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id="toc-Defence_of_India_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Rowlatt_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Rowlatt_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 The Rowlatt Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Rowlatt_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_the_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Before the massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 The massacre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hunter_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunter_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Hunter Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunter_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rioting_in_Gujranwala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rioting_in_Gujranwala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Rioting in Gujranwala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rioting_in_Gujranwala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Compensation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_of_Michael_O'Dwyer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_of_Michael_O'Dwyer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_of_Michael_O'Dwyer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monument_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monument_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Monument and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monument_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Monument and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Monument_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_Shiromani_Gurudwara_Prabandhak_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Shiromani_Gurudwara_Prabandhak_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Shiromani_Gurudwara_Prabandhak_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visit_by_Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visit_by_Queen_Elizabeth_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Visit by Queen Elizabeth II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visit_by_Queen_Elizabeth_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demands_for_an_apology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demands_for_an_apology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Demands for an apology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demands_for_an_apology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_memorial_event_in_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_memorial_event_in_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 National memorial event in the UK </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_memorial_event_in_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Asian_Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Asian_Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 The Asian Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Asian_Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_assassination_attempt_on_Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_assassination_attempt_on_Queen_Elizabeth_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 2021 assassination attempt on Queen Elizabeth II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_assassination_attempt_on_Queen_Elizabeth_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Arts and representations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar-slagting" title="Amritsar-slagting – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amritsar-slagting" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مذبحة أمريتسار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذبحة أمريتسار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="জালিয়ানৱালাবাগৰ হত্যাকাণ্ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জালিয়ানৱালাবাগৰ হত্যাকাণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar_q%C4%B1r%C4%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Amritsar qırğını – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amritsar qırğını" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জালিয়ানওয়ালাবাগ হত্যাকাণ্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazhadeg_Amritsar" title="Lazhadeg Amritsar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lazhadeg Amritsar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_d%27Amritsar" title="Massacre d'Amritsar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Massacre d'Amritsar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakr_v_Amritsaru" title="Masakr v Amritsaru – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Masakr v Amritsaru" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyflafan_Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Cyflafan Jallianwala Bagh – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyflafan Jallianwala Bagh" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaker_von_Amritsar" title="Massaker von Amritsar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Massaker von Amritsar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Amritsar" title="Masacre de Amritsar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masacre de Amritsar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakro_de_Amritsar" title="Masakro de Amritsar – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Masakro de Amritsar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarreko_sarraskia" title="Amritsarreko sarraskia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amritsarreko sarraskia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="کشتار جلیان‌والا باغ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشتار جلیان‌والا باغ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_d%27Amritsar" title="Massacre d'Amritsar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massacre d'Amritsar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A9acht_Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Sléacht Jallianwala Bagh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sléacht Jallianwala Bagh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97_%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1" title="જલિયાંવાલા બાગ હત્યાકાંડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જલિયાંવાલા બાગ હત્યાકાંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%B0%A8%EB%A5%B4_%ED%95%99%EC%82%B4" title="암리차르 학살 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암리차르 학살" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE" title="Ամրիթսարի կոտորած – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամրիթսարի կոտորած" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="जलियाँवाला बाग हत्याकांड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलियाँवाला बाग हत्याकांड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokolj_u_Amritsaru" title="Pokolj u Amritsaru – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pokolj u Amritsaru" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembantaian_Amritsar" title="Pembantaian Amritsar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembantaian Amritsar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacro_di_Amritsar" title="Massacro di Amritsar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Massacro di Amritsar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A1%D7%A8" title="טבח אמריטסר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבח אמריטסר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1" title="ಜಲಿಯನ್‍ವಾಲಾ ಬಾಗ್ ಹತ್ಯಾಕಾಂಡ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಲಿಯನ್‍ವಾಲಾ ಬಾಗ್ ಹತ್ಯಾಕಾಂಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsz%C3%A1ri_m%C3%A9sz%C3%A1rl%C3%A1s" title="Amritszári mészárlás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amritszári mészárlás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B2" title="ജാലിയൻവാലാബാഗ് കൂട്ടക്കൊല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാലിയൻവാലാബാഗ് കൂട്ടക്കൊല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="जालियनवाला बाग हत्याकांड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जालियनवाला बाग हत्याकांड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembunuhan_beramai-ramai_di_Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Jallianwala Bagh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembunuhan beramai-ramai di Jallianwala Bagh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedbad_van_Amritsar" title="Bloedbad van Amritsar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bloedbad van Amritsar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="アムリットサル事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アムリットサル事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar-massakren" title="Amritsar-massakren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amritsar-massakren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarmassakren" title="Amritsarmassakren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amritsarmassakren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ଜାଲିଆନାୱାଲା ବାଗ୍ ହତ୍ୟାକାଣ୍ଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜାଲିଆନାୱାଲା ବାଗ୍ ହତ୍ୟାକାଣ୍ଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar_qirg%CA%BBini" title="Amritsar qirgʻini – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amritsar qirgʻini" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਜਲ੍ਹਿਆਂਵਾਲਾ ਬਾਗ ਹੱਤਿਆਕਾਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਲ੍ਹਿਆਂਵਾਲਾ ਬਾਗ ਹੱਤਿਆਕਾਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جلیاں والا باغ قتل عام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جلیاں والا باغ قتل عام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Massacre de Jallianwala Bagh – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massacre de Jallianwala Bagh" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacrul_de_la_Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Masacrul de la Jallianwala Bagh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Masacrul de la Jallianwala Bagh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Амритсарская бойня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амритсарская бойня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जलियान्वालाबाग नरहत्या – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जलियान्वालाबाग नरहत्या" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarin_veril%C3%B6yly" title="Amritsarin verilöyly – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amritsarin verilöyly" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarmassakern" title="Amritsarmassakern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amritsarmassakern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="ஜலியான்வாலா பாக் படுகொலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜலியான்வாலா பாக் படுகொலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="జలియన్ వాలాబాగ్ దురంతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జలియన్ వాలాబాగ్ దురంతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="การสังหารหมู่ที่จลิยานวาลาบาค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสังหารหมู่ที่จลิยานวาลาบาค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar_Katliam%C4%B1" title="Amritsar Katliamı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amritsar Katliamı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%85" title="Бійня у Джаліанвала-багх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бійня у Джаліанвала-багх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جلیانوالہ باغ قتل عام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جلیانوالہ باغ قتل عام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A3m_s%C3%A1t_Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Thảm sát Jallianwala Bagh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thảm sát Jallianwala Bagh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E5%88%A9%E5%89%87%E6%85%98%E6%A1%88" title="阿姆利則慘案 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿姆利則慘案" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208855#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&params=31_37_14_N_74_52_50_E_scale:4000">31°37′14″N 74°52′50″E / 31.62056°N 74.88056°E / 31.62056; 74.88056</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1919 British Army massacre of Indian protesters</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Jallianwala Bagh Massacre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jallianwala_Bagh_in_Day_light.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Martyr's memorial in Jallianwala Bagh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Jallianwala_Bagh_in_Day_light.JPG/220px-Jallianwala_Bagh_in_Day_light.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Jallianwala_Bagh_in_Day_light.JPG/330px-Jallianwala_Bagh_in_Day_light.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Jallianwala_Bagh_in_Day_light.JPG/440px-Jallianwala_Bagh_in_Day_light.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Martyr's memorial in <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:right;clear:right"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Punjab_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre is located in Punjab"><img alt="Jallianwala Bagh massacre is located in Punjab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/India_Punjab_location_map.svg/240px-India_Punjab_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/India_Punjab_location_map.svg/360px-India_Punjab_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/India_Punjab_location_map.svg/480px-India_Punjab_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="1086" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.714%;left:37.297%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Jallianwala Bagh massacre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Location of <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> in Punjab</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&params=31_37_14_N_74_52_50_E_scale:4000">31°37′14″N 74°52′50″E / 31.62056°N 74.88056°E / 31.62056; 74.88056</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">13 April 1919; 105 years ago (1919-04-13) 05:30p.m (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">Crowd of nonviolent protesters, along with <a href="/wiki/Baisakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Baisakhi">Baisakhi</a> pilgrims, who had gathered in <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapons</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lee-Enfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee-Enfield">Lee-Enfield</a> rifles</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">379<a href="#cite_note-Colletp263-1">[1]</a> – 1,500<a href="#cite_note-encarta-2">[2]</a> <a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data">~ 1,500<a href="#cite_note-encarta-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(India)" title="Brigadier (India)">Brig.-Gen.</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">R. E. H. Dyer</a>, in charge of 51 soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/9th_Gurkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Gurkha Rifles">9th Gurkha Rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/54th_Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="54th Sikhs">54th Sikhs</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April 1919. A large crowd had gathered at the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab, British India">Punjab, British India</a>, during the annual <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Baishakhi</a> fair to protest against the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Act</a> and the arrest of pro-Indian independence activists <a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Kitchlew" title="Saifuddin Kitchlew">Saifuddin Kitchlew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyapal" title="Satyapal">Satyapal</a>. In response to the public gathering, the temporary <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_(India)" title="Brigadier (India)">brigadier general</a> <a href="/wiki/R._E._H._Dyer" class="mw-redirect" title="R. E. H. Dyer">R. E. H. Dyer</a> surrounded the people with his Gurkha and Sikh infantry regiments of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a> The Jallianwala Bagh could only be exited on one side, as its other three sides were enclosed by buildings. After blocking the exit with his troops, Dyer ordered them to shoot at the crowd, continuing to fire even as the protestors tried to flee. The troops kept on firing until their ammunition was low and they were ordered to stop.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Estimates of those killed vary from 379 to 1,500 or more people;<a href="#cite_note-Colletp263-1">[1]</a> over 1,200 others were injured, of whom 192 sustained serious injuries.<a href="#cite_note-Hunter-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Britain has never formally apologised for the massacre but expressed "deep regret" in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> The massacre caused a re-evaluation by the Imperial British military of its role when confronted with civilians to use "minimal force whenever possible" (although the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> was not directly involved in the massacre; the British Indian Army was a separate organisation). However, in the light of later British military actions during the <a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya Colony</a>, historian Huw Bennett has pointed out that this new policy was not always followed.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The army was retrained with less violent tactics for crowd control.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> The level of casual brutality and the lack of any accountability stunned the entire nation,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> resulting in a wrenching loss of faith of the general Indian public in the intentions of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The attack was condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, as "unutterably monstrous", and in the <a href="/wiki/UK_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="UK House of Commons">UK House of Commons</a> debate on 8 July 1920 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> voted 247 to 37 against Dyer. The ineffective inquiry, together with the initial accolades for Dyer, fuelled great widespread anger against the British among the Indian populace, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)">non-cooperation movement</a> of 1920–22.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Some historians consider the episode a decisive step towards <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">the end of British rule in India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_of_India_Act">Defence of India Act</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Defence of India Act">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915" title="Defence of India Act 1915">Defence of India Act 1915</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Mutiny" title="Ghadar Mutiny">Ghadar Mutiny</a></div> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, British India contributed to the British war effort by providing men and resources. Millions of Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian administration and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and Punjab remained sources of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">anti-colonial activities</a>. Revolutionary attacks in Bengal, associated increasingly with disturbances in Punjab, were enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta12-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Of these, <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar conspiracy">a pan-Indian mutiny</a> in the British Indian Army planned for February 1915 was the most prominent amongst <a href="/wiki/Hindu-German_Conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-German Conspiracy">a number of plots</a> formulated between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalists in India, the United States and Germany. The planned February mutiny was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a>, arresting key figures. Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed. In the context of the British war effort and the threat from the separatist movement in India, the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_Act_1915" title="Defence of India Act 1915">Defence of India Act 1915</a> was passed, limiting civil and political liberties. <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a>, then the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, was one of the strongest proponents of the act, in no small part due to the Ghadarite threat in the province.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell175-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Rowlatt_Act">The Rowlatt Act</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Rowlatt Act">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Act</a></div> The costs of the protracted war in money and manpower were great. High casualty rates in the war, increasing inflation after the end, compounded by heavy taxation, the deadly <a href="/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 flu pandemic">1918 flu pandemic</a>, and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India. The pre-war <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian nationalist">Indian nationalist</a> sentiment was revived as moderate and extremist groups of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> ended their differences to unify. In 1916, the Congress was successful in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a>, a temporary alliance with the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a>. British political concessions and Whitehall's India Policy after World War I began to change, with the passage of <a href="/wiki/Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford_Reforms" title="Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms">Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms</a>, which initiated the first round of political reform in the Indian subcontinent in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-Majumderxix-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dignan60-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cole-26">[25]</a> However, this was deemed insufficient in reforms by the Indian political movement. <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, recently returned to India, began emerging as an increasingly charismatic leader under whose leadership civil disobedience movements grew rapidly as an expression of political unrest.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> The recently crushed Ghadar conspiracy, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Raja_Mahendra_Pratap" title="Raja Mahendra Pratap">Raja Mahendra Pratap</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">Kabul mission</a> in Afghanistan (with possible links to Bolshevik Russia), and a still-active revolutionary movement especially in Punjab and Bengal (as well as worsening civil unrest throughout India) led to the appointment of a <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">sedition committee</a> in 1918 chaired by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Rowlatt" title="Sidney Rowlatt">Sidney Rowlatt</a>, an Anglo-Egyptian judge. It was tasked to evaluate German and Bolshevik links to the militant movement in India, especially in Punjab and Bengal. On the recommendations of the committee, the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Act</a>, an extension of the Defence of India Act 1915 to limit civil liberties, was enacted.<a href="#cite_note-Popplewell175-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lovett-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar1921-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tinker92-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fisher129-31">[30]</a> The passage of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 caused large-scale political unrest throughout India. Ominously, in 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> began in the wake of Amir <a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan" title="Habibullah Khan">Habibullah</a>'s assassination and the institution of <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a> in his place. As a reaction to the Rowlatt Act, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> resigned from his Bombay seat, writing in a letter to the Viceroy, "I, therefore, as a protest against the passing of the Bill and the manner in which it was passed tender my resignation ... a Government that passes or sanctions such a law in times of peace forfeits its claim to be called a civilised government".<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Gandhi's call for protest against the Rowlatt Act achieved an unprecedented response of furious unrest and protests. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_the_massacre">Before the massacre</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Before the massacre">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jallianwallah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jallianwallah.jpg/220px-Jallianwallah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jallianwallah.jpg/330px-Jallianwallah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jallianwallah.jpg/440px-Jallianwallah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>The Jallianwalla Bagh in 1919, months after the massacre</figcaption></figure> Especially in Punjab, the situation was deteriorating rapidly, with disruptions of rail, telegraph, and communication systems. The movement was at its peak before the end of the first week of April, with some recording that "practically the whole of Lahore was on the streets, the immense crowd that passed through Anarkali Bazaar was estimated to be around 20,000".<a href="#cite_note-FLJR-33">[32]</a> Many officers in the Indian army believed revolt was possible, and they prepared for the worst. The British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a>, is said to have believed that these were the early and ill-concealed signs of a conspiracy for a coordinated revolt planned around May, on the lines of the <a href="/wiki/1857_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1857 revolt">1857 revolt</a>, at a time when British troops would have withdrawn to the hills for the summer.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> The Amritsar massacre, and other events at about the same time, have been described by some historians as the result of a concerted plan by the Punjab administration to suppress such a conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-Cell_2002_67-35">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Houssemayne_Du_Boulay" title="James Houssemayne Du Boulay">James Houssemayne Du Boulay</a> is said to have posited a direct causal relationship between the fear of a <a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Mutiny" title="Ghadar Mutiny">Ghadarite uprising</a> in the midst of an increasingly tense situation in Punjab, and the British response that ended in the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-Brown1973-36">[35]</a> On 10 April 1919, there was a protest at the residence of <a href="/wiki/Miles_Irving" title="Miles Irving">Miles Irving</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_commissioner" title="Deputy commissioner">Deputy Commissioner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (political)">demonstration</a> was to demand the release of two popular leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence Movement">Indian Independence Movement</a>, Satyapal and <a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Kitchlew" title="Saifuddin Kitchlew">Saifuddin Kitchlew</a>, who had been arrested by the government and moved to a secret location. Both were proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a> movement led by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a>. A military picket shot at the crowd, killing several protesters and setting off a series of violent events. Riotous crowds carried out arson attacks on British banks, killed several British people and assaulted two British women.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Native_crawling_up_street_where_Miss_Sherwood_was_assaulted_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Native_crawling_up_street_where_Miss_Sherwood_was_assaulted_1919.jpg/220px-Native_crawling_up_street_where_Miss_Sherwood_was_assaulted_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Native_crawling_up_street_where_Miss_Sherwood_was_assaulted_1919.jpg/330px-Native_crawling_up_street_where_Miss_Sherwood_was_assaulted_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Native_crawling_up_street_where_Miss_Sherwood_was_assaulted_1919.jpg/440px-Native_crawling_up_street_where_Miss_Sherwood_was_assaulted_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>All native men were forced to crawl the Kucha Kurrichhan on their hands and knees as punishment, 1919</figcaption></figure> On 11 April, Marcella Sherwood, an elderly English missionary, fearing for the safety of the approximately 600 Indian children under her care, was on her way to shut the schools and send the children home.<a href="#cite_note-Tri130402-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferg326-39">[38]</a> While travelling through a narrow street called the Kucha Kurrichhan, she was caught by a mob who violently attacked her. She was rescued by some local Indians, including the father of one of her pupils, who hid her from the mob and then smuggled her to the safety of <a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ferg326-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> After visiting Sherwood on 19 April, the local commander of Indian Army forces, Brigadier General Dyer, enraged at the assault, issued an order requiring every Indian man using that street to crawl its length on his hands and knees as a punishment.<a href="#cite_note-Tri130402-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Banerjee_2012-41">[40]</a> Dyer later explained to a British inspector: "Some <a href="/wiki/Pran%C4%81ma#Types_of_Pranāma" title="Pranāma">Indians crawl face downwards in front of their gods</a>. I wanted them to know that a British woman is as sacred as a Hindu god and therefore they have to crawl in front of her, too."<a href="#cite_note-Talbott_2004-42">[41]</a> He also authorised the indiscriminate public whipping of locals who came within <a href="/wiki/Lathi_khela" title="Lathi khela">lathi</a> length of a <a href="/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Police" title="Indian Imperial Police">police officer</a>. Marcella Sherwood later defended Dyer, describing him as "the saviour of the Punjab".<a href="#cite_note-Banerjee_2012-41">[40]</a> For the next two days, the city of Amritsar was quiet, but violence continued in other parts of Punjab. <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Railway lines</a> were cut, telegraph posts destroyed, government buildings burnt, and three Europeans murdered. By 13 April, the British government had decided to put most of Punjab under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>. The legislation restricted a number of civil liberties, including <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>; gatherings of more than four people were banned.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> On the evening of 12 April, the leaders of the hartal in Amritsar held a meeting at the Hindu College–Dhab Khatikan. At the meeting, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_(approver)" title="Hans Raj (approver)">Hans Raj</a>, an aide to Kitchlew, announced a public protest meeting would be held at 16:30 the following day in the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh</a>, to be organised by Muhammad Bashir and chaired by a senior and respected Congress Party leader, Lal Kanhyalal Bhatia. A series of resolutions protesting against the Rowlatt Act, the recent actions of the British authorities and the detention of Satyapal and Kitchlew was drawn up and approved, after which the meeting adjourned.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_massacre">The massacre</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The massacre">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27The_Martyr%27s%27_well_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%27The_Martyr%27s%27_well_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg/220px-%27The_Martyr%27s%27_well_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%27The_Martyr%27s%27_well_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg/330px-%27The_Martyr%27s%27_well_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/%27The_Martyr%27s%27_well_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg/440px-%27The_Martyr%27s%27_well_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Martyrs' Well, at Jallianwala Bagh. 120 bodies were recovered from this well as per inscription on it.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></figcaption></figure> On Sunday, 13 April 1919, Dyer, convinced a major insurrection could take place, banned all meetings. This notice was not widely disseminated, and many villagers gathered in the <a href="/wiki/Bagh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh (garden)">Bagh</a> to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Baisakhi</a> festival and to peacefully protest against the arrest and deportation of two national leaders, <a href="/wiki/Satyapal" title="Satyapal">Satyapal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Kitchlew" title="Saifuddin Kitchlew">Saifuddin Kitchlew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> At 09:00 on the morning of 13 April 1919, the traditional festival of <a href="/wiki/Baisakhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Baisakhi">Baisakhi</a>, Dyer proceeded through Amritsar with several city officials, announcing the implementation of a pass system to enter or leave the city, a curfew beginning at 20:00 that night, and a ban on all processions and public meetings of four or more persons. The proclamation was read and explained in English, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, but many either paid it no heed or learned of it only later.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Meanwhile, local police had received intelligence of the planned meeting in the Jallianwala Bagh through word of mouth and plainclothes detectives in the crowds. Dyer was informed of the meeting at 12:40 and returned to his base at around 13:30 to decide how to handle it.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> By mid-afternoon, thousands of Indians had gathered in the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh</a> (garden) near the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a> in Amritsar. Many who were present had been worshipping earlier at the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> and were merely passing through the Bagh on their way home. The Bagh was (and remains today) an open area of 6–7 acres (2.4–2.8 ha), roughly 200 by 200 yards (180 m × 180 m) in size, and surrounded on all sides by walls roughly 10 feet (3.0 m) in height. Balconies of houses three to four stories tall overlooked the Bagh, and five narrow entrances opened onto it, several with lockable gates. Although it was planted with crops during the rainy season, for much of the rest of the year it served as a local meeting place and recreation area.<a href="#cite_note-Collett,_p._254-255-49">[48]</a> In the centre of the Bagh was a <a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(shrine)" title="Samadhi (shrine)">samadhi</a> (cremation site) and a large well partly filled with water which measured about 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-Collett,_p._254-255-49">[48]</a> Apart from the pilgrims passing through, Amritsar had filled up over the preceding days with farmers, traders, and merchants who were attending the annual Baisakhi horse and cattle fair. Because the city police closed the fair at 14:00 that afternoon, many of those who had been attending it drifted into the Jallianwala Bagh, further increasing the number of people who happened to be there when the massacre began. Dyer arranged for an aeroplane to overfly the Bagh and estimate the size of the crowd, which he reported was about 6,000; however, the Hunter Commission estimates that a crowd of between 10,000 and 20,000 had assembled by the time Dyer arrived.<a href="#cite_note-Collett,_p._254-255-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-12">[11]</a> Dyer and Deputy Commissioner Irving, the senior civil authority for Amritsar, took no actions to prevent the crowds from assembling or to disperse them peacefully. This would later be a serious criticism levelled at both Dyer and Irving.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_Mural_Depicting_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_(12675536215).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Detail_of_Mural_Depicting_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675536215%29.jpg/220px-Detail_of_Mural_Depicting_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675536215%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Detail_of_Mural_Depicting_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675536215%29.jpg/330px-Detail_of_Mural_Depicting_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675536215%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Detail_of_Mural_Depicting_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675536215%29.jpg/440px-Detail_of_Mural_Depicting_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675536215%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Mural depicting 1919 Amritsar massacre</figcaption></figure>An hour after the meeting began as scheduled at 17:30, Dyer arrived at the Bagh with a group of 50 troops. All fifty were armed with <a href="/wiki/.303_British" title=".303 British">.303</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Enfield" title="Lee–Enfield">Lee–Enfield</a> bolt-action rifles. Dyer may have specifically chosen troops from the Gurkha and Sikh ethnic groups due to their proven loyalty to the British. He had also brought two armoured cars armed with machine guns; however, the vehicles could not enter the compound through the narrow entrances. The Jallianwala Bagh was surrounded on all sides by houses and buildings and had only five narrow entrances, most of which were kept permanently locked. The main entrance was relatively wide, but was guarded heavily by the troops backed by the armoured vehicles so as to prevent anyone from getting out. Without warning the crowd to disperse, Dyer ordered his troops to block the main exits and begin shooting toward the densest sections of the crowd in front of the available narrow exits, where panicked crowds were trying to leave the Bagh. Firing continued for approximately ten minutes. Unarmed civilians, including men, women, elderly people and children were killed. This incident came to be known as the Amritsar massacre. A cease-fire was ordered after the troops fired about one third of their ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-Colletp262-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> He stated later that the purpose of this action "was not to disperse the meeting but to punish the Indians for disobedience."<a href="#cite_note-Collett,_p_255-58-52">[51]</a> The following day Dyer stated in a report, "I have heard that between 200 and 300 of the crowd were killed. My party fired 1,650 rounds".<a href="#cite_note-Hansard-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colletp262-50">[49]</a> Apart from the many deaths that resulted directly from the shooting, a number of people died by being crushed in the stampedes at the narrow gates or by jumping into the solitary well on the compound to escape the shooting. A plaque, placed at the site after independence, states that 120 bodies were removed from the well. Dyer imposed a curfew time that was earlier than the usual time; as a result, the wounded could not be moved from where they had fallen, and many of them therefore died of their wounds during the night.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> The number of total casualties is disputed. The following morning's newspapers quoted an erroneous initial figure of 200 casualties, offered by the Associated Press, e.g., <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"News has been received from the Punjab that the Amritsar mob has again broken out in a violent attack against the authorities. The rebels were repulsed by the military and they suffered 200 casualties."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The Times of India, 14 April 1919<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Government of Punjab, criticised by the Hunter Commission for not gathering accurate figures, only offered the same approximate figure of 200. When interviewed by the members of the committee a senior civil servant in Punjab admitted that the actual figure could be higher.<a href="#cite_note-Hunter-12">[11]</a> The Sewa Samiti society independently carried out an investigation and reported 379 deaths, and 192 seriously wounded. The Hunter Commission based their figures of 379 deaths, and approximately 3 times that number injured, suggesting 1,500 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Hunter-12">[11]</a> At the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Legislative_Council" title="Imperial Legislative Council">Imperial Legislative Council</a> held on 12 September 1919, the investigation led by <a href="/wiki/Pandit_Madan_Mohan_Malviya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya">Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya</a> concluded that there were 42 boys among the dead, the youngest of them only 7 months old.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The Hunter commission confirmed the deaths of 337 men, 41 boys and a six-week-old baby.<a href="#cite_note-Hunter-12">[11]</a> In July 1919, three months after the massacre, officials were tasked with finding who had been killed by inviting inhabitants of the city to volunteer information about those who had died.<a href="#cite_note-Hunter-12">[11]</a> This information was incomplete due to fear that those who participated would be identified as having been present at the meeting, and some of the dead may not have had close relations in the area.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> reported nearly 400 slaughtered, and three or four times the number wounded to the Westminster Parliament, on 8 July 1920.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Since the official figures were obviously flawed regarding the size of the crowd (6,000–20,000<a href="#cite_note-Hunter-12">[11]</a>), the number of rounds fired and the period of shooting, the Indian National Congress instituted a separate inquiry of its own, with conclusions that differed considerably from the British Government's inquiry. The casualty number quoted by the Congress was more than 1,500, with approximately 1,000 being killed.<a href="#cite_note-encarta-2">[2]</a> Indian nationalist <a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Swami Shraddhanand</a> wrote to Gandhi of 1,500 deaths in the incident.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The British Government tried to suppress information of the massacre,<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> but news spread in India and widespread outrage ensued; details of the massacre did not become known in Britain until December 1919.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> This event caused many moderate Indians to abandon their previous loyalty to the British and become nationalists distrustful of British rule.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Dyer reported to his superiors that he had been "confronted by a revolutionary army", to which Major General William Beynon replied via telegram: "Your action correct and Lieutenant Governor approves."<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> O'Dwyer requested that martial law should be imposed upon Amritsar and other areas, and this was granted by Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Lord Chelmsford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Thousands were detained in the subsequent days, some being sentenced to penal transportation. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Harish_Puri" title="Harish Puri">Harish Puri</a>, at least 115 people were killed by security forces in the days after 13 April.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Both <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a>, however, openly condemned the attack, Churchill referring to it as "unutterably monstrous" and Asquith calling it "one of the worst, most dreadful, outrages in the whole of our history".<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> In the House of Commons debate of 8 July 1920, Churchill said, "The crowd was unarmed, except with <a href="/wiki/Bludgeon_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bludgeon (weapon)">bludgeons</a>. It was not attacking anybody or anything ... When fire had been opened upon it to disperse it, it tried to run away. Pinned up in a narrow place considerably smaller than <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, with hardly any exits, and packed together so that one bullet would drive through three or four bodies, the people ran madly this way and the other. When the fire was directed upon the centre, they ran to the sides. The fire was then directed to the sides. Many threw themselves down on the ground, the fire was then directed down on the ground. This was continued to 8 to 10 minutes, and it stopped only when the ammunition had reached the point of exhaustion."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-70">[69]</a> After Churchill's speech in the House of Commons debate, MPs voted 247 to 37 against Dyer and in support of the Government.<a href="#cite_note-Manchester_1988_694-71">[70]</a> Cloake reports that despite the official rebuke, many Britons still "thought him a hero for saving the rule of British law in India."<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> received the news of the massacre by 22 May 1919. He tried to arrange a protest meeting in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> and finally decided to renounce his British knighthood as "a symbolic act of protest".<a href="#cite_note-TagoreDas1996-73">[72]</a> In the repudiation letter, dated 31 May 1919 and addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Lord Chelmsford</a>, he wrote "I ... wish to stand, shorn, of all special distinctions, by the side of those of my countrymen who, for their so called insignificance, are liable to suffer degradation not fit for human beings."<a href="#cite_note-TOI2011-04-74">[73]</a> Gupta describes Tagore's letter as "historic". He writes that Tagore "renounced his knighthood in protest against the inhuman cruelty of the British Army to the people of Punjab". Gupta quotes from Tagore's letter to the Viceroy, stating "The enormity of the measures taken by the Government in Punjab for quelling some local disturbances has, with a rude shock, revealed to our minds the helplessness of our position as British subjects in India ... [T]he very least that I can do for my country is to take all consequences upon myself in giving voice to the protest of the millions of my countrymen, surprised into dumb anguish of terror. The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in the incongruous context of humiliation ..."<a href="#cite_note-Gupta2005-75">[74]</a> English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore Miscellaneous Writings Vol # 8 carries a facsimile of this hand written letter.<a href="#cite_note-TagoreRay2007-76">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disorders_Inquiry_Committee_1919-1920_(report)_Calcutta-_Superintendent_Government_Printing,_India_1920_-_ape9901.0001.001.umich.edu_(page_31_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Disorders_Inquiry_Committee_1919-1920_%28report%29_Calcutta-_Superintendent_Government_Printing%2C_India_1920_-_ape9901.0001.001.umich.edu_%28page_31_crop%29.jpg/220px-Disorders_Inquiry_Committee_1919-1920_%28report%29_Calcutta-_Superintendent_Government_Printing%2C_India_1920_-_ape9901.0001.001.umich.edu_%28page_31_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Disorders_Inquiry_Committee_1919-1920_%28report%29_Calcutta-_Superintendent_Government_Printing%2C_India_1920_-_ape9901.0001.001.umich.edu_%28page_31_crop%29.jpg/330px-Disorders_Inquiry_Committee_1919-1920_%28report%29_Calcutta-_Superintendent_Government_Printing%2C_India_1920_-_ape9901.0001.001.umich.edu_%28page_31_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Disorders_Inquiry_Committee_1919-1920_%28report%29_Calcutta-_Superintendent_Government_Printing%2C_India_1920_-_ape9901.0001.001.umich.edu_%28page_31_crop%29.jpg/440px-Disorders_Inquiry_Committee_1919-1920_%28report%29_Calcutta-_Superintendent_Government_Printing%2C_India_1920_-_ape9901.0001.001.umich.edu_%28page_31_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="2294" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Disorders_Inquiry_Committee_1919-1920_(report)_Calcutta-_Superintendent_Government_Printing,_India_1920_-_ape9901.0001.001.umich.edu.pdf" class="extiw" title="c:File:Disorders Inquiry Committee 1919-1920 (report) Calcutta- Superintendent Government Printing, India 1920 - ape9901.0001.001.umich.edu.pdf">Disorders Inquiry Committee 1919–1920 (report) Calcutta- Superintendent Government Printing, India 1920</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunter_Commission">Hunter Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hunter Commission">edit</a>]</div> On 14 October 1919, after orders issued by the Secretary of State for India <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Samuel_Montagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Samuel Montagu">Edwin Montagu</a>, the Government of India announced the formation of a committee of inquiry into the events in Punjab. Referred to as the Disorders Inquiry Committee, it was later more widely known as the Hunter Commission. It was named after the chairman, <a href="/wiki/William_Hunter,_Lord_Hunter" title="William Hunter, Lord Hunter">William, Lord Hunter</a>, former Solicitor-General for Scotland and Senator of the College of Justice in Scotland. The stated purpose of the commission was to "investigate the recent disturbances in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and Punjab, about their causes, and the measures taken to cope with them".<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-col333-334-78">[77]</a> The members of the commission were: <ul><li>Lord Hunter, chairman of the commission</li> <li>Mr Justice George C. Rankin of Calcutta</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Chimanlal_Harilal_Setalvad" title="Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad">Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad</a>, vice-chancellor of Bombay University and advocate of the Bombay High Court</li> <li>W.F. Rice, member of the Home Department</li> <li>Major-General George Barrow, KCB, KCMG, GOC Peshawar Division</li> <li>Pandit <a href="/wiki/Jagat_Narayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagat Narayan">Jagat Narayan</a>, lawyer and member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces</li> <li>Thomas Smith, member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces</li> <li>Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad Khan, lawyer from <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_State" title="Gwalior State">Gwalior State</a></li> <li>H.C. Stokes, secretary of the Commission and member of the Home Department<a href="#cite_note-col333-334-78">[77]</a></li></ul> After meeting in New Delhi on 29 October, the commission took statements from witnesses over the following weeks.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Witnesses were called in Delhi, <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, Bombay, and <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. Although the commission as such was not a formally constituted court of law, meaning witnesses were not subject to questioning under oath, its members managed to elicit detailed accounts and statements from witnesses by rigorous cross-questioning. In general, it was felt the commission had been very thorough in its enquiries.<a href="#cite_note-col333-334-78">[77]</a> After reaching Lahore in November, the commission wound up its initial inquiries by examining the principal witnesses to the events in Amritsar. The commission held its official sittings at the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Town_Hall" title="Lahore Town Hall">Lahore Town Hall</a> near <a href="/wiki/Anarkali_Bazaar" title="Anarkali Bazaar">Anarkali Bazaar</a>. On 19 November, Dyer was ordered to appear before the commission. Although his military superiors had suggested he be represented by legal counsel at the inquiry, Dyer refused this suggestion and appeared alone.<a href="#cite_note-col333-334-78">[77]</a> Initially questioned by Lord Hunter, Dyer stated he had come to know about the meeting at the Jallianwala Bagh at 12:40 hours that day but did not attempt to prevent it. He said that he had gone to the Bagh with the deliberate intention of opening fire if he found a crowd assembled there. Dyer told the commission, "I think it quite possible that I could have dispersed the crowd without firing, but they would have come back again and laughed, and I would have made, what I consider, a fool of myself."<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Dyer further reiterated his belief that the crowd in the Bagh was one of "rebels who were trying to isolate my forces and cut me off from other supplies. Therefore, I considered it my duty to fire on them and to fire well".<a href="#cite_note-col333-334-78">[77]</a> After Mr. Justice Rankin had questioned Dyer, Sir Chimanlal Setalvad enquired: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Sir Chimanlal: Supposing the passage was sufficient to allow the armoured cars to go in, would you have opened fire with the machine guns? Dyer: I think probably, yes. Sir Chimanlal: In that case, the casualties would have been much higher? Dyer: Yes.<a href="#cite_note-col333-334-78">[77]</a></blockquote> Dyer further stated that his intentions had been to strike terror throughout Punjab and in doing so, to reduce the moral stature of the "rebels". He said he did not stop the shooting when the crowd began to disperse because he thought it was his duty to keep shooting until the crowd was dispersed fully, and he believed that minimal shooting would not prove effective. In fact, he continued the shooting until the ammunition was almost exhausted.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> He stated that he did not make any effort to tend to the wounded after the shooting: "Certainly not. It was not my job. Hospitals were open and they could have gone there."<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Exhausted from the rigorous cross-examination questioning and unwell, Dyer was then released. Over the next several months, while the commission wrote its final report, the British press, as well as many MPs, turned increasingly hostile towards Dyer as the full extent of the massacre and his statements at the inquiry became widely known.<a href="#cite_note-col333-334-78">[77]</a> Lord Chelmsford refused to comment until the commission had been wound up. In the meanwhile, Dyer became seriously ill with jaundice and arteriosclerosis, and he was hospitalised.<a href="#cite_note-col333-334-78">[77]</a> Although the members of the commission were divided by racial tensions following Dyer's statement, and though the Indian members decided to write a separate minority report, the commission's final report, comprising six volumes of evidence and released on 8 March 1920, unanimously condemned Dyer's actions:<a href="#cite_note-col333-334-78">[77]</a> In "continuing firing as long as he did, it appears to us that General Dyer committed a grave error."<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Dissenting members argued that the martial law regime's use of force was wholly unjustified. "General Dyer thought he had crushed the rebellion and Sir <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a> was of the same view", they wrote, "[but] there was no rebellion which required to be crushed." The commission's report concluded that: <ul><li>Lack of notice to disperse from the Bagh, in the beginning, was an error.</li> <li>The length of firing showed a grave error.</li> <li>Dyer's motive of producing a sufficient moral effect was to be condemned.</li> <li>Dyer had overstepped the bounds of his authority.</li> <li>There had been no conspiracy to overthrow British rule in the Punjab.</li></ul> The minority report of the Indian members further added that: <ul><li>Proclamations banning public meetings were insufficiently distributed.</li> <li>Innocent people were in the crowd, and there had been no violence in the Bagh beforehand.</li> <li>Dyer should have either ordered his troops to help the wounded or instructed the civil authorities to do so.</li> <li>Dyer's actions had been "inhuman and un-British" and had greatly injured the image of British rule in India.</li></ul> The Hunter Commission did not impose any penal or disciplinary action because Dyer's actions were condoned by various superiors (later upheld by the Army Council).<a href="#cite_note-churchillspeech-84">[83]</a> The Legal and Home Members on the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy%27s_Executive_Council" title="Viceroy's Executive Council">Viceroy's Executive Council</a> ultimately decided that, though Dyer had acted in a callous and brutal way, military or legal prosecution would not be possible due to political reasons. However, he was finally found guilty of a mistaken notion of duty and relieved of his command on 23 March. He had been recommended for a CBE as a result of his service in the Third Afghan War; this recommendation was cancelled on 29 March 1920. <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Dyer" title="Reginald Dyer">Reginald Dyer</a> was disciplined by removal from his appointment, was passed over for promotion and was prohibited from employment in India. He died in 1927.<a href="#cite_note-millbanksystems.com-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rioting_in_Gujranwala">Rioting in Gujranwala</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rioting in Gujranwala">edit</a>]</div> Two days after the massacre, on 15 April 1919, riots occurred in <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a> protesting against the killings at Amritsar. Police and aircraft were used against the demonstrators, resulting in 12 deaths and 27 injuries. The officer commanding the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> in India, <a href="/wiki/Norman_MacEwen" title="Norman MacEwen">Brigadier General N D K MacEwen</a>, later stated that: <blockquote>I think we can fairly claim to have been of great use in the late riots, particularly at Gujranwala, where the crowd when looking at its nastiest was absolutely dispersed by a machine using bombs and Lewis guns.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compensation">Compensation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Compensation">edit</a>]</div> British authorities awarded compensation to European subjects following the massacre. Starting in 1920, Indian subjects demanded the same compensation for Indians whose family members were killed or maimed as a result of brute imperial force.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> They also demanded a statement of regret from British authorities. British authorities initially resisted any form of payment but then agreed fearing political backlash from Indian subjects. British authorities raised the money to compensate Indian families through indemnities and taxes leveraged on Indian subjects. In 1922, the British government settled over 700 claims. The total amount in compensation allocated to Indian families was less than half of what was distributed among nearly a dozen European individuals.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_of_Michael_O'Dwyer">Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Assassination of Michael O'Dwyer">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh">Udham Singh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir-Michael-ODwyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7e/Sir-Michael-ODwyer.jpg/220px-Sir-Michael-ODwyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7e/Sir-Michael-ODwyer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a> c. 1912</figcaption></figure> On 13 March 1940, at Caxton Hall in London, <a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh">Udham Singh</a>, an Indian independence activist from Sunam who had witnessed the events in Amritsar and who had been wounded there, shot and killed <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a>, the lieutenant-governor of Punjab at the time of the massacre, who had approved Dyer's action and was believed to have been the main planner. Some, such as the nationalist newspaper <a href="/wiki/Amrita_Bazar_Patrika" title="Amrita Bazar Patrika">Amrita Bazar Patrika</a>, made statements supporting the killing. The common people and revolutionaries glorified the action of Udham Singh. Much of the press worldwide recalled the story of Jallianwala Bagh and alleged that O'Dwyer was responsible for the massacre. Singh was termed a "fighter for freedom" and his action was referred to in The Times newspaper as "an expression of the pent-up fury of the down-trodden Indian People".<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Reporter and historian <a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">William L. Shirer</a> wrote the next day, "Most of the ... Indians I know [other than Gandhi] will feel this is divine retribution. O'Dwyer bore a share of responsibility in the 1919 Amritsar massacre, in which Gen. Dyer shot 1,500 Indians in cold blood. When I was at Amritsar eleven years after [the massacre] in 1930, the bitterness still stuck in the people there."<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> In fascist countries, the incident was used for anti-British propaganda: Bergeret, published in large scale from Rome at that time, while commenting upon the Caxton Hall assassination, ascribed the greatest significance to the circumstance and praised the action of Sardar Udham Singh as courageous.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The Berliner Börsen Zeitung termed the event "The torch of Indian freedom". German radio reportedly broadcast: "The cry of tormented people spoke with shots." <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massacre_memorial_in_Amritsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Massacre_memorial_in_Amritsar.jpg/180px-Massacre_memorial_in_Amritsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Massacre_memorial_in_Amritsar.jpg/270px-Massacre_memorial_in_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Massacre_memorial_in_Amritsar.jpg/360px-Massacre_memorial_in_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Wide view of <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh</a> memorial</figcaption></figure> At a public meeting in <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Cawnpore</a> (now Kanpur), a spokesman stated that "at last an insult and humiliation of the nation had been avenged". Similar sentiments were expressed in numerous other places across the country.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Fortnightly reports of the political situation in <a href="/wiki/Bihar_Province" title="Bihar Province">Bihar</a> mentioned: "It is true that we had no love lost for Sir Michael. The indignities he heaped upon our countrymen in Punjab have not been forgotten." In its 18 March 1940 issue <a href="/wiki/Amrita_Bazar_Patrika" title="Amrita Bazar Patrika">Amrita Bazar Patrika</a> wrote: "O'Dwyer's name is connected with Punjab incidents which India will never forget." The New Statesman observed: "British conservatism has not discovered how to deal with Ireland after two centuries of rule. Similar comment may be made on British rule in India. Will the historians of the future have to record that it was not the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazis</a> but the British ruling class which destroyed the British Empire?" Singh told the court at his trial: <blockquote>I did it because I had a grudge against him. He deserved it. He was the real culprit. He wanted to crush the spirit of my people, so I have crushed him. For full 21 years, I have been trying to wreak vengeance. I am happy that I have done the job. I am not scared of death. I am dying for my country. I have seen my people starving in India under the British rule. I have protested against this, it was my duty. What greater honour could be bestowed on me than death for the sake of my motherland?<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></blockquote> Singh was hanged for the murder on 31 July 1940. At that time, many, including <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, condemned the murder as senseless even if it was courageous. In 1952, Nehru (by then Prime Minister) honoured Udham Singh with the following statement, which appeared in the daily Partap: <blockquote>I salute Shaheed-i-Azam Udham Singh with reverence who had kissed the noose so that we may be free.</blockquote> Soon after this recognition by the Prime Minister, Udham Singh received the title of <a href="/wiki/Shaheed" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed">Shaheed</a>, a name given to someone who has attained martyrdom or done something heroic on behalf of their country or religion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monument_and_legacy">Monument and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Monument and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jallianwala_Bagh_Entrance.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jallianwala_Bagh_Entrance.JPG/220px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Entrance.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jallianwala_Bagh_Entrance.JPG/330px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Entrance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Jallianwala_Bagh_Entrance.JPG/440px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Entrance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the present-day <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_Memorializing_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_(12675316515).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Plaque_Memorializing_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675316515%29.jpg/220px-Plaque_Memorializing_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675316515%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Plaque_Memorializing_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675316515%29.jpg/330px-Plaque_Memorializing_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675316515%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Plaque_Memorializing_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675316515%29.jpg/440px-Plaque_Memorializing_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675316515%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3640" data-file-height="2715" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plaque at Jallianwala Bagh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_in_Passageway_Memorializing_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_(12675337405).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Plaque_in_Passageway_Memorializing_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675337405%29.jpg/220px-Plaque_in_Passageway_Memorializing_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675337405%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Plaque_in_Passageway_Memorializing_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675337405%29.jpg/330px-Plaque_in_Passageway_Memorializing_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675337405%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Plaque_in_Passageway_Memorializing_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675337405%29.jpg/440px-Plaque_in_Passageway_Memorializing_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675337405%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plaque in passageway of Jallianwala Bagh site</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bullet_marks_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bullet_marks_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg/220px-Bullet_marks_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bullet_marks_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg/330px-Bullet_marks_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bullet_marks_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg/440px-Bullet_marks_at_Jallianwala_Bagh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4176" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>Bullet holes in wall at Jallianwala Bagh memorial</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martyrs_Well_-_Where_Victims_Leapt_to_Escape_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_(12675387185).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Martyrs_Well_-_Where_Victims_Leapt_to_Escape_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675387185%29.jpg/220px-Martyrs_Well_-_Where_Victims_Leapt_to_Escape_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675387185%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Martyrs_Well_-_Where_Victims_Leapt_to_Escape_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675387185%29.jpg/330px-Martyrs_Well_-_Where_Victims_Leapt_to_Escape_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675387185%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Martyrs_Well_-_Where_Victims_Leapt_to_Escape_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675387185%29.jpg/440px-Martyrs_Well_-_Where_Victims_Leapt_to_Escape_1919_Amritsar_Massacre_-_Jallianwala_Bagh_-_Amritsar_-_Punjab_-_India_%2812675387185%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Martyrs Well at the Jallianwala Bagh memorial</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marked_Wall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marked_Wall.JPG/200px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marked_Wall.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marked_Wall.JPG/300px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marked_Wall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marked_Wall.JPG/400px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marked_Wall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bullet marks, visible on preserved walls, at present-day Jallianwala Bagh</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG/200px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG/300px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG/400px-Jallianwala_Bagh_Bullet_Marks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> A trust was founded in 1920 to build a memorial at the site after a resolution was passed by the Indian National Congress. In 1923, the trust purchased land for the project. A memorial, designed by American architect <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Polk" title="Benjamin Polk">Benjamin Polk</a>, was built on the site and inaugurated by President of India <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> on 13 April 1961, in the presence of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders. A <a href="/wiki/Eternal_flame" title="Eternal flame">flame</a> later was added to the site. The bullet marks remain on the walls and adjoining buildings to this day. The well into which many people jumped and drowned attempting to save themselves from the bullets is also a protected monument inside the park. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_Shiromani_Gurudwara_Prabandhak_Committee">Formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after the massacre, the official Sikh clergy of the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a> (Golden Temple) in Amritsar conferred upon Dyer the Saropa (the mark of distinguished service to the Sikh faith or, in general, humanity), sending shock waves among the Sikh community.<a href="#cite_note-Ajit_Singh_Sarhadi_1970,_p._19-94">[93]</a> On 12 October 1920, students and faculty of the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa_College,_Amritsar" title="Khalsa College, Amritsar">Amritsar Khalsa College</a> called a meeting to strengthen the Nationalistic Movement.<a href="#cite_note-Ajit_Singh_Sarhadi_1970,_p._19-94">[93]</a> The students pushed for an anti-British movement and the result was the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurudwara_Prabhandak_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiromani Gurudwara Prabhandak Committee">Shiromani Gurudwara Prabhandak Committee</a> on 15 November 1920 to manage and to implement reforms in Sikh shrines.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visit_by_Queen_Elizabeth_II">Visit by Queen Elizabeth II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Visit by Queen Elizabeth II">edit</a>]</div> Although <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> had not made any comments on the incident during her state visits in 1961 and 1983, she spoke about the events at a state banquet in India on 13 October 1997:<a href="#cite_note-NYT-96">[95]</a> <blockquote>It is no secret that there have been some difficult episodes in our past – Jallianwala Bagh, which I shall visit tomorrow, is a distressing example. But history cannot be rewritten, however much we might sometimes wish otherwise. It has its moments of sadness, as well as gladness. We must learn from the sadness and build on the gladness.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-96">[95]</a></blockquote> While some Indians welcomed the expression of regret and sadness in the Queen's statement, others criticised it for being less than an apology.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-96">[95]</a> Prime Minister of India <a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a> defended the Queen, saying that she had not even been born at the time of the events and should not be required to apologise.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-96">[95]</a> On 14 October 1997, the Queen visited Jallianwala Bagh and paid her respects with a 30‑second <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_silence" title="Moment of silence">moment of silence</a>. During the visit, she wore a dress of a colour described as pink apricot or <a href="/wiki/Saffron_(color)" title="Saffron (color)">saffron</a>, which is of religious significance to <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, as well as one of the colours on India's flag.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-96">[95]</a> She removed her shoes while visiting the monument and laid a wreath of marigolds in memorial.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-96">[95]</a> During her visit to the monument, there were protests in the city of Amritsar, with people waving black flags and chanting "Queen, go back."<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Queen Elizabeth and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a> merely signed the visitor's book; the fact that they did not leave any comment regretting the incident was criticised.<a href="#cite_note-intoday.in-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraphindia.com-99">[98]</a> During the same visit, Philip and his guide <a href="/wiki/Partha_Sarathi_Mukherjee" title="Partha Sarathi Mukherjee">Partha Sarathi Mukherjee</a> came to a plaque stating that "about two thousand Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims ... were martyred in a non-violent struggle" at the site. <blockquote>"That's a bit exaggerated," Philip asserted, "it must include the wounded." Mukherjee  ... asked Philip how he had come to this conclusion. "I was told about the killings by General Dyer's son," Mukherjee recalls the Duke as saying, "I'd met him while I was in the Navy."<a href="#cite_note-frontline.in-100">[99]</a></blockquote> These statements by Philip drew widespread condemnation in India.<a href="#cite_note-frontline.in-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraphindia.com-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Indian journalist <a href="/wiki/Praveen_Swami" title="Praveen Swami">Praveen Swami</a> wrote in Frontline magazine:<a href="#cite_note-frontline.in-100">[99]</a> <blockquote>That [this was] the solitary comment Prince Philip had to offer after his visit to Jallianwala Bagh[,] ... [and] the only aspect of the massacre that exercised his imagination, caused offence. It suggested that the death of 379 people was in some way inadequate to appall the royal conscience, in the way the death of 2,000 people would have. Perhaps more important of all, the staggering arrogance that Prince Philip displayed in citing his source of information on the tragedy made clear the lack of integrity in the wreath-laying.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demands_for_an_apology">Demands for an apology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demands for an apology">edit</a>]</div> There are long-standing demands in India that Britain should apologise for the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-frontline.in-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraphindia.com-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindustantimes.com-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-intoday.in-98">[97]</a> Winston Churchill, on 8 July 1920, urged the House of Commons to punish Dyer.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-70">[69]</a> Churchill, who described the massacre as "monstrous",<a href="#cite_note-BBC_April_2019-104">[103]</a> succeeded in persuading the House to forcibly retire Dyer but would have preferred to have seen him disciplined.<a href="#cite_note-Manchester_1988_694-71">[70]</a> An apology of sorts was made at the time in a statement by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hoare_Vincent" title="William Henry Hoare Vincent">Sir William Vincent</a>, the home member of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy%27s_Executive_Council" title="Viceroy's Executive Council">Viceroy's Council</a>, during a debate on the Punjab disturbances. This statement expressed the deep regret of the Government of India and made clear that the actions taken were wrong and repudiated by the government. Vincent said that "overdrastic and severe action, excessive use of force and acts ... reasonably interpreted as designed to humiliate Indian people ... cannot but be regarded as unpardonable (and) morally indefensible." In addition, the Indian Government reported in despatches to the UK government that Dyer's actions were far beyond what was necessary and violated the principle of using reasonable and minimum force. A manual was created after the massacre to instruct officers in their use of force, which was to be avoided unless absolutely necessary.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In February 2013 <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> became the first serving British prime minister to visit the site; he laid a wreath at the memorial and described the Amritsar massacre as "a deeply shameful event in British history, one that Winston Churchill rightly described at that time as monstrous. We must never forget what happened here and we must ensure that the UK stands up for <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests#Parliament_Square_protest" title="2010 United Kingdom student protests">the right of peaceful protests</a>". Cameron did not deliver an official apology.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> This was criticised by some commentators. Writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sankarshan_Thakur" title="Sankarshan Thakur">Sankarshan Thakur</a> stated: "Over nearly a century now British protagonists have approached the 1919 massacre ground of Jallianwala Bagh thumbing the thesaurus for an appropriate word to pick. 'Sorry' has not been among them."<a href="#cite_note-telegraphindia.com-99">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JallianwalaBaghmemorial1227.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JallianwalaBaghmemorial1227.JPG/220px-JallianwalaBaghmemorial1227.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JallianwalaBaghmemorial1227.JPG/330px-JallianwalaBaghmemorial1227.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/JallianwalaBaghmemorial1227.JPG/440px-JallianwalaBaghmemorial1227.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh" title="Jallianwala Bagh">Jallianwala Bagh</a> memorial</figcaption></figure> The issue of apology resurfaced during the 2016 India visit of <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">Prince William, Duke of Cambridge</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Catherine, Princess of Wales">Duchess of Cambridge</a> when both decided to skip the memorial site from their itinerary.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> In 2017, Indian author and politician <a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a> suggested that the Jalianwala Bagh centenary in 2019 could be a "good time" for the British to apologise to the Indians for wrongs committed during the colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindustantimes.com-103">[102]</a> Visiting the memorial on 6 December 2017, London's mayor <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a> called on the British government to apologise for the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In February 2019, the British House of Lords began discussing and debating the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> On 12 April 2019, a ceremony was held in Amritsar just before the centenary anniversary of the massacre. Although she did not issue an apology, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> called the 1919 shooting of unarmed civilians a "shameful scar", echoing the 2013 statement made by David Cameron.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_memorial_event_in_the_UK">National memorial event in the UK</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: National memorial event in the UK">edit</a>]</div> On 15 April 2019, a national memorial event titled "Jallianwala Bagh 100 Years On" was held in the British Parliament, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Jasvir_Singh_(barrister)" title="Jasvir Singh (barrister)">Jasvir Singh</a> and organised by <a href="/wiki/City_Sikhs" title="City Sikhs">City Sikhs</a> and the Faiths Forum for London. Testimonies of survivors were read from the book Eyewitness at Amritsar.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> There were traditional musical performances, and a minute's silence was held to remember those who had been killed a century earlier.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Asian_Awards">The Asian Awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Asian Awards">edit</a>]</div> In April 2019 <a href="/wiki/The_Asian_Awards" title="The Asian Awards">The Asian Awards</a> honoured the Martyrs of Jallianwala Bagh with the prestigious Founders Award. It was accepted by the nephew of <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a>, Jagmohan Singh.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021_assassination_attempt_on_Queen_Elizabeth_II">2021 assassination attempt on Queen Elizabeth II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2021 assassination attempt on Queen Elizabeth II">edit</a>]</div> On Christmas Day, 2021, Jaswant Singh Chail entered the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, where Queen Elizabeth II was living, intending to assassinate her with a crossbow. In a video he posted to Snapchat, he said "This is revenge for those who have died in the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre. It is also revenge for those who have been killed, humiliated and discriminated on because of their race". He was arrested before entering the castle, and in February 2023, admitted three counts of <a href="/wiki/Treason#United_Kingdom" title="Treason">treason</a>, the first charge of treason in the UK since 1981. In a televised hearing Mr Justice Hilliard sentenced Chail to nine years with a further five years on extended licence. Under the hybrid order, Chail will be transferred from <a href="/wiki/Broadmoor_Hospital" title="Broadmoor Hospital">Broadmoor</a> psychiatric hospital to serve his sentence in prison when he is well enough.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_representations">Arts and representations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Arts and representations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a>. Please help Wikipedia to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing the content or adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>. (April 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Jallianwala Bagh massacre is a common subject of literature and film: <ul><li>1932: Noted Hindi poet <a href="/wiki/Subhadra_Kumari_Chauhan" title="Subhadra Kumari Chauhan">Subhadra Kumari Chauhan</a> wrote a poem, "Jallianwalla Bagh Mein Basant",<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> (Spring in the Jallianwalla Bagh) in memory of the slain in her anthology Bikhre Moti (Scattered Pearls).</li> <li>1977: The massacre is portrayed in the Hindi movie <a href="/wiki/Jallian_Wala_Bagh" title="Jallian Wala Bagh">Jallian Wala Bagh</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Vinod_Khanna" title="Vinod Khanna">Vinod Khanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parikshat_Sahni" class="mw-redirect" title="Parikshat Sahni">Parikshat Sahni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabana_Azmi" title="Shabana Azmi">Shabana Azmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sampooran_Singh_Gulzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampooran Singh Gulzar">Sampooran Singh Gulzar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deepti_Naval" title="Deepti Naval">Deepti Naval</a>. The film was written, produced and directed by Balraj Tah with the screenplay by <a href="/wiki/Sampooran_Singh_Gulzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampooran Singh Gulzar">Gulzar</a>. The film is a part-biopic of Udham Singh (played by <a href="/wiki/Parikshit_Sahni" title="Parikshit Sahni">Parikshit Sahni</a>) who assassinated Michael O'Dwyer in 1940. Portions of the film were shot in the UK notably in Coventry and surrounding areas.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children" title="Midnight's Children">Midnight's Children</a> portrays the massacre from the perspective of a doctor in the crowd, saved from the gunfire by a well-timed sneeze.</li> <li>1982: The massacre is depicted in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a> with the role of General Dyer played by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Fox_(actor)" title="Edward Fox (actor)">Edward Fox</a>. The film depicts most of the details of the massacre as well as the subsequent inquiry by the Hunter commission.</li> <li>1984: The massacre is recounted in the seventh episode of Granada TV's 1984 series <a href="/wiki/The_Jewel_in_the_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)">The Jewel in the Crown</a>, told by the fictional widow of a British officer who is haunted by the inhumanity of it and who tells how she came to be reviled because she ignored the honours to Dyer and instead donated money to the Indian victims.</li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Udham_Singh_(film)" title="Shaheed Udham Singh (film)">Shaheed Udham Singh</a>, a Hindi language film is based on the JallianWala Bagh Massacre and the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh">Udham Singh</a>.</li> <li>2002: In the Hindi film <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Bhagat_Singh" title="The Legend of Bhagat Singh">The Legend of Bhagat Singh</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Rajkumar_Santoshi" title="Rajkumar Santoshi">Rajkumar Santoshi</a>, the massacre is reconstructed with the child <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a> as a witness, eventually inspiring him to become a revolutionary in the Indian independence movement.</li> <li>2006: Portions of the Hindi film <a href="/wiki/Rang_De_Basanti" title="Rang De Basanti">Rang De Basanti</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_narrative" title="Nonlinear narrative">nonlinearly</a> depict the massacre and the influence it had on the freedom fighters.</li> <li>2007: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre is mentioned in the final debate scene on civil disobedience, portrayed in the film <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Debaters" title="The Great Debaters">The Great Debaters</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Bali_Rai" title="Bali Rai">Bali Rai</a>'s novel, City of Ghosts, is partly set around the massacre, blending fact with fiction and magical realism. Dyer, Udham Singh and other real historical figures feature in the story.</li> <li>2012: A few shots of the massacre are captured in the movie <a href="/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children_(film)" title="Midnight's Children (film)">Midnight's Children</a>, a Canadian-British film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>'s 1981 <a href="/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children" title="Midnight's Children">novel of the same name</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Deepa_Mehta" title="Deepa Mehta">Deepa Mehta</a>.</li> <li>2014: The British period drama <a href="/wiki/Downton_Abbey" title="Downton Abbey">Downton Abbey</a> makes a reference to the massacre in the eighth episode of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Downton_Abbey_episodes#Series_Five_.282014.29" title="List of Downton Abbey episodes">season 5</a> as "that terrible Amritsar business". The characters of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Downton_Abbey_characters#Robert_Crawley.2C_The_Earl_of_Grantham" title="List of Downton Abbey characters">Lord Grantham</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Downton_Abbey_characters#Isobel_Crawley" title="List of Downton Abbey characters">Isobel Crawley</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Downton_Abbey_characters#Hugh_MacClare.2C_Marquess_of_Flintshire" title="List of Downton Abbey characters">Shrimpy</a> express their disapproval of the massacre when Lord Sinderby supports it.</li> <li>2017: The Hindi language film <a href="/wiki/Phillauri_(film)" title="Phillauri (film)">Phillauri</a> refers to the massacre as the reason the spirit of the primary character portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Anushka_Sharma" title="Anushka Sharma">Anushka Sharma</a> cannot find peace as her lover lost his life in Amritsar and was unable to return to their village for their wedding. The movie depicts the massacre and the following stampede, with the climax shot on-location at the modern-day Jallianwallah Bagh memorial.</li> <li>2019: The UK's BBC broadcast historian Zareer Masani's Amritsar 1919: Remembering a British Massacre<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> was broadcast.</li> <li>2019: the UK's Channel 4 broadcast "The Massacre That Shook the Empire" on Saturday 13 April at 9 p.m. in which writer Sathnam Sanghera examined the 1919 massacre and its legacy.</li> <li>2019: The UK's BBC broadcast a special "Thought for the Day" on Friday 12 April presented by <a href="/wiki/Jasvir_Singh_(barrister)" title="Jasvir Singh (barrister)">Jasvir Singh</a> to mark the anniversary.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Udham" title="Sardar Udham">Sardar Udham</a>, a Hindi language film is based on the JallianWala Bagh Massacre and the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Dwyer" title="Michael O'Dwyer">Michael O'Dwyer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh" title="Udham Singh">Udham Singh</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/32px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/48px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/64px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="964" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vidurashwatha" title="Vidurashwatha">Vidurashwatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babrra_massacre" title="Babrra massacre">Babrra massacre</a></li> <li>Charan Paduka massacre on the <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a> festival (14 January 1930) in <a href="/wiki/Chhatarpur" title="Chhatarpur">Chhatarpur</a>, called the "Jallianwala Bagh of Madhya Pradesh": General Fischer ordered the firing on non-violent Indian freedom fighters resulting in 21 deaths and many injured.<a href="#cite_note-A._U._Siddiqui_2004-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet#Massacre_of_Chumik_Shenko" title="British expedition to Tibet">Massacre of Chumik Shenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patharighat#Massacre" title="Patharighat">Patharighat massacre</a> – Jallianwala of Assam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_India" title="List of massacres in India">List of massacres in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1920)" title="Bloody Sunday (1920)">Bloody Sunday</a>, a day of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">IRA</a> assassinations in Ireland and revenge attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a> on a crowd at <a href="/wiki/Croke_Park" title="Croke Park">Croke Park</a> and on prisoners at <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a> in 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma massacre</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Colletp263-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colletp263_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colletp263_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNigel_Collett2006" class="citation book cs1">Nigel Collett (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XuQC5pgzCw4C&pg=PA263">The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer</a>. A&C Black. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-575-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-575-8"><bdi>978-1-85285-575-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Butcher+of+Amritsar%3A+General+Reginald+Dyer&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-575-8&rft.au=Nigel+Collett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXuQC5pgzCw4C%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJallianwala+Bagh+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encarta-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encarta_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encarta_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encarta_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240524180459/https://www.webcitation.org/5kwriIrvt?url=http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579959/amritsar_massacre.html">"Amritsar Massacre – ninemsn Encarta"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579959/amritsar_massacre.html">the original</a> on 24 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amritsar+Massacre+%E2%80%93+ninemsn+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fau.encarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761579959%2Famritsar_massacre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJallianwala+Bagh+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarain2013" class="citation book cs1">Narain, Savita (19 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ct0AQAAQBAJ&dq=Jallianwala+Bagh+1000&pg=PT54">The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre</a>. 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University of Arizona Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-5131-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-5131-6"><bdi>978-0-8165-5131-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+Cultures%3A+Essays+in+the+Displacement+of+Western+Civilization&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-5131-6&rft.aulast=Sayer&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxWeGEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJallianwala+Bagh+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisra2008" class="citation book cs1">Misra, Maria (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjxiMSd0YwoC&pg=PA150">Vishnu's Crowded Temple: India Since the Great Rebellion</a>. 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(1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326193437/http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=071464580X&parent_id=&pc=">Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924</a>. Routledge. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4580-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4580-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-4580-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=071464580X&parent_id=&pc=">the original</a> on 26 March 2009. 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Siddiqui, "Indian Freedom Movement in Princely States of Vindhya Pradesh", Northern Book Centre, New Delhi, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=986941">"Bundelkhand's 'Jallianwala Bagh' led to martyrdom of 21 freedom fighters"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bundelkhand%27s+%27Jallianwala+Bagh%27+led+to+martyrdom+of+21+freedom+fighters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daijiworld.com%2Fnews%2FnewsDisplay%3FnewsID%3D986941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJallianwala+Bagh+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Webinar+in+Bhopal%3A+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86+%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6&rft.date=2021-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naidunia.com%2Fmadhya-pradesh%2Fbhopal-jallianwala-bagh-massacre-like-was-also-done-in-charanpaduka-in-bundelkhand-remembering-martyrs-through-webinar-6809086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJallianwala+Bagh+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/chhatarpur-bundelkhands-phase-was-in-charanpaduka-21-martyr-sacrifice-on-motherland-1481101.html">"बुन्देलखंड के चरण पादुका में हुए थे भारत मां के 21 सपूत शहीद"</a>. 14 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F+%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+21+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6&rft.date=2018-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhindi.news18.com%2Fnews%2Fmadhya-pradesh%2Fchhatarpur-bundelkhands-phase-was-in-charanpaduka-21-martyr-sacrifice-on-motherland-1481101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJallianwala+Bagh+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfwYAC4FCTE">"Charan Paduka Narsamhar – Madhya Pradesh ka Jaliawala bagh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 12 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Charan+Paduka+Narsamhar+%E2%80%93+Madhya+Pradesh+ka+Jaliawala+bagh&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCfwYAC4FCTE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJallianwala+Bagh+massacre" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Some sources state that the third regiment involved in the massacre were the 59th Scinde Rifles, while others claim it was the 59th Sikhs </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Collett" title="Nigel Collett">Collett, Nigel</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Butcher_of_Amritsar:_General_Reginald_Dyer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer">The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer</a>.</li> <li>Draper, Alfred (1985). The Amritsar Massacre: Twilight of the Raj.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hopkirk" title="Peter Hopkirk">Hopkirk, Peter</a> (1997). Like Hidden Fire: The Plot to Bring Down the British Empire. Kodansha Globe. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56836-127-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56836-127-0">1-56836-127-0</a>.</li> <li>Judd, Dennis (1996). "The Amritsar Massacre of 1919: Gandhi, the Raj and the Growth of Indian Nationalism, 1915–39", in Judd, Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present. Basic Books. pp. 258–272.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Lloyd_(historian)" title="Nick Lloyd (historian)">Lloyd, Nick</a> (2011). The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day.</li> <li>Narain, Savita (1998). The historiography of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, 1919. New Delhi: Spantech and Lancer. 76 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-897829-36-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-897829-36-1">1-897829-36-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Swinson" title="Arthur Swinson">Swinson, Arthur</a> (1964). Six Minutes to Sunset: The Story of General Dyer and the Amritsar Affair. London: Peter Davies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_A._Wagner" title="Kim A. Wagner">Wagner, Kim A.</a> "Calculated to Strike Terror': The Amritsar Massacre and the Spectacle of Colonial Violence." Past Present (2016) 233#1: 185–225. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtw037">10.1093/pastj/gtw037</a></li> <li>Jalil, Rakhshanda "Jallianwala Bagh: Literary Responses in Prose & Poetry, 2019". <a href="/wiki/Niyogi_Books" title="Niyogi Books">Niyogi Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9386906922" title="Special:BookSources/978-9386906922">978-9386906922</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style 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text" href="https://www.myeduwaves.com/2020/01/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-history-facts.html?m=1">Black Chapter of Indian History – Jallianwala Bagh Massacre</a></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6687085">interview</a> with Bapu Shingara Singh – the last known surviving witness.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/churchill/amritsar.htm">Churchill's speech</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019100838/http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/churchill/amritsar.htm">Archived</a> 19 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> after the incident.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amritsar.com/Jallian%20Wala%20Bagh.shtml">Amritsar Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111165854/http://www.amritsar.com/Jallian%20Wala%20Bagh.shtml">Archived</a> 11 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Listen to the Shaheed song of the Amritsar Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh.</li> <li>Singh, Gajendra: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/amritsar_massacre_of/">Amritsar, Massacre of</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/">1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. 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