as_a_sling_mount_PB128186.jpg/150px-Aluminium_cylinder_rigged_as_a_sling_mount_PB128186.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aluminium_cylinder_rigged_as_a_sling_mount_PB128186.jpg/225px-Aluminium_cylinder_rigged_as_a_sling_mount_PB128186.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Aluminium_cylinder_rigged_as_a_sling_mount_PB128186.jpg/300px-Aluminium_cylinder_rigged_as_a_sling_mount_PB128186.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1765" data-file-height="3350" /></a><figcaption>Long 9.2-litre aluminium cylinder rigged for sling mounting</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sling_cylinders">Sling cylinders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sling cylinders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Sling_cylinders"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Sling cylinders</span></span> are a configuration of independent cylinders used for <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">solo diving</a>. They are independent cylinders with their own regulators and are carried clipped to the harness at the side of the diver. Their purpose may be to carry stage, travel, decompression, or bailout <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">gas</a> while the back mounted cylinder(s) carry bottom gas. Stage cylinders carry gas to extend bottom time, travel gas is used to reach a depth where bottom gas may be safely used if it is hypoxic at the surface, and decompression gas is gas intended to be used during decompression to accelerate the elimination of inert gases. Bailout gas is an emergency supply intended to be used to surface if the main gas supply is lost.<sup id="cite_ref-CMASISATxManual_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMASISATxManual-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidemount_cylinder_set_with_regulators_fittedP9230009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pair of cylinders showing the regulators set up for sidemount diving. Each regulator has a short low-pressure inflator hose projecting towards where the diver's body would be, and the DV hoses are stowed under bungees. The submersible pressure gauges are on short hoses aligned with the cylinder axes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sidemount_cylinder_set_with_regulators_fittedP9230009.JPG/220px-Sidemount_cylinder_set_with_regulators_fittedP9230009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sidemount_cylinder_set_with_regulators_fittedP9230009.JPG/330px-Sidemount_cylinder_set_with_regulators_fittedP9230009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sidemount_cylinder_set_with_regulators_fittedP9230009.JPG/440px-Sidemount_cylinder_set_with_regulators_fittedP9230009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Sidemount cylinder set with regulators fitted.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Side_mount_cylinders">Side mount cylinders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Side mount cylinders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Side-mount cylinders are cylinders clipped to the harness at the diver's sides which carry bottom gas when the diver does not carry back mount cylinders. They may be used in conjunction with other side-mounted stage, travel and/or decompression cylinders where necessary. Skilled <a href="/wiki/Side_mount_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Side mount diving">side-mount</a> divers may carry as many as three cylinders on each side.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogaerts_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogaerts-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davis_3_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_3-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This configuration was developed for access through tight restrictions in caves. Side mounting is primarily used for technical diving, but is also sometimes used for recreational diving, when a single cylinder may be carried, complete with secondary second stage (octopus) regulator, in a configuration sometimes referred to as monkey diving.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis_1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hand-off_cylinders">Hand-off cylinders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Hand-off cylinders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="hand-off_cylinder"></span><span class="vanchor-text">hand-off cylinder</span></span> is a scuba set, usually rigged for sling or side-mount, that can be passed (handed off) to another diver for use during a contingency or a planned part of a dive, by a rescuer or a support or stand-by diver. The <a href="/wiki/Hand-off_a_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-off a cylinder">handing off</a> of the cylinder allows the receiving diver to maneuver independently of the donor, and the hand-off procedure should not compromise either diver's ability to maintain neutral buoyancy if it is needed for safety. In most cases it will be easier for the receiving diver to adjust buoyancy by adding gas to their buoyancy compensator to compensate for the mass of gas in a cylinder that is neutrally buoyant when empty than to have to dump gas from the BC when the gas in the cylinder is used up, if correctly weighted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drop_cylinders">Drop cylinders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Drop cylinders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drop cylinders, or stage drop cylinders, are cylinders complete with regulator and pressure gauge, usually rigged as sling or side mount cylinders, which are intended to be taken off and left at the guideline during the early part of a dive, to be collected on the way back. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebreathers">Rebreathers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Rebreathers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inspiration_back.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Back view of an "Inspiration" rebreather with the cover removed, showing the scrubber unit in the middle, with a small cylinder on each side. The cylinder valves are at the bottom end of the unit for easier access while in use - the valve knobs protrude through the sides of the cover when closed, at the level of the diver's waist. The oxygen cylinder is on the right and has a green knob. The diluent cylinder has a black knob." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Inspiration_back.JPG/220px-Inspiration_back.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Inspiration_back.JPG/330px-Inspiration_back.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Inspiration_back.JPG/440px-Inspiration_back.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Two 3-litre, 232 bar, DIN valved cylinders inside an <i>Inspiration</i> electronically controlled closed circuit diving <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Diving cylinders are used in rebreather diving in two roles: </p> <ul><li>As part of the <b><a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a></b> itself. The rebreather must have at least one source of fresh gas stored in a cylinder; many have two and some have more cylinders. Due to the lower gas consumption of rebreathers, these cylinders typically are smaller than those used for equivalent open-circuit dives. Rebreathers may use internal cylinders, or may also be supplied from "off-board" cylinders, which are not directly plumbed into the rebreather, but connected to it by a flexible hose and coupling and usually carried side slung.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>oxygen rebreathers have an oxygen cylinder</li> <li>semi-closed circuit rebreathers have a cylinder which usually contains nitrox or a helium based gas.<sup id="cite_ref-ready_for_rebreathers_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ready_for_rebreathers-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>closed circuit rebreathers have an oxygen cylinder and a "diluent" cylinder, which contains air, nitrox or a helium based gas.<sup id="cite_ref-ready_for_rebreathers_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ready_for_rebreathers-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Rebreather divers also often carry an external bailout system if the internal diluent cylinder is too small for safe use for bailout for the planned dive.<sup id="cite_ref-VerdierRRR7282_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VerdierRRR7282-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bailout system is one or more independent breathing gas sources for use if the rebreather should fail: <ul><li><b>Open-circuit</b>: One or more open circuit scuba sets. The number of open-circuit bailout sets, their capacity and the breathing gases they contain depend on the depth and decompression needs of the dive.<sup id="cite_ref-VerdierRRR7282_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VerdierRRR7282-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So on a deep, technical rebreather dive, the diver will need a bail out "bottom" gas and a bailout "decompression" gas(es). On such a dive, it is usually the capacity and duration of the bailout sets that limits the depth and duration of the dive - not the capacity of the rebreather.</li> <li><b>Closed-circuit</b>: A second rebreather containing one or more independent diving cylinders for its gas supply. Using another rebreather as a bail-out is possible but uncommon.<sup id="cite_ref-VerdierRRR7282_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VerdierRRR7282-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the long duration of rebreathers seems compelling for bail-out, rebreathers are relatively bulky, complex, vulnerable to damage and require more time to start breathing from, than easy-to-use, instantly available, robust and reliable open-circuit equipment.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_supplied_diver_emergency_gas_supply">Surface supplied diver emergency gas supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Surface supplied diver emergency gas supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marin_du_commerce_en_formation_de_plongeur_de_bord_%C3%A0_l%27I.N.P.P..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diver wearing a lightweight helmet with surface supply umbilical and a single back mounted bailout cylinder is shown from above, partly in the water, climbing a boarding ladder on the side of a boat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Marin_du_commerce_en_formation_de_plongeur_de_bord_%C3%A0_l%27I.N.P.P..JPG/220px-Marin_du_commerce_en_formation_de_plongeur_de_bord_%C3%A0_l%27I.N.P.P..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Marin_du_commerce_en_formation_de_plongeur_de_bord_%C3%A0_l%27I.N.P.P..JPG/330px-Marin_du_commerce_en_formation_de_plongeur_de_bord_%C3%A0_l%27I.N.P.P..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Marin_du_commerce_en_formation_de_plongeur_de_bord_%C3%A0_l%27I.N.P.P..JPG/440px-Marin_du_commerce_en_formation_de_plongeur_de_bord_%C3%A0_l%27I.N.P.P..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Commercial surface supplied diver wearing a single bailout cylinder plumbed into the helmet bailout block</figcaption></figure> <p>Surface supplied divers are usually required to carry an emergency gas supply sufficient to allow them to return to a place of safety if the main gas supply fails. The usual configuration is a back mounted single cylinder supported by the diver's safety harness, with first stage regulator connected by a low-pressure hose to a bailout block, which may be mounted on the side of the helmet or band-mask or on the harness to supply a lightweight full-face mask.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_8_Surface_supplied_air_diving_operations_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_8_Surface_supplied_air_diving_operations-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCAD022_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCAD022-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the capacity of a single cylinder in insufficient, plain manifolded twins or a rebreather may be used. For closed bell bounce and saturation dives the bailout set must be compact enough to allow the diver to pass through the bottom hatch of the bell. This sets a limit on the size of cylinders that can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Divex_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Divex-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pommec_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pommec-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_gas_supply_on_diving_bells">Emergency gas supply on diving bells</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Emergency gas supply on diving bells"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Closed_diving_bell_20151203_132327.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior view of a closed bell, showing the side door to the left, with a 50-litre oxygen cylinder and two 50-litre heliox cylinders mounted to the frame to the side of the door." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Closed_diving_bell_20151203_132327.jpg/220px-Closed_diving_bell_20151203_132327.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Closed_diving_bell_20151203_132327.jpg/330px-Closed_diving_bell_20151203_132327.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Closed_diving_bell_20151203_132327.jpg/440px-Closed_diving_bell_20151203_132327.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A closed bell used for saturation diving showing emergency gas supply cylinders</figcaption></figure> <p>Diving bells are required to carry an onboard supply of breathing gas for use in emergencies.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D014_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D014-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D024_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D024-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cylinders are mounted externally as there is insufficient space inside. They are fully immersed in the water during bell operations, and may be considered diving cylinders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suit_inflation_cylinders">Suit inflation cylinders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Suit inflation cylinders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submersible_argon_cylinder_for_dry_suit_inflation_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small aluminium cylinder, painted blue, with a label identifying the contents as argon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Submersible_argon_cylinder_for_dry_suit_inflation_2.jpg/220px-Submersible_argon_cylinder_for_dry_suit_inflation_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Submersible_argon_cylinder_for_dry_suit_inflation_2.jpg/330px-Submersible_argon_cylinder_for_dry_suit_inflation_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Submersible_argon_cylinder_for_dry_suit_inflation_2.jpg/440px-Submersible_argon_cylinder_for_dry_suit_inflation_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Submersible argon cylinder for dry suit inflation. The blue colour is a legal requirement in South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>Suit inflation gas may be carried in a small independent cylinder. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> is used for superior insulation properties. This must be clearly labelled and may also need to be colour coded to avoid inadvertent use as a breathing gas, which could be fatal as argon is an <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiant" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiant">asphyxiant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses_of_compressed_gas_cylinders_in_diving_operations">Other uses of compressed gas cylinders in diving operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Other uses of compressed gas cylinders in diving operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Divers also use gas cylinders above water for storage of oxygen for <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_first_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen first aid">first aid</a> treatment of <a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">diving disorders</a> and as part of storage "banks" for <a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">diving air compressor</a> stations, <a href="/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">gas blending</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surface_supplied_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface supplied diving">surface supplied</a> breathing gas and gas supplies for <a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">decompression chambers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">saturation systems</a>. Similar cylinders are also used for many purposes not connected to diving. For these applications they are not diving cylinders and may not be subject to the same regulatory requirements as cylinders used underwater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gas_calculations">Gas calculations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Gas calculations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a></div> <p>It is necessary to know the approximate length of time that a diver can breathe from a given cylinder so that a safe dive profile can be planned.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21848111_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21848111-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two parts to this problem: The capacity of the cylinder and the consumption by the diver. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_cylinder's_capacity_to_store_gas"><span id="The_cylinder.27s_capacity_to_store_gas"></span>The cylinder's capacity to store gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: The cylinder's capacity to store gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two features of the cylinder determine its gas carrying capacity: </p> <ul><li>internal volume : this normally ranges between 3 litres and 18 litres for single cylinders.</li> <li>cylinder gas pressure : when filled this normally ranges between 200 and 300 bars (2,900 and 4,400 psi), but the actual value should be measured for a real situation, as the cylinder may not be full.</li></ul> <p>At the pressures which apply to most diving cylinders, the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">ideal gas</a> equation is sufficiently accurate in almost all cases, as the variables that apply to gas consumption generally overwhelm the error in the ideal gas assumption. </p><p>To calculate the quantity of gas: </p> <dl><dd>Volume of gas at atmospheric pressure = (cylinder volume) x (cylinder pressure) / (atmospheric pressure)</dd></dl> <p>In those parts of the world using the metric system the calculation is relatively simple as atmospheric pressure may be approximated as 1 bar, So a 12-litre cylinder at 232 bar would hold almost 12 × 232 / 1 = 2,784 litres (98.3 cu ft) of air at atmospheric pressure (also known as free air). </p><p>In the US the capacity of a diving cylinder is specified directly in cubic feet of <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terms#free_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of underwater diving terms">free air</a> at the nominal working pressure, as the calculation from internal volume and working pressure is relatively tedious in imperial units. For example, in the US and in many diving resorts in other countries, one might find aluminum cylinders of US manufacture with an internal capacity of 0.39 cubic feet (11 L) filled to a working pressure of 3,000 psi (210 bar); Taking atmospheric pressure as 14.7 psi, this gives 0.39 × 3000 / 14.7 = 80 ft<sup>3</sup> These cylinders are described as "80 cubic foot cylinders", (the common "aluminum 80"). </p><p>Up to about 200 bar the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas_law" title="Ideal gas law">ideal gas law</a> remains useful and the relationship between the pressure, size of the cylinder and gas contained in the cylinder is approximately linear; at higher pressures this linearity no longer applies, and there is proportionally less gas in the cylinder. A 3-litre cylinder filled to 300 bar will only carry contain 810 litres (29 cu ft) of atmospheric pressure air and not the 900 litres (32 cu ft) expected from the ideal gas law. Equations have been proposed which give more accurate solutions at high pressure, including the <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_equation" title="Van der Waals equation">Van der Waals equation</a>. Compressibility at higher pressures also varies between gases and mixtures of gases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diver_gas_consumption">Diver gas consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Diver gas consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a></div> <p>There are three main factors to consider: </p> <ul><li>the rate at which the diver consumes gas, specified as surface air consumption (SAC) or <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_minute_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory minute volume">respiratory minute volume</a> (RMV) of the diver. In normal conditions this will be between 10 and 25 litres per minute (L/min) for divers who are not working hard. At times of extreme high work rate, breathing rates can rise to 95 litres per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_3.2_Respiration_and_circulation_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_3.2_Respiration_and_circulation-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a> (IMCA) commercial diving gas planning purposes, a working breathing rate of 40 litres per minute is used, whilst a figure of 50 litres per minute is used for emergencies.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCAD022_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCAD022-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RMV is controlled by blood CO<sub>2</sub> levels, and is usually independent of oxygen partial pressures, so does not change with depth. The very large range of possible rates of gas consumption results in a significant uncertainty of how long the supply will last, and a conservative approach is required for safety where an immediate access to an alternative breathing gas source is not possible. Scuba divers are expected to monitor the remaining gas pressure sufficiently often that they are aware of how much is still available at all times during a dive.</li> <li>ambient pressure: the depth of the dive determines this. The ambient pressure at the surface is 1 bar (15 psi) at sea level. For every 10 metres (33 ft) in seawater the diver descends, the pressure increases by 1 bar (15 psi).<sup id="cite_ref-BSAC_DM_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSAC_DM-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a diver goes deeper, the breathing gas is delivered at a pressure equal to ambient water pressure, and the amount of gas used is proportional to the pressure. Thus, it requires twice as much mass of gas to fill the diver's lungs at 10 metres (33 ft) as it does at the surface, and three times as much at 20 metres (66 ft). The mass consumption of breathing gas by the diver is similarly affected.</li> <li>time at each depth. (usually approximated as time at each depth range)</li></ul> <p>To calculate the quantity of gas consumed: </p> <dl><dd>gas consumed = surface air consumption × time × ambient pressure</dd></dl> <p>Metric examples: </p> <dl><dd>A diver with a RMV of 20 L/min at 30 msw (4 bar), will consume 20 × 4 × 1 = 80 L/min surface equivalent.</dd> <dd>A diver with a RMV of 40 L/min at 50 msw (6 bar) for 10 minutes will consume 40 × 6 × 10 = 2400 litres of free air – the full capacity of a 12-litre 200 bar cylinder.</dd></dl> <p>Imperial examples: </p> <dl><dd>A diver with a SAC of 0.5 cfm (cubic feet per minute) at 100 <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology#fsw" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">fsw</a> (4 ata) will consume 0.5 × 4 × 1 = 2 cfm surface equivalent.</dd> <dd>A diver with a SAC of 1 cfm at 231 fsw (8 ata) for 10 minutes will consume 1 × 8 × 10 = 80 ft<sup>3</sup> of free air – the full capacity of an 80 ft<sup>3</sup> cylinder</dd></dl> <p>Keeping this in mind, it is not hard to see why <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical divers</a> who do long deep dives require multiple cylinders or <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreathers</a>, and commercial divers normally use <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">surface-supplied diving</a> equipment, and only carry scuba as an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">emergency gas supply</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breathing_gas_endurance">Breathing gas endurance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Breathing gas endurance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amount of time that a diver can breathe from a cylinder is also known as air or gas endurance. </p><p>Maximum breathing duration (T) for a given depth can be calculated as </p> <dl><dd>T = available air / rate of consumption<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_8.5_Air_consumption_rates_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_8.5_Air_consumption_rates-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>which, using the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas" title="Ideal gas">ideal gas</a> law, is </p> <dl><dd>T = (available cylinder pressure × cylinder volume) / (rate of air consumption at surface) × (ambient pressure)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_8.5_Air_consumption_rates_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_8.5_Air_consumption_rates-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>This may be written as </p> <dl><dd>(1) T = (P<sub>C</sub>-P<sub>A</sub>)×V<sub>C</sub>/(SAC×P<sub>A</sub>)</dd></dl> <p>with </p> <dl><dd>T = Time</dd> <dd>P<sub>C</sub> = Cylinder Pressure</dd> <dd>V<sub>C</sub> = Cylinder internal volume</dd> <dd>P<sub>A</sub> = Ambient Pressure</dd> <dd>SAC = Surface air consumption</dd></dl> <p>in any consistent system of units. </p><p>Ambient pressure (P<sub>A</sub>) is the surrounding water pressure at a given depth and is made up of the sum of the hydrostatic pressure and the air pressure at the surface. It is calculated as </p> <dl><dd>(2) P<sub>A</sub> = D×g×ρ + atmospheric pressure<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_2.1_Pressure_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_2.1_Pressure-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>with </p> <dl><dd>D = depth</dd> <dd>g = <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">Standard gravity</a></dd> <dd>ρ = water density</dd></dl> <p>in a consistent system of units </p><p>For metric units, this formula can be approximated by </p> <dl><dd>(3) P<sub>A</sub> = D/10 + 1</dd></dl> <p>with depth in m and pressure in bar </p><p>Ambient pressure is deducted from cylinder pressure, as the quantity of air represented by P<sub>A</sub> can in practice not be used for breathing by the diver as it required to balance the ambient pressure of the water. </p><p>This formula neglects the <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology#cracking_pressure" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">cracking pressure</a> required to open both first and second stages of the regulator, and pressure drop due to flow restrictions in the regulator, both of which are variable depending on the design and adjustment of the regulator, and flow rate, which depends on the breathing pattern of the diver and the gas in use. These factors are not easily estimated, so the calculated value for breathing duration will be more than the real value. </p><p>However, in normal diving usage, a reserve is always factored in. The reserve is a proportion of the cylinder pressure which a diver will not plan to use other than in case of emergency. The reserve may be a quarter or a third of the cylinder pressure or it may be a fixed pressure, common examples are 50 bar and 500 psi. The formula above is then modified to give the usable breathing duration (BT = breathing time) as </p> <dl><dd>(4) BT = (P<sub>C</sub>-P<sub>R</sub>)×V<sub>C</sub>/(SAC×P<sub>A</sub>)</dd></dl> <p>where P<sub>R</sub> is the reserve pressure. </p><p>For example, (using the first formula (1) for absolute maximum breathing time), a diver at a depth of 15 meters in water with an average density of 1020 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (typical seawater), who breathes at a rate of 20 litres per minute, using a dive cylinder of 18 litres pressurized at 200 bars, can breathe for a period of 72 minutes before the cylinder pressure falls so low as to prevent inhalation. In some open circuit scuba systems this can happen quite suddenly, from a normal breath to the next abnormal breath, a breath which may not be fully drawn. (There is never any difficulty exhaling). The suddenness of this effect depends on the design of the regulator and the internal volume of the cylinder. In such circumstances there remains air under pressure in the cylinder, but the diver is unable to breathe it. Some of it can be breathed if the diver ascends, as the ambient pressure is reduced, and even without ascent, in some systems a bit of air from the cylinder is available to inflate <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">buoyancy compensator devices</a> (BCDs) even after it no longer has pressure enough to open the demand valve. </p><p>Using the same conditions and a reserve of 50 bar, the formula (4) for usable breathing time is as follows: </p> <dl><dd>Ambient pressure = water pressure + atmospheric pressure = 15 <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology#msw" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">msw</a>/10 bar per msw + 1 = 2.5 bar</dd> <dd>Usable pressure = fill pressure - reserve pressure = 200 bar - 50 bar = 150 bar</dd> <dd>Usable air = usable pressure × cylinder capacity = 150 bar × 18 litres per bar = 2700 litres</dd> <dd>Rate of consumption = surface air consumption × ambient pressure = 20 litres per minute per bar × 2.5 bar = 50 litres/min</dd> <dd>Usable breathing time = 2700 litres / 50 litres per min = 54 minutes</dd></dl> <p>This would give a dive time of 54 min at 15 m before reaching the reserve of 50 bar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reserves">Reserves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Reserves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is strongly recommended by diver training organisations and codes of practice that a portion of the usable gas of the cylinder be held aside as a safety reserve. The reserve is intended to provide gas for longer than planned <a href="/wiki/Decompression_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression stop">decompression stops</a> or to provide time to resolve underwater emergencies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_8.5_Air_consumption_rates_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_8.5_Air_consumption_rates-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The size of the reserve depends upon the risks involved during the dive. A deep or decompression dive warrants a greater reserve than a shallow or a no stop dive. In <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">recreational diving</a> for example, it is recommended that the diver plans to surface with a reserve remaining in the cylinder of 500 psi, 50 bar or 25% of the initial capacity, depending on the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">diver training organisation</a>. This is because recreational divers practicing within "no-decompression" limits can normally make a direct ascent in an emergency. On technical dives where a direct ascent is either impossible (due to overhead obstructions) or dangerous (due to the requirement to make decompression stops), divers plan larger margins of safety. The simplest method uses the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">rule of thirds</a>: one third of the gas supply is planned for the outward journey, one third is for the return journey and one third is a safety reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-Bozanic1997_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bozanic1997-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some training agencies teach the concept of minimum gas, rock bottom gas management or <a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning#Critical_pressures" title="Scuba gas planning">critical pressures</a> which allows a diver to calculate an acceptable reserve to get two divers to the surface in an emergency from any point in the planned dive profile.<sup id="cite_ref-CMASISATxManual_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMASISATxManual-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional divers</a> may be required by legislation or industry codes of practice to carry sufficient reserve gas to enable them to reach a place of safety, such as the surface, or a diving bell, based on the planned dive profile.<sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCAD022_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCAD022-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reserve gas is usually required to be carried as an independent emergency gas supply (EGS), also known as a <a href="/wiki/Bailout_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout cylinder">bailout cylinder</a>, set or bottle.<sup id="cite_ref-RRR10115_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRR10115-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This usually also applies to professional divers using <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">surface-supplied diving</a> equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weight_of_gas_consumed">Weight of gas consumed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Weight of gas consumed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Density_of_air" title="Density of air">density of air</a> at sea level and 15 °C is approximately 1.225 kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_1975_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_1975-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most full-sized diving cylinders used for open circuit scuba hold more than 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) of air when full, and as the air is used, the buoyancy of the cylinder increases by the weight removed. The decrease in external volume of the cylinder due to reduction of internal pressure is relatively small, and can be ignored for practical purposes. </p><p>As an example, a 12-litre cylinder may be filled to 230 bar before a dive, and be breathed down to 30 bar before surfacing, using 2,400 litres or 2.4 m<sup>3</sup> of free air. The mass of gas used during the dive will depend on the mixture - if air is assumed, it will be approximately 2.9 kilograms (6.4 lb). </p><p>The loss of the weight of the gas taken from the cylinder makes the cylinder and diver more buoyant. This can be a problem if the diver is unable to remain neutrally buoyant towards the end of the dive because most of the gas has been breathed from the cylinder. The buoyancy change due to gas usage from back mounted cylinders is easily compensated by carrying sufficient diving weights to provide neutral buoyancy with empty cylinders at the end of a dive, and using the buoyancy compensator to neutralise the excess weight until the gas has been used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filling">Filling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Filling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC-100608-M-3740P-5234.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The interior of a dive shop filling station is shown, with a large number of cylinders standing on the floor or on wall racks. The filling panel is to the right and the cylinders being filled are resting on an angled rack below the panel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/USMC-100608-M-3740P-5234.jpg/220px-USMC-100608-M-3740P-5234.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/USMC-100608-M-3740P-5234.jpg/330px-USMC-100608-M-3740P-5234.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/USMC-100608-M-3740P-5234.jpg/440px-USMC-100608-M-3740P-5234.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Dive shop scuba filling station</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_stationary_Bauer_HP_compressor_installation_DSC09403.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small high-pressure compressor mounted on a steel frame with a three-phase electric motor for power. A flexible plastic air intake hose provides fresh air from outside of the building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Small_stationary_Bauer_HP_compressor_installation_DSC09403.JPG/220px-Small_stationary_Bauer_HP_compressor_installation_DSC09403.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Small_stationary_Bauer_HP_compressor_installation_DSC09403.JPG/330px-Small_stationary_Bauer_HP_compressor_installation_DSC09403.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Small_stationary_Bauer_HP_compressor_installation_DSC09403.JPG/440px-Small_stationary_Bauer_HP_compressor_installation_DSC09403.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Small stationary HP compressor installation</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></div> <p>Diving cylinders are filled by attaching a high-pressure gas supply to the cylinder valve, opening the valve and allowing gas to flow into the cylinder until the desired pressure is reached, then closing the valves, venting the connection and disconnecting it. This process involves a risk of the cylinder or the filling equipment failing under pressure, both of which are hazardous to the operator, so procedures to control these risks are generally followed. Rate of filling must be limited to avoid excessive heating, the temperature of cylinder and contents must remain below the maximum working temperature specified by the applicable standard.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A flexible high pressure hose used for this purpose is known as a filling whip.<sup id="cite_ref-Worksafe_Qld_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Worksafe_Qld-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-fill_inspection_and_recording_of_details">Pre-fill inspection and recording of details</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Pre-fill inspection and recording of details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before filling a cylinder the filling operator may be required by regulations, code of practice, or operations manual, to inspect the cylinder and valve for any obvious external defects or damage, and to reject for filling any cylinder that does not comply with the standards. It may also be required to record cylinder details in the filling log.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filling_from_a_compressor">Filling from a compressor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Filling from a compressor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a></div> <p>Breathing air supply can come directly from a high-pressure breathing air compressor, from a high-pressure storage system, or from a combined storage system with compressor. Direct charging is energy intensive, and the charge rate will be limited by the available power source and capacity of the compressor. A large-volume bank of high-pressure storage cylinders allows faster charging or simultaneous charging of multiple cylinders, and allows for provision of more economical high-pressure air by recharging the storage banks from a low-power compressor, or using lower cost <a href="/wiki/Off-peak_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-peak electricity">off-peak</a> electrical power. </p><p>The quality of compressed breathing air for diving is usually specified by national or organisational standards, and the steps generally taken to assure the air quality include:<sup id="cite_ref-evil_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evil-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>use of a compressor rated for breathing air,</li> <li>use of compressor lubricants rated for breathing air,</li> <li>filtration of intake air to remove particulate contamination,</li> <li>positioning of the compressor air intake in clean air clear of known sources of contaminants such as internal combustion exhaust fumes, sewer vents etc.</li> <li>removal of condensate from the compressed air by water separators. This may be done between stages on the compressor as well as after compression.</li> <li>filtration after compression to remove remaining water, oil, and other contaminants using specialized filter media such as <a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">molecular sieve</a> or <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a>. Traces of carbon monoxide may be catalyzed to carbon dioxide by <a href="/wiki/Hopcalite" title="Hopcalite">Hopcalite</a>.</li> <li>periodical air quality tests,</li> <li>scheduled filter changes and maintenance of the compressor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filling_from_high-pressure_storage">Filling from high-pressure storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Filling from high-pressure storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cascade_filling_system" title="Cascade filling system">Cascade filling system</a></div> <p>Cylinders may also be filled directly from high-pressure storage systems by decanting, with or without <a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">pressure boosting</a> to reach the desired charging pressure. <a href="/wiki/Cascade_filling_system" title="Cascade filling system">Cascade filling</a> may be used for efficiency when multiple storage cylinders are available. High-pressure storage is commonly used when blending <a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">nitrox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">heliox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">trimix</a> diving gases, and for oxygen for rebreathers and decompression gas.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxyhacker_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxyhacker-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nitrox and trimix blending may include decanting the oxygen and/or helium, and topping up to working pressure using a compressor, after which the gas mixture must be analysed and the cylinder labeled with the gas composition.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxyhacker_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxyhacker-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_change_during_filling">Temperature change during filling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Temperature change during filling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compression of ambient air causes a temperature rise of the gas, proportional to the pressure increase. Ambient air is typically compressed in stages, and the gas temperature rises during each stage. <a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercoolers</a> and water cooling <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchangers</a> can remove this heat between stages. </p><p>Charging an empty dive cylinder also causes a temperature rise as the gas inside the cylinder is compressed by the inflow of higher pressure gas, though this temperature rise may initially be tempered because compressed gas from a storage bank at room temperature decreases in temperature when it decreases in pressure, so at first the empty cylinder is charged with cold gas, but the temperature of the gas in the cylinder then increases to above ambient as the cylinder fills to the working pressure. </p><p>Wet filling: Excess heat can be removed by immersion of the cylinder in a cold water bath while filling. However, immersion for cooling can also increase the risk of water contaminating the valve orifice of a completely depressurized tank and being blown into the cylinder during filling.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_filling_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_filling-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dry filling: Cylinders may also be filled without water-bath cooling, and may be charged to above the nominal working pressure to the developed pressure appropriate to the temperature when filled. As the gas cools to ambient temperature, the pressure decreases, and will reach rated charging pressure at the rated temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_filling_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_filling-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_and_legal_issues">Safety and legal issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Safety and legal issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legal constraints to filling scuba cylinders will vary by jurisdiction. </p><p>In South Africa cylinders may be filled for commercial purposes by a person who is competent in the use of the filling equipment to be used, who knows the relevant sections of the applicable standards and regulations, and has written permission from the owner of the cylinder to fill it. The cylinder must be in test and suitable for the gas to be filled, and the cylinder may not be filled above the developed pressure for the temperature reached when it is filled. An external inspection of the cylinder must be made, and specified details of the cylinder and fill must be recorded. If the fill is of a gas other than air, the analysis of the completed fill must be recorded by the filler and signed by the customer.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the residual pressure in a cylinder presented for filling does not produce a reasonably strong outflow of gas from the valve when opened the filler may refuse to fill the cylinder unless an acceptable reason is given for it being empty, as there is no way for the filler to check if it has been contaminated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_purity_and_testing">Gas purity and testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Gas purity and testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diving cylinders should only be filled with suitably filtered <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> from <a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">diving air compressors</a> or with other <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gases</a> using <a href="/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">gas blending</a> or decanting techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-evil_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evil-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some jurisdictions, suppliers of breathing gases are required by legislation to periodically test the quality of compressed air produced by their equipment and to display the test results for public information.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standards for industrial gas purity and filling equipment and procedures may allow some contaminants at levels unsafe for breathing,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their use in breathing gas mixtures at high pressure could be harmful or fatal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handling_of_specialty_gases">Handling of specialty gases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Handling of specialty gases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Special precautions need to be taken with gases other than air: </p> <ul><li>oxygen in high concentrations is a major cause of fire and rust.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxyhacker_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxyhacker-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>oxygen should be very carefully transferred from one cylinder to another and only ever stored in containers that are <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_clean" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen clean">cleaned</a> and labeled for <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen service">oxygen service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxyhacker_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxyhacker-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>gas mixtures containing proportions of oxygen other than 21% could be extremely dangerous to divers who are unaware of the proportion of oxygen in them. All cylinders should be labeled with their composition.</li> <li>cylinders containing a high oxygen content must be cleaned for the use of oxygen and their valves lubricated only with oxygen service grease to reduce the chance of combustion.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxyhacker_87-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxyhacker-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Specialty mixed gas charging will almost always involve supply cylinders of high purity gas sourced from an industrial gas supplier. Oxygen and helium should be stored, mixed and compressed in well ventilated spaces. Oxygen because any leaks could constitute a fire hazard, and helium because it is an <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiant" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiant">asphyxiant</a>. Neither gas can be identified by the unaided human body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_contamination">Gas contamination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Gas contamination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contaminated breathing gas at depth can be fatal. Concentrations which are acceptable at the surface ambient pressure will be increased by the pressure of depth and may then exceed acceptable or tolerable limits. Common contaminants are: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> – a by-product of combustion, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> – a product of metabolism, and oil and lubricants from the compressor.<sup id="cite_ref-evil_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evil-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keeping the cylinder slightly pressurized at all times during storage and transportation reduces the possibility of inadvertently contaminating the inside of the cylinder with corrosive agents, such as sea water, or toxic material, such as oils, poisonous gases, fungi or bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-Hendrick2000_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrick2000-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A normal dive will end with some pressure remaining in the cylinder; if an emergency ascent has been made due to an out-of-gas incident, the cylinder will normally still contain some pressure and unless the cylinder had been submerged deeper than where the last gas was used it is not possible for water to get in during the dive. </p><p>Contamination by water during filling may be due to two causes. Inadequate filtration and drying of the compressed air can introduce small quantities of fresh water condensate, or an emulsion of water and compressor lubricant, and failing to clear the cylinder valve orifice of water which may have dripped from wet dive gear, which can allow contamination by fresh or seawater. Both cause corrosion, but seawater contamination can cause a cylinder to corrode rapidly to the extent that it may be unsafe or condemned after even a fairly short period. This problem is exacerbated in hot climates, where chemical reactions are faster, and is more prevalent where filling staff are badly trained or overworked.<sup id="cite_ref-Undercurrent_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Undercurrent-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catastrophic_failures_during_filling">Catastrophic failures during filling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Catastrophic failures during filling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blast caused by a sudden release of the gas pressure inside a diving cylinder makes them very dangerous if mismanaged. The greatest risk of explosion exists while filling,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.6_Air_compressors_and_filtering_systems_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.6_Air_compressors_and_filtering_systems-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but cylinders have also been known to burst when overheated.<sup id="cite_ref-High_1999_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_1999-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause of failure can range from reduced wall thickness or deep pitting due to internal corrosion, neck thread failure due to incompatible valve threads, or cracking due to fatigue, sustained high stresses, or overheating effects in aluminum.<sup id="cite_ref-Hendrick2000_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrick2000-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scubaengineer_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scubaengineer-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tank bursting due to over-pressure may be prevented by a <a href="/wiki/Rupture_disc" title="Rupture disc">pressure-relief burst disc</a> fitted to the cylinder valve, which bursts if the cylinder is over-pressurized and vents air at a rapid controlled rate to prevent catastrophic tank failure. Accidental rupture of the burst disc can also occur during filling, due to corrosive weakening or stress from repeated pressurization cycles, but is remedied by replacement of the disc. Bursting discs are not required in all jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other failure modes that are a hazard while filling include valve thread failure, which can cause the valve to blow out of the cylinder neck, and filling whip failure.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_SF_05/10_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_SF_05/10-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_SF_19/14_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_SF_19/14-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_SF_01/16_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_SF_01/16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Inquest_96/2015_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inquest_96/2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periodic_inspection_and_testing_of_diving_cylinders">Periodic inspection and testing of diving cylinders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Periodic inspection and testing of diving cylinders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_diving_cylinders.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pile of rejected and somewhat rusty scuba cylinders lying in a yard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Old_diving_cylinders.JPG/220px-Old_diving_cylinders.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Old_diving_cylinders.JPG/330px-Old_diving_cylinders.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Old_diving_cylinders.JPG/440px-Old_diving_cylinders.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Condemned diving cylinders set aside for metal recycling</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">Testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a></div> <p>Most countries require diving cylinders to be checked on a regular basis. This usually consists of an internal visual inspection and a hydrostatic test. The inspection and testing requirements for scuba cylinders may be very different from the requirements for other compressed gas containers due to the more corrosive environment.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_jacket_test_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Schematic cut-away drawing of water jacket hydrostatic testing equipment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Water_jacket_test_diagram.jpg/220px-Water_jacket_test_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Water_jacket_test_diagram.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Water jacket hydrostatic test diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>A hydrostatic test involves pressurising the cylinder to its test pressure (usually 5/3 or 3/2 of the working pressure) and measuring its volume before and after the test. A permanent increase in volume above the tolerated level means the cylinder fails the test and must be permanently removed from service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.7_Compressed_gas_cylinders_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.7_Compressed_gas_cylinders-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An inspection includes external and internal inspection for damage, corrosion, and correct colour and markings. The failure criteria vary according to the published standards of the relevant authority, but may include inspection for bulges, overheating, dents, gouges, electrical arc scars, pitting, line corrosion, general corrosion, cracks, thread damage, defacing of permanent markings, and colour coding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.7_Compressed_gas_cylinders_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.7_Compressed_gas_cylinders-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very few cylinders are failed by the hydrostatic test. Almost all cylinders that fail are failed according to visual inspection criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-High_1999_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_1999-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a cylinder is manufactured, its specification, including <i>manufacturer</i>, <i>working pressure</i>, <i>test pressure</i>, <i>date of manufacture</i>, <i>capacity</i> and <i>weight</i> are stamped on the cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_13769_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_13769-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a cylinder passes the test, the test date, (or the test expiry date in some countries such as <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>), is punched into the shoulder of the cylinder for easy verification at fill time. <sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The international standard for the stamp format is <i>ISO 13769, Gas cylinders - Stamp marking</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_13769_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_13769-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filling station operators may be required to check these details before filling the cylinder and may refuse to fill non-standard or out-of-test cylinders. <sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intervals_between_inspections_and_tests">Intervals between inspections and tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Intervals between inspections and tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A cylinder is due to be inspected and tested at the first time it is to be filled after the expiry of the interval as specified by the United Nations <i>Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations</i>, or as specified by national or international standards applicable in the region of use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_3_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_3-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_3_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_3-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, an annual visual inspection is not required by the USA DOT, though they do require a hydrostatic test every five years. The visual inspection requirement is a diving industry standard based on observations made during a review by the National Underwater Accident Data Center.<sup id="cite_ref-URIreport1_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-URIreport1-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries a visual inspection is required every 2.5 years, and a hydrostatic test every five years.<sup id="cite_ref-EN_1802_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EN_1802-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EN_1968_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EN_1968-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> a hydrostatic test (including a visual inspection) is required 3 years after production date, then every 2 years.</li> <li>Legislation in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> requires that cylinders are hydrostatically tested every twelve months.<sup id="cite_ref-AS_2030_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS_2030-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> a hydrostatic test is required every 4 years, and visual inspection every 2 years for cylinders to be refilled by a filling station within the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Health_and_Safety_Act,_1993" title="Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993">Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993</a>. Eddy current testing of neck threads must be done according to the manufacturer's recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procedures_for_periodic_inspections_and_tests">Procedures for periodic inspections and tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Procedures for periodic inspections and tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blowdown_silencer_for_scuba_cylinders_IMG_20190517_181322.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Blowdown_silencer_for_scuba_cylinders_IMG_20190517_181322.jpg/220px-Blowdown_silencer_for_scuba_cylinders_IMG_20190517_181322.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Blowdown_silencer_for_scuba_cylinders_IMG_20190517_181322.jpg/330px-Blowdown_silencer_for_scuba_cylinders_IMG_20190517_181322.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Blowdown_silencer_for_scuba_cylinders_IMG_20190517_181322.jpg/440px-Blowdown_silencer_for_scuba_cylinders_IMG_20190517_181322.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Blowdown silencer for scuba cylinders</figcaption></figure> <p>If a cylinder passes the listed procedures, but the condition remains doubtful, further tests can be applied to ensure that the cylinder is fit for use. Cylinders that fail the tests or inspection and cannot be fixed should be rendered unserviceable after notifying the owner of the reason for failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_4_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_4-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_4_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_4-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before starting work the cylinder must be identified from the labelling and permanent stamp markings, and the ownership and contents verified,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_5_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_5-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_5_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_5-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the valve must be removed after depressurising and verifying that the valve is open. Cylinders containing breathing gases do not need special precautions for discharge except that high oxygen fraction gases should not be released in an enclosed space because of the fire hazard. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_6_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_6-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_6_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_6-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before inspection the cylinder must be clean and free of loose coatings, corrosion products and other materials which may obscure the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_7.1_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_7.1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cylinder is inspected externally for dents, cracks, gouges, cuts, bulges, laminations and excessive wear, heat damage, torch or electric arc burns, corrosion damage, illegible, incorrect or unauthorised permanent stamp markings, and unauthorised additions or modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_7.2_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_7.2-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_7.2_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_7.2-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unless the cylinder walls are examined by ultrasonic methods, the interior must be visually inspected using sufficient illumination to identify any damage and defects, particularly corrosion. If the inner surface is not clearly visible it should first be cleaned by an approved method which does not remove a significant amount of wall material.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_8_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_8-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_8_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_8-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When there is uncertainty whether a defect found during visual inspection meets the rejection criteria, additional tests may be applied, such as ultrasonic measurement of pitting wall thickness, or weight checks to establish total weight lost to corrosion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_9_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_9-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the valve is off, the threads of cylinder and valve are checked to identify the thread type and condition. The threads of cylinder and valve must be of matching thread specification, clean and full form, undamaged and free of cracks, burrs and other imperfections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_10_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_10-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_10_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_10-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultrasonic inspection may be substituted for the pressure test, which is usually a hydrostatic test and may be either a proof test or a volumetric expansion test, depending on the cylinder design specification. Test pressure is specified in the stamp markings of the cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_11_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_11-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_11_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_11-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valves that are to be reused are inspected and maintained to ensure they remain fit for service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_12_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_12-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_12_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_12-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before fitting the valve the thread type must be checked to ensure that a valve with matching thread specification is fitted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_15.2_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_15.2-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the tests have been satisfactorily completed, a cylinder passing the test will be marked accordingly. Stamp marking will include the registered mark of the inspection facility and the date of testing (month and year).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_15.4_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_15.4-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_14.5_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_14.5-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Records of a periodic inspection and test are made by the test station and kept available for inspection. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_15.7_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_15.7-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_14.8_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_14.8-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a cylinder fails inspection or testing and cannot be recovered, the owner must be notified before making the empty cylinder unserviceable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_15_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_15-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleaning">Cleaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Cleaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internal cleaning of diving cylinders may be required to remove contaminants or to allow effective visual inspection. Cleaning methods should remove contaminants and corrosion products without undue removal of structural metal. Chemical cleaning using solvents, detergents and pickling agents may be used depending on the contaminant and cylinder material. Tumbling with abrasive media may be needed for heavy contamination, particularly of heavy corrosion products.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_et_al_2006_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd_et_al_2006-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_and_Kent_2002_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd_and_Kent_2002-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>External cleaning may also be required to remove contaminants, corrosion products or old paint or other coatings. Methods which remove the minimum amount of structural material are indicated. Solvents, detergents and bead blasting are generally used. Removal of coatings by the application of heat may render the cylinder unserviceable by affecting the crystalline microstructure of the metal. This is a particular hazard for aluminium alloy cylinders, which may not be exposed to temperatures above those stipulated by the manufacturer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_life">Service life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Service life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The service life of steel and aluminium diving cylinders is limited by the cylinder continuing to pass visual inspection and hydrostatic tests. There is no expiry date based on age, length of service or number of fills.<sup id="cite_ref-High_1999_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_1999-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before any cylinder is filled, verification of inspection and testing dates and a visual examination for external damage and corrosion are required by law in some jurisdictions,<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are prudent even if not legally required. Inspection dates can be checked by looking at the visual inspection label and the hydrostatic test date is stamped on the shoulder of the cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before use the user should verify the contents of the cylinder and check the function of the cylinder valve. This is usually done with a regulator connected to control the flow. Pressure and gas mixture are critical information for the diver, and the valve should open freely without sticking or leaking from the spindle seals. Failure to recognize that the cylinder valve was not opened or that a cylinder was empty has been observed in divers conducting a pre-dive check.<sup id="cite_ref-RRR6411_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRR6411-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breathing gas bled from a cylinder may be checked for smell. If the gas does not smell right it should not be used. Breathing gas should be almost free of smell, though a very slight aroma of the compressor lubricant is fairly common. No smell of combustion products or volatile hydrocarbons should be discernible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A neatly assembled setup, with regulators, gauges, and delicate computers stowed inside the BCD, or clipped where they will not be walked on, and stowed under the boat bench or secured to a rack, is the practice of a competent diver. </p><p>As the scuba set is a life support system, no unauthorised person should touch a diver's assembled scuba gear, even to move it, without their knowledge and approval. </p><p>Full cylinders should not be exposed to temperatures above 65 °C<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cylinders should not be filled to pressures greater than the developed pressure appropriate to the certified working pressure of the cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cylinders should be clearly labelled with their current contents. A generic "Nitrox", "Heliox", or "Trimix" label will alert the user that the contents may not be air, and must be analysed before use. A nitrox label requires analysis of oxygen fraction, and assumes that the rest is nitrogen, and a trimix label requires analysis of both oxygen and helium fractions for full information for decompression. In some parts of the world a label is required specifically indicating that the contents are air, and in other places a colour code without additional labels indicates by default that the contents are air.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other places the default assumption is that the contents of any cylinder with a scuba cylinder valve are air, regardless of cylinder colour, unless specifically labelled to indicate other contents. </p><p>In a fire, the pressure in a gas cylinder <a href="/wiki/Amontons%27_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Amontons' Law">rises in direct proportion to its absolute temperature</a>. If the internal pressure exceeds the mechanical limitations of the cylinder and there are no means to safely vent the pressurized gas to the atmosphere, the vessel will fail mechanically. If the vessel contents are ignitable or a contaminant is present this event may result in an explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-Trust_but_verify_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trust_but_verify-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accidents">Accidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Accidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major diving accident and fatality research studies that have been conducted globally including work by the <a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a>, the Diving Incident Monitoring Study, and Project Stickybeak have each identified cases where the mortality was associated with the diving cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19175195_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19175195-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RRR7761_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRR7761-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some recorded accidents associated with diving cylinders: </p> <ul><li>Valve ejected due to mix up with valve threads 3/4"NPSM and 3/4"BSP(F) caused damage to a dive shop compressor room.<sup id="cite_ref-Scubaengineer_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scubaengineer-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A valve ejected during filling due to incompatible thread killed the operator by impact to the chest.<sup id="cite_ref-Inquest_96/2015_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inquest_96/2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A valve failed on a diver's emergency cylinder on a diving support vessel during preparation for a dive injuring five divers. The cylinder valve was ejected at 180 bar due to incompatible thread. Pillar valve was M25x2 parallel thread and cylinder was a 3/4″x14 BSP parallel thread.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_alert_866_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_alert_866-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_alert_986_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_alert_986-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A valve ejected due to incompatible thread (metric valve in imperial cylinder) injured commercial diver by impact on the back of the helmet during preparations for a dive. Cylinder had been under pressure for several days following hydrostatic testing, and no particular triggering event was identified. Diver was knocked down and bruised but protected from serious injury by the helmet.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_alert_480_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_alert_480-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Diving instructor's leg nearly amputated by ejected valve while attempting to remove valve from pressurised cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-Scubaengineer_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scubaengineer-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Valve ejected during filling due to thread failure, sank dive boat. Vented bursting disk retainers in the cylinder valves had been replaced by solid screws.<sup id="cite_ref-Scubaengineer_92-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scubaengineer-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Filling hose failure severely injured operator when the hose hit his face. The wound exposed the jaw bone, and 14 stitches were needed to close the wound.<sup id="cite_ref-Scubaengineer_92-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scubaengineer-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Cases of <a href="/wiki/Lateral_epicondylitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral epicondylitis">lateral epicondylitis</a> have been reported caused by the handling of diving cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-RRR9432_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRR9432-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handling">Handling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Handling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cylinders should not be left standing unattended unless secured<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that they can not fall in reasonably foreseeable circumstances as an impact could damage the cylinder valve mechanism, and conceivably fracture the valve at the neck threads. This is more likely with taper thread valves, and when it happens most of the energy of the compressed gas is released within a second, and can accelerate the cylinder to speeds which can cause severe injury or damage to the surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Section_7-4.5_Safety_precautions_for_charging_and_handling_cylinders_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Section_7-4.5_Safety_precautions_for_charging_and_handling_cylinders-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_storage">Long-term storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Long-term storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Breathing quality gases do not normally deteriorate during storage in steel or aluminum cylinders. Provided there is insufficient water content to promote internal corrosion, the stored gas will remain unchanged for years if stored at temperatures within the allowed working range for the cylinder, usually below 65 °C. If there is any doubt, a check of oxygen fraction will indicate whether the gas has changed (the other components are inert). Any unusual smells would be an indication that the cylinder or gas was contaminated at the time of filling. However some authorities recommend releasing most of the contents and storing cylinders with a small positive pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aluminum cylinders have a low tolerance for heat, and a 3,000 pounds per square inch (210 bar) cylinder containing less than 1,500 pounds per square inch (100 bar) may lose sufficient strength in a fire to explode before the internal pressure rises enough to rupture the bursting disc, so storing aluminum cylinders with a bursting disc has a lower explosion risk in case of fire if stored either full or nearly empty.<sup id="cite_ref-Moran_1999_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moran_1999-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">Dangerous goods</a></div> <p>Diving cylinders are classified by the UN as dangerous goods for transportation purposes (US: Hazardous materials). Selecting the Proper Shipping Name (well known by the abbreviation PSN) is a way to help ensure that the dangerous goods offered for transport accurately represent the hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-PSN_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSN-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/IATA" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA">IATA</a> Dangerous Goods Regulations (DGR) 55th Edition defines the Proper Shipping Name as "the name to be used to describe a particular article or substance in all shipping documents and notifications and, where appropriate, on packagings".<sup id="cite_ref-PSN_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSN-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Dangerous_Goods_Code" title="International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code">International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code</a> (IMDG Code) defines the Proper Shipping Name as "that portion of the entry most accurately describing the goods in the Dangerous Goods List which is shown in upper-case characters (plus any letters which form an integral part of the name)."<sup id="cite_ref-PSN_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSN-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hazardous materials<br /> descriptions and<br /> proper shipping names<br /> (PSN)<sup id="cite_ref-Proper_shipping_names_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proper_shipping_names-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADR_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADR-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Model_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Model-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Hazard class<br /> or division </th> <th>Identification<br /> numbers </th> <th>Label codes </th> <th>Quantity<br /> limitations </th></tr> <tr> <td>Air, compressed </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>UN1002 </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td rowspan="7">Passenger aircraft/rail: 75 kg<br /> Cargo aircraft only: 150 kg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Argon, compressed </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>UN1006 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Helium, compressed </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>UN1046 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nitrogen, compressed </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>UN1066 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oxygen, compressed </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>UN1072 </td> <td>2.2, 5.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Compressed gas N.O.S. (not otherwise specified)<br /> e.g. normoxic and hypoxic Heliox and Trimix </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>UN1956 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Compressed gas, oxidising, N.O.S<br /> e.g. Nitrox </td> <td>2.2 </td> <td>UN3156 </td> <td>2.2, 5.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_air">International air</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: International air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a> (ICAO) Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air states that provided that pressure in diving cylinders is less than 200 kilopascals (2 bar; 29 psi), these can be carried as checked in or carry-on baggage. It maybe necessary to empty the cylinder to verify this. Once emptied, the cylinder valve should be closed to prevent moisture entering the cylinder. Security restrictions implemented by individual countries may further limit or forbid the carriage of some items permitted by ICAO, and airlines and security screening agencies have the right to refuse the carriage of certain items.<sup id="cite_ref-CAA_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAA-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1996 the carriage of dangerous goods legislation of the UK has been harmonized with that of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-GN27_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GN27-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Road transport</b> </p><p>The 2009 (amended 2011) UK Carriage of Dangerous Goods and Use of Transportable Pressure Equipment Regulations (CDG Regulations) implement the European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR). Dangerous goods to be carried internationally in road vehicles must comply with standards for the packaging and labelling of the dangerous goods, and appropriate construction and operating standards for the vehicles and crew.<sup id="cite_ref-ADR_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADR-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GN27_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GN27-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regulations cover transportation of gas cylinders in a vehicle in a commercial environment. Transportation of pressurised diving gas cylinders with a combined water capacity of less than 1000 litres on a vehicle for personal use is exempt from ADR.<sup id="cite_ref-ADR_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADR-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GN27_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GN27-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leaflet_1_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leaflet_1-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transport of gas cylinders in a vehicle, for commercial purposes, must follow basic legal safety requirements and, unless specifically exempted, must comply with ADR. The driver of the vehicle is legally responsible for the safety of the vehicle and any load being carried, and insurance for the vehicle should include cover for the carriage of dangerous goods.<sup id="cite_ref-ADR_140-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADR-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GN27_143-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GN27-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diving gases, including compressed air, oxygen, nitrox, heliox, trimix, helium and argon, are non-toxic, non flammable, and may be oxidizer or asphyxiant, and are rated in Transport category 3.<sup id="cite_ref-GN27_143-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GN27-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The threshold quantity for these gases is 1000 litres combined water capacity of the cylinders. Pressure must be within the rated working pressure of the cylinder. Empty air cylinders at atmospheric pressure are rated in Transport category 4, and there is no threshold quantity.<sup id="cite_ref-ADR_140-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADR-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GN27_143-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GN27-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercial loads below the 1000 litres threshold level are exempt from some of the requirements of ADR, but must comply with basic legal and safety requirements, including:<sup id="cite_ref-GN27_143-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GN27-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Driver training</li> <li>Cylinders should be transported in open vehicles, open containers or trailers, with a gas-tight bulkhead separating driver from load. If cylinders must be carried inside a vehicle it must be well ventilated.</li> <li>Ventilation. Where gas cylinders are carried inside a vehicle, in the same space as people, the windows should be kept open to allow air to circulate.</li> <li>Cylinders must be secured so that they cannot move during transport. They shall not project beyond the sides or ends of the vehicle. It is recommended that cylinders are transported vertically, secured in an appropriate pallet.</li> <li>Cylinder valves must be closed whilst in transit and checked that there are no leaks. Where applicable, protective valve caps and covers should be fitted to cylinders before transporting. Cylinders should not be transported with equipment attached to the valve outlet (regulators, hoses etc.).</li> <li>A fire extinguisher is required on the vehicle.</li> <li>Gas cylinders may only be transported if they are in-date for periodic inspection and test, except they may be transported when out of date for inspection, testing or disposal.</li> <li>Cylinders should be kept cool (at ambient temperatures) and not stowed in places where they will be exposed to sources of excessive heat.</li> <li>Product identification labels attached to cylinders to identify the contents and provide safety advice must not be removed or defaced.</li> <li>It is not necessary to mark and label the vehicle if carrying dangerous goods below the threshold level. The use of hazard labels can assist the emergency services, and they may be displayed, but all hazard labels must be removed when the relevant dangerous goods are not being transported.</li> <li>When the journey is complete the gas cylinders should be immediately unloaded from the vehicle.</li></ul> <p>All loads above the threshold must comply with the full requirements of ADR.<sup id="cite_ref-ADR_140-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADR-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GN27_143-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GN27-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transportation of hazardous materials for commercial purposes<sup id="cite_ref-CFR_49_Applicability_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR_49_Applicability-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the USA is regulated by Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 - Transportation, (abbreviated 49 CFR).<sup id="cite_ref-49_eCFR_173_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49_eCFR_173-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cylinder containing 200 kPa (29.0 psig/43.8 psia) or greater at 20 °C (68 °F) of non-flammable, nonpoisonous compressed gas, and being transported for commercial purposes is classified as HAZMAT (hazardous materials) in terms of 49 CFR 173.115(b) (1).<sup id="cite_ref-DoT_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoT-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cylinders manufactured to DOT standards or special permits (exemptions)issued by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration and filled to the authorized working pressure are legal for commercial transport in the USA under the provisions and conditions of the regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-49_eCFR_173_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49_eCFR_173-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PHMSA_permits_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHMSA_permits-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cylinders manufactured outside the USA may be transported under a special permit, and these have been issued for solid metal and composite cylinders with working pressures of up to 300 bar (4400 psi) by several manufacturers. </p><p><b>Surface transport</b> </p><p>Commercial transportation of breathing gas cylinders with a combined weight of more than 1000 pounds may only be done by a commercial HAZMAT transportation company. Transport of cylinders with a combined weight of less than 1000 pounds requires a manifest, the cylinders must have been tested and inspected to federal standards, and the contents marked on each cylinder. Transportation must be done in a safe manner, with the cylinders restrained from movement. No special licence is required. DOT regulations require content labels for all cylinders under the regulations, but according to PSI, labelling of breathing air will not be enforced. Oxygen or non-air oxidizing (O<sub>2</sub> ≥ 23.5% ) mixtures must be labelled. Private (non-commercial) transport of scuba cylinders is not covered by this regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Monahan_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monahan-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Air transport</b> </p><p>Empty scuba tanks or scuba tanks pressurized at less than 200 kPa are not restricted as hazardous materials.<sup id="cite_ref-FAA_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scuba cylinders are only allowed in checked baggage or as a carry-on if the cylinder valve is completely disconnected from the cylinder and the cylinder has an open end to allow for a visual inspection inside.<sup id="cite_ref-TSA_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSA-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surface_finish,_colour-coding_and_labeling"><span id="Surface_finish.2C_colour-coding_and_labeling"></span>Surface finish, colour-coding and labeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Surface finish, colour-coding and labeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diving_cylinder_oxygen_label.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The white adhesive plastic label displays the gas name, Oxygen, and the chemical symbol O2 with a block of small text on the left side describing the hazards of the contents, then a green diamond symbol for compressed gas and a yellow diamond for oxidising agent." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Diving_cylinder_oxygen_label.JPG/220px-Diving_cylinder_oxygen_label.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Diving_cylinder_oxygen_label.JPG/330px-Diving_cylinder_oxygen_label.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Diving_cylinder_oxygen_label.JPG/440px-Diving_cylinder_oxygen_label.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>A contents label for oxygen usage (UK), which incorporates the hazardous materials diamonds for compressed gas (green) and oxidizer (yellow)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_15l_cylinder_with_boot_and_net_and_Aluminium_12l_cylinder_PB128188.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two cylinders stand next to each other. On the left is a round-bottomed 15-litre steel cylinder with a plastic boot, and on the right a flat-bottomed 12.2-litre aluminium cylinder without boot. Both cylinders are the same outside diameter (203 mm), but the smaller-volume aluminium cylinder is slightly higher than the larger-volume steel cylinder, even though the steel cylinder is standing on a boot and has a rounded bottom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Steel_15l_cylinder_with_boot_and_net_and_Aluminium_12l_cylinder_PB128188.jpg/220px-Steel_15l_cylinder_with_boot_and_net_and_Aluminium_12l_cylinder_PB128188.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Steel_15l_cylinder_with_boot_and_net_and_Aluminium_12l_cylinder_PB128188.jpg/330px-Steel_15l_cylinder_with_boot_and_net_and_Aluminium_12l_cylinder_PB128188.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Steel_15l_cylinder_with_boot_and_net_and_Aluminium_12l_cylinder_PB128188.jpg/440px-Steel_15l_cylinder_with_boot_and_net_and_Aluminium_12l_cylinder_PB128188.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A steel 15-litre cylinder with net and boot and a bare 12-litre aluminium cylinder. Both are labeled for Nitrox use. The aluminium cylinder also displays a triangular label specifying the date of the most recent internal inspection and an oval label recording the most recent neck thread eddy current test.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aluminium cylinders may be marketed with an external paint coating, a low temperature <a href="/wiki/Powder_coating" title="Powder coating">powder coating</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-XSscuba_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XSscuba-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plain or coloured <a href="/wiki/Anodizing" title="Anodizing">anodised</a> finish, bead-blasted matt finish,<sup id="cite_ref-XSscuba_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XSscuba-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brushed finish,<sup id="cite_ref-XSscuba_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XSscuba-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or mill finish (no surface treatment).<sup id="cite_ref-XSscuba_152-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XSscuba-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The material is inherently fairly corrosion resistant if kept clean and dry between uses. Coatings are generally for cosmetic purposes or for legal colour coding requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steel cylinders are more sensitive to corrosion when wet, and are usually coated to protect against corrosion. The usual finishes include <a href="/wiki/Hot-dip_galvanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-dip galvanisation">hot-dip galvanisation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-XSscuba_cyl_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XSscuba_cyl-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thermal_spraying" title="Thermal spraying">zinc-spray</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-XSscuba_cyl_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XSscuba_cyl-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and heavy duty paint systems.<sup id="cite_ref-XSscuba_cyl_153-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XSscuba_cyl-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paint may be applied over zinc coatings for cosmetic purposes or color coding.<sup id="cite_ref-XSscuba_cyl_153-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XSscuba_cyl-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steel cylinders without anti-corrosion coatings rely on the paint to protect against rusting, and when the paint is damaged, they will rust on the exposed areas. This can be prevented or delayed by repair of the painted finish. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: Refinishing, problems with powder coating aluminium, corrosion under attachments etc.. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldwide">Worldwide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colours permitted for diving cylinders vary considerably by region, and to some extent by the gas mixture contained. In some parts of the world there is no legislation controlling the colour of diving cylinders. In other regions the colour of cylinders used for commercial diving, or for all underwater diving may be specified by national standards.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">recreational diving</a> settings where air and nitrox are the widely used gases, nitrox cylinders are identified with a green stripe on yellow background. Aluminium diving cylinders may be painted or anodized and when anodized may be coloured or left in their natural silver. Steel diving cylinders are usually painted, to reduce <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>, often yellow or white to increase visibility. In some industrial cylinder identification colour tables, yellow shoulders means <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> and more generally within Europe it refers to cylinders with <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a> and/or corrosive contents; but this is of no significance in scuba since gas fittings would not be compatible. </p><p>Cylinders that are used for partial pressure <a href="/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">gas blending</a> with pure <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> may also be required to display an "oxygen service certificate" label indicating they have been prepared for use with high partial pressures and gas fractions of oxygen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinder_mod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white plastic adhesive label on a cylinder labeled for Enriched air-Nitrox. There is a smaller label above it on the shoulder indicating the mix proportions - 36% Oxygen, and the Maximum operating depth - 28m" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cylinder_mod.jpg/220px-Cylinder_mod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cylinder_mod.jpg/330px-Cylinder_mod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cylinder_mod.jpg/440px-Cylinder_mod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>Nitrox contents and hazard label used in the UK. The diver has added a temporary maximum operating depth (MOD) indication for easy reference.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> gas cylinders may be colour-coded according to EN 1098-3. In the UK this standard is optional. The "shoulder" is the domed top of the cylinder between the parallel section and the pillar valve. For mixed gases, the colours can be either bands or "quarters".<sup id="cite_ref-TIS_6_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIS_6-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Air has either a white (<a href="/wiki/RAL_(color_space_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="RAL (color space system)">RAL</a> 9010) top and black (RAL 9005) band on the shoulder, or white (RAL 9010) and black (RAL 9005) "quartered" shoulders.</li> <li>Heliox has either a white (RAL 9010) top and brown (RAL 8008) band on the shoulder, or white (RAL 9010) and brown (RAL 8008) "quartered" shoulders.</li> <li>Nitrox, like Air, has either a white (RAL 9010) top and black (RAL 9005) band on the shoulder, or white (RAL 9010) and black (RAL 9005) "quartered" shoulders.</li> <li>Pure oxygen has a white shoulder (RAL 9010).</li> <li>Pure helium has a brown shoulder (RAL 9008).</li> <li>Trimix has a white, black and brown segmented shoulder.</li></ul> <p>These breathing gas cylinders must also be labeled with their contents. The label should state the type of <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> contained by the cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-TIS_6_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIS_6-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Offshore">Offshore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Offshore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Breathing gas containers for offshore use may be coded and marked according to IMCA D043.<sup id="cite_ref-TIS_6_154-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIS_6-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D043_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D043-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IMCA colour coding for individual cylinders allows the body of the cylinder to be any colour that is not likely to cause misinterpretation of the hazard identified by the colour code of the shoulder. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Commonly accepted gas container colour coding in the diving industry.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D043_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D043-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gas </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th>Typical shoulder colours </th> <th>Cylinder shoulder </th> <th>Quad upper frame/<br /> frame valve end </th></tr> <tr> <td>Calibration gases </td> <td>as appropriate </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMCA_Calibration_gas_shoulder.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of cylinder shoulder painted pink for calibration gas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/IMCA_Calibration_gas_shoulder.svg/100px-IMCA_Calibration_gas_shoulder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/IMCA_Calibration_gas_shoulder.svg/150px-IMCA_Calibration_gas_shoulder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/IMCA_Calibration_gas_shoulder.svg/200px-IMCA_Calibration_gas_shoulder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Pink </td> <td>Pink </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carbon dioxide </td> <td>CO<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMCA_Carbon_dioxide_shoulder.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of cylinder shoulder painted grey for carbon dioxide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/IMCA_Carbon_dioxide_shoulder.svg/100px-IMCA_Carbon_dioxide_shoulder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/IMCA_Carbon_dioxide_shoulder.svg/150px-IMCA_Carbon_dioxide_shoulder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/IMCA_Carbon_dioxide_shoulder.svg/200px-IMCA_Carbon_dioxide_shoulder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Grey </td> <td>Grey </td></tr> <tr> <td>Helium </td> <td>He </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMCA_Helium_shoulder.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of cylinder shoulder painted brown for helium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/IMCA_Helium_shoulder.svg/100px-IMCA_Helium_shoulder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/IMCA_Helium_shoulder.svg/150px-IMCA_Helium_shoulder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/IMCA_Helium_shoulder.svg/200px-IMCA_Helium_shoulder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Brown </td> <td>Brown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medical oxygen </td> <td>O<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMCA_Oxygen_shoulder.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of cylinder shoulder painted white for medical oxygen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/IMCA_Oxygen_shoulder.svg/100px-IMCA_Oxygen_shoulder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/IMCA_Oxygen_shoulder.svg/150px-IMCA_Oxygen_shoulder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/IMCA_Oxygen_shoulder.svg/200px-IMCA_Oxygen_shoulder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>White </td> <td>White </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nitrogen </td> <td>N<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMCA_Nitrogen_shoulder.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of cylinder shoulder painted black for nitrogen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/IMCA_Nitrogen_shoulder.svg/100px-IMCA_Nitrogen_shoulder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/IMCA_Nitrogen_shoulder.svg/150px-IMCA_Nitrogen_shoulder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/IMCA_Nitrogen_shoulder.svg/200px-IMCA_Nitrogen_shoulder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Black </td> <td>Black </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oxygen and helium mixtures<br /> (Heliox) </td> <td>O<sub>2</sub>/He </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMCA_Heliox_shoulder_quartered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of cylinder shoulder painted in brown and white quarters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IMCA_Heliox_shoulder_quartered.svg/100px-IMCA_Heliox_shoulder_quartered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IMCA_Heliox_shoulder_quartered.svg/150px-IMCA_Heliox_shoulder_quartered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IMCA_Heliox_shoulder_quartered.svg/200px-IMCA_Heliox_shoulder_quartered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="171" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMCA_Heliox_shoulder.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of cylinder shoulder painted in brown (lower and white (upper) bands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/IMCA_Heliox_shoulder.svg/100px-IMCA_Heliox_shoulder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/IMCA_Heliox_shoulder.svg/150px-IMCA_Heliox_shoulder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/IMCA_Heliox_shoulder.svg/200px-IMCA_Heliox_shoulder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="171" /></a></span> </td> <td>Brown and white<br /> quarters or bands </td> <td>Brown and white<br /> short (8 inches (20 cm))<br /> alternating bands </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oxygen, helium and nitrogen<br /> mixtures (Trimix) </td> <td>O<sub>2</sub>/He/N<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMCA_Trimix_shoulder_quartered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of cylinder shoulder painted in brown, black and white sixths for a mixture of helium, nitrogen and oxygen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/IMCA_Trimix_shoulder_quartered.svg/100px-IMCA_Trimix_shoulder_quartered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/IMCA_Trimix_shoulder_quartered.svg/150px-IMCA_Trimix_shoulder_quartered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/IMCA_Trimix_shoulder_quartered.svg/200px-IMCA_Trimix_shoulder_quartered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="171" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMCA_Trimix_shoulder.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of cylinder shoulder painted in brown, black and white bands for a mixture of helium, nitrogen and oxygen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/IMCA_Trimix_shoulder.svg/100px-IMCA_Trimix_shoulder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/IMCA_Trimix_shoulder.svg/150px-IMCA_Trimix_shoulder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/IMCA_Trimix_shoulder.svg/200px-IMCA_Trimix_shoulder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="171" /></a></span> </td> <td>Black, white and brown<br /> quarters or bands </td> <td>Black, white and brown<br /> short (8 inches (20 cm))<br /> alternating bands </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oxygen and nitrogen mixtures<br /> (Nitrox) including air </td> <td>N<sub>2</sub>/O<sub>2</sub> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMCA_Nitrox_shoulder_quartered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of cylinder shoulder painted in black and white quarters for a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IMCA_Nitrox_shoulder_quartered.svg/100px-IMCA_Nitrox_shoulder_quartered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IMCA_Nitrox_shoulder_quartered.svg/150px-IMCA_Nitrox_shoulder_quartered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IMCA_Nitrox_shoulder_quartered.svg/200px-IMCA_Nitrox_shoulder_quartered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="171" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMCA_Nitrox_shoulder.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of cylinder shoulder painted in black (lower) and white (upper) bands for a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/IMCA_Nitrox_shoulder.svg/100px-IMCA_Nitrox_shoulder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/IMCA_Nitrox_shoulder.svg/150px-IMCA_Nitrox_shoulder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/IMCA_Nitrox_shoulder.svg/200px-IMCA_Nitrox_shoulder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="171" /></a></span> </td> <td>Black and white<br /> quarters or bands </td> <td>Black and white<br /> short (8 inches (20 cm))<br /> alternating bands </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scuba cylinders are required to comply with the colours and markings specified in the current revision of <a href="/w/index.php?title=SANS_10019&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SANS 10019 (page does not exist)">SANS 10019</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SANS10019_47-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This requirement applies where the cylinders will be filled or used in any situation where the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Health_and_Safety_Act,_1993" title="Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993">Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993</a> applies. </p> <ul><li>Cylinder colour is Golden yellow with a French grey shoulder.</li> <li>Cylinders containing gases other than air or medical oxygen must have a transparent adhesive label stuck on below the shoulder with the word NITROX or TRIMIX in green and the composition of the gas listed.</li> <li>Cylinders containing medical oxygen must be black with a white shoulder.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cylinder manufacturers identify their products using their registered stamp marking on the cylinder shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steel cylinders: </p> <ul><li>Avesta Jernverks AB (Sweden)<sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dalmine (Italy) (historical)<sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eurocylinder Systems AG (Apolda, Germany)<sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eurocylinder_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurocylinder-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Faber Industrie SpA (Cividale del Friuli, Italy)<sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Faber_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faber-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Industrie Werke Karlsruhe Aktiengesellschaft (IWKA) (Germany) (historical)<sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pressed Steel Tank (United States)<sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vítkovice Cylinders a.s. (Ostrava, Czechia)<sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mike's_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mike's-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vitkovice_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vitkovice-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Worthington Cylinders GesmbH (Austria)<sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Josef Heiser (Austria), now Worthington Cylinders GesmbH <sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Worthington Cylinder Corporation (United States)<sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Aluminium cylinders: </p> <ul><li>Catalina Cylinder Corp (United States) <sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hulett Cylinders (South Africa) (historical)<sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Luxfer (United Kingdom, United States, France) (They announced in 2021 they are leaving the aluminum production market in the USA.)<sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luxfer Gas Cylinders is based in Riverside, California, and has manufacturing facilities in the U.S., England, Canada, China and India.<sup id="cite_ref-Luxfer_about_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luxfer_about-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SM Gerzat (France) now Luxfer, France<sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Walter Kidde and Co (United States) (historical)<sup id="cite_ref-PWENT_156-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Metal Impact / Thunderbird cylinders (United States)<sup id="cite_ref-Metal_impact_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metal_impact-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thunderbird_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thunderbird-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">Testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a> – Periodical inspection and testing to revalidate fitness for service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottled_oxygen_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottled oxygen (climbing)">Bottled oxygen</a> (for climbing and mountaineering)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a European requirement.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a European requirement, a requirement of the US DOT, and a South African occupational health and safety requirement.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_3.3.3.3_Oxygen_toxicity-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_3.3.3.3_Oxygen_toxicity_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNOAA_Diving_Manual2001"><i>NOAA Diving Manual</i> 2001</a>, Section 3.3.3.3 Oxygen toxicity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANSI_Commercial_Diver_Training_2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANSI_Commercial_Diver_Training_2015_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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"Section 3.2 (c)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acde.us/ansistd.pdf"><i>ANSI/ACDE-01-2015 Commercial Diver Training – Minimum Standards</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York, NY.: American National Standards Institute. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520083445/http://www.acde.us/ansistd.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+3.2+%28c%29&rft.btitle=ANSI%2FACDE-01-2015+Commercial+Diver+Training+%E2%80%93+Minimum+Standards&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY.&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=American+National+Standards+Institute&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Secretariat+-+Association+of+Commercial+Diving+Educators&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acde.us%2Fansistd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aqualung-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aqualung_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2014" class="citation web cs1">Staff (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aqualung.com/uk/">"Aqua Lung UK"</a>. 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Austin, Texas: Stone Aerospace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701222301/http://stoneaerospace.com/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Salford, Greater Manchester, UK: The Luxfer Group. 22 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luxfercylinders.com/support/technical-bulletins/4-sustained-load-cracking-slc-in-ruptured-scuba-cylinder-made-from-6351-aluminum-alloy">the original</a> on 17 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sustained-load+cracking+%28SLC%29+in+ruptured+scuba+cylinder+made+from+6351+aluminum+alloy&rft.place=Salford%2C+Greater+Manchester%2C+UK&rft.pub=The+Luxfer+Group&rft.date=2007-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luxfercylinders.com%2Fsupport%2Ftechnical-bulletins%2F4-sustained-load-cracking-slc-in-ruptured-scuba-cylinder-made-from-6351-aluminum-alloy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-High2005-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-High2005_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigh2005" class="citation web cs1">High, Bill (23 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151226215532/http://www.hawaii.edu/ehso/diving/Cracking%20and%20Ruptures%20of%20SCBA%20and%20SCUBA%20Aluminum%20Cylinders.pdf">"Cracking and Ruptures of SCBA and SCUBA Aluminum Cylinders Made from 6351 Alloy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/ehso/diving/Cracking%20and%20Ruptures%20of%20SCBA%20and%20SCUBA%20Aluminum%20Cylinders.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alert+Diver&rft.atitle=Are+6351-T6+Alloy+Scuba+Cylinders+Safe+to+Use%3F&rft.issue=Q4+Fall+2017&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Gresham&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alertdiver.com%2F6351-T6_Alloy_Scuba_Cylinders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luxfer-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luxfer_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2015" class="citation web cs1">Staff (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225165352/http://www.luxfercylinders.com/about-luxfer">"Manufacturing processes: All-aluminum cylinders"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manufacturing+processes%3A+All-aluminum+cylinders&rft.place=Salford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Luxfer+Gas+Cylinders%2C+Luxfer+Holdings+PLC&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luxfercylinders.com%2Fabout-luxfer%23about163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scubadivingdotcom-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scubadivingdotcom_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2006" class="citation web cs1">Staff (19 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scubadiving.com/gear/accessories/consumers-guide-scuba-tanks">"A Consumer's Guide to Scuba Tanks"</a>. <i>scubadiving.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Faber+High+Pressure+Steel+Tank&rft.pub=Leisurepro+diver+emporium&rft.au=webStaff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leisurepro.com%2Fp-fbrhp%2Ffaber-high-pressure-steel-tank%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DirDirect-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DirDirect_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dirdirect.com/12L-Concave-Euro-Cylinder-with-Left-or-Right-Hand-Valve.html">"12L Concave Euro Cylinder with Left or Right Hand Valve"</a>. <i>DirDirect Worldwide product catalog</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DirDirect+Worldwide+product+catalog&rft.atitle=12L+Concave+Euro+Cylinder+with+Left+or+Right+Hand+Valve&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dirdirect.com%2F12L-Concave-Euro-Cylinder-with-Left-or-Right-Hand-Valve.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1963" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Fred M. (1963). <i>Basic Scuba: Self contained underwater breathing apparatus: Its operation, maintenance and use</i> (2nd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2015</span> – via Legal Information Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=49+CFR+178.37+-+Specification+3AA+and+3AAX+seamless+steel+cylinders.+%28DOT+3AA%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Transport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fcfr%2Ftext%2F49%2F178.37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Worthington-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Worthington_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington_steel" class="citation web cs1">Worthington steel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8R-I5I1Dgo">"Making a Worthington X-Series Steel Scuba Cylinder"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211118/Z8R-I5I1Dgo">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Making+a+Worthington+X-Series+Steel+Scuba+Cylinder&rft.au=Worthington+steel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DZ8R-I5I1Dgo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vitkovice_Az-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vitkovice_Az_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitkovice.az/">"Vítkovice Cylinders"</a>. <i>www.vitkovice.az</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801200257/http://vitkovice.az/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vitkovice.az&rft.atitle=V%C3%ADtkovice+Cylinders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitkovice.az%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO_11116-1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO_11116-1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTechnical_Committee_58_Gas_cylinders1999" class="citation book cs1">Technical Committee 58 Gas cylinders (25 March 1999). <i>ISO 11116-1: Gas cylinders - 17E taper thread for connection of valves to gas cylinders</i> (First ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organization.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISO+11116-1%3A+Gas+cylinders+-+17E+taper+thread+for+connection+of+valves+to+gas+cylinders&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=International+Standards+Organization&rft.date=1999-03-25&rft.au=Technical+Committee+58+Gas+cylinders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO13341-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISO13341_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO13341_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO13341_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTechnical_Committee_ISO/TC_58,_Gas_cylinders1997" class="citation book cs1">Technical Committee ISO/TC 58, Gas cylinders (15 October 1997). <i>ISO 13341:1997 Transportable gas cylinders - Fitting of valves to gas cylinders</i> (1st ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organisation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ISO+13341%3A1997+Transportable+gas+cylinders+-+Fitting+of+valves+to+gas+cylinders&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=International+Standards+Organisation&rft.date=1997-10-15&rft.au=Technical+Committee+ISO%2FTC+58%2C+Gas+cylinders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BS2779-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BS2779_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_MCE/181986" class="citation report cs1">Committee MCE/18 (1986). Specification for pipe threads for tubes and fittings where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads (metric dimensions). <i>British Standard 2779</i> (Report). London: British Standards Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-580-15212-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-580-15212-X"><bdi>0-580-15212-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Specification+for+pipe+threads+for+tubes+and+fittings+where+pressure-tight+joints+are+not+made+on+the+threads+%28metric+dimensions%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Standards+Institution&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-580-15212-X&rft.au=Committee+MCE%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metal_Cutting_Tool-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metal_Cutting_Tool_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetal_Cutting_Tool_Institute1989" class="citation book cs1">Metal Cutting Tool Institute (1989). "Tap and Die section: American Standard Gas Cylinder Valve Threads". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LYFFYiV1fq4C&q=NGS+thread"><i>Metal Cutting Tool Handbook</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Industrial Press Inc. p. 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780831111779" title="Special:BookSources/9780831111779"><bdi>9780831111779</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418164227/https://books.google.com/books?id=LYFFYiV1fq4C&q=NGS+thread">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tap+and+Die+section%3A+American+Standard+Gas+Cylinder+Valve+Threads&rft.btitle=Metal+Cutting+Tool+Handbook&rft.pages=447&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Industrial+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780831111779&rft.au=Metal+Cutting+Tool+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYFFYiV1fq4C%26q%3DNGS%2Bthread&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catalina-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catalina_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catalina_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalinacylinders.com/support/valving-of-scuba-air-cylinders/">"Valving of SCUBA (Air) Cylinders"</a>. <i>Support documents</i>. Garden Grove, California: Catalina Cylinders. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114004730/http://www.catalinacylinders.com/support/valving-of-scuba-air-cylinders/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Support+documents&rft.atitle=Valving+of+SCUBA+%28Air%29+Cylinders&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catalinacylinders.com%2Fsupport%2Fvalving-of-scuba-air-cylinders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XS_Scuba-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-XS_Scuba_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xsscuba.com/luxfer-limited-106-composite-cylinder">"Luxfer Limited 106"</a>. <i>Catalog</i>. XS Scuba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809192748/http://www.xsscuba.com/luxfer-limited-106-composite-cylinder">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catalog&rft.atitle=Luxfer+Limited+106&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xsscuba.com%2Fluxfer-limited-106-composite-cylinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO_13769-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_13769_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_13769_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_13769_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_13769_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_13769_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTechnical_Committee_ISO/TC_58,_Gas_cylinders,_Subcommittee_SC_42002" class="citation web cs1">Technical Committee ISO/TC 58, Gas cylinders, Subcommittee SC 4 (1 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.austrian-standards.at/Preview.action;jsessionid=414C81EA1A20B7CCA4707282631D27DB?preview=&dokkey=68395&selectedLocale=en">"Gas cylinders — Stamp marking"</a>. <i>ISO 13769</i> (first ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organisation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109021342/https://shop.austrian-standards.at/Preview.action;jsessionid=414C81EA1A20B7CCA4707282631D27DB?preview=&dokkey=68395&selectedLocale=en">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO+13769&rft.atitle=Gas+cylinders+%E2%80%94+Stamp+marking&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft.au=Technical+Committee+ISO%2FTC+58%2C+Gas+cylinders%2C+Subcommittee+SC+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshop.austrian-standards.at%2FPreview.action%3Bjsessionid%3D414C81EA1A20B7CCA4707282631D27DB%3Fpreview%3D%26dokkey%3D68395%26selectedLocale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PADI-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PADI_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.padi.com/scuba-diving/padi-courses/course-catalog/about-scuba-gear/tank/">"Advanced Open Water Diver Course - Standard Scuba Tank Features"</a>. Rancho Santa Margarita, California: PADI. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127183200/http://www.padi.com/scuba-diving/padi-courses/course-catalog/about-scuba-gear/tank/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advanced+Open+Water+Diver+Course+-+Standard+Scuba+Tank+Features&rft.place=Rancho+Santa+Margarita%2C+California&rft.pub=PADI&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.padi.com%2Fscuba-diving%2Fpadi-courses%2Fcourse-catalog%2Fabout-scuba-gear%2Ftank%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harlow-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harlow_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harlow_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harlow_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlow1999" class="citation book cs1">Harlow, Vance (1999). <i>Scuba regulator maintenance and repair</i>. Warner, New Hampshire: Airspeed press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9678873-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9678873-0-5"><bdi>0-9678873-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scuba+regulator+maintenance+and+repair&rft.place=Warner%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=Airspeed+press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-9678873-0-5&rft.aulast=Harlow&rft.aufirst=Vance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barsky-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barsky_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarskyNeuman2003" class="citation book cs1">Barsky, Steven; Neuman, Tom (2003). <i>Investigating Recreational and Commercial Diving Accidents</i>. Santa Barbara, California: Hammerhead Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9674305-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9674305-3-4"><bdi>0-9674305-3-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Investigating+Recreational+and+Commercial+Diving+Accidents&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Hammerhead+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-9674305-3-4&rft.aulast=Barsky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Neuman%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scuba_Doctor-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scuba_Doctor_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scubadoctor.com.au/diveshop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=294">"San-o-Sub DIN/K Cylinder Valve - 232 bar"</a>. Melbourne, Victoria: The Scuba Doctor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093408/https://www.scubadoctor.com.au/diveshop/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=294">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San-o-Sub+DIN%2FK+Cylinder+Valve+-+232+bar&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=The+Scuba+Doctor&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scubadoctor.com.au%2Fdiveshop%2Findex.php%3Fmain_page%3Dproduct_info%26products_id%3D294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavagna-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cavagna_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remixbg.com/Documentation/Documents/Drugi/pressure.pdf">"High pressure cylinder valves"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cavagna group, Ponte S. Marco di Calcinato, Italy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209182242/http://www.remixbg.com/Documentation/Documents/Drugi/pressure.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+pressure+cylinder+valves&rft.pub=Cavagna+group%2C+Ponte+S.+Marco+di+Calcinato%2C+Italy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remixbg.com%2FDocumentation%2FDocuments%2FDrugi%2Fpressure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apeks_valves-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apeks_valves_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108053720/http://www.apeksdiving.com/uk/manifolds-cylinder-bands/product/apeks-left-and-right-hand-cylinder-valve.html">"Apeks Left and Right hand Cylinder Valve"</a>. <i>Products</i>. Blackburn, United Kingdom: Apeks Marine Equipment. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apeksdiving.com/uk/manifolds-cylinder-bands/product/apeks-left-and-right-hand-cylinder-valve.html">the original</a> on 8 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Products&rft.atitle=Apeks+Left+and+Right+hand+Cylinder+Valve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apeksdiving.com%2Fuk%2Fmanifolds-cylinder-bands%2Fproduct%2Fapeks-left-and-right-hand-cylinder-valve.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowding_2003-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dowding_2003_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowding2003" class="citation book cs1">Dowding, Scott (2003). <i>The Recreational Diver's Dictionary & Historical Timeline</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595294688" title="Special:BookSources/9780595294688"><bdi>9780595294688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Recreational+Diver%27s+Dictionary+%26+Historical+Timeline&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780595294688&rft.aulast=Dowding&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCA_SF_05/10-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_SF_05/10_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_SF_05/10_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imca-int.com/alert/525/diver-injury-during-air-cylinder-recharging/">"Diver injury during air cylinder recharging"</a>. International Marine Contractors Association. 18 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126061046/https://www.imca-int.com/alert/525/diver-injury-during-air-cylinder-recharging/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diver+injury+during+air+cylinder+recharging&rft.pub=International+Marine+Contractors+Association&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imca-int.com%2Falert%2F525%2Fdiver-injury-during-air-cylinder-recharging%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span> M25x2 valve, cylinder had a Whitworth imperial thread of 1 inch (25.4 mm)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCA_SF_19/14-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_SF_19/14_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_SF_19/14_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imca-int.com/alert/866/injuries-due-to-failure-of-divers-emergency-gas-cylinder/">"Injuries due to failure of diver's emergency gas cylinder"</a>. International Marine Contractors Association. 18 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126061133/https://www.imca-int.com/alert/866/injuries-due-to-failure-of-divers-emergency-gas-cylinder/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Injuries+due+to+failure+of+diver%27s+emergency+gas+cylinder&rft.pub=International+Marine+Contractors+Association&rft.date=2014-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imca-int.com%2Falert%2F866%2Finjuries-due-to-failure-of-divers-emergency-gas-cylinder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span> M25x2 valve in 3/4"x14tpi cylinder</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCA_SF_01/16-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_SF_01/16_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_SF_01/16_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imca-int.com/alert/986/injuries-due-to-failure-of-divers-emergency-gas-cylinder-use-of-incompatible-threads/">"Injuries due to failure of divers emergency gas cylinder – use of incompatible threads"</a>. International Marine Contractors Association. 7 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126061114/https://www.imca-int.com/alert/986/injuries-due-to-failure-of-divers-emergency-gas-cylinder-use-of-incompatible-threads/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Injuries+due+to+failure+of+divers+emergency+gas+cylinder+%E2%80%93+use+of+incompatible+threads&rft.pub=International+Marine+Contractors+Association&rft.date=2016-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imca-int.com%2Falert%2F986%2Finjuries-due-to-failure-of-divers-emergency-gas-cylinder-use-of-incompatible-threads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span> M25x2 cylinder, 3/4″x14 BSP valve</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Inquest_96/2015-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inquest_96/2015_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inquest_96/2015_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inquest_96/2015_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Transcript of the court records of Inquest No. 96/2015</i>. Cape Town: Magistrates court for the district of the Cape. 30 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+the+court+records+of+Inquest+No.+96%2F2015&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=Magistrates+court+for+the+district+of+the+Cape&rft.date=2015-11-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker_2002-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barker_2002_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2002" class="citation report cs1">Barker, Jim (14 June 2002). Luxfer gas cylinders: Questions and answers from the technical seminars held in South Asia, Jan/Feb 2002 (Report). Luxfer Asia-Pacific.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Luxfer+gas+cylinders%3A+Questions+and+answers+from+the+technical+seminars+held+in+South+Asia%2C+Jan%2FFeb+2002&rft.pub=Luxfer+Asia-Pacific&rft.date=2002-06-14&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Section_7-2.2_Open_circuit_scuba-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Section_7-2.2_Open_circuit_scuba_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Section_7-2.2_Open_circuit_scuba_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUS_Navy_Diving_Manual2006"><i>US Navy Diving Manual</i> 2006</a>, Section 7-2.2 Open circuit scuba.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WatersportPublishing-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WatersportPublishing_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WatersportPublishing_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WatersportPublishing_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WatersportPublishing_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WatersportPublishing_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WatersportPublishing_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliamVon_MaierCrea1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bret_Gilliam" title="Bret Gilliam">Gilliam, Bret C</a>; Von Maier, Robert; Crea, John (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVbjgdorRXAC&q=independent+doubles+diving&pg=PA163"><i>Deep diving: an advanced guide to physiology, procedures and systems</i></a>. San Diego, California: Watersport Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-922769-30-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-922769-30-3"><bdi>0-922769-30-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418164247/https://books.google.com/books?id=HVbjgdorRXAC&q=independent+doubles+diving&pg=PA163">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+diving%3A+an+advanced+guide+to+physiology%2C+procedures+and+systems.&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+California&rft.pub=Watersport+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-922769-30-3&rft.aulast=Gilliam&rft.aufirst=Bret+C&rft.au=Von+Maier%2C+Robert&rft.au=Crea%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVbjgdorRXAC%26q%3Dindependent%2Bdoubles%2Bdiving%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Section_5.5_Compressed_air_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNOAA_Diving_Manual2001"><i>NOAA Diving Manual</i> 2001</a>, Section 5.5 Compressed air.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2005" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Jack (2005). <i>Complete Diving Manual</i>. London: New Holland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84330-870-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84330-870-3"><bdi>1-84330-870-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Diving+Manual&rft.place=London&rft.pub=New+Holland&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84330-870-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hendrick2000-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hendrick2000_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hendrick2000_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hendrick2000_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickZaferesNelson2000" class="citation book cs1">Hendrick W, Zaferes A, Nelson C (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pK_Rer_ArIgC&q=scuba+cylinder+failure&pg=PA98"><i>Public Safety Diving</i></a>. Tulsa, Oklahoma: <a href="/wiki/PennWell_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="PennWell Books">PennWell Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0912212942" title="Special:BookSources/0912212942"><bdi>0912212942</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230304195400/https://books.google.com/books?id=pK_Rer_ArIgC&q=scuba+cylinder+failure&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Safety+Diving&rft.place=Tulsa%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=PennWell+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0912212942&rft.aulast=Hendrick&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Zaferes%2C+A&rft.au=Nelson%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpK_Rer_ArIgC%26q%3Dscuba%2Bcylinder%2Bfailure%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scuba_doctor_2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scuba_doctor_2_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scubadoctor.com.au/diveshop/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=83_84&products_id=2758&zenid=bdf19f18d6ea4de2db529e8ee91dcb94">"DIN Valve Cover Plug - Machined Delrin"</a>. Melbourne, Victoria: The Scuba Doctor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418164239/https://www.scubadoctor.com.au/diveshop/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=83_84&products_id=2758&zenid=bdf19f18d6ea4de2db529e8ee91dcb94">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DIN+Valve+Cover+Plug+-+Machined+Delrin&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=The+Scuba+Doctor&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scubadoctor.com.au%2Fdiveshop%2Findex.php%3Fmain_page%3Dproduct_info%26cPath%3D83_84%26products_id%3D2758%26zenid%3Dbdf19f18d6ea4de2db529e8ee91dcb94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DGE-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DGE_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DGE_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415190644/https://www.divegearexpress.com/library/tanks.shtml">"How to select a SCUBA tank"</a>. <i>www.divegearexpress.com</i>. Pompano Beach, Florida: Dive Gear Express, LLC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.divegearexpress.com/library/tanks.shtml">the original</a> on 15 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.divegearexpress.com&rft.atitle=How+to+select+a+SCUBA+tank&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divegearexpress.com%2Flibrary%2Ftanks.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SANS10019-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANS10019_47-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>South African National Standard SANS 10019:2008 Transportable containers for compressed, dissolved and liquefied gases - Basic design, manufacture, use and maintenance</i> (6th ed.). Pretoria, South Africa: Standards South Africa. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-626-19228-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-626-19228-0"><bdi>978-0-626-19228-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+African+National+Standard+SANS+10019%3A2008+Transportable+containers+for+compressed%2C+dissolved+and+liquefied+gases+-+Basic+design%2C+manufacture%2C+use+and+maintenance&rft.place=Pretoria%2C+South+Africa&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Standards+South+Africa&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-626-19228-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faber_15_to_22_liter-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_15_to_22_liter_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_15_to_22_liter_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_15_to_22_liter_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_15_to_22_liter_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_15_to_22_liter_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divefaber.com/list/print/scuba_lpr.asp?da=14.5&a=22">"Faber cylinders for Scuba Diving"</a>. <i>Catalog page for 15- to 22-litre steel cylinders</i>. Cividale del Friuli, Italy: Faber Industrie S.p.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131215817/http://www.divefaber.com/list/print/scuba_lpr.asp?da=14.5&a=22">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catalog+page+for+15-+to+22-litre+steel+cylinders&rft.atitle=Faber+cylinders+for+Scuba+Diving&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divefaber.com%2Flist%2Fprint%2Fscuba_lpr.asp%3Fda%3D14.5%26a%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faber_12_to_14.5_liter-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_12_to_14.5_liter_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_12_to_14.5_liter_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divefaber.com/list/print/scuba_lpr.asp?da=11.96&a=14.5">"Faber cylinders for Scuba Diving"</a>. <i>Catalog page for 12- to 14.5-litre steel cylinders</i>. Cividale del Friuli, Italy: Faber Industrie S.p.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201004031/http://www.divefaber.com/list/print/scuba_lpr.asp?da=11.96&a=14.5">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catalog+page+for+12-+to+14.5-litre+steel+cylinders&rft.atitle=Faber+cylinders+for+Scuba+Diving&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divefaber.com%2Flist%2Fprint%2Fscuba_lpr.asp%3Fda%3D11.96%26a%3D14.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faber_9.5_to_11.9_liter-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faber_9.5_to_11.9_liter_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divefaber.com/list/print/scuba_lpr.asp?da=9.5&a=11.96">"Faber cylinders for Scuba Diving"</a>. <i>Catalog page for 9.5- to 11.9-litre steel cylinders</i>. Cividale del Friuli, Italy: Faber Industrie S.p.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201011811/http://www.divefaber.com/list/print/scuba_lpr.asp?da=9.5&a=11.96">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catalog+page+for+9.5-+to+11.9-litre+steel+cylinders&rft.atitle=Faber+cylinders+for+Scuba+Diving&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divefaber.com%2Flist%2Fprint%2Fscuba_lpr.asp%3Fda%3D9.5%26a%3D11.96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faber_6_to_9.5_liter-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_6_to_9.5_liter_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_6_to_9.5_liter_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divefaber.com/list/print/scuba_lpr.asp?da=5.5&a=9.5">"Faber cylinders for Scuba Diving"</a>. <i>Catalog page for 6-litre to 9.5-litre steel cylinders</i>. Cividale del Friuli, Italy: Faber Industrie S.p.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131234948/http://www.divefaber.com/list/print/scuba_lpr.asp?da=5.5&a=9.5">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catalog+page+for+6-litre+to+9.5-litre+steel+cylinders&rft.atitle=Faber+cylinders+for+Scuba+Diving&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divefaber.com%2Flist%2Fprint%2Fscuba_lpr.asp%3Fda%3D5.5%26a%3D9.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faber_1_to_5_liter-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_1_to_5_liter_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_1_to_5_liter_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_1_to_5_liter_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_1_to_5_liter_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_1_to_5_liter_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faber_1_to_5_liter_52-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divefaber.com/list/print/scuba_lpr.asp?da=1&a=5.5">"Faber cylinders for Scuba Diving"</a>. <i>Catalog page for 1-litre to 5.5-litre steel cylinders</i>. Cividale del Friuli, Italy: Faber Industrie S.p.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131233452/http://www.divefaber.com/list/print/scuba_lpr.asp?da=1&a=5.5">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catalog+page+for+1-litre+to+5.5-litre+steel+cylinders&rft.atitle=Faber+cylinders+for+Scuba+Diving&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divefaber.com%2Flist%2Fprint%2Fscuba_lpr.asp%3Fda%3D1%26a%3D5.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catalina_2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catalina_2_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catalina_2_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catalina_2_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catalina_2_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catalina_2_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalinacylinders.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ScubaSpec.2-11-15color.pdf">"Scuba specifications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Garden Grove, California: Catalina Cylinders Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150724052104/http://www.catalinacylinders.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/ScubaSpec.2-11-15color.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scuba+specifications&rft.place=Garden+Grove%2C+California&rft.pub=Catalina+Cylinders+Inc.&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catalinacylinders.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F02%2FScubaSpec.2-11-15color.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XSS-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-XSS_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2013" class="citation web cs1">Staff (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051216151917/http://www.xsscuba.com/tank_steel_specs_metric.html#2">"Worthington steel cylinder specifications"</a>. XS Scuba. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xsscuba.com/tank_steel_specs_metric.html#2">the original</a> on 16 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worthington+steel+cylinder+specifications&rft.pub=XS+Scuba&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xsscuba.com%2Ftank_steel_specs_metric.html%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vitkovice_catalog-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vitkovice_catalog_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitkovice.cz/documents/10181/0/Katalog+%E2%80%93+Ocelov%C3%A9+lahve/10daa990-32cc-4bc3-ac05-2d8831c80262?version=1.0">"Steel cylinders"</a>. <i>www.vitkovice.cz</i>. Vítkovice Cylinders. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422201342/http://www.vitkovice.cz/documents/10181/0/Katalog+%E2%80%93+Ocelov%C3%A9+lahve/10daa990-32cc-4bc3-ac05-2d8831c80262?version=1.0">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vitkovice.cz&rft.atitle=Steel+cylinders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitkovice.cz%2Fdocuments%2F10181%2F0%2FKatalog%2B%25E2%2580%2593%2BOcelov%25C3%25A9%2Blahve%2F10daa990-32cc-4bc3-ac05-2d8831c80262%3Fversion%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faber_lighter-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faber_lighter_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faber-italy.com/new-lighter-design-for-faber-diving-cylinders/">"New lighter design for Faber diving cylinders"</a>. <i>faber-italy.com</i>. 14 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704074746/https://faber-italy.com/new-lighter-design-for-faber-diving-cylinders/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=faber-italy.com&rft.atitle=New+lighter+design+for+Faber+diving+cylinders&rft.date=2023-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaber-italy.com%2Fnew-lighter-design-for-faber-diving-cylinders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-divefaber-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-divefaber_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divefaber.com/">"Steel Cylinders for Scuba Diving"</a>. <i>www.divefaber.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301033718/https://www.divefaber.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.divefaber.com&rft.atitle=Steel+Cylinders+for+Scuba+Diving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divefaber.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gas_diving-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gas_diving_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020808/http://www.gasdiving.co.uk/pages/misc/kit/cylinder.htm">"Cylinders"</a>. Gas Diving UK. 26 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gasdiving.co.uk/pages/misc/kit/cylinder.htm">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cylinders&rft.pub=Gas+Diving+UK&rft.date=2003-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gasdiving.co.uk%2Fpages%2Fmisc%2Fkit%2Fcylinder.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Section_14-2.5_Emergency_gas_supply-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Section_14-2.5_Emergency_gas_supply_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUS_Navy_Diving_Manual2006"><i>US Navy Diving Manual</i> 2006</a>, Section 14-2.5 Emergency gas supply.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMASISATxManual-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMASISATxManual_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMASISATxManual_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMASISATxManual_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMASISATxManual_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeresfordSouthwood2006" class="citation book cs1">Beresford, M; Southwood, P (2006). <i>CMAS-ISA Normoxic Trimix Manual</i> (4th ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.7.5+Emergency+breathing+gas+cylinders+for+diving+basket%2Fwet+bell&rft.btitle=IMCA+D014+International+Code+of+Practice+for+Offshore+Diving&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=Revision+2&rft.pub=International+Marine+Contractors+Association&rft.date=2014-02&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imca-int.com%2F%2528F%2528e7zQbxZYgBct0RI7TQmH0FEtdL_Q9nf-BEWPNqLaPqrMcdqDHV3C8D5ZolDT3EVCSxTDYrpPzafo7-YiDrHL2iV0q5es4VXKmEnOk6z6eRJUoejvoO7nZIyVWfaprIVn-m4LPYJrtkmQo7IKf_TQWfwrpEd2EJ_1q3BNwr8hMK81%2529%2529%2Fmedia%2F70842%2Fimcad014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCA_D024-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_D024_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2014" class="citation book cs1">Staff (July 2014). "Section 5 - Diving Bell: 5.23 - Onboard gas, and 5.24 - Onboard oxygen". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imca-int.com/%28F%283UceTymUWpLpBASrMaPrqvn6HCV3F3mBxWhxYA_9zlYuXWlVQSJbDNWoqqibjbEgeFwScNn9d8w5DkJ3-wfGXzDXVNVjWGJ9dfqU0lNgddd4eKNcwrRLE-MFE_OJ6N8o7NjGbOzAQ5ykqOAqcAx8lCqRuUVxsrBzm28mkkbaTeQ1%29%29/media/70941/imcad024.pdf"><i>IMCA D024 Rev 2 - Part 2 DESIGN for Saturation (Bell) Diving Systems</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Revision 2 ed.). London, UK: International Marine Contractors Association. pp. 4 of 10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+5+-+Diving+Bell%3A+5.23+-+Onboard+gas%2C+and+5.24+-+Onboard+oxygen&rft.btitle=IMCA+D024+Rev+2+-+Part+2+DESIGN+for+Saturation+%28Bell%29+Diving+Systems&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=4+of+10&rft.edition=Revision+2&rft.pub=International+Marine+Contractors+Association&rft.date=2014-07&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imca-int.com%2F%2528F%25283UceTymUWpLpBASrMaPrqvn6HCV3F3mBxWhxYA_9zlYuXWlVQSJbDNWoqqibjbEgeFwScNn9d8w5DkJ3-wfGXzDXVNVjWGJ9dfqU0lNgddd4eKNcwrRLE-MFE_OJ6N8o7NjGbOzAQ5ykqOAqcAx8lCqRuUVxsrBzm28mkkbaTeQ1%2529%2529%2Fmedia%2F70941%2Fimcad024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21848111-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21848111_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzzacottRosenbergHeyworthPikora2011" class="citation journal cs1">Buzzacott, P.; Rosenberg, M.; Heyworth, J.; Pikora, T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.luxfercylinders.com&rft.atitle=Aluminium+tanks+-+what+every+diver+should+know&rft.date=1999-10-28&rft.aulast=High&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.luxfercylinders.com%2Fnews%2Faluminium-tanks-what-every-diver-should-know&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scubaengineer-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scubaengineer_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scubaengineer_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scubaengineer_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scubaengineer_92-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scubaengineer_92-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scubaengineer.com/tank_servicingx.htm">"Scuba Cylinder Servicing and High Pressure Valve Support Pages"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scuba+Cylinder+Servicing+and+High+Pressure+Valve+Support+Pages&rft.pub=ScubaEngineer.com&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scubaengineer.com%2Ftank_servicingx.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_3-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_3_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_64062005">ISO 6406 2005</a>, Section 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_3-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_3_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_104612005">ISO 10461 2005</a>, Section 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-URIreport1-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-URIreport1_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendersonBerryEiberFrink1970" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson, NC; Berry, WE; Eiber, RJ; Frink, DW (1970). "Investigation of scuba cylinder corrosion, Phase 1". <i>National Underwater Accident Data Center Technical Report Number 1</i>. Kingston, Rhode Island: University of Rhode Island.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Underwater+Accident+Data+Center+Technical+Report+Number+1&rft.atitle=Investigation+of+scuba+cylinder+corrosion%2C+Phase+1&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=NC&rft.au=Berry%2C+WE&rft.au=Eiber%2C+RJ&rft.au=Frink%2C+DW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EN_1802-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EN_1802_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>BS EN 1802:2002 Transportable gas cylinders. Periodic inspection and testing of seamless aluminium alloy gas cylinders</i>. London: British Standards Institution. 25 March 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-580-39412-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-580-39412-3"><bdi>0-580-39412-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BS+EN+1802%3A2002+Transportable+gas+cylinders.+Periodic+inspection+and+testing+of+seamless+aluminium+alloy+gas+cylinders&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Standards+Institution&rft.date=2002-03-25&rft.isbn=0-580-39412-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EN_1968-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EN_1968_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_PVE/3/72002" class="citation book cs1">Committee PVE/3/7 (25 March 2002). <i>BS EN 1968:2002 Transportable gas cylinders. Periodic inspection and testing of seamless steel gas cylinders</i>. London: British Standards Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-580-39413-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-580-39413-1"><bdi>0-580-39413-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BS+EN+1968%3A2002+Transportable+gas+cylinders.+Periodic+inspection+and+testing+of+seamless+steel+gas+cylinders&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Standards+Institution&rft.date=2002-03-25&rft.isbn=0-580-39413-1&rft.au=Committee+PVE%2F3%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AS_2030-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AS_2030_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>AS 2030.1—1999 Australian Standard: The verification, filling, inspection, testing and maintenance of cylinders for storage and transport of compressed gases. Part 1: Cylinders for compressed gases other than acetylene</i>. Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 1 (March 2002) (Third ed.). Sydney, New South Wales: Standards Australia International Ltd. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7337-2574-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7337-2574-0"><bdi>0-7337-2574-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AS+2030.1%E2%80%941999+Australian+Standard%3A+The+verification%2C+filling%2C+inspection%2C+testing+and+maintenance+of+cylinders+for+storage+and+transport+of+compressed+gases.+Part+1%3A+Cylinders+for+compressed+gases+other+than+acetylene&rft.place=Sydney%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.series=Reissued+incorporating+Amendment+No.+1+%28March+2002%29&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Standards+Australia+International+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7337-2574-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_4-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_4_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_64062005">ISO 6406 2005</a>, Section 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_4-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_4_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_104612005">ISO 10461 2005</a>, Section 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_5-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_5_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_64062005">ISO 6406 2005</a>, Section 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_5-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_5_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_104612005">ISO 10461 2005</a>, Section 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_6-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_6_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_64062005">ISO 6406 2005</a>, Section 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_6-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_6_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_104612005">ISO 10461 2005</a>, Section 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_7.1-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_7.1_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_104612005">ISO 10461 2005</a>, Section 7.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_7.2-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_7.2_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_64062005">ISO 6406 2005</a>, Section 7.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_7.2-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_7.2_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_104612005">ISO 10461 2005</a>, Section 7.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_8-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_8_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_64062005">ISO 6406 2005</a>, Section 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_8-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_8_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_104612005">ISO 10461 2005</a>, Section 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_9-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_9_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_64062005">ISO 6406 2005</a>, Section 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_10-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_10_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_64062005">ISO 6406 2005</a>, Section 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_10-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_10_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_104612005">ISO 10461 2005</a>, Section 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_11-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_11_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_64062005">ISO 6406 2005</a>, Section 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_11-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_11_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_104612005">ISO 10461 2005</a>, Section 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_12-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_12_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_64062005">ISO 6406 2005</a>, Section 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_12-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_12_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_104612005">ISO 10461 2005</a>, Section 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_15.2-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_15.2_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_64062005">ISO 6406 2005</a>, Section 15.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_15.4-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_15.4_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_64062005">ISO 6406 2005</a>, Section 15.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_14.5-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_14.5_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_104612005">ISO 10461 2005</a>, Section 14.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_15.7-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_64062005Section_15.7_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_64062005">ISO 6406 2005</a>, Section 15.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_14.8-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_14.8_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_104612005">ISO 10461 2005</a>, Section 14.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_15-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEISO_104612005Section_15_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFISO_104612005">ISO 10461 2005</a>, Section 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyd_et_al_2006-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_et_al_2006_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoydKentAnderson2006" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Dick; Kent, Greg; Anderson, Dave (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontariodivingschool.ca/tank%20cleaning%20%26%20tumbling%20tips.pdf"><i>Tank Cleaning and Tumbling Tips</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Fourth ed.). West Allis, WI: Global Manufacturing Corp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319045240/http://www.ontariodivingschool.ca/tank%20cleaning%20%26%20tumbling%20tips.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tank+Cleaning+and+Tumbling+Tips&rft.place=West+Allis%2C+WI&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Global+Manufacturing+Corp.&rft.date=2006-01&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft.au=Kent%2C+Greg&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontariodivingschool.ca%2Ftank%2520cleaning%2520%2526%2520tumbling%2520tips.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyd_and_Kent_2002-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_and_Kent_2002_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoydKent2002" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Dick; Kent, Greg (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianvalleyscuba.com/services%20page/Gear%20Talk/pdfs/CONVERTING%20DIVE%20TANKS%20FOR%20OXYGEN%20SERVICE.pdf"><i>Converting dive tanks for oxygen service with GMC Oxy-Safe products</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Second ed.). West Allis, WI.: Global Manufacturing Corp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509032020/http://www.indianvalleyscuba.com/services%20page/Gear%20Talk/pdfs/CONVERTING%20DIVE%20TANKS%20FOR%20OXYGEN%20SERVICE.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. II (Nineteenth revised ed.). New York and Geneva: United Nations. 2015. p. 44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115072445/http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/danger/publi/unrec/rev19/Rev19e_Vol_II.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Items+that+are+allowed+in+baggage%3A+Information+for+Passengers+on+Dangerous+Goods&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Civil+Aviation+Authority&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caa.co.uk%2FPassengers%2FBefore-you-fly%2FBaggage%2FItems-that-are-allowed-in-baggage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GN27-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GN27_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GN27_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GN27_143-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GN27_143-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GN27_143-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GN27_143-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GN27_143-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GN27_143-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcga.co.uk/pages/index.cfm?start=11&page_id=20&showCategory=2&showSubCategory=2">"Guidance note 27: Guidance for the carriage of gas cylinders on vehicles"</a>. <i>Bcga Guidance Note</i> (Revision 1 ed.). Derby, UK: British Compressed Gases Association. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-4809">0260-4809</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406015550/http://www.bcga.co.uk/pages/index.cfm?start=11&page_id=20&showCategory=2&showSubCategory=2">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bcga+Guidance+Note&rft.atitle=Guidance+note+27%3A+Guidance+for+the+carriage+of+gas+cylinders+on+vehicles&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0260-4809&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcga.co.uk%2Fpages%2Findex.cfm%3Fstart%3D11%26page_id%3D20%26showCategory%3D2%26showSubCategory%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leaflet_1-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leaflet_1_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2015" class="citation web cs1">Staff (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcga.co.uk/pages/index.cfm?page_id=24&title=leaflets">"The carriage of small quantities of gas cylinders on vehicles"</a>. <i>Leaflet 1: Revision 5</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A7171.1+Applicability+of+Hazardous+Materials+Regulations+%28HMR%29+to+persons+and+functions.&rft.btitle=Electronic+Code+of+Federal+Regulations%2C+Title+49+-+Transportation&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Transport&rft.date=2016-01&rft.au=DOT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftext-idx%3FSID%3D31f67fb9d0365705785164d76e8cc608%26mc%3Dtrue%26node%3Dpt49.2.171%26rgn%3Ddiv5%23se49.2.171_11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49_eCFR_173-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-49_eCFR_173_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-49_eCFR_173_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_Transport2016" class="citation web cs1">US Department of Transport (20 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=9d09c74cc9f64144f5e1005a8003327a&mc=true&node=pt49.2.173&rgn=div5">"Part 173—Shippers—General Requirements For Shipments and Packagings"</a>. <i>Code of Federal Regulations Title 49 - Transportation</i>. Washington, DC: US Government publishing office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151220132142/http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=7540e05a2cba92376d38222071894479&mc=true&node=pt49.2.173&rgn=div5">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Code+of+Federal+Regulations+Title+49+-+Transportation&rft.atitle=Part+173%E2%80%94Shippers%E2%80%94General+Requirements+For+Shipments+and+Packagings&rft.date=2016-01-20&rft.au=US+Department+of+Transport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftext-idx%3FSID%3D9d09c74cc9f64144f5e1005a8003327a%26mc%3Dtrue%26node%3Dpt49.2.173%26rgn%3Ddiv5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoT-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DoT_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_Transport" class="citation web cs1">US Department of Transport. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/49/173.115">"Code of Federal Regulations 49 - Transportation"</a>. <i>49 CFR 173.115 - Class 2, Divisions 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3</i>. 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Washington, DC: Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA/template.PAGE/menuitem.a86366f7c8483ee9d8b82610e90d8789/?javax.portlet.tpst=74e5cf988792f1f9b9dcba10e90d8789&javax.portlet.prp_74e5cf988792f1f9b9dcba10e90d8789=endsp%3DSP14999%26startsp%3DSP14000&javax.portlet.begCacheTok=com.vignette.cachetoken&javax.portlet.endCacheTok=com.vignette.cachetoken&vgnextoid=997214573fe5e110VgnVCM1000001ecb7898RCRD">the original</a> on 29 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Permits+list&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Pipeline+and+Hazardous+Materials+Safety+Administration&rft.au=PHMSA+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphmsa.dot.gov%2Fportal%2Fsite%2FPHMSA%2Ftemplate.PAGE%2Fmenuitem.a86366f7c8483ee9d8b82610e90d8789%2F%3Fjavax.portlet.tpst%3D74e5cf988792f1f9b9dcba10e90d8789%26javax.portlet.prp_74e5cf988792f1f9b9dcba10e90d8789%3Dendsp%253DSP14999%2526startsp%253DSP14000%26javax.portlet.begCacheTok%3Dcom.vignette.cachetoken%26javax.portlet.endCacheTok%3Dcom.vignette.cachetoken%26vgnextoid%3D997214573fe5e110VgnVCM1000001ecb7898RCRD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monahan-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monahan_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonahan2011" class="citation web cs1">Monahan, Corey (1 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127151055/http://www.psicylinders.com/inspectors/library/16-cylinders-are-hazmat">"Cylinders are HAZMAT?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Technical+Information+Sheet+6+Revision+2&rft.atitle=Cylinder+Identification.+Colour+Coding+and+Labelling+Requirements&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcga.co.uk%2Fpages%2Findex.cfm%3Fpage_id%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCA_D043-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_D043_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMCA_D043_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2007" class="citation book cs1">Staff (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imca-int.com/%28F%28HgoxzyeluluOK_Nh2f6_zim-2B84gkOvCTu_AmwHNcKDtdlHYtGfqT-wmnIrcBoQE0ipE1nbMQerGIKG2VBUAyxvfXjbagbYuWkWR7ajBSMlpv65vptXhWARBOd7Y7opa-v9UX7emzJTcA9qeePkvrwLsv_G1ymrPxbJKe_w__w1%29%29/media/71123/imcad043.pdf"><i>Marking and Colour Coding of Gas Cylinders, Quads and Banks for Diving Applications IMCA D043</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London, UK: International Marine Contractors Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marking+and+Colour+Coding+of+Gas+Cylinders%2C+Quads+and+Banks+for+Diving+Applications+IMCA+D043&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=International+Marine+Contractors+Association&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imca-int.com%2F%2528F%2528HgoxzyeluluOK_Nh2f6_zim-2B84gkOvCTu_AmwHNcKDtdlHYtGfqT-wmnIrcBoQE0ipE1nbMQerGIKG2VBUAyxvfXjbagbYuWkWR7ajBSMlpv65vptXhWARBOd7Y7opa-v9UX7emzJTcA9qeePkvrwLsv_G1ymrPxbJKe_w__w1%2529%2529%2Fmedia%2F71123%2Fimcad043.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PWENT-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PWENT_156-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pwent.eu/en/gas-cylinder-producer-stamping-signs/">"Gas cylinder producer stamping signs"</a>. <i>pwent.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229230857/https://pwent.eu/en/gas-cylinder-producer-stamping-signs/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pwent.eu&rft.atitle=Gas+cylinder+producer+stamping+signs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpwent.eu%2Fen%2Fgas-cylinder-producer-stamping-signs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurocylinder-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eurocylinder_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurocylinders.com/#application">"Our product range: Scuba diving"</a>. <i>eurocylinders.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120092702/https://eurocylinders.com/#application">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eurocylinders.com&rft.atitle=Our+product+range%3A+Scuba+diving&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurocylinders.com%2F%23application&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faber-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faber_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divefaber.com/">"Steel Cylinders for Scuba Diving"</a>. <i>www.divefaber.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301033718/https://www.divefaber.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.divefaber.com&rft.atitle=Steel+Cylinders+for+Scuba+Diving&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divefaber.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mike's-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mike's_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mikesdivestore.com/collections/vitkovice-diving-cylinders">"Vitkovice Diving Cylinders"</a>. <i>www.mikesdivestore.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128050440/https://www.mikesdivestore.com/collections/vitkovice-diving-cylinders">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mikesdivestore.com&rft.atitle=Vitkovice+Diving+Cylinders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikesdivestore.com%2Fcollections%2Fvitkovice-diving-cylinders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vitkovice-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vitkovice_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitkovicecylinders.cz/en/">"Vítkovice Cylinders a.s."</a> <i>www.vitkovicecylinders.cz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303090550/http://www.vitkovicecylinders.cz/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vitkovicecylinders.cz&rft.atitle=V%C3%ADtkovice+Cylinders+a.s.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitkovicecylinders.cz%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luxfer_about-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luxfer_about_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.luxfercylinders.com/about/the-company">"Luxfer Gas Cylinders"</a>. <i>www.luxfercylinders.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305231105/https://luxfercylinders.com/about/the-company">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.luxfercylinders.com&rft.atitle=Luxfer+Gas+Cylinders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.luxfercylinders.com%2Fabout%2Fthe-company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metal_impact-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Metal_impact_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metalimpact.com/capabilities/cylinder-production.html">"Expanded cylinder operations"</a>. <i>metalimpact.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712084127/https://metalimpact.com/capabilities/cylinder-production.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metalimpact.com&rft.atitle=Expanded+cylinder+operations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetalimpact.com%2Fcapabilities%2Fcylinder-production.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thunderbird-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thunderbird_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thunderbird-cylinders.com/markets/scuba.html">"Scuba"</a>. <i>thunderbird-cylinders.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thunderbird-cylinders.com&rft.atitle=Scuba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthunderbird-cylinders.com%2Fmarkets%2Fscuba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ol><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNOAA_Diving_Manual2001" class="citation book cs1">NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (28 February 2001). Joiner, James T (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noaadivingmanual00noaa"><i>NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941332-70-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941332-70-5"><bdi>978-0-941332-70-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NOAA+Diving+Manual%2C+Diving+for+Science+and+Technology&rft.place=Silver+Spring%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+Office+of+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Research%2C+National+Undersea+Research+Program&rft.date=2001-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-941332-70-5&rft.au=NOAA+Diving+Program+%28U.S.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoaadivingmanual00noaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span> CD-ROM prepared and distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)in partnership with NOAA and Best Publishing Company</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO_64062005" class="citation web cs1">Technical Committee ISO/TC 58, Gas Cylinders, Subcommittee SC4 (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/004/iso.6406.2005.pdf">"Gas cylinders - Seamless steel gas cylinders - Periodic inspection and testing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ISO 6406:2005(E)</i>. Geneva: International Standards Organisation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011210446/https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/004/iso.6406.2005.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO+6406%3A2005%28E%29&rft.atitle=Gas+cylinders+-+Seamless+steel+gas+cylinders+-+Periodic+inspection+and+testing&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Technical+Committee+ISO%2FTC+58%2C+Gas+Cylinders%2C+Subcommittee+SC4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.resource.org%2Fpub%2Fus%2Fcfr%2Fibr%2F004%2Fiso.6406.2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISO_104612005" class="citation web cs1">Technical Committee ISO/TC 58, Gas cylinders, Subcommittee SC4 (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.law.iso.10461.2005">"Gas cylinders - Seamless aluminium-alloy gas cylinders - Periodic inspection and testing"</a>. <i>ISO 10461:2005(E)</i>. Geneva: International Standards Organisation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISO+10461%3A2005%28E%29&rft.atitle=Gas+cylinders+-+Seamless+aluminium-alloy+gas+cylinders+-+Periodic+inspection+and+testing&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Technical+Committee+ISO%2FTC+58%2C+Gas+cylinders%2C+Subcommittee+SC4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgov.law.iso.10461.2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Navy_Diving_Manual2006" class="citation book cs1">US Navy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9"><i>US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision</i></a>. Washington, DC.: US Naval Sea Systems Command<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Navy+Diving+Manual%2C+6th+revision&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC.&rft.pub=US+Naval+Sea+Systems+Command&rft.date=2006&rft.au=US+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supsalv.org%2F00c3_publications.asp%3FdestPage%3D00c3%26pageID%3D3.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiving+cylinder" class="Z3988"></span></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diving_cylinders" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Diving cylinders">Diving cylinders</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Underwater_diving" title="Template:Underwater diving"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Underwater_diving" title="Template talk:Underwater diving"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Underwater_diving" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Underwater diving"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">Underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_activities" title="Diving activities">Diving activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving mode">Diving modes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric pressure diving">Atmospheric pressure diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_oriented_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface oriented diving">Surface oriented diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">Surface-supplied diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned diving">Unmanned diving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_and_disinfection_of_personal_diving_equipment" title="Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment">Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers">List of diving equipment manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout gas">Bailout gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom gas">Bottom gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing air">Breathing air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression gas">Decompression gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydreliox" title="Hydreliox">Hydreliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrox_(breathing_gas)" title="Hydrox (breathing gas)">Hydrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel gas">Travel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">Trimix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buoyancy and<br />trim equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelo_diving_system" title="Avelo diving system">Avelo diving system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">Buoyancy compensator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_inflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Power inflator">Power inflator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_valve_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump valve (diving)">Dump valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_buoyancy_pressure_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable buoyancy pressure vessel">Variable buoyancy pressure vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_weighting_system" title="Diving weighting system">Diving weighting system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle weights (diving)">Ankle weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_weights" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated weights">Integrated weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim weights (diving)">Trim weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight belt">Weight belt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_buoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression buoy">Decompression buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_trapeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression trapeze">Decompression trapeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_upline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey upline">Jersey upline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIM_suit" title="JIM suit">JIM suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtsuit" title="Newtsuit">Newtsuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sladen_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sladen suit">Sladen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving suit">Standard diving suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rash vest">Rash vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_skins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive skins">Dive skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-water_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-water suit">Hot-water suit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helmets<br />and masks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fog" title="Anti-fog">Anti-fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-flow helmet">Free-flow helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_demand_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight demand helmet">Lightweight demand helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">Orinasal mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow water helmet">Shallow water helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving helmet">Standard diving helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Band mask">Band mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-face mask">Full-face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom timer">Bottom timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_gauge" title="Depth gauge">Depth gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive timer">Dive timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_watch" title="Diving watch">Diving watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_release_valve" title="Helium release valve">Helium release valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">Pneumofathometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Submersible pressure gauge">Submersible pressure gauge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobility<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver propulsion vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerSwim" title="PowerSwim">PowerSwim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towboard" title="Towboard">Towboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">Alternative air source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus regulator">Octopus regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_snap" title="Bolt snap">Bolt snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy line">Buddy line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_light" title="Dive light">Dive light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's cutting tool">Diver's cutting tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's knife">Diver's knife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's telephone">Diver's telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through-water_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-water communications">Through-water communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_harness" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving safety harness">Diving safety harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout block">Bailout block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeline_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifeline (diving)">Lifeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screw_gate_carabiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw gate carabiner">Screw gate carabiner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">Emergency locator beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_tether" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue tether">Rescue tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety helmet">Safety helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark-proof_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark-proof cage">Shark-proof cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoopy_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Snoopy loop">Snoopy loop</a></li> <li>Navigation equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">Distance line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving compass">Diving compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive reel">Dive reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_marker" title="Line marker">Line marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">Surface marker buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt screw">Silt screw</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater<br />breathing<br />apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diving cylinder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burst_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Burst disc">Burst disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_cylinder_valve" title="Scuba cylinder valve">Scuba cylinder valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_diving_regulators" title="Mechanism of diving regulators">Mechanism of diving regulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_malfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator malfunction">Regulator malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_freeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator freeze">Regulator freeze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-hose regulator">Single-hose regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin-hose regulator">Twin-hose regulator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit<br />scuba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent doubles">Independent doubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifolded_twin_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifolded twin set">Manifolded twin set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_manifold" title="Scuba manifold">Scuba manifold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba configuration">Scuba configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidemount">Sidemount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling cylinder">Sling cylinder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_CDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton CDBA">Carleton CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Divers_Life_Support_Equipment" title="Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment">Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic rebreather">Cryogenic rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUMA" title="CUMA">CUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSEA" class="mw-redirect" title="DSEA">DSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_PVR-BASC" title="Halcyon PVR-BASC">Halcyon PVR-BASC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_RB80" title="Halcyon RB80">Halcyon RB80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDA71" title="IDA71">IDA71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspiro_DCSC" title="Interspiro DCSC">Interspiro DCSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-5" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-5">LAR-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-6" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-6">LAR-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-V" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-V">LAR-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertsen_Amphibious_Respiratory_Unit" title="Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit">LARU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_Amphibian" title="Mark IV Amphibian">Mark IV Amphibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_CDBA" title="Siebe Gorman CDBA">Siebe Gorman CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_Salvus" title="Siebe Gorman Salvus">Salvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siva_(rebreather)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siva (rebreather)">Siva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied<br />diving equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_line" title="Air line">Air line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">Diver's umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hookah_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookah (diving)">Hookah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba replacement">Scuba replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers"> Diving<br />equipment<br />manufacturers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP_Diving" title="AP Diving">AP Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apeks" title="Apeks">Apeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung_America" title="Aqua Lung America">Aqua Lung America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung/La_Spirotechnique" title="Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique">Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuchat" title="Beuchat">Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cavalero" title="René Cavalero">René Cavalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Lunar" title="Cis-Lunar">Cis-Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressi-Sub" title="Cressi-Sub">Cressi-Sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacor_(scuba_diving)" title="Dacor (scuba diving)">Dacor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESCO" title="DESCO">DESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_Xtras" title="Dive Xtras">Dive Xtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divex" title="Divex">Divex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Unlimited_International" title="Diving Unlimited International">Diving Unlimited International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Drägerwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faber_Industrie_S.p.A." title="Faber Industrie S.p.A.">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenzy" title="Fenzy">Fenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fernez" title="Maurice Fernez">Maurice Fernez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Ferraro_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Ferraro (naval officer)">Technisub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gugen" title="Oscar Gugen">Oscar Gugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinke_(diving_equipment_manufacturer)" title="Heinke (diving equipment manufacturer)">Heinke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HeinrichsWeikamp" title="HeinrichsWeikamp">HeinrichsWeikamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Outdoors" title="Johnson Outdoors">Johnson Outdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_(scuba_equipment)" title="Mares (scuba equipment)">Mares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_Diving" title="Morse Diving">Morse Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrod" title="Nemrod">Nemrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_Worldwide" title="Oceanic Worldwide">Oceanic Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearwater_Research" title="Shearwater Research">Shearwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Products" title="Submarine Products">Submarine Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suunto" title="Suunto">Suunto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_support_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Access equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_stirrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding stirrup">Boarding stirrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver lift">Diver lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving ladder">Diving ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_platform_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving platform (scuba)">Diving platform (scuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downline_(diving)" title="Downline (diving)">Downline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay" title="Jackstay">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_line" title="Messenger line">Messenger line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_pool" title="Moon pool">Moon pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor#Filtration" title="Diving air compressor">Air filtration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopcalite" title="Hopcalite">Hopcalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">Molecular sieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">Silica gel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_filling_system" title="Cascade filling system">Cascade filling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_pump" title="Diver's pump">Diver's pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving air filter">Diving air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Water separator">Water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure breathing air compressor">High pressure breathing air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure breathing air compressor">Low pressure breathing air compressor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">Gas blending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas reclaim system">Gas reclaim system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage bank">Gas storage bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_quad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage quad">Gas storage quad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage tube">Gas storage tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_analyzer" title="Helium analyzer">Helium analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrox production">Nitrox production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_gas_separation" title="Membrane gas separation">Membrane gas separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">Pressure swing adsorption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_analyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen analyser">Oxygen analyser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compatibility" title="Oxygen compatibility">Oxygen compatibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-lock">Air-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression tables">Decompression tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell cursor">Bell cursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clump_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Clump weight">Clump weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">Diving chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_Dive_Planner" title="Recreational Dive Planner">Recreational Dive Planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation system">Saturation system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_rubber_raiding_craft" title="Combat rubber raiding craft">Combat rubber raiding craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveaboard" title="Liveaboard">Liveaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subskimmer" title="Subskimmer">Subskimmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(K07)" title="HMS Challenger (K07)">HMS Challenger (K07)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterhabitat" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_habitat" title="Underwater habitat">Underwater<br />habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_Reef_Base" title="Aquarius Reef Base">Aquarius Reef Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Shelf_Station_Two" title="Continental Shelf Station Two">Continental Shelf Station Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgoland_Habitat" title="Helgoland Habitat">Helgoland Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter_Space_Analog_Station" title="Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station">Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEALAB" title="SEALAB">SEALAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektite_habitat" title="Tektite habitat">Tektite habitat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated<br />underwater vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8A4-class_ROUV" title="8A4-class ROUV">8A4-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABISMO" title="ABISMO">ABISMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_ROV_Team" title="Atlantis ROV Team">Atlantis ROV Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COTSBot" title="COTSBot">COTSBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURV" title="CURV">CURV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Drone" title="Deep Drone">Deep Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89paulard" title="Épaulard">Épaulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Explorer_ROV" title="Global Explorer ROV">Global Explorer ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish-class_ROUV" title="Goldfish-class ROUV">Goldfish-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8D_ROV" title="Kaikō ROV">Kaikō ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fif_ROUV" title="Kaşif ROUV">Kaşif ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-Term_Mine_Reconnaissance_System" title="Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System">Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Rover_ROV" title="Mini Rover ROV">Mini Rover ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenROV" title="OpenROV">OpenROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_KIEL_6000" title="ROV KIEL 6000">ROV KIEL 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_PHOCA" title="ROV PHOCA">ROV PHOCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_ROV" title="Scorpio ROV">Scorpio ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon-class_ROV" title="Sea Dragon-class ROV">Sea Dragon-class ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_tractor" title="Seabed tractor">Seabed tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafox_drone" title="Seafox drone">Seafox drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaPerch" title="SeaPerch">SeaPerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SJT-class_ROUV" title="SJT-class ROUV">SJT-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T1200_Trenching_Unit" title="T1200 Trenching Unit">T1200 Trenching Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoRay_UROVs" title="VideoRay UROVs">VideoRay UROVs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_down_flag" title="Diver down flag">Diver down flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENOS_Rescue-System" title="ENOS Rescue-System">ENOS Rescue-System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_lifeboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric lifeboat">Hyperbaric lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_stretcher" title="Hyperbaric stretcher">Hyperbaric stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackstay (diving)">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_gas_supply_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve gas supply (diving)">Reserve gas supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving spread">Diving spread</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Air spread">Air spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation spread">Saturation spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water system (diving)">Hot water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freediving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Deep" title="Nordic Deep">Nordic Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Blue" title="Vertical Blue">Vertical Blue</a></li> <li>Disciplines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant weight">Constant weight</a> (CWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_bi-fins" title="Constant weight bi-fins">Constant weight bi-fins</a> (CWTB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_without_fins" title="Constant weight without fins">Constant weight without fins</a> (CNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea" title="Dynamic apnea">Dynamic apnea</a> (DYN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic apnea without fins">Dynamic apnea without fins</a> (DNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Free immersion">Free immersion</a> (FIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-limits_apnea" title="No-limits apnea">No-limits apnea</a> (NLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_apnea" title="Static apnea">Static apnea</a> (STA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandalopetra_diving" title="Skandalopetra diving">Skandalopetra diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea">Variable weight apnea</a> (VWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea without fins">Variable weight apnea without fins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel (swimming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Andollo" title="Deborah Andollo">Deborah Andollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Arrigoni" title="Simone Arrigoni">Simone Arrigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppo_Biscarini" title="Peppo Biscarini">Peppo Biscarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Board" title="Michael Board">Michael Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Campbell" title="Sara Campbell">Sara Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derya_Can_G%C3%B6%C3%A7en" class="mw-redirect" title="Derya Can Göçen">Derya Can Göçen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_%C4%8Colak" title="Goran Čolak">Goran Čolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Coste" title="Carlos Coste">Carlos Coste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Croft_(diver)" title="Robert Croft (diver)">Robert Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandy-Rae_Cruickshank" title="Mandy-Rae Cruickshank">Mandy-Rae Cruickshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasemin_Dalk%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Yasemin Dalkılıç">Yasemin Dalkılıç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_D%27Imporzano" title="Leonardo D'Imporzano">Leonardo D'Imporzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahika_Erc%C3%BCmen" title="Şahika Ercümen">Şahika Ercümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Farrell_(freediver)" title="Emma Farrell (freediver)">Emma Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferreras" title="Francisco Ferreras">Francisco Ferreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frolla" title="Pierre Frolla">Pierre Frolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehgan_Heaney-Grier" title="Mehgan Heaney-Grier">Mehgan Heaney-Grier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kristoffersen" title="Elisabeth Kristoffersen">Elisabeth Kristoffersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Yevhenovych_Khvetkevych" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych">Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Maiorca" title="Enzo Maiorca">Enzo Maiorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mayol" title="Jacques Mayol">Jacques Mayol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Meyer" title="Karol Meyer">Karol Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Middleton_(free-diver)" title="Kate Middleton (free-diver)">Kate Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mifsud" title="Stéphane Mifsud">Stéphane Mifsud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Molchanov" title="Alexey Molchanov">Alexey Molchanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Mullins_(freediver)" title="Dave Mullins (freediver)">Dave Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Musimu" title="Patrick Musimu">Patrick Musimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_N%C3%A9ry" title="Guillaume Néry">Guillaume Néry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Nitsch" title="Herbert Nitsch">Herbert Nitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Pelizzari" title="Umberto Pelizzari">Umberto Pelizzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Philip" title="Liv Philip">Liv Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelie_Pompe" title="Annelie Pompe">Annelie Pompe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Severinsen" title="Stig Severinsen">Stig Severinsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sietas" title="Tom Sietas">Tom Sietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Solomons" title="Aharon Solomons">Aharon Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek_(free-diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Štěpánek (free-diver)">Martin Štěpánek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Steyn" title="Walter Steyn">Walter Steyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Streeter" title="Tanya Streeter">Tanya Streeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trubridge" title="William Trubridge">William Trubridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrim_Cenk_Ulusoy" title="Devrim Cenk Ulusoy">Devrim Cenk Ulusoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Uruk" title="Fatma Uruk">Fatma Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danai_Varveri" title="Danai Varveri">Danai Varveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessia_Zecchini" title="Alessia Zecchini">Alessia Zecchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliia_Zharkova" title="Nataliia Zharkova">Nataliia Zharkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-water blackout">Deep-water blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout#Terminology" title="Freediving blackout">Shallow-water blackout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_wrestling" title="Octopus wrestling">Octopus wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_underwater_swimming" title="Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming">Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Professional_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver">Commercial diver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial offshore diver">Commercial offshore diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazmat diver">Hazmat diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Media diver">Media diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Police diver">Police diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver">Public safety diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver">Scientific diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater archaeologist">Underwater archaeologist</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydiving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Military<br />diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_engineer_diver" title="Army engineer diver">Army engineer diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_Divers" title="Canadian Armed Forces Divers">Canadian Armed Forces Divers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_diver" title="Clearance diver">Clearance diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minentaucher" title="Minentaucher">Minentaucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_ships_diver" title="Royal Navy ships diver">Royal Navy ships diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_divers" title="United States military divers">United States military divers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Navy diver (United States Navy)">U.S. Navy diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master diver (United States Navy)">U.S.Navy master diver</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydivingunits" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_diving_units" title="List of military diving units">Military<br />diving<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)" title="Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)">Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando_Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Commando Hubert">Commando Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comando_Raggruppamento_Subacquei_e_Incursori_Teseo_Tesei" title="Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei">Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman_Corps_(Denmark)" title="Frogman Corps (Denmark)">Frogman Corps (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Fuerzas Especiales">Fuerzas Especiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuryu" title="Fukuryu">Fukuryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRUMEC" title="GRUMEC">GRUMEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grup_Gerak_Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Gerak Khas">Grup Gerak Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdkommando" title="Jagdkommando">Jagdkommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Formoza" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Formoza">JW Formoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_GROM" class="mw-redirect" title="JW GROM">JW GROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Komandos%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Komandosów">JW Komandosów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte_Marine" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine">Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOPASKA" title="KOPASKA">KOPASKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARCOS" title="MARCOS">MARCOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Commandos" title="Marine Commandos">Marine Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinejegerkommandoen" title="Marinejegerkommandoen">Marinejegerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Raider_Regiment" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minedykkerkommandoen" title="Minedykkerkommandoen">Minedykkerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Marine_Corps#Operational_Diving_Unit" title="Namibian Marine Corps">Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)" title="Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)">Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Service_Diving_Section" title="Naval Service Diving Section">Naval Service Diving Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Special_Operations_Command" title="Naval Special Operations Command">Naval Special Operations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Diving_Division_(SA_Navy)" title="Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)">Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Russian commando frogmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappers_Divers_Group" title="Sappers Divers Group">Sappers Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Actions_Detachment" title="Special Actions Detachment">Special Actions Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Squadron_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)">Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Command_(Turkey)" title="Special Forces Command (Turkey)">Special Forces Command (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Group_(Belgium)" title="Special Forces Group (Belgium)">Special Forces Group (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Battalion_(Croatia)" title="Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)">Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Group_(Navy)" title="Special Service Group (Navy)">Special Service Group (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Warfare_Diving_and_Salvage" title="Special Warfare Diving and Salvage">Special Warfare Diving and Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Divers_Group" title="Tactical Divers Group">Tactical Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance" title="United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance">US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions" title="United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions">US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">US Navy SEALs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Construction_Teams" title="Underwater Construction Teams">Underwater Construction Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Command" title="Underwater Demolition Command">Underwater Demolition Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team" title="Underwater Demolition Team">Underwater Demolition Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Offence_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)" title="Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)">Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNGERIN" title="UNGERIN">UNGERIN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_work" title="Underwater work">Underwater<br />work</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diving" title="Commercial offshore diving">Commercial offshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">Hazmat diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_welding" title="Hyperbaric welding">Hyperbaric welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_construction" title="Marine construction">Marine construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_construction" title="Underwater construction">Underwater construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diving" title="Media diving">Media diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diving" title="Police diving">Police diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potable_water_diving" title="Potable water diving">Potable water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">Public safety diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">Scientific diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">Ships husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_diving" title="Sponge diving">Sponge diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">Submarine pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Archaeology of shipwrecks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cutting_and_welding" title="Underwater cutting and welding">Underwater cutting and welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_demolition" title="Underwater demolition">Underwater demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater inspection">Underwater inspection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Nondestructive testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_logging" title="Underwater logging">Underwater logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_search_and_recovery" title="Underwater search and recovery">Underwater search and recovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_videography" title="Underwater videography">Underwater videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_survey" title="Underwater survey">Underwater survey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Salvage_diving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salvage_diving" title="Salvage diving">Salvage diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Egypt" title="SS Egypt">SS <i>Egypt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)"><i>Kronan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)"><i>La Belle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Laurentic_(1908)" title="SS Laurentic (1908)">SS <i>Laurentic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_warship_Mars" title="Swedish warship Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose"><i>Mary Rose</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS <i>Royal George</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)"><i>Vasa</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving contractor">Diving<br />contractors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">COMEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_Energy_Solutions_Group" title="Helix Energy Solutions Group">Helix Energy Solutions Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_waterjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive waterjet">Abrasive waterjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift_(dredging_device)" title="Airlift (dredging device)">Airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baited_remote_underwater_video" title="Baited remote underwater video">Baited remote underwater video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_surface_cleaning" title="In-water surface cleaning">In-water surface cleaning</a> <ul><li>Brush cart</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavitation_cleaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavitation cleaning (page does not exist)">Cavitation cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_washing" title="Pressure washing">Pressure washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigging" title="Pigging">Pigging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_stab" title="Hot stab">Hot stab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifting_bag" title="Lifting bag">Lifting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated underwater vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_lance" title="Thermal lance">Thermal lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremie" title="Tremie">Tremie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_jetting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water jetting (page does not exist)">Water jetting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">Limpet mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterfirearm" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater<br />firearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyrojet" title="Gyrojet">Gyrojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_1_Underwater_Defense_Gun" title="Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun">Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhead_(firearm)" title="Powerhead (firearm)">Powerhead</a></li> <li>Underwater pistols <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P11" title="Heckler & Koch P11">Heckler & Koch P11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPP-1_underwater_pistol" title="SPP-1 underwater pistol">SPP-1 underwater pistol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater revolvers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAI_underwater_revolver" title="AAI underwater revolver">AAI underwater revolver</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater rifles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADS_amphibious_rifle" title="ADS amphibious rifle">ADS amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APS_underwater_rifle" title="APS underwater rifle">APS underwater rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-DT_amphibious_rifle" title="ASM-DT amphibious rifle">ASM-DT amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBS-06" title="QBS-06">QBS-06</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Recreational_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Index of recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wreck_diving_sites" title="List of wreck diving sites">List of wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Outline of recreational dive sites">Outline of recreational dive sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">Sidemount diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_organisations" title="Diver organisations">Diver<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey" title="Quintana Roo Speleological Survey">Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</a> (QRSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodville_Karst_Plain_Project" title="Woodville Karst Plain Project">Woodville Karst Plain Project</a> (WKPP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving tourism<br />industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_center" title="Dive center">Dive center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_East_Timor" title="Diving in East Timor">Diving in East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_the_Maldives" title="Diving in the Maldives">Diving in the Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands">Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_ships_for_wreck_diving_sites" title="Sinking ships for wreck diving sites">Sinking ships for wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_on_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater diving on Guam">Underwater diving on Guam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving events<br />and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversnight" title="Diversnight">Diversnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Bike_Race" title="Underwater Bike Race">Underwater Bike Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">Safety-critical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving fatalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_emergency" title="Underwater diving emergency">Underwater diving emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_safety" title="Water safety">Water safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_surface_searches" title="Water surface searches">Water surface searches</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_hazards" title="Diving hazards">Diving<br />hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">List of diving hazards and precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazards_of_the_diving_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazards of the diving environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-P_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-P (hazard)">Delta-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entanglement_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entanglement (hazard)">Entanglement hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Overhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_out" title="Silt out">Silt out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">Wave action</a></li></ul></li> <li>Equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeflow" title="Freeflow">Freeflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Use_of_breathing_equipment_in_an_underwater_environment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li></ul></li> <li>Physiological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">Uncontrolled decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Diver_behaviour_and_competence" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Diver behaviour and competence</a> <ul><li>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">Overconfidence effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_loading" title="Task loading">Task loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety#Trait" title="Anxiety">Trait anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willful_violation" title="Willful violation">Willful violation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Consequences" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">Diving<br />procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_descending_(diving)" title="Ascending and descending (diving)">Ascending and descending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ascent" title="Emergency ascent">Emergency ascent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat diving">Boat diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">Buddy diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_check" title="Buddy check">buddy check</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice" title="Decompression practice">Decompression practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyle_stop" title="Pyle stop">Pyle stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratio_decompression" title="Ratio decompression">Ratio decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_briefing" title="Dive briefing">Dive briefing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_log" title="Dive log">Dive log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">Dive planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">Diver communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_rescue" title="Diver rescue">Diver rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doing_It_Right_(scuba_diving)" title="Doing It Right (scuba diving)">Doing It Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_diving" title="Drift diving">Drift diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_management" title="Scuba gas management">Scuba gas management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_diving" title="Wall diving">Wall diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li>Hazard identification and risk assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_evacuation_and_rescue" title="Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue">Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_control" title="Risk control">Risk control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_pit" title="Incident pit">Incident pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout%E2%80%93tagout" title="Lockout–tagout">Lockout–tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">Situation awareness</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_team" title="Diving team">Diving team</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellman_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellman (diving)">Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber operator">Chamber operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_medical_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver medical technician">Diver medical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_attendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's attendant">Diver's attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_systems_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving systems technician">Diving systems technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas man">Gas man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_support_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support technician">Life support technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-by_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand-by diver">Stand-by diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment<br />safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing gas quality">Breathing gas quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">Testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_test" title="Hydrostatic test">Hydrostatic test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_load_cracking" title="Sustained load cracking">Sustained load cracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational<br />safety and<br />health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Diving_Contractors_International" title="Association of Diving Contractors International">Association of Diving Contractors International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response plan">Emergency response plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">Diving<br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_signs_and_symptoms_of_diving_disorders" title="List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders">List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternobaric_vertigo" title="Alternobaric vertigo">Alternobaric vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barostriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Barostriction">Barostriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">Air embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barodontalgia" title="Barodontalgia">Barodontalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental barotrauma">Dental barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">Pulmonary barotrauma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_arthralgia" title="Compression arthralgia">Compression arthralgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">Decompression illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbarism" title="Dysbarism">Dysbarism</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">Hyperoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inert gases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysbaric_osteonecrosis" title="Dysbaric osteonecrosis">Dysbaric osteonecrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobaric_counterdiffusion" title="Isobaric counterdiffusion">Isobaric counterdiffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taravana" title="Taravana">Taravana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_nervous_syndrome" title="High-pressure nervous syndrome">High-pressure nervous syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_narcosis" title="Hydrogen narcosis">Hydrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon dioxide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">Hypocapnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />contaminants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersion<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion diuresis">Immersion diuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinctive_drowning_response" title="Instinctive drowning response">Instinctive drowning response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_water_aspiration_syndrome" title="Salt water aspiration syndrome">Salt water aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming-induced_pulmonary_edema" title="Swimming-induced pulmonary edema">Swimming-induced pulmonary edema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_valve_oxygen_therapy" title="Demand valve oxygen therapy">Demand valve oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_treatment_schedules" title="Hyperbaric treatment schedules">Hyperbaric treatment schedules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_recompression" title="In-water recompression">In-water recompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_recompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic recompression">Therapeutic recompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Examiner">Diving Medical Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Practitioner">Diving Medical Practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Technician">Diving Medical Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_nursing" title="Hyperbaric nursing">Hyperbaric nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_drugs_on_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of drugs on fitness to dive">Effects of drugs on fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">Fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological fitness to dive">Psychological fitness to dive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_diving_physiology_and_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of researchers in diving physiology and medicine">Researchers in<br />diving physiology<br />and medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Bachrach" title="Arthur J. Bachrach">Arthur J. Bachrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Behnke" title="Albert R. Behnke">Albert R. Behnke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Bennett" title="Peter B. Bennett">Peter B. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bert" title="Paul Bert">Paul Bert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Bond" title="George F. Bond">George F. Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_O._Brubakk" title="Alf O. Brubakk">Alf O. Brubakk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._B%C3%BChlmann" title="Albert A. Bühlmann">Albert A. Bühlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybon_Chesney_Castell_Damant" title="Guybon Chesney Castell Damant">Guybon Chesney Castell Damant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald" title="Kenneth William Donald">Kenneth William Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paul_Fife" title="William Paul Fife">William Paul Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Hamilton_Jr." title="Robert William Hamilton Jr.">Robert William Hamilton Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Valence_Hempleman" title="Henry Valence Hempleman">Henry Valence Hempleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Erskine_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Erskine Hill">Leonard Erskine Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Andrew_Hills" title="Brian Andrew Hills">Brian Andrew Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler" title="Felix Hoppe-Seyler">Felix Hoppe-Seyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mitchell" title="Simon Mitchell">Simon Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Momsen" title="Charles Momsen">Charles Momsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_W._Pollock" title="Neal W. Pollock">Neal W. Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawlins_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Rawlins (Royal Navy officer)">John Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley_Shilling" title="Charles Wesley Shilling">Charles Wesley Shilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Thalmann" title="Edward D. Thalmann">Edward D. Thalmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving medical<br />research<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Medical_Association" title="Aerospace Medical Association">Aerospace Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> (DAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Diseases_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Diseases Research Centre">Diving Diseases Research Centre</a> (DDRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Advisory_Council" title="Diving Medical Advisory Council">Diving Medical Advisory Council</a> (DMAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Diving_Technology_Committee" title="European Diving Technology Committee">European Diving Technology Committee</a> (EDTC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_and_Baromedical_Society" title="European Underwater and Baromedical Society">European Underwater and Baromedical Society</a> (EUBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Diving_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Technology" title="National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology">National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Medical_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory">Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_School_of_Underwater_Medicine" title="Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine">Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Society" title="South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society">South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society</a> (SPUMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Underwater_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Association" title="Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association">Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association</a> (SAUHMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" title="Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society</a> (UHMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" title="United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit">United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a> (NEDU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liability_in_recreational_diving" title="Civil liability in recreational diving">Civil liability in recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">Duty of care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_regulating_underwater_diving" title="List of legislation regulating underwater diving">List of legislation regulating underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_diving_accidents" title="Investigation of diving accidents">Investigation of diving accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Underwater_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage">Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_decompression_research_and_development" title="History of decompression research and development">History of decompression research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Diving_Museum" title="History of Diving Museum">History of Diving Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_scuba_diving" title="History of scuba diving">History of scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Maritime_Museum" title="Lyons Maritime Museum">Lyons Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Sea_Museum" title="Man in the Sea Museum">Man in the Sea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearling_in_Western_Australia" title="Pearling in Western Australia">Pearling in Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Navy_decompression_models_and_tables" title="US Navy decompression models and tables">US Navy decompression models and tables</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Commodore" title="SS Commodore">SS <i>Commodore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater art<br />and artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Diver" title="The Diver">The Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_deCaires_Taylor" title="Jason deCaires Taylor">Jason deCaires Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers<br />and inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont" title="Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli" title="Giovanni Alfonso Borelli">Giovanni Alfonso Borelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Martin_Cabirol" title="Joseph-Martin Cabirol">Joseph-Martin Cabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Deane" title="Charles Anthony Deane">Charles Anthony Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Deane_(inventor)" title="John Deane (inventor)">John Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Corlieu" title="Louis de Corlieu">Louis de Corlieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Eldred" title="Ted Eldred">Ted Eldred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Klingert" title="Karl Heinrich Klingert">Karl Heinrich Klingert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft_(diver)" title="Peter Kreeft (diver)">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Le_Prieur" title="Yves Le Prieur">Yves Le Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lethbridge" title="John Lethbridge">John Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Moir" title="Ernest William Moir">Ernest William Moir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress" title="Joseph Salim Peress">Joseph Salim Peress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Savoie" title="Joe Savoie">Joe Savoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Franklyn_Searle" title="Willard Franklyn Searle">Willard Franklyn Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(inventor)" title="Gordon Smith (inventor)">Gordon Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Augustus Siebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Touboulic" title="Pierre-Marie Touboulic">Pierre-Marie Touboulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Calypso" title="RV Calypso">RV <i>Calypso</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-350_Denise" title="SP-350 Denise">SP-350 <i>Denise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonos" title="Nikonos">Nikonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_Marine_Explorer" title="Sub Marine Explorer">Sub Marine Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_scuba" title="Vintage scuba">Vintage scuba</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diverpropulsionvehicles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver<br />propulsion<br />vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_SEAL_Delivery_System" title="Advanced SEAL Delivery System">Advanced SEAL Delivery System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_CE2F_series" title="Cosmos CE2F series">Cosmos CE2F series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_Combat_Submersible" title="Dry Combat Submersible">Dry Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorised_Submersible_Canoe" title="Motorised Submersible Canoe">Motorised Submersible Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Nymph" title="Necker Nymph">Necker Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-2_Mala-class_swimmer_delivery_vehicle" title="R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle">R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle" title="SEAL Delivery Vehicle">SEAL Delivery Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_Water_Combat_Submersible" title="Shallow Water Combat Submersible">Shallow Water Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siluro_San_Bartolomeo" title="Siluro San Bartolomeo">Siluro San Bartolomeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfreighter" title="Welfreighter">Welfreighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_Nellie" title="Wet Nellie">Wet Nellie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military and<br />covert operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_cageless_shark-diving_expedition" title="1992 cageless shark-diving expedition">1992 cageless shark-diving expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_31" title="Mission 31">Mission 31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass_Award" title="Hans Hass Award">Hans Hass Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Scuba_Diving_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame">International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Diving_Chamber_Dive_Lectures" title="London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures">London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOGI_Awards" title="NOGI Awards">NOGI Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Divers_Hall_of_Fame" title="Women Divers Hall of Fame">Women Divers Hall of Fame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Conception" title="Sinking of MV Conception">Sinking of MV <i>Conception</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diver rescues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(carpenter)" title="John Day (carpenter)">John Day (carpenter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spalding" title="Charles Spalding">Charles Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Watson">Ebenezer Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Keenan" title="Stephen Keenan">Stephen Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mevoli" title="Nicholas Mevoli">Nicholas Mevoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore diving">Offshore<br />diving</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident" title="Byford Dolphin"><i>Byford Dolphin</i> diving bell accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_Master_diving_accident" title="Drill Master diving accident"><i>Drill Master</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Canopus_diving_accident" title="Star Canopus diving accident"><i>Star Canopus</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stena_Seaspread_diving_accident" title="Stena Seaspread diving accident"><i>Stena Seaspread</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_One_diving_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture One diving accident"><i>Venture One</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waage_Drill_II_diving_accident" title="Waage Drill II diving accident"><i>Waage Drill II</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrake_diving_accident" title="Wildrake diving accident"><i>Wildrake</i> diving accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional<br />diving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Baldwin_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Baldwin (diver)">Roger Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bennett_(diver)" title="John Bennett (diver)">John Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Guiel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Guiel Jr.">Victor F. Guiel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Hammerberg" title="Francis P. Hammerberg">Francis P. Hammerberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_M._Hoffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig M. Hoffman">Craig M. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Henry_Michael_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Henry Michael Holmes">Peter Henry Michael Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Sea_Link_accident" title="Johnson Sea Link accident">Johnson Sea Link accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Clayton_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Clayton Link">Edwin Clayton Link</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Anthony_Prangley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Anthony Prangley">Gerard Anthony Prangley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Skipnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Skipnes">Per Skipnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Smyth">Robert John Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_D._Stover" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert D. Stover">Albert D. Stover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Walker">Richard A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Michael_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar Michael Ward">Lothar Michael Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Bradley_Westell" title="Death of Bradley Westell">Bradley Westell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving<br />fatalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Mount_Gambier_cave_diving_accident" title="1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident">1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Armbruster" title="Ricardo Armbruster">Ricardo Armbruster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bridge" title="Allan Bridge">Allan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bright_(diver)" title="David Bright (diver)">David Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Coulson" title="Cotton Coulson">Cotton Coulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Coutinho" title="Cláudio Coutinho">Cláudio Coutinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Yale_Dawson" title="E. Yale Dawson">E. Yale Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deon_Dreyer" title="Deon Dreyer">Deon Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Dufek" title="Milan Dufek">Milan Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fargues" title="Maurice Fargues">Maurice Fargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Garman" title="Guy Garman">Guy Garman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Steve_Irwin" title="Death of Steve Irwin">death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_(American_football,_born_1935)" title="Jim Jones (American football, born 1935)">Jim Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Koz%C5%82owski_(speleologist)" title="Artur Kozłowski (speleologist)">Artur Kozłowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Lipski" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Lipski">Yuri Lipski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_MacColl" title="Kirsty MacColl">Kirsty MacColl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Linnea_Mills" title="Death of Linnea Mills">Linnea Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Roubaix" title="François de Roubaix">François de Roubaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">Chris and Chrissy Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Shaw" title="Dave Shaw">Dave Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Stewart_(filmmaker)" title="Rob Stewart (filmmaker)">Rob Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson" title="Esbjörn Svensson">Esbjörn Svensson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Velek" title="Josef Velek">Josef Velek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Diving_Manual" title="NOAA Diving Manual">NOAA Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy_Diving_Manual" title="U.S. Navy Diving Manual">U.S. Navy Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Cave_Diving:_A_Blueprint_for_Survival" title="Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival">Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underwater Handbook (page does not exist)">Underwater Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bennett_and_Elliott%27s_physiology_and_medicine_of_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving (page does not exist)">Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Recreational_Diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_new_science_of_skin_and_scuba_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The new science of skin and scuba diving (page does not exist)">The new science of skin and scuba diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_Diver%27s_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional Diver's Handbook (page does not exist)">Professional Diver's Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_Scuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic Scuba (page does not exist)">Basic Scuba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards and<br />Codes of Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Practice_for_Scientific_Diving_(UNESCO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)">Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_7876" title="DIN 7876">DIN 7876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMCA_Code_of_Practice_for_Offshore_Diving" class="mw-redirect" title="IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving">IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_24801_Recreational_diving_services_%E2%80%94_Requirements_for_the_training_of_recreational_scuba_divers" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers">ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Darkness_Beckons" title="The Darkness Beckons">The Darkness Beckons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfinder" title="Goldfinder">Goldfinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">The Last Dive</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Divers" title="Shadow Divers">Shadow Divers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_World:_A_Story_of_Undersea_Discovery_and_Adventure" title="The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure">The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Divers_Alert_Network_publications" title="List of Divers Alert Network publications">List of Divers Alert Network publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_guide_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive guide (publication)">Dive guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Training_and_registration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Training and registration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver<br />training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Competence and assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning">Competency-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refresher_training_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refresher training (diving)">Refresher training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skill_assessment" title="Skill assessment">Skill assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_standard" title="Diver training standard">Diver training standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving school">Diving school</a></li> <li>Occupational diver training <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver training">Commercial diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military diver training">Military diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver training">Public safety diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver training">Scientific diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_recreational_diving_training_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO recreational diving training standards">ISO training standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlearning" title="Overlearning">Overlearning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_exposure_training" title="Stress exposure training">Stress exposure training</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Skills" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_sidestroke" title="Combat sidestroke">Combat sidestroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_navigation" title="Diver navigation">Diver navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">Diver trim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">Ear clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenzel_maneuver" title="Frenzel maneuver">Frenzel maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver" title="Valsalva maneuver">Valsalva maneuver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finning_techniques" title="Finning techniques">Finning techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_breathing" title="Buddy breathing">Buddy breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Reef_System" title="Diamond Reef System">Diamond Reef System</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_scuba_certification_levels" title="Recreational scuba certification levels">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core diving skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Open_Water_Diver" title="Advanced Open Water Diver">Advanced Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_diver" title="Autonomous diver">Autonomous diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS*_scuba_diver" title="CMAS* scuba diver">CMAS* scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS**_scuba_diver" title="CMAS** scuba diver">CMAS** scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Impact_Diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Impact Diver">Low Impact Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Scuba_Diver" title="Master Scuba Diver">Master Scuba Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Water_Diver" title="Open Water Diver">Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_diver" title="Supervised diver">Supervised diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Instructor" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Instructor">Master Instructor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Diver" title="Rescue Diver">Rescue Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo diver">Solo diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_organization" title="Diver training organization">Diver training<br />certification<br />and registration<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_Federation" title="European Underwater Federation">European Underwater Federation</a> (EUF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Regulators_and_Certifiers_Forum" title="International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum">International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum</a> (IDRCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Schools_Association" title="International Diving Schools Association">International Diving Schools Association</a> (IDSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a> (IMCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">List of diver certification organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_course_referral" title="Recreational diver course referral">Recreational diver course referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" title="World Recreational Scuba Training Council">World Recreational Scuba Training Council</a> (WRSTC)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Diver_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme">Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme</a> (ADAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_registration_in_South_Africa" title="Commercial diver registration in South Africa">Commercial diver registration in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Institute_of_Technology" title="Divers Institute of Technology">Divers Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (HSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Employment_and_Labour" title="Department of Employment and Labour">Department of Employment and Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diving<br />schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Academy_International" title="Divers Academy International">Divers Academy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Norway_University_of_Applied_Sciences#Norwegian_diver_school" title="Western Norway University of Applied Sciences">Norwegian diver school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-diving<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a> (AIDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a> (PI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadian_Underwater_Certifications" title="American Canadian Underwater Certifications">American Canadian Underwater Certifications</a> (ACUC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_nationale_des_moniteurs_de_plong%C3%A9e" title="Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée">Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée</a> (ANMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation" title="International Life Saving Federation">International Life Saving Federation</a> (ILS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Diving_Federation" title="Israeli Diving Federation">Israeli Diving Federation</a> (TIDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Scuba_Educators" title="National Academy of Scuba Educators">National Academy of Scuba Educators</a> (NASE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Onderwatersport_Bond" title="Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond">Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond</a> (NOB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Aqua_Association" title="Sub-Aqua Association">Sub-Aqua Association</a> (SAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Educators_International" title="Scuba Educators International">Scuba Educators International</a> (SEI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Scottish Sub Aqua Club">Scottish Sub Aqua Club</a> (ScotSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a> (TSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Diving_Instructors" title="United Diving Instructors">United Diving Instructors</a> (UDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YMCA_SCUBA_Program" title="YMCA SCUBA Program">YMCA SCUBA Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> (AAUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques#Scientific_committee" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS Scientific Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical diver<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Science_and_Technology" title="Diving Science and Technology">Diving Science and Technology</a> (DSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_Scuba_Association" title="Trimix Scuba Association">Trimix Scuba Association</a> (TSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Technical Extended Range</a> (TXR)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cavediving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cave<br />diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society#Cave_Diving_Group" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">Technical Diving International</a> (TDI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Diving_School" title="Defence Diving School">Defence Diving School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City#Tenant_commands" title="Naval Support Activity Panama City">Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Escape_Training_Unit" title="Underwater Escape Training Unit">Underwater Escape Training Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Combatant_Diver_Course" title="United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course">United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">Underwater sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface snorkeling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snorkeling/breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Australia" title="Underwater hockey in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Turkey" title="Underwater hockey in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater rugby in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_the_United_States" title="Underwater rugby in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open Circuit Scuba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion finswimming">Immersion finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_diving_(sport)" title="Sport diving (sport)">Sport diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cycling" title="Underwater cycling">Underwater cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_orienteering" title="Underwater orienteering">Underwater orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebreather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports governing<br />organisations<br /> and federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>National <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_Hellas" title="AIDA Hellas">AIDA Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Octopush_Association" title="British Octopush Association">British Octopush Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Underwater_Sports_Association" title="British Underwater Sports Association">British Underwater Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_federation_of_underwater_studies_and_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="French federation of underwater studies and sports">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="South African Underwater Sports Federation">South African Underwater Sports Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Society_of_America" title="Underwater Society of America">Underwater Society of America</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_CMAS_Underwater_Photography_World_Championship" title="14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship">14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Underwater Hockey World Championships">Underwater Hockey World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Orienteering_World_Championships" title="Underwater Orienteering World Championships">Underwater Orienteering World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Rugby_World_Championships" title="Underwater Rugby World Championships">Underwater Rugby World Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_divers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_divers" title="Outline of underwater divers">Underwater divers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers<br />of diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Admetlla_i_L%C3%A1zaro" title="Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro">Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bonnin" title="Mary Bonnin">Mary Bonnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Behrens-Furniss" title="Amelia Behrens-Furniss">Amelia Behrens-Furniss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Cahill" title="James F. Cahill">James F. Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Deans_(diver)" title="Billy Deans (diver)">Billy Deans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dottie_Frazier" title="Dottie Frazier">Dottie Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hampton" title="Trevor Hampton">Trevor Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teseo_Tesei" title="Teseo Tesei">Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />scientists<br />archaeologists and<br />environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Arbuthnot" title="Michael Arbuthnot">Michael Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensun_Bound" title="Mensun Bound">Mensun Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Boutan" title="Louis Boutan">Louis Boutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bozanic" title="Jeffrey Bozanic">Jeffrey Bozanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Church" title="Cathy Church">Cathy Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Clark" title="Eugenie Clark">Eugenie Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">James P. Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Fischer" title="George R. Fischer">George R. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Anders Franzén">Anders Franzén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_Frost" title="Honor Frost">Honor Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gibbins" title="David Gibbins">David Gibbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Jessop" title="Graham Jessop">Graham Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_Puspa_Lestari" title="Swietenia Puspa Lestari">Swietenia Puspa Lestari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_Luna" title="Pilar Luna">Pilar Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Marx" title="Robert F. Marx">Robert F. Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Marguerite_McCann" title="Anna Marguerite McCann">Anna Marguerite McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_McCartney" title="Innes McCartney">Innes McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Meide" title="Charles T. Meide">Charles T. Meide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_M._Newell" title="Mark M. Newell">Mark M. Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuba_Ognenova-Marinova" title="Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova">Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">John Peter Oleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_L._Peterson" title="Mendel L. Peterson">Mendel L. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pyle" title="Richard Pyle">Richard Pyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Rechnitzer" title="Andreas Rechnitzer">Andreas Rechnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Royal" title="William R. Royal">William R. Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rule" title="Margaret Rule">Margaret Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_Sch%C3%B6bel" title="Gunter Schöbel">Gunter Schöbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Schwabe" title="Stephanie Schwabe">Stephanie Schwabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Seco" title="Myriam Seco">Myriam Seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Zenato" title="Cristina Zenato">Cristina Zenato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scuba record<br />holders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Pascal Bernabé">Pascal Bernabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bowden_(diver)" title="Jim Bowden (diver)">Jim Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ellyatt" title="Mark Ellyatt">Mark Ellyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomes_(diver)" title="Nuno Gomes (diver)">Nuno Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Serpieri" title="Claudia Serpieri">Claudia Serpieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Starnawski" title="Krzysztof Starnawski">Krzysztof Starnawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />filmmakers<br />and presenters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Alhafith" title="Samir Alhafith">Samir Alhafith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Bravo" title="Ramón Bravo">Ramón Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau" title="Jean-Michel Cousteau">Jean-Michel Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Kohler" title="Richie Kohler">Richie Kohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rose_(TV_presenter)" title="Paul Rose (TV presenter)">Paul Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Torbet" title="Andy Torbet">Andy Torbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tors" title="Ivan Tors">Ivan Tors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wight" title="Andrew Wight">Andrew Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Allan" title="Doug Allan">Doug Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Benitez" title="Tamara Benitez">Tamara Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Biddle" title="Adrian Biddle">Adrian Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bird" title="Jonathan Bird">Jonathan Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cheng" title="Eric Cheng">Eric Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Coleman" title="Neville Coleman">Neville Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Craig" title="John D. Craig">John D. Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cropp" title="Ben Cropp">Ben Cropp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Delemotte" title="Bernard Delemotte">Bernard Delemotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Doubilet" title="David Doubilet">David Doubilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Farmer" title="Candice Farmer">Candice Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Fox" title="Rodney Fox">Rodney Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_Frazier" title="Ric Frazier">Ric Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Frink" title="Stephen Frink">Stephen Frink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gimbel" title="Peter Gimbel">Peter Gimbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Halls" title="Monty Halls">Monty Halls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudie_Kuiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudie Kuiter">Rudie Kuiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Marden" title="Luis Marden">Luis Marden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Monkman" title="Noel Monkman">Noel Monkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Oxford" title="Pete Oxford">Pete Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Parish" title="Steve Parish">Steve Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zale_Parry" title="Zale Parry">Zale Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Petit_(photographer)" title="Pierre Petit (photographer)">Pierre Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scoones" title="Peter Scoones">Peter Scoones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Skerry" title="Brian Skerry">Brian Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Tailliez" title="Philippe Tailliez">Philippe Tailliez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Taylor_(diver)" title="Ron Taylor (diver)">Ron Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Taylor_(diver)" title="Valerie Taylor (diver)">Valerie Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Tillman" title="Albert Tillman">Albert Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Veltri" title="John Veltri">John Veltri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Waterman" title="Stan Waterman">Stan Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Westmorland" title="Michele Westmorland">Michele Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest_Williamson" title="John Ernest Williamson">John Ernest Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lamar_Worzel" title="J. Lamar Worzel">J. Lamar Worzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Balcombe" title="Graham Balcombe">Graham Balcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Farr" title="Martyn Farr">Martyn Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Hasenmayer" title="Jochen Hasenmayer">Jochen Hasenmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Jablonski" title="Jarrod Jablonski">Jarrod Jablonski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth_Main" title="William Hogarth Main">William Hogarth Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mount" title="Tom Mount">Tom Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sheppard_(cave_diver)" title="Jack Sheppard (cave diver)">Jack Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(caver)" title="William Stone (caver)">Bill Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reefs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wrecks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Bishop" title="Leigh Bishop">Leigh Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chatterton" title="John Chatterton">John Chatterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nagle" title="Bill Nagle">Bill Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_van_Heest" title="Valerie van Heest">Valerie van Heest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelis_Zervoudis" title="Aristotelis Zervoudis">Aristotelis Zervoudis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Abercromby" title="Andrew Abercromby">Andrew Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Acaba" title="Joseph M. Acaba">Joseph M. Acaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Anderson" title="Clayton Anderson">Clayton Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Arnold" title="Richard R. Arnold">Richard R. Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor" title="Serena Auñón-Chancellor">Serena Auñón-Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(astronaut)" title="Michael Barratt (astronaut)">Michael Barratt (astronaut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Barth" title="Robert A. Barth">Robert A. Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Robert L. Behnken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bresnik" title="Randolph Bresnik">Randolph Bresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._Broderick" title="Timothy J. Broderick">Timothy J. Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Brown_(aquanaut)" title="Justin Brown (aquanaut)">Justin Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Chamitoff" title="Gregory Chamitoff">Gregory Chamitoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chappell" title="Steve Chappell">Steve Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Coleman" title="Catherine Coleman">Catherine Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook_(American_novelist)" title="Robin Cook (American novelist)">Robin Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_B._Cooper" title="Craig B. Cooper">Craig B. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabien_Cousteau" title="Fabien Cousteau">Fabien Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Cousteau" title="Philippe Cousteau">Philippe Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Creamer" title="Timothy Creamer">Timothy Creamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dory" title="Jonathan Dory">Jonathan Dory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Epps" title="Jeanette Epps">Jeanette Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Falco" title="Albert Falco">Albert Falco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Feustel" title="Andrew J. Feustel">Andrew J. Feustel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fincke" title="Michael Fincke">Michael Fincke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Furukawa" title="Satoshi Furukawa">Satoshi Furukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_J._Garan_Jr." title="Ronald J. Garan Jr.">Ronald J. Garan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Gernhardt" title="Michael L. Gernhardt">Michael L. Gernhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_E._Gerty" title="Christopher E. Gerty">Christopher E. Gerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gruber" title="David Gruber">David Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen" title="Jeremy Hansen">Jeremy Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M._Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José M. Hernández">José M. Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrington" title="John Herrington">John Herrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hill_(flight_director)" title="Paul Hill (flight director)">Paul Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akihiko_Hoshide" title="Akihiko Hoshide">Akihiko Hoshide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hulsbeck" title="Mark Hulsbeck">Mark Hulsbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Hwang" title="Emma Hwang">Emma Hwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norishige_Kanai" title="Norishige Kanai">Norishige Kanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Kaufman" title="Les Kaufman">Les Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Kohanowich" title="Karen Kohanowich">Karen Kohanowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Kopra" title="Timothy Kopra">Timothy Kopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Landucci" title="Dominic Landucci">Dominic Landucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lindbergh" title="Jon Lindbergh">Jon Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_N._Lindgren" title="Kjell N. Lindgren">Kjell N. Lindgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marshburn" title="Thomas Marshburn">Thomas Marshburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Maurer" title="Matthias Maurer">Matthias Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Megan_McArthur" title="K. Megan McArthur">K. Megan McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_McKinley_(physician)" title="Craig McKinley (physician)">Craig McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Melchior" title="Simone Melchior">Simone Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Metcalf-Lindenburger" title="Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger">Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Mogensen" title="Andreas Mogensen">Andreas Mogensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Nyberg" title="Karen Nyberg">Karen Nyberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Olivas" title="John D. Olivas">John D. Olivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuya_Onishi" title="Takuya Onishi">Takuya Onishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Parmitano" title="Luca Parmitano">Luca Parmitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Patrick" title="Nicholas Patrick">Nicholas Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Peake" title="Tim Peake">Tim Peake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Reagan" title="Marc Reagan">Marc Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Reisman" title="Garrett Reisman">Garrett Reisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Rubins" title="Kathleen Rubins">Kathleen Rubins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Ruttley" title="Tara Ruttley">Tara Ruttley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Saint-Jacques" title="David Saint-Jacques">David Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schmid_(flight_surgeon)" title="Josef Schmid (flight surgeon)">Josef Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheats" title="Robert Sheats">Robert Sheats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Squyres" title="Steve Squyres">Steve Squyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Stefanyshyn-Piper" title="Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper">Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Stevenin" title="Hervé Stevenin">Hervé Stevenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Stott" title="Nicole Stott">Nicole Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Talacek" title="James Talacek">James Talacek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_M._Tani" title="Daniel M. Tani">Daniel M. Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thirsk" title="Robert Thirsk">Robert Thirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Todd" title="Bill Todd">Bill Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_T._Vande_Hei" title="Mark T. Vande Hei">Mark T. Vande Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Koichi Wakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_J._Walheim" title="Rex J. Walheim">Rex J. Walheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Walker" title="Shannon Walker">Shannon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_Wells" title="John Morgan Wells">John Morgan Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Wheelock" title="Douglas H. Wheelock">Douglas H. Wheelock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Williams" title="Dafydd Williams">Dafydd Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Williams_(astronaut)" title="Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)">Jeffrey Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Wiseman" title="Reid Wiseman">Reid Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiya_Yui" title="Kimiya Yui">Kimiya Yui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Barnette" title="Michael C. Barnette">Michael C. Barnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Berge" title="Victor Berge">Victor Berge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Diol%C3%A9" title="Philippe Diolé">Philippe Diolé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gentile" title="Gary Gentile">Gary Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Gilliam" title="Bret Gilliam">Bret Gilliam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Halstead" title="Bob Halstead">Bob Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Hauser" title="Hillary Hauser">Hillary Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jackson_(diver)" title="Trevor Jackson (diver)">Trevor Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Lewis_(diver)" title="Steve Lewis (diver)">Steve Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mattera" title="John Mattera">John Mattera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescuers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Challen" title="Craig Challen">Craig Challen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris_(anaesthetist)" title="Richard Harris (anaesthetist)">Richard Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stanton" title="Rick Stanton">Rick Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Volanthen" title="John Volanthen">John Volanthen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frogmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Edward_Fraser" title="Ian Edward Fraser">Ian Edward Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Knowles" title="Sydney Knowles">Sydney Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Magennis" title="James Joseph Magennis">James Joseph Magennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial salvors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jessop" title="Keith Jessop">Keith Jessop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_of_underwater_diving" title="Science of underwater diving">Science of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physics" title="Diving physics">Diving<br />physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">Metre sea water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">Neutral buoyancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_ultrasound" title="Modulated ultrasound">Modulated ultrasound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_computer_vision" title="Underwater computer vision">Underwater computer vision</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving physiology">Diving<br />physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex#Blood_shift" title="Diving reflex">Blood shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex" title="Diving reflex">Diving reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_narcotic_depth" title="Equivalent narcotic depth">Equivalent narcotic depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_operating_depth" title="Maximum operating depth">Maximum operating depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_response_to_water_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological response to water immersion">Physiological response to water immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_balance_of_the_underwater_diver" title="Thermal balance of the underwater diver">Thermal balance of the underwater diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Decompressiontheory" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_theory" title="Decompression theory">Decompression<br />theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Decompression models: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BChlmann_decompression_algorithm" title="Bühlmann decompression algorithm">Bühlmann decompression algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane%27s_decompression_model" title="Haldane's decompression model">Haldane's decompression model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_gradient_bubble_model" title="Reduced gradient bubble model">Reduced gradient bubble model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalmann_algorithm" title="Thalmann algorithm">Thalmann algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_model_of_decompression" title="Thermodynamic model of decompression">Thermodynamic model of decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varying_Permeability_Model" title="Varying Permeability Model">Varying Permeability Model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_air_depth" title="Equivalent air depth">Equivalent air depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_window" title="Oxygen window">Oxygen window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_decompression" title="Physiology of decompression">Physiology of decompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Diving<br />environments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration" title="Deep-sea exploration">Deep-sea exploration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_environments_by_type" title="List of diving environments by type">List of diving environments by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign water diving">Benign water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confined_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Confined water diving">Confined water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland diving">Inland diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inshore diving">Inshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-water diving">Black-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-water diving">Blue-water diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Penetration diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torricellian_chamber" title="Torricellian chamber">Torricellian chamber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_environment" title="Underwater environment">Underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Underwater diving environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathysphere" title="Bathysphere">Bathysphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_against_swimmer_incursions" title="Defense against swimmer incursions">Defense against swimmer incursions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_detection_sonar" title="Diver detection sonar">Diver detection sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore survey">Offshore survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged compact camera">Rugged compact camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_domain_awareness" title="Underwater domain awareness">Underwater domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vehicle" title="Underwater vehicle">Underwater vehicle</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminaut" title="Aluminaut"><i>Aluminaut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_submarine_NR-1" title="American submarine NR-1">American submarine NR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">Bathyscaphe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède"><i>Archimède</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-2" title="FNRS-2">FNRS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-3" title="FNRS-3">FNRS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe#Harmony_class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Harmony</i> class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Sea Pole</i>-class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste II"><i>Trieste II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepsea_Challenger" title="Deepsea Challenger"><i>Deepsea Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictineu_3" title="Ictineu 3"><i>Ictineu 3</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAGO_(German_research_submersible)" title="JAGO (German research submersible)"><i>JAGO</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaolong_(submersible)" title="Jiaolong (submersible)"><i>Jiaolong</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsul-class_submersible" title="Konsul-class submersible"><i>Konsul</i>-class submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Limiting_Factor" title="DSV Limiting Factor"><i>Limiting Factor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Losharik" title="Russian submarine Losharik">Russian submarine <i>Losharik</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautile" title="Nautile"><i>Nautile</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces-class_deep_submergence_vehicle" title="Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle"><i>Pisces</i>-class deep submergence vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Sea_Cliff" title="DSV Sea Cliff">DSV <i>Sea Cliff</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai" title="DSV Shinkai">DSV <i>Shinkai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_2000" title="DSV Shinkai 2000">DSV <i>Shinkai 2000</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_6500" title="DSV Shinkai 6500">DSV <i>Shinkai 6500</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Turtle" title="DSV Turtle">DSV <i>Turtle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV-5_Nemo" title="DSV-5 Nemo">DSV-5 <i>Nemo</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue" title="Submarine rescue">Submarine rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_Liaison_Office" title="International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office">International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_system_(Royal_Swedish_Navy)" title="Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)">Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCann_Rescue_Chamber" title="McCann Rescue Chamber">McCann Rescue Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue_ship" title="Submarine rescue ship">Submarine rescue ship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deep-submergencerescue_vehicle" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />rescue vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LR5" title="LR5">LR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR7" title="LR7">LR7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSM-1" title="MSM-1">MSM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Mystic</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-1_Mystic" title="DSRV-1 Mystic">DSRV-1 <i>Mystic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-2_Avalon" title="DSRV-2 Avalon">DSRV-2 <i>Avalon</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Submarine_Rescue_System" title="NATO Submarine Rescue System">NATO Submarine Rescue System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priz-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Priz</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_deep_submergence_rescue_vehicle_AS-28" title="Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28">Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_AS-34" title="Russian submarine AS-34">Russian submarine AS-34</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASRV_Remora" class="mw-redirect" title="ASRV Remora">ASRV <i>Remora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRV-300" title="SRV-300">SRV-300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Rescue_Diving_Recompression_System" title="Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System">Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_7103_DSRV" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 7103 DSRV">Type 7103 DSRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URF_(Swedish_Navy)" title="URF (Swedish Navy)">URF (Swedish Navy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submarine_escape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submarine escape (page does not exist)">Submarine escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_trunk" title="Escape trunk">Escape trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_training_facility" title="Submarine escape training facility">Submarine escape training facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Training_Facility_(Australia)" title="Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)">Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Escape_set" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape set">Escape set</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momsen_lung" title="Momsen lung">Momsen lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinke_hood" title="Steinke hood">Steinke hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment" title="Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment">Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special<br />interest<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Reef_Society_of_British_Columbia" title="Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia">Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS_Europe" title="CMAS Europe">CMAS Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Reef_Alliance" title="Coral Reef Alliance">Coral Reef Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Fins" title="Green Fins">Green Fins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Underwater_Preserve_Association" title="Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association">Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_Underwater_Research" title="Karst Underwater Research">Karst Underwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Program" title="Nautical Archaeology Program">Nautical Archaeology Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Command_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club">Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PADI_AWARE" title="PADI AWARE">PADI AWARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Check" title="Reef Check">Reef Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Life_Survey" title="Reef Life Survey">Reef Life Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Ontario_Shipwrecks" title="Save Ontario Shipwrecks">Save Ontario Shipwrecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Historical_Research" title="Society for Underwater Historical Research">Society for Underwater Historical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Technology" title="Society for Underwater Technology">Society for Underwater Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Archaeology_Branch,_Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" title="Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command">Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral buoyancy<br />facilities for<br />Astronaut training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_pool" title="Neutral buoyancy pool">Neutral buoyancy pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_simulation_as_a_training_aid" title="Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid">Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Simulator" title="Neutral Buoyancy Simulator">Neutral Buoyancy Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Laboratory_(Maryland)" title="Space Systems Laboratory (Maryland)">Space Systems Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_Aircrew_Breathing_Device" title="Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device">Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_therapy" title="Scuba diving therapy">Scuba diving therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_mining" title="Seabed mining">Seabed mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" title="Category:Underwater diving">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Underwater diving">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b>Indexes: <a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Dive sites</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_underwater_divers" title="Index of underwater divers">Divers</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_underwater_diving" title="Index of underwater diving">Diving</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_diving" title="Outline of underwater diving">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Underwater_diving" title="Portal:Underwater diving">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&oldid=1249692767#Open-circuit_scuba">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diving_cylinder&oldid=1249692767#Open-circuit_scuba</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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