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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Titik+buta" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Titik+buta" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ujian_titik_buta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ujian_titik_buta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ujian titik buta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ujian_titik_buta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Titik buta</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 39 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_(%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="نقطة عمياء (رؤية) – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقطة عمياء (رؤية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titik_buta_(penglihatan)" title="Titik buta (penglihatan) – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Titik buta (penglihatan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81" title="অন্ধবিন্দু – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অন্ধবিন্দু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slijepa_mrlja" title="Slijepa mrlja – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slijepa mrlja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Сляпо петно – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сляпо петно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_cec" title="Punt cec – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Punt cec" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slep%C3%A1_skvrna" title="Slepá skvrna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slepá skvrna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinder_Fleck_(Auge)" title="Blinder Fleck (Auge) – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blinder Fleck (Auge)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BB%CF%8C_%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_(%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7)" title="Τυφλό σημείο (όραση) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τυφλό σημείο (όραση)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_spot_(vision)" title="Blind spot (vision) – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Blind spot (vision)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_ciego" title="Punto ciego – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Punto ciego" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinda_makulo_(biologio)" title="Blinda makulo (biologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blinda makulo (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نقطه کور – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقطه کور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_aveugle" title="Point aveugle – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Point aveugle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%B9%EC%A0%90" title="맹점 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맹점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%AE" title="Կույր բիծ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կույր բիծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slijepa_pjega" title="Slijepa pjega – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slijepa pjega" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_cieco" title="Punto cieco – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punto cieco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8" title="הכתם העיוור – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכתם העיוור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86_(%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3_,%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D)" title="ಗಾಬಿ ಚುಕ್ಕೆ (ಕುರುಡು ತಾಣ ,ಬ್ಲೈಂಡ್ಸ್ಪಾಟ್) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾಬಿ ಚುಕ್ಕೆ (ಕುರುಡು ತಾಣ ,ಬ್ಲೈಂಡ್ಸ್ಪಾಟ್)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Соқыр дақ – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Соқыр дақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regos_nervo_diskas" title="Regos nervo diskas – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Regos nervo diskas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81" title="അന്ധബിന്ദു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്ധബിന്ദു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinde_vlek_(biologie)" title="Blinde vlek (biologie) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blinde vlek (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E7%82%B9" title="盲点 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="盲点" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_blinde_flekk" title="Den blinde flekk – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den blinde flekk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plamka_%C5%9Blepa" title="Plamka ślepa – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plamka ślepa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto_cego" title="Ponto cego – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ponto cego" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Слепое пятно – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Слепое пятно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_spot_(vision)" title="Blind spot (vision) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blind spot (vision)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slep%C3%A1_%C5%A1kvrna_(oko)" title="Slepá škvrna (oko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slepá škvrna (oko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slepa_pega" title="Slepa pega – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Slepa pega" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Слепа мрља – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Слепа мрља" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinda_fl%C3%A4cken" title="Blinda fläcken – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blinda fläcken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_buta&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Blind_spot_(vision)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q371090" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><p><b>Bintik buta</b> ialah titik dalam <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> mata yang tidak dapat mengesan <a href="/wiki/Imej" title="Imej">imej</a>. Bintik buta terletak di pangkal saraf optik dan tidak mempunyai sel-sel deria yang peka cahaya. Oleh itu, kita tidak dapat melihat objek jika imej tersebut jatuh di atas bintik buta. </p> <div class="thumb" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:5px; border:solid #ccc 1px; padding:2px; width:408px; ;"> <div class="thumbinner image" style="position:relative; width:400px; height:250px; border:solid #ccc 1px; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:400px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Evolution_eye.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bagi mata vertebrat, laluan gentian saraf di dahapan retina , menyekat sebahagian cahaya dan mewujudkan titik buta pada mana gentian melepasi retina dan keluar dari mata. Pada mata sotong, laluan gentian saraf berada di belakang retina, dan tidak menghalang cahaya atau mengganggu retina. Dalam contoh, 4 menandakan titik buta vertebrata, yang jelas tiada pada mata sotong. Bagi vertebrata, 1 menandakan retina dan 2 gentian saraf, termasuk saraf optik (3), sedangkan bagi octopodes, 1 dan 2 menunjukkan gentian saraf dan retina setiap satunya."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Evolution_eye.svg/400px-Evolution_eye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Evolution_eye.svg/600px-Evolution_eye.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Evolution_eye.svg/800px-Evolution_eye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_80x15" style="position:absolute; left:80px; top:15px; font-size:15px; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:transparent;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertebrate (laman tidak wujud)">Vertebrate</a> </span></div> <div id="annotation_260x15" style="position:absolute; left:260px; top:15px; font-size:15px; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; line-height:17px;"><span style="background-color:transparent;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octopus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octopus (laman tidak wujud)">Octopus</a> </span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Evolution_eye.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Evolution_eye.svg/400px-Evolution_eye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Evolution_eye.svg/600px-Evolution_eye.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Evolution_eye.svg/800px-Evolution_eye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="width:400px;">Bagi mata vertebrat, laluan gentian saraf <i>di dahapan</i> retina , menyekat sebahagian cahaya dan mewujudkan titik buta pada mana gentian melepasi retina dan keluar dari mata. Pada mata sotong, laluan gentian saraf berada di belakang retina, dan tidak menghalang cahaya atau mengganggu retina. Dalam contoh, <b>4</b> menandakan titik buta vertebrata, yang jelas tiada pada mata sotong. Bagi vertebrata, <b>1</b> menandakan retina dan <b>2</b> gentian saraf, termasuk saraf optik (<b>3</b>), sedangkan bagi octopodes, <b>1</b> dan <b>2</b> menunjukkan gentian saraf dan retina setiap satunya.</div> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg/250px-Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg/375px-Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg/500px-Human_photoreceptor_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of rods and cones along a line passing through the fovea and the blind spot of a human eye<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Satu <b>titik buta</b>, <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skotoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skotoma (laman tidak wujud)">skotoma</a></b>, merupakan pengaburan pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_penglihatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan penglihatan (laman tidak wujud)">medan penglihatan</a>. Satu titik buta tertentu dikenali sebagai titik buta, <i>titik buta fisiologi</i>, "titik buta", atau <i>punctum caecum</i> dalam kesasteraan perubatan, pada tempat pada medan penglihatan yang terletak di cakera optik pada retina di mana sel fotoreseptor pengesan-cahaya diganti dengan saraf optik yang melalui cakera optik.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory&11Scholarpedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory&11Scholarpedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disebabkan tiada sel bagi mengesan cahaya pada cakera optik, sebahagian dari medan penglihatan tidak kelihatan. Otak manusia interpolat titik buta berdasarkan perincian sekitar dan maklumat dari mata manusia lain, dengan itu titik buta biasanya tidak disedari. </p><p><br /> Sungguhpun semua vertebrata memiliki titik buta ini, mata sefalopod, yang kelihatan hampir serupa, sebenarnya tidak. Padanya, saraf optik menghampiri reseptor dari belakang, dengan itu ia tidak mewujudkan ruang pada retina. </p><p>Pemerhatian pertama yang didokumenkan mengenai fenomena ini ialah pada 1660-an oleh Edme Mariotte di <a href="/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis">Perancis</a>. Pada masa itu, ia difikirkan secara umumnya bahawa titik di mana saraf optik memasuki mata sebenarnya harus menjadi bahagian yang paling sensitif pada retina, namun penemuan Mariotte ini terbukti bertentangan dengan teori ini. </p><p>Titik buta terletak kira-kira 12-15° temporal dan 1.5° di bawah ufuk dan secara kasarnya 7.5° tinggi dan 5.5° lebar. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ujian_titik_buta">Ujian titik buta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_buta&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Ujian titik buta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_buta&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ujian titik buta"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="border:solid 1px #AAAAAA;">Demonstration of the blind spot </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" height="50px" style="border: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border: 0;"> </td> <td style="border: 0; font-size: 0.7cm; width:0.4cm;"><b>R</b> </td> <td style="border: 0; max-width: 8cm; width: 8cm;"> </td> <td style="border: 0; font-size: 0.7cm; width:0.4cm;"><b>L</b> </td> <td style="border: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" height="50px" style="border: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" bgcolor="#ffebad" style="border:solid 1px #AAAAAA; text-align: left;"><b>Arahan:</b> Tutup sebelah mata dan beri tumpuan yang sebelah lagi pada huruf yang sesuai (R untuk kanan atau L untuk kiri). Letakkan mata anda jauh dari skrin lebih kurang sama dengan 3× jarak antara <b>R</b> dan <b>L</b>. Gerakkan mata anda mendekati atau menjauhi skrin sehingga anda lihat huruf yang lain hilang. Sebagai contoh, tutup mata kanan anda, dan lihat "L" dengan mata kiri anda, dan "R" akan hilang. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_buta&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_buta&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stanford.edu/group/vista/cgi-bin/FOV/chapter-3-the-photoreceptor-mosaic">Foundations of Vision</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203022748/http://stanford.edu/group/vista/cgi-bin/FOV/chapter-3-the-photoreceptor-mosaic">Diarkibkan</a> 2013-12-03 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Brian A. Wandell</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory&11Scholarpedia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory&11Scholarpedia_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory, R., & Cavanagh, P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/The_Blind_Spot">"The Blind Spot"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scholarpedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scholarpedia (laman tidak wujud)">Scholarpedia</a>. Dicapai pada 2011-05-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MIL-STD-1472F, Military Standard, Human Engineering, Design Criteria For Military Systems, Equipment, And Facilities (23 Aug 1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyspec.com/MIL-STD/MIL-STD-1400-1499/MIL-STD-1472F_208/">PDF</a></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5868370">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><p class="asbox-body">Rencana ini ialah <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tunas">rencana tunas</a>. 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