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also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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data-title="Fenómeno de Petrozavodsk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrozavodskas_fenomens" title="Petrozavodskas fenomens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Petrozavodskas fenomens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenul_Petrozavodsk" title="Fenomenul Petrozavodsk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fenomenul Petrozavodsk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Petrozavodsk_phenomenon_photo_copy.jpg/160px-Petrozavodsk_phenomenon_photo_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Petrozavodsk_phenomenon_photo_copy.jpg/240px-Petrozavodsk_phenomenon_photo_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/32/Petrozavodsk_phenomenon_photo_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>A copy of the lost photograph of the Petrozavodsk object</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Petrozavodsk UFO</b> was a series of celestial events of a disputed nature that occurred on 20 September 1977. The sightings were reported over a vast territory, from <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-kolchin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kolchin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is named after the city of <a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, where a glowing object was widely reported that showered the city with numerous rays. </p><p>Government officials from northern European countries sent letters to <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Alexandrov_(physicist)" title="Anatoly Alexandrov (physicist)">Anatoly Aleksandrov</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences of the USSR">Academy of Sciences of the USSR</a>, expressing concern about whether the observed phenomenon was caused by Soviet weapons testing and whether it constituted a threat to the region's environment.<sup id="cite_ref-csi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-sn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the phenomenon has been often, though not universally, attributed to the launch of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-955" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-955">Kosmos-955</a></i>. In the same year, a preliminary report for the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was made, containing a large body of visual observations, <a href="/wiki/Radiolocation" title="Radiolocation">radiolocation</a> reports, physical measurements, and accompanying <a href="/wiki/Meteorological" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological">meteorological</a> data. It concluded that "based on the available data, it is unfeasible to satisfactorily understand the observed phenomenon".<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Petrozavodsk phenomenon contributed to the creation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Setka_AN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Setka AN (page does not exist)">Setka AN</a>, a Soviet research program for anomalous atmospheric phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrozavodsk_phenomenon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early Soviet reports the Petrozavodsk phenomenon was referred to as the <i>phenomenon of 20 September 1977</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-foreword_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreword-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later it became known as the <i>Petrozavodsk phenomenon</i>. Sometimes it is also called the <i>Petrozavodsk incident</i><sup id="cite_ref-csi_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Petrozavodsk miracle.<sup id="cite_ref-foreword_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreword-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase "<a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">unidentified flying object</a>" in the Soviet Union was substituted by the term "anomalous phenomenon" for research purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-foreword_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreword-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sightings">Sightings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrozavodsk_phenomenon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sightings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most sightings occurred between 1:00 and 1:20 am <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>, when at least 48 unidentified objects reportedly appeared in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several sightings occurred before, at 1:00 am local time over <a href="/wiki/Medvezhyegorsk" title="Medvezhyegorsk">Medvezhyegorsk</a>, at 2:30 am over <a href="/wiki/Loukhi" title="Loukhi">Loukhi</a> and at 3:00 am over <a href="/wiki/Kovdor" title="Kovdor">Kovdor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palanga" title="Palanga">Palanga</a> (Lithuania).<sup id="cite_ref-kolchin_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kolchin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From approximately 3:00 to 3:25 am an unidentified luminous object was observed by the supervising personnel of the Leningrad maritime trade port.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 3:30 am a flying object, surrounded by a luminous coat, was reportedly seen by the crew of the Soviet fishing vessel <i>Primorsk</i>, which was departing from the <a href="/wiki/Primorsk,_Leningrad_Oblast" title="Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast">Primorsk</a> harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object appeared to move noiselessly from the east, and near Primorsk it abruptly changed its direction to north.<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland, the sightings of a glowing ball were reported by newspapers <i><a href="/wiki/Ilta-Sanomat" title="Ilta-Sanomat">Ilta-Sanomat</a></i> on 20 September and <i><a href="/wiki/Kansan_Uutiset" title="Kansan Uutiset">Kansan Uutiset</a></i> the next day. The ball was observed by many residents, including taxi drivers, police functionaries and <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Airport" title="Helsinki Airport">Helsinki Airport</a> personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unidentified object was also observed near <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> by two men. At the distance of 300 m they spotted a spinning object similar to a lifebuoy, 10 m in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-Turku_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turku-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This claim was contested by Pekka Teerikorpi from <a href="/wiki/Tuorla_Observatory" title="Tuorla Observatory">Tuorla Observatory</a>. Arguing that the entire phenomenon was caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-955" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-955">Kosmos-955</a></i>, Teerikorpi believed that the actual distance was "many hundreds of kilometres" and that "such reports probably are due to the well-known fact that it is difficult to estimate distances of unfamiliar phenomena".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ilta-Sanomat</i> also reported a sighting of a glowing object in Denmark, over <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, by the pilots of a Finnish airline aircraft flying from Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The glowing objects were also observed in various places in the Soviet Union, mostly in the northwest. The appearance of an unidentified object over Helsinki reportedly caused heavy radio traffic in Soviet territory.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the European part of the Soviet Union "bright, luminous bodies surrounded by extended shells and emitting light rays or jets of quaint shapes" were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-sf_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "shells" reportedly "transformed and diffused within 10 to 15 minutes", while "a more long-lived, stable glow was observed, mostly in the northeastern part of the sky".<sup id="cite_ref-sf_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eyewitnesses included paramedics, on-duty <i><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">militsiya</a></i> functionaries, seamen and the longshoremen at Petrozavodsk's port, members of the military, local airport staff and an amateur astronomer.<sup id="cite_ref-csi_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phenomenon was also observed by the members of the <a href="/wiki/IZMIRAN" title="IZMIRAN">IZMIRAN</a> <a href="/wiki/Geophysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophysical">geophysical</a> expedition near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lekhta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lekhta (page does not exist)">Lekhta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reports_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reports-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, then Leningrad, the sighting of an unidentified object was reported by three night shift employees of <a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Airport" title="Pulkovo Airport">Pulkovo Airport</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_controller" title="Air traffic controller">air traffic controller</a> B. Blagirev. According to Blagirev, he spotted a fireball-like object slightly larger than <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> at 3:55 am in the north-north-east at an <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a> of 10°.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object was surrounded by a spacious, rhythmically glowing coat with intricate structure and "the observed phenomenon had nothing similar to <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">aurora</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object moved ascendantly to the observer, to the south-south-west, then it changed direction to north-north-west and eventually disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three airport employees failed to identify what they saw.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further reports in the Soviet Union came from <a href="/wiki/Primorsk,_Leningrad_Oblast" title="Primorsk, Leningrad Oblast">Primorsk</a> (two eyewitnesses), <a href="/wiki/Petergof" title="Petergof">Petrodvorets</a> (one eyewitness), <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov,_Russia" title="Lomonosov, Russia">Lomonosov</a> (three eyewitnesses), <a href="/wiki/Podporozhye" title="Podporozhye">Podporozhye</a> (three eyewitnesses), <a href="/wiki/Polovina,_Estonia" title="Polovina, Estonia">Polovina</a> (one eyewitness), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepp%C3%A4syrj%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leppäsyrjä (page does not exist)">Leppäsyrjä</a> (one eyewitness), <a href="/wiki/Kem,_Russia" title="Kem, Russia">Kem</a> (several eyewitnesses), <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5ltsamaa" title="Põltsamaa">Põltsamaa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liiva_(P%C3%B5lva_County)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liiva (Põlva County) (page does not exist)">Liiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priozersk" title="Priozersk">Priozersk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kestenga" title="Kestenga">Kestenga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valday,_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Valday, Novgorod Oblast">Valday</a> and other places.<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many reports were accompanied by drawings from eyewitnesses. By 30 December 1978, the Soviet researchers collected a total of 85 reports on the Petrozavodsk phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the settlement of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurkijoki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurkijoki (page does not exist)">Kurkijoki</a> a luminous object was seen by engineer A. Novozhilov, who compared it to an <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airship</a>. He reported the sighting to the <a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Sciences" title="Candidate of Sciences">candidate of technical sciences</a>, Konstantin Polevitsky, who recorded it. Initially Novozhilov saw what he thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some time the object had stopped and then moved towards Novozhilov, quickly increasing in size and acquiring the well-outlined shape of an airship.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The object was faceted and tipped with brightly shining spots on front and back. The edges were glowing with white light, which was slightly fainter than the spots.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The facets resembled windows lit from inside and were evenly glowing with a white light that was fainter than that of the edges.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object reportedly moved at an altitude of 300–500 m, being 100 m long and 12–15 m in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still approaching Novozhilov, the object, moving from west to east, had released a brightly shining ball from the rear, which flew north. The ball was flying horizontally and then descended behind a forest. The landing reportedly caused the appearance of a bright glow.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 4:15 am. Novozhilov took three unsuccessful photos of the sighting with a 0.1 sec exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object was "much larger than moon" and moved with the speed of a helicopter.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The observation lasted 10–15 minutes in complete silence.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another detailed account of one unidentified object was given by Soviet writer and philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Linnik_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Linnik (writer) (page does not exist)">Yuri Linnik</a>. He observed the object at his <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dacha</a> near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Namoyevo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namoyevo (page does not exist)">Namoyevo</a> at about 3:00 am through an amateur telescope with an 80× magnification. The lens-like object, surrounded by a dim, translucent ring, had a color of a "dark <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a>, intensively lightened from inside".<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The edges of the lens-like object had 16 spots (described by Linnik as "nozzles"<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) which emitted pulsating red rays at an angle of 10°–15°.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Angular_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular size">angular size</a> of the object was estimated at 20 <a href="/wiki/Arcminutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcminutes">arcminutes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The object passed near the stars <a href="/wiki/Gamma_Geminorum" title="Gamma Geminorum">Gamma Geminorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eta_Geminorum" title="Eta Geminorum">Eta Geminorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capella_(star)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capella (star)">Capella</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=172_Camelopardalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="172 Camelopardalis (page does not exist)">172 Camelopardalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/50_Cassiopeiae" title="50 Cassiopeiae">50 Cassiopeiae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_Cephei" title="Gamma Cephei">Gamma Cephei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psi_Draconis" title="Psi Draconis">Psi Draconis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=16_Draconis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16 Draconis (page does not exist)">16 Draconis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psi_Herculis" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi Herculis">Psi Herculis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Coronae_Borealis" title="Kappa Coronae Borealis">Kappa Coronae Borealis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delta_Coronae_Borealis" title="Delta Coronae Borealis">Delta Coronae Borealis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object stopped near Gamma Cephei at an azimuth of 220°.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near Kappa Coronae Borealis, at an azimuth of 340°–350°, the object changed its direction to 30°–35° west.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It finally disappeared in the north at an azimuth of 340°. The duration of the flight was 15 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from ground observations, there were also reports from several aircraft. The crew of a <a href="/wiki/Tu-154" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-154">Tu-154</a> spotted a luminous spherical object at an altitude of 12 km.<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bright, luminous object was also observed for a half an hour by Georgian writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guram_Pandzhikidze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guram Pandzhikidze (page does not exist)">Guram Pandzhikidze</a> and other passengers of an aircraft returning from <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> at an altitude of 11 km,<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at about 4:30 or 5:00 am. Pandzhikidze reported the sighting on 2 October to the director of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karelian_Hydrometeorological_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karelian Hydrometeorological Observatory (page does not exist)">Karelian Hydrometeorological Observatory</a> Yuri Gromov, who verified the report's copy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petrozavodsk_object">Petrozavodsk object</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrozavodsk_phenomenon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Petrozavodsk object"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time, Petrozavodsk was the capital and a major industrial hub of the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, with a population of 203,000 in 1974. The earliest published report of the Petrozavodsk phenomenon was written by <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Agency_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union">TASS</a> correspondent Nikolai Milov, who described the unidentified object over Petrozavodsk as "a huge star", that "flared up in the dark sky" at about 4:00 am <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Standard Time">local time</a>, "impulsively sending shafts of light to the Earth".<sup id="cite_ref-Oberg_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberg-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milov's report was published in the mainstream Soviet press (<i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Izvestiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Izvestiya">Izvestiya</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selskaya_Zhizn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selskaya Zhizn (page does not exist)">Selskaya Zhizn</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tribuna" title="Tribuna">Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya</a></i>). A local newspaper, <i>Leninskaya Pravda</i>, also reported the Petrozavodsk object. </p><p>The preliminary data analysis by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences of the USSR">Academy of Sciences of the USSR</a> in 1977 found the eyewitness reports to be mutually consistent and complementary.<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some eyewitness accounts were attested by Yuri Gromov. According to Milov, "the star" was spreading out over Petrozavodsk in the form of a jellyfish, "showering the city with a multitude of very fine rays which created an image of pouring rain".<sup id="cite_ref-Oberg_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberg-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Milov further reported that "after some time the luminescent rays ceased" and "the jellyfish turned into a bright semicircle", which resumed its movement towards <a href="/wiki/Onega_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Onega Lake">Onega Lake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberg_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberg-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The object, surrounded by a translucent coat, was initially spotted at about 4:00 am in the northeastern part of the sky below <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a> at an azimuth of about 40°.<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-localization_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-localization-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial brightness of the object was "apparently comparable to that of Venus".<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object moved ascendantly towards Ursa Major. The <a href="/wiki/Course_(navigation)" title="Course (navigation)">course angle</a> as determined by former pilot and eyewitness V. Barkhatov was 240°.<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the object ascended, it was expanding and pulsating,<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a decrease in brightness was not noted. The object moved slowly for about three minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before the object stopped it dispersed a bright "cloud". The cloud was round or oval in shape.<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its maximum angular size was larger than that of Ursa Major, about 30° in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The altitude of the object during the formation of the "cloud" was estimated at 7.5±0.4 km (based on eyewitnesses' observations) or at 6.0±0.5 km, based on <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-localization_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-localization-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The linear diameter of the object's core was estimated either at 119 or at about 60 m.<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diameter of the object's jellyfish-like cupola was estimated by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Ziegel" title="Felix Ziegel">Felix Ziegel</a> at about 105 m, based on the drawing of eyewitness Andrei Akimov.<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object itself was red in color and emitted a bluish white glow.<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lighting of the area was compared to that from a full moon.<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to eyewitness V. Trubachev, "the ground was lightened like in the white night".<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glowing "cloud" then developed a dark spot around the central core. The spot quickly expanded while the glow was fading away.<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object hovered over Petrozavodsk for five minutes and then moved away. Before hovering, the object moved slowly, with the <a href="/wiki/Angular_velocity" title="Angular velocity">angular velocity</a> of a passenger aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the hovering its speed had increased. One eyewitness noted that the object's underside resembled a <a href="/wiki/Segner_wheel" title="Segner wheel">Segner wheel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire phenomenon lasted 10–15 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Petrozavodsk object was also seen in adjacent places, such as Pryazha. In 1978, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inzhener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inzhener (page does not exist)">Tekhnika i Nauka</a></i> published a color reconstruction of various stages of the object. </p><p>In November 1977, clinical psychologist Y. Andreyeva evaluated the mental condition of nine eyewitnesses of the Petrozavodsk phenomenon. She concluded that "one can be confident of complete mental sanity of the eyewitnesses and the veracity of their answers and testimonies".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, several reports noted some impact of the phenomenon on humans and environment. According to A. Grakov, who observed a glowing yellow ball the size of the moon, the air above the lake in Petrozavodsk glowed with white light after the ball had disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glow was more intense than that from Petrozavodsk's lights.<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_Linnik_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri Linnik (writer) (page does not exist)">Yuri Linnik</a>, after 20 September 1977 there was increased biological activity in the areas where the phenomenon was observed. Noting that that increase might not be related to the Petrozavodsk phenomenon, Linnik nonetheless reported the blooming of roses in his garden and the second bloom of "about 10 species of <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous plants</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linnik called it "extraordinary for Karelia's latitude" because "after the autumn equinox the vegetation of herbs almost ceases".<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further emphasized the intense bloom of the water in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukshozero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukshozero (page does not exist)">Ukshozero</a>, caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Ankistrodesmus" title="Ankistrodesmus">Ankistrodesmus</a></i>, shortly after 20 September.<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some impact on technical devices was also noted when the engineers in the Petrozavodsk area reportedly observed "huge failures" in computing devices, which then regained normal performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Dmitriyev_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dmitriyev-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumental_detection">Instrumental detection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrozavodsk_phenomenon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Instrumental detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The unidentified objects over the airports of Helsinki, <a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Airport" title="Pulkovo Airport">Pulkovo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peski_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peski Airport (page does not exist)">Peski</a> were not detected by the airport <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although according to <a href="/wiki/UPI" class="mw-redirect" title="UPI">UPI</a> the object was detected by the Helsinki airport radar, the airport's traffic controller Ari Hämäläinen claimed it was not.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objects were not spotted by the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">air defense system</a> either.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, however, the glowing objects were reportedly detected by the <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">weather radar</a> of Karelian Hydrometeorological Observatory in Petrozavodsk on 30 September at 5:40 pm, 20 October at 11:30 pm and 20 November at 2:14–2:17 am.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_investigation">Soviet investigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrozavodsk_phenomenon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soviet investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSR_Academy_of_Sciences_sheet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USSR_Academy_of_Sciences_sheet.jpg/160px-USSR_Academy_of_Sciences_sheet.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USSR_Academy_of_Sciences_sheet.jpg/240px-USSR_Academy_of_Sciences_sheet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/USSR_Academy_of_Sciences_sheet.jpg/320px-USSR_Academy_of_Sciences_sheet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>A note of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, informing about the dispatch of an expert group to <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> to study the phenomenon, 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>The initial analysis of the phenomenon was made by the research fellow of <a href="/wiki/Sternberg_Astronomical_Institute" title="Sternberg Astronomical Institute">Sternberg Astronomical Institute</a> Lev Gindilis using various testimonies and <a href="/wiki/Meteorological" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological">meteorological</a> data available by 30 September 1977. He wrote that the passage of one object at a reasonably high altitude, which allows simultaneous observations from all reported locations, is plausible at a flight altitude of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 km or more.<sup id="cite_ref-Gindilis_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gindilis-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gindilis noted that in that case "the minimal linear dimensions of the bright spherical object should be about 1 kilometer, while the diameter of the coat – several tens of kilometers".<sup id="cite_ref-Gindilis_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gindilis-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering the launch of <i><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-955" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-955">Kosmos-955</a></i> as the possible cause, Gindilis outlined several obstacles, such as the westward motion of the unidentified object (while <i>Kosmos-955</i> was launched to the north-east), the observed <a href="/wiki/Angular_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular size">angular sizes</a> of it combined with the expected distance and prolonged hanging over <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepp%C3%A4syrj%C3%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leppäsyrjä (page does not exist)">Leppäsyrjä</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gindilis_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gindilis-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 October 1977 a <a href="/wiki/Sortavala" title="Sortavala">Sortavala</a> newspaper <i>Krasnoye Znamya</i> published a report from a local hydrometeostation, which further confirmed that the Petrozavodsk object moved from northeast to southwest. The suggestion about <i>Kosmos-955</i> was also criticized by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Ziegel" title="Felix Ziegel">Felix Ziegel</a>, who noted that the space vehicles are launched eastwards, in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zigel3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zigel3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further in 1977, a <a href="/wiki/For_Official_Use_Only" title="For Official Use Only">For Official Use Only</a> preliminary report on the Petrozavodsk phenomenon was prepared by Gindilis, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Engineering_Physics_Institute_(National_Research_Nuclear_University)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (National Research Nuclear University)">MEPI</a> engineer-physicist D. Menkov and I. Petrovskaya. It used various data available by 20 October, but the findings were inconclusive. Assuming that "the extent of phenomenon is apparently too big to be explained by technical experiments on satellite orbits", the report conjectured "a possible influence of some cosmic agent".<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report was used at the dedicated meeting on the Petrozavodsk phenomenon, arranged on 1 November 1977 at the Institute of Space Studies of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Academy of Sciences">Soviet Academy of Sciences</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">Russian Space Research Institute</a>). The findings were also inconclusive. </p><p>On 2 January 1978, the vice president of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kotelnikov" title="Vladimir Kotelnikov">Vladimir Kotelnikov</a>, signed a note to the Karelian Department of the Academy, informing them about the dispatch of an expert group to study the phenomenon <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_situ" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:in situ">in situ</a>. There, relying on eyewitnesses' testimonies, the employee of Petrozavodsk University Y. Mezentsev conducted <a href="/wiki/Theodolite" title="Theodolite">theodolite</a> measurements to determine the approximate location of the unidentified object over Petrozavodsk. In the end of January 1978 the Soviet researchers compiled an appendix to the 1977 preliminary report, which contained updated data on the phenomenon. The appendix further emphasized that the sightings of unidentified objects elsewhere were reported before the launch of <i>Kosmos-955</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomenon_8-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One copy of the report was received by the French research group <a href="/wiki/GEPAN" class="mw-redirect" title="GEPAN">GEPAN</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberg2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberg2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The copy was subsequently forwarded to <a href="/wiki/CUFOS" class="mw-redirect" title="CUFOS">CUFOS</a> in <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a> in the United States. <a href="/wiki/J._Allen_Hynek" title="J. Allen Hynek">J. Allen Hynek</a> presented another copy to <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> scientist Richard Haines, who then translated the copy to English on a government grant.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberg2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberg2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet report was met with a mixed reception abroad. Haines, Hynek and others publicly claimed that the report was the key evidence for the existence of <a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">unidentified flying objects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberg2_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberg2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Oberg" title="James Oberg">James Oberg</a> criticised the Soviet investigation, regarding it as "a ruse, possibly another Soviet attempt to divert attention from the truth about Soviet UFOs".<sup id="cite_ref-Oberg2_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberg2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_explanations">Proposed explanations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrozavodsk_phenomenon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Proposed explanations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TASS_on_Kosmos-955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/TASS_on_Kosmos-955.jpg/125px-TASS_on_Kosmos-955.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/TASS_on_Kosmos-955.jpg/188px-TASS_on_Kosmos-955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/TASS_on_Kosmos-955.jpg/250px-TASS_on_Kosmos-955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Agency_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union">TASS</a> report on the launch of <i>Kosmos-955</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Several proposals to explain the nature of the phenomenon have been argued. The director of the <a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Observatory" title="Pulkovo Observatory">Pulkovo Observatory</a> Vladimir Krat initially thought that the phenomenon was caused by the fall of a <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in public speeches, he attributed the phenomenon to <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">aurorae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zigel2_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view was supported by the director of <a href="/wiki/IZMIRAN" title="IZMIRAN">IZMIRAN</a> Vladimir Migulin, whose conjecture was published in the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_Rossiya" title="Sovetskaya Rossiya">Sovetskaya Rossiya</a></i> on 19 April 1980. Migulin's explanation was rejected by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Ziegel" title="Felix Ziegel">Felix Ziegel</a>, who noted that aurorae cannot occur at an altitude lower than 100 km and that their <a href="/wiki/Surface_brightness" title="Surface brightness">surface brightness</a> is low, being incomparable to that of the Petrozavodsk object.<sup id="cite_ref-zigel3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zigel3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, Migulin suggested that the phenomenon occurred "due to a rare concourse of various circumstances, that is the launch of the satellite <i><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-955" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-955">Kosmos-955</a></i>, the strong magnetic perturbation due to <a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">solar flare</a> and our scientific experiment of influencing the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> with low frequency <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the interview, published in 1977 by <i><a href="/wiki/Kansan_Uutiset" title="Kansan Uutiset">Kansan Uutiset</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Uusi_Suomi" title="Uusi Suomi">Uusi Suomi</a></i>, the employee of <a href="/wiki/Nurmij%C3%A4rvi" title="Nurmijärvi">Nurmijärvi</a> geophysical observatory Matti Kivinen assumed that an unidentified object over Finland could be the remnant of a <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Oberg" title="James Oberg">James Oberg</a> attributed the Petrozavodsk object to the launch of the Soviet satellite <i>Kosmos-955</i> from <a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a>, which took place on 20 September at about 3:58 local time.<sup id="cite_ref-Oberg_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oberg-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to James Oberg, because <i>Kosmos-955</i> was launched in the north-eastern direction, the residents of Petrozavodsk (located to the south-west from Plesetsk) observed the blaze trail from the satellite's nozzles, which caused the phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-sn_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oberg's view was endorsed, particularly by the IZMIRAN fellow Yuli Platov in 1984. According to Platov, the appearance of a shining spot was associated with the flare of the satellite's engine.<sup id="cite_ref-platov_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platov-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of an extended glowing area reportedly coincided with the satellite's leaving the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_shadow" title="Earth's shadow">Earth's shadow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-platov_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platov-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar phenomena (given the name "<a href="/wiki/Space_jellyfish" title="Space jellyfish">space jellyfish</a>") following the launch of satellites near dawn or dusk have been reported multiple times since the Petrozavodsk incident. Platov further linked the development of the radiant structure to the passage of <i>Kosmos-955</i> through the <a href="/wiki/Turbopause" title="Turbopause">turbopause</a> boundary, "above which the scattering of combustion products occurs without the damping effect of the atmosphere".<sup id="cite_ref-platov_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-platov-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, Platov's view was published by Soviet magazine <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauka_v_SSSR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauka v SSSR (page does not exist)">Nauka v SSSR</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a later article, Platov noted that "a number of additional effects, that accompanied the Petrozavodsk phenomenon, was associated with the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Test_launch" class="mw-redirect" title="Test launch">test launch</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a>, that was conducted in the same region almost at the same time".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, since the inconclusive Soviet investigation, the <i>Kosmos-955</i> argument remains contested. Referring to his 18-year service experience at <a href="/wiki/Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a> site, Ukrainian researcher Oleh Pruss said: "I know firsthand, what a spectacle in the sky occurs during the rocket launches – it's quite an impressive view. However, there was something completely different over Petrozavodsk".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aviatsiya_i_Kosmonavtika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aviatsiya i Kosmonavtika (page does not exist)">Aviatsiya i Kosmonavtika</a></i> published an article "'Flashes' in the Atmosphere" by M. Dmitriyev, where a <a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">chemiluminescence</a> hypothesis was put forward. According to Dmitriyev, the phenomenon was "neither the result of technical experiments nor a <a href="/wiki/Mirage" title="Mirage">mirage</a>", but a chemiluminescent area in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Dmitriyev_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dmitriyev-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning that hypothesis, Ziegel wrote that "the energy output of chemiluminescence is negligible", unlike that of the Petrozavodsk object, and that the conjectured chemiluminescent clouds cannot soar against the wind, which the Petrozavodsk object appeared to do.<sup id="cite_ref-zigel3_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zigel3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrozavodsk_phenomenon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Norwegian_spiral_anomaly" title="2009 Norwegian spiral anomaly">2009 Norwegian spiral anomaly</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrozavodsk_phenomenon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Note"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1977 preliminary data analysis by the Soviet Academy of Sciences considered only the altitudes of 10 km and higher to estimate the <a href="/wiki/Radiant_flux" title="Radiant flux">radiant flux</a> and energy yielded by the Petrozavodsk object. At an altitude of 10 km the radiant flux was estimated at 4×10<sup>6</sup> <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a> and the yielded energy at 10<sup>16</sup> <a href="/wiki/Erg" title="Erg">ergs</a> (10<sup>9</sup> <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-report_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petrozavodsk_phenomenon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kolchin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kolchin_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kolchin_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFКолчин_Герман_Константинович" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Колчин Герман Константинович. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.x-libri.ru/elib/kolch000/00000092.htm"><bdi lang="ru">НЛО, факты и документы</bdi></a> [UFO, facts and documents] (in Russian). X-libri.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%9B%D0%9E%2C+%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B&rft.pub=X-libri.ru&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.x-libri.ru%2Felib%2Fkolch000%2F00000092.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csi_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csi_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csi_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/sb/show/history_of_state_ufo_research_in_the_ussr/">"A History of State UFO Research in the USSR"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a>. December 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+State+UFO+Research+in+the+USSR&rft.pub=Committee+for+Skeptical+Inquiry&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsb%2Fshow%2Fhistory_of_state_ufo_research_in_the_ussr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sn-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sn_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sn_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Soviet UFO due to secret launch". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_News" title="Science News">Science News</a></i>. <b>112</b>. 8 October 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=Soviet+UFO+due+to+secret+launch&rft.volume=112&rft.date=1977-10-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-report-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-report_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛ.М.Гиндилис,_Д.А.Меньков,_И.Г.Петровская1977" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Л.М.Гиндилис, Д.А.Меньков, И.Г.Петровская (20 October 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1169491/2_2.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Феномен 20 сентября 1977 г. Описание явления. Предварительный анализ данных</bdi></a> [The phenomenon of 20 September 1977. Description of the phenomenon. Preliminary data analysis] (in Russian). Astronet.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+20+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1977+%D0%B3.+%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85&rft.pub=Astronet.ru&rft.date=1977-10-20&rft.au=%D0%9B.%D0%9C.%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%2C+%D0%94.%D0%90.%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%98.%D0%93.%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronet.ru%2Fdb%2Fmsg%2F1169491%2F2_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_StonehillPhilip_Mantle" class="citation web cs1">Paul Stonehill; Philip Mantle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119234133/http://aforteanosla.com.ar/Colaboraciones/internacional/Mantle,%20Philip/Stonehill,%20Paul%20and%20Mantle,%20Philip.%20Setka%20an%20article.pdf">"Setka: A Secret Soviet UFO Research Program"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archivos Forteanos Latino Americanos. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aforteanosla.com.ar/Colaboraciones/internacional/Mantle,%20Philip/Stonehill,%20Paul%20and%20Mantle,%20Philip.%20Setka%20an%20article.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Setka%3A+A+Secret+Soviet+UFO+Research+Program&rft.pub=Archivos+Forteanos+Latino+Americanos&rft.au=Paul+Stonehill&rft.au=Philip+Mantle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aforteanosla.com.ar%2FColaboraciones%2Finternacional%2FMantle%2C%2520Philip%2FStonehill%2C%2520Paul%2520and%2520Mantle%2C%2520Philip.%2520Setka%2520an%2520article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foreword-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foreword_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreword_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreword_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1169491/0.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Петрозаводский феномен Вместо предисловия</bdi></a> [The Petrozavodsk phenomenon Foreword] (in Russian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%92%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Astronet.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronet.ru%2Fdb%2Fmsg%2F1169491%2F0.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelix_Ziegel1980" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Ziegel" title="Felix Ziegel">Felix Ziegel</a> (25 April 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miger.ru/zig_pz3.html"><bdi lang="ru">Ложь и правда о петрозаводском диве</bdi></a> [Lie and truth about the Petrozavodsk miracle] (in Russian). Miger.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft.pub=Miger.ru&rft.date=1980-04-25&rft.au=Felix+Ziegel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiger.ru%2Fzig_pz3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phenomenon-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phenomenon_8-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛ.М._ГиндилисА.Н._МакаровД.А._МеньковИ.Г._Петровская" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Л.М. Гиндилис; А.Н. Макаров; Д.А. Меньков; И.Г. Петровская. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1169491/3_1.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Феномен 20 сентября 1977 г. Дополнение к отчету от 20 октября 1977 г.</bdi></a> [The phenomenon of 20 September 1977 Appendix to the report from 20 October 1977] (in Russian). Astronet.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+20+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1977+%D0%B3.+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BA+%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83+%D0%BE%D1%82+20+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1977+%D0%B3.&rft.pub=Astronet.ru&rft.au=%D0%9B.%D0%9C.+%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81&rft.au=%D0%90.%D0%9D.+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.au=%D0%94.%D0%90.+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.au=%D0%98.%D0%93.+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronet.ru%2Fdb%2Fmsg%2F1169491%2F3_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turku-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turku_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1169491/3_p1.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Петрозаводский феномен Сообщения, полученные после 30 декабря 1977 г.</bdi></a> [Petrozavodsk phenomenon Reports received after 30 December 1977] (in Russian). Astronet.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5+30+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1977+%D0%B3.&rft.pub=Astronet.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronet.ru%2Fdb%2Fmsg%2F1169491%2F3_p1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPekka_Teerikorpi" class="citation web cs1">Pekka Teerikorpi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ignaciodarnaude.com/avistamientos_ovnis/Teerikorpi,UFOs%201980,Russia,FSR82V27N6.pdf">"Soviet "UFOS" identified as satellite launchings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ignaciodarnaude.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+%22UFOS%22+identified+as+satellite+launchings&rft.pub=Ignaciodarnaude.com&rft.au=Pekka+Teerikorpi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ignaciodarnaude.com%2Favistamientos_ovnis%2FTeerikorpi%2CUFOs%25201980%2CRussia%2CFSR82V27N6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sf-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sf_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sf_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science-frontiers.com/sf104/sf104p07.htm">"The Petrozavodsk Phenomenon"</a>. Science Frontiers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Petrozavodsk+Phenomenon&rft.pub=Science+Frontiers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science-frontiers.com%2Fsf104%2Fsf104p07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reports-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reports_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1169491/1_3.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Петрозаводский феномен Первые сообщения из Петрозаводска</bdi></a> [Petrozavodsk phenomenon The first reports from Petrozavodsk] (in Russian). Astronet.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.pub=Astronet.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronet.ru%2Fdb%2Fmsg%2F1169491%2F1_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zigel2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zigel2_13-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelix_Ziegel" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Ziegel" title="Felix Ziegel">Felix Ziegel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miger.ru/zig_pz2.html"><bdi lang="ru">Главный Петрозаводский Объект (ГПО)</bdi></a> [Main Petrozavodsk object] (in Russian). Miger.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%28%D0%93%D0%9F%D0%9E%29&rft.pub=Miger.ru&rft.au=Felix+Ziegel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiger.ru%2Fzig_pz2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1169491/7.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Петрозаводский феномен Полная сводка сообщений</bdi></a> [Petrozavodsk phenomenon Complete corpus of reports] (in Russian). Astronet.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.pub=Astronet.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronet.ru%2Fdb%2Fmsg%2F1169491%2F7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberg-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oberg_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberg_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberg_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberg_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberg1981" class="citation journal cs1">Oberg, James (1981). "Close encounters of a fabricated kind". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. <b>92</b>: 896. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079">0262-4079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Close+encounters+of+a+fabricated+kind&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=896&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=0262-4079&rft.aulast=Oberg&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-localization-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-localization_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-localization_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1169491/4.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Петрозаводский феномен Локализация объекта</bdi></a> [Petrozavodsk phenomenon The object's location] (in Russian). Astronet.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.pub=Astronet.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronet.ru%2Fdb%2Fmsg%2F1169491%2F4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЕ.К._Андреева" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Е.К. Андреева. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1169491/3_3.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Петрозаводский феномен Заключение о психическом состоянии свидетелей</bdi></a> [The Petrozavodsk phenomenon Report on mental condition of the eyewitnesses] (in Russian). Astronet.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.pub=Astronet.ru&rft.au=%D0%95.%D0%9A.+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronet.ru%2Fdb%2Fmsg%2F1169491%2F3_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dmitriyev-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dmitriyev_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dmitriyev_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМ._Дмитриев1978" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">М. Дмитриев (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miger.ru/1978_1.html"><bdi lang="ru">"Вспышки" в атмосфере</bdi></a> ["Flashes" in the atmosphere] (in Russian). Aviatsiya i Kosmonavtika, via Miger.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%92%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%22+%D0%B2+%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5&rft.pub=Aviatsiya+i+Kosmonavtika%2C+via+Miger.ru&rft.date=1978&rft.au=%D0%9C.+%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiger.ru%2F1978_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gindilis-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gindilis_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gindilis_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gindilis_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFГиндилис_Л.М." class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Гиндилис Л.М. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronet.ru/db/msg/1169491/2_1.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Предварительный анализ явления 20 сентября 1997 г. По данным на 30.09.1977</bdi></a> [Preliminary analysis of the phenomenon of 20 September 1977] (in Russian). Astronet.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+20+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+1997+%D0%B3.+%D0%9F%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0+30.09.1977&rft.pub=Astronet.ru&rft.au=%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%9B.%D0%9C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronet.ru%2Fdb%2Fmsg%2F1169491%2F2_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zigel3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zigel3_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zigel3_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zigel3_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelix_Ziegel" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Ziegel" title="Felix Ziegel">Felix Ziegel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miger.ru/petr_zig2.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Петрозаводское диво</bdi></a> [Petrozavodsk miracle] (in Russian). Miger.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.pub=Miger.ru&rft.au=Felix+Ziegel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiger.ru%2Fpetr_zig2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oberg2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oberg2_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberg2_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberg2_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oberg2_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Oberg" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Oberg" title="James Oberg">James Oberg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debunker.com/texts/soviet_coverup.html">"The Great Soviet UFO Coverup"</a>. Debunker.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Soviet+UFO+Coverup&rft.pub=Debunker.com&rft.au=James+Oberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.debunker.com%2Ftexts%2Fsoviet_coverup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miger.ru/1985_17.html"><bdi lang="ru">Жажда чуда</bdi></a> [A thirst for a miracle]. <i>"Неделя", № 33</i> (in Russian). Miger.ru. 1985<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%22%2C+%E2%84%96+33&rft.atitle=%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.date=1985&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiger.ru%2F1985_17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-platov-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-platov_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-platov_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-platov_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFПлатовРубцов1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Платов, Ю. В.; Рубцов, В. В. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgo-sib.ru/book/kniga/85.htm"><i>All-river.ru</i> <bdi lang="ru">НЛО и современная наука</bdi></a> [<i>UFO and the modern science</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: Наука. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5020001899" title="Special:BookSources/5020001899"><bdi>5020001899</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All-river.ru+%D0%9D%D0%9B%D0%9E+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=5020001899&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%AE.+%D0%92.&rft.au=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%92.+%D0%92.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frgo-sib.ru%2Fbook%2Fkniga%2F85.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> <bdi lang="ru">Аномальные явления: насколько они аномальны?</bdi>. <i>Наука в СССР</i> (in Russian) (6): 90–96. 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%3A+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%3F&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=90-96&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokolovPlatov2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sokolov, B.А.; Platov, Yu.V. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noufors.com/Documents/Platov.pdf">"The Study of Unidentified Flying Objects in the Soviet Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Herald_of_the_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences">Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences</a></i>. <b>70</b>: 248<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+of+the+Russian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Study+of+Unidentified+Flying+Objects+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=248&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sokolov&rft.aufirst=B.%D0%90.&rft.au=Platov%2C+Yu.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noufors.com%2FDocuments%2FPlatov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://president.org.ua/news/news-208596/"><bdi lang="ru">"За несколько часов до "петрозаводского чуда" два НЛО сопровождали самолет, следовавший рейсом "Киев – Ленинград"</bdi></a> [Several hours before the Petrozavodsk miracle two UFOs accompanied an aircraft travelling from Kiev to Leningrad] (in Russian). President.org.ua<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%97%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%22%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%22+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%9B%D0%9E+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%2C+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC+%22%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2+%E2%80%93+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%22&rft.pub=President.org.ua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpresident.org.ua%2Fnews%2Fnews-208596%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APetrozavodsk+phenomenon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Claimed sightings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">List of reported UFO sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_outer_space" title="UFO sightings in outer space">Sightings in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airship_of_Clonmacnoise" title="Airship of Clonmacnoise">Airship of Clonmacnoise</a> (740s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1561_celestial_phenomenon_over_Nuremberg" title="1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg">1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1566_celestial_phenomenon_over_Basel" title="1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel">1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1665_celestial_phenomenon_over_Stralsund" title="1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund">1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonilla_observation" title="Bonilla observation">José Bonilla observation (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_airship#The_airship_wave_of_1896-1897" title="Mystery airship">Airship wave (1896–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Texas,_UFO_incident" title="Aurora, Texas, UFO incident">Aurora (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Angeles" title="Battle of Los Angeles">Los Angeles (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ngelholm_UFO_memorial" title="Ängelholm UFO memorial">Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sighting" title="Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting">Kenneth Arnold (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_flying_disc_craze" title="1947 flying disc craze">1947 craze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_105_UFO_sighting" title="Flight 105 UFO sighting">Flight 105 (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident" title="Roswell incident">Roswell (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_UFO_photographs" title="Rhodes UFO photographs">Rhodes (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantell_UFO_incident" title="Mantell UFO incident">Mantell (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiles-Whitted_UFO_encounter" title="Chiles-Whitted UFO encounter">Chiles-Whitted (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorman_dogfight" title="Gorman dogfight">Gorman Dogfight (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_UFO_incident" title="Mariana UFO incident">Mariana (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville_UFO_photographs" title="McMinnville UFO photographs">McMinnville photographs (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperry_UFO_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry UFO case">Sperry (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock_Lights" title="Lubbock Lights">Lubbock Lights (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash-Fortenberry_UFO_sighting" title="Nash-Fortenberry UFO sighting">Nash-Fortenberry (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Washington,_D.C._UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident">Washington, D.C. (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatwoods_monster" title="Flatwoods monster">Flatwoods monster (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly%E2%80%93Hopkinsville_encounter" title="Kelly–Hopkinsville encounter">Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakenheath-Bentwaters_incident" title="Lakenheath-Bentwaters incident">Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Villas_Boas" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Villas Boas">Antônio Villas Boas (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelland_UFO_case" title="Levelland UFO case">Levelland (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_and_Betty_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Barney and Betty Hill">Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Zamora_incident" title="Lonnie Zamora incident">Lonnie Zamora incident (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth_Spaceman" title="Solway Firth Spaceman">Solway Firth Spaceman (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_incident" title="Exeter incident">Exeter (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kecksburg_UFO_incident" title="Kecksburg UFO incident">Kecksburg (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westall_UFO" title="Westall UFO">Westall (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Lake_Incident" title="Falcon Lake Incident">Falcon Lake (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shag_Harbour_UFO_incident" title="Shag Harbour UFO incident">Shag Harbour (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident" title="Jimmy Carter UFO incident">Jimmy Carter (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force_UFO_sighting" title="Finnish Air Force UFO sighting">Finnish Air Force (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_Abduction" title="Pascagoula Abduction">Pascagoula Abduction (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lennon UFO incident">John Lennon UFO incident (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Walton_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Travis Walton UFO incident">Travis Walton incident (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tehran_UFO_incident" title="1976 Tehran UFO incident">Tehran (1976)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Prato" title="Operação Prato">Operação Prato (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanfretta_UFO_Incident" title="Zanfretta UFO Incident">Zanfretta incident (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Frederick_Valentich" title="Disappearance of Frederick Valentich">Valentich disappearance (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikoura_lights" title="Kaikoura lights">Kaikoura Lights (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_incident" title="Robert Taylor incident">Robert Taylor incident (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Johnson_incident" title="Val Johnson incident">Val Johnson incident (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manises_UFO_incident" title="Manises UFO incident">Manises (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash%E2%80%93Landrum_incident" title="Cash–Landrum incident">Cash–Landrum incident (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident" title="Rendlesham Forest incident">Rendlesham Forest (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-en-Provence_case" title="Trans-en-Provence case">Trans-en-Provence (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Cargo_Flight_1628_incident" title="Japan Air Lines Cargo Flight 1628 incident">Japan Air Lines (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Moor_UFO_incident" title="Ilkley Moor UFO incident">Ilkley Moor (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_UFO_incident" title="Voronezh UFO incident">Voronezh incident (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_UFO_wave" title="Belgian UFO wave">Belgian UFO wave (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_School_UFO_incident" title="Ariel School UFO incident">Ariel School (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varginha_UFO_incident" title="Varginha UFO incident">Varginha (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Lights" title="Phoenix Lights">Phoenix Lights (1997)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nimitz_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Nimitz UFO incident">USS <i>Nimitz</i> UFO incident (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico#2004" title="UFO sightings in Mexico">Campeche, Mexico (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_O%27Hare_International_Airport_UFO_sighting" title="2006 O'Hare International Airport UFO sighting">O'Hare Airport (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Alderney_UFO_sighting" title="2007 Alderney UFO sighting">Alderney (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Norwegian_spiral_anomaly" title="2009 Norwegian spiral anomaly">Norway (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_UFO_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> UFO incidents (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetpack_man" title="Jetpack man">Jetpack man (2020–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-altitude_object_events_in_2023" title="List of high-altitude object events in 2023">High-altitude object events (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Grusch_UFO_whistleblower_claims" title="David Grusch UFO whistleblower claims">David Grusch claims (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Confirmed hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island hoax (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_UFO_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec, New Mexico UFO hoax">Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">Majestic 12 (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze (1987–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien Autopsy (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown (2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sightings by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Africa" title="UFO sightings in Africa">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_South_Africa" title="UFO sightings in South Africa">South Africa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Albania" title="UFO sightings in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Argentina" title="UFO sightings in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Australia" title="UFO sightings in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belarus" title="UFO sightings in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belgium" title="UFO sightings in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Brazil" title="UFO sightings in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Canada" title="UFO sightings in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_China" title="UFO sightings in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO sightings in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_France" title="UFO sightings in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Greece" title="UFO sightings in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_India" title="UFO sightings in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Indonesia" title="UFO sightings in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Iran" title="UFO sightings in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Italy" title="UFO sightings in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico" title="UFO sightings in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Nepal" title="UFO sightings in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_New_Zealand" title="UFO sightings in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Norway" title="UFO sightings in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Poland" title="UFO sightings in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Russia" title="UFO sightings in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Spain" title="UFO sightings in Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="UFO sightings in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Sweden" title="UFO sightings in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="UFO sightings in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_States" title="UFO sightings in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of UFOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(UFO)" title="Black triangle (UFO)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">Flying saucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foo_fighter" title="Foo fighter">Foo fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_rockets" title="Ghost rockets">Ghost rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_fireballs" title="Green fireballs">Green fireballs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_airship" title="Mystery airship">Mystery airship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_jellyfish" title="Space jellyfish">Space jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Types of alleged<br /> extraterrestrial beings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectoids in science fiction">Insectoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_aliens" title="Nordic aliens">Nordic aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilian humanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies and timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_UFO_reports_by_the_United_States_government" title="Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government">Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Saucers_Are_Real" title="The Flying Saucers Are Real"><i>The Flying Saucers Are Real</i> (1947–1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Project Sign (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Grudge" title="Project Grudge">Project Grudge (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Working_Party" title="Flying Saucer Working Party">Flying Saucer Working Party (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Magnet_(UFO)" title="Project Magnet (UFO)">Project Magnet (1950–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book">Project Blue Book (1952–1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robertson_Panel" title="Robertson Panel">Robertson Panel (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Report_on_Unidentified_Flying_Objects" title="The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects">Ruppelt report (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena" title="National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena">National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condon_Committee" title="Condon Committee">Condon Report (1966–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_22" title="Institute 22">Institute 22 (1978–?)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Condign" title="Project Condign">Project Condign (1997–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Aerospace_Threat_Identification_Program" title="Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program">Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_studies_of_UFOs" title="Identification studies of UFOs">Identification studies of UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Aerial_Phenomena_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force">Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA's UAP independent study team">NASA's UAP independent study team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypotheses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosocial hypothesis">Psychosocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-traveller_UFO_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-traveller UFO hypothesis">Time-traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Trotskyist-Posadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="UFO conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Area_51" title="Storm Area 51">Storm Area 51</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Lazar" title="Bob Lazar">Bob Lazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Abduction claims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alien_abduction_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alien abduction claims">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_entities" title="Alien abduction entities">Entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_claimants" title="Alien abduction claimants">Claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Narrative of the abduction phenomenon">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Perspectives on the abduction phenomenon">Perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_insurance" title="Niche insurance">Insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_implants" title="Alien implants">Implants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_mutilation" title="Cattle mutilation">Cattle mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contactee" title="Contactee">Contactee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_circle" title="Crop circle">Crop circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigations_of_UFOs_by_governments" title="List of investigations of UFOs by governments">Government responses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEIPAN" title="GEIPAN">GEIPAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_organizations" title="List of UFO organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ufologists" title="List of ufologists">Ufologists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFOs_in_fiction" title="UFOs in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_religions" title="List of UFO religions">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skepticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_skeptics" title="List of scientific skeptics">List of scientific skeptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government & Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Congress_hearings_on_UFOs" title="2022 United States Congress hearings on UFOs">United States Congress hearings on UFOs (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Anomalous_Phenomena_Disclosure_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act">Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act (UADPA), USA law (2023)</a></li></ul> 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