Zinc Finger Nuclease as Gene Editing Tool

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style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1253043591735915" data-ad-slot="7012885353" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </center></div> </div> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="uk-width-1-2@m uk-width-3-5@l uk-flex-first"> <div class="afgeronde-artikelen uk-margin"> <div class="uk-grid uk-child-width-1-1 uk-grid-small uk-grid-match"> <div> <div class="el-item uk-panel uk-tile-muted uk-padding-small uk-margin-remove-first-child"> <h3 class="el-title uk-card-title uk-margin-top uk-margin-remove-bottom"> <a href="/gene-editing-tools/zinc-finger-nuclease.html" class="uk-link-reset">Zinc Finger Nucleases</a> </h3> <div class="el-content uk-panel uk-margin-top">Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are artificial restriction enzymes generated by fusing a zinc finger DNA-binding domain to a DNA-cleavage domain. Zinc finger domains can be engineered to target specific desired DNA sequences and this enables zinc-finger nucleases to target unique sequences within complex genomes. By taking advantage of endogenous DNA repair machinery, these reagents can be used to precisely alter the genomes of higher organisms. Alongside Cas9 and TALEN proteins, ZFN is becoming a prominent tool in the field of genome editing. <p>A zinc finger nuclease is a site-specific endonuclease designed to bind and cleave DNA at specific positions (see figure 1 and video 1). There are two protein domains. The first domain is the DNA binding domain, which consists of eukaryotic transcription factors and contain the zinc finger. The second domain is the nuclease domain, which consists of the FokI restriction enzyme and is responsible for the catalytic cleavage of DNA.</p> <p><strong>DNA-binding domain</strong><br> The DNA-binding domains of individual ZFNs typically contain between three and six individual zinc finger repeats and can each recognize between 9 and 18 basepairs. If the zinc finger domains are perfectly specific for their intended target site then even a pair of 3-finger ZFNs that recognize a total of 18 basepairs can, in theory, target a single locus in a mammalian genome. The most straightforward method to generate new zinc-finger arrays is to combine smaller zinc-finger "modules" of known specificity. The most common modular assembly process involves combining three separate zinc fingers that can each recognize a 3 basepair DNA sequence to generate a 3-finger array that can recognize a 9 basepair target site.</p> <p><strong>DNA-cleavage domain</strong><br> The non-specific cleavage domain from the type IIs restriction endonuclease FokI is typically used as the cleavage domain in ZFNs. This cleavage domain must dimerize in order to cleave DNA and thus a pair of ZFNs are required to target non-palindromic DNA sites. Standard ZFNs fuse the cleavage domain to the C-terminus of each zinc finger domain. In order to allow the two cleavage domains to dimerize and cleave DNA, the two individual ZFNs must bind opposite strands of DNA with their C-termini a certain distance apart.</p> <center> <style> .aangepast { width: 320px; } @media(min-width: 500px) { .aangepast { width: 468px; } ) @media(min-width: 800px) { .aangepast { width: 468px; } } </style> <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle aangepast" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1253043591735915" data-ad-slot="5059787231"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </center> <img src="/images/ZFN_cleavage.jpg" border="0"/><br /> <em>Figure 1. A pair of ZFNs, each with three zinc fingers binding to target DNA, are shown introducing a double-strand break, at the FokI domain, depicted in yellow. Subsequently, the double strand break is shown as being repaired through either homology-directed repair or non-homologous end joining.</em><br /> <p><strong>Gene Therapy Application</strong><br> Zinc finger nucleases are useful to manipulate the genomes of many plants and animals. ZFNs are also used to create a new generation of genetic disease models called isogenic human disease models. Zinc finger nucleases have also been used in a clinical trial of CD4+ human T-cells with the CCR5 gene disrupted by zinc finger nucleases to be save as a potential treatment for HIV/AIDS. Custom-designed ZFNs that combine the non-specific cleavage domain (N) of FokI endonuclease with zinc-finger proteins (ZFPs) offer a general way to deliver a site-specific DSB to the genome, and stimulate local homologous recombination by several orders of magnitude. This makes targeted gene correction or genome editing a viable option in human cells. Since ZFN-encoding plasmids could be used to transiently express ZFNs to target a DSB to a specific gene locus in human cells, they offer an excellent way for targeted delivery of the therapeutic genes to a pre-selected chromosomal site. The ZFN-encoding plasmid-based approach has the potential to circumvent all the problems associated with the viral delivery of therapeutic genes. The first therapeutic applications of ZFNs are likely to involve ex vivo therapy using a patients own stem cells. After editing the stem cell genome, the cells could be expanded in culture and reinserted into the patient to produce differentiated cells with corrected functions. The initial targets will likely include the causes of monogenic diseases such as the IL2Rγ gene and the b-globin gene for gene correction and CCR5 gene for mutagenesis and disablement.</p> <p> <center> <object data="https://www.youtube.com/v/zDkUFzZoQAs?fs=1&hl=nl_NL" width="480" height="295"><param name="movie" value="https://www.youtube.com/v/zDkUFzZoQAs?fs=1&hl=nl_NL" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always" /><embed src="https://www.youtube.com/v/zDkUFzZoQAs?fs=1&hl=nl_NL" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="480" height="295" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" movie="https://www.youtube.com/v/zDkUFzZoQAs?fs=1&hl=nl_NL" allowFullScreen="true"></embed></object> </center> <p><em>Video 1. Gene-editing nucleases. In this video, Nature Methods technology editor Monya Baker explains how gene-editing nucleases work and why they were chosen as Nature Methods 'Method of the Year' for 2011.</em></p> <p><strong>Potential side effects</strong><br> If the zinc finger domains are not specific enough for their target site or they do not target a unique site within the genome of interest, off-target cleavage may occur. Such off-target cleavage may lead to the production of enough double-strand breaks to overwhelm the repair machinery and, as a consequence, yield chromosomal rearrangements and/or cell death. Off-target cleavage events may also promote random integration of donor DNA. As with many foreign proteins inserted into the human body, there is a risk of an immunological response against the therapeutic agent and the cells in which it is active. Since the protein will need to be expressed only transiently, however, the time over which a response may develop is short.</p> <center><div class="moduletable "> <div class="mod-banners bannergroup"> <div class="mod-banners__item banneritem"> <a href="/component/banners/click/152.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" title="4thWorldBioScienceTechnology-jan2025"> <img src="https://www.genetherapynet.com/images/banners/4thWorldBioScienceTechnology-jan2025.png#joomlaImage://local-images/banners/4thWorldBioScienceTechnology-jan2025.png?width=567&height=72" alt="4thWorldBioScienceTechnology-jan2025" > </a> </div> </div> </div> </center><br /> <div align="right"><a href="#top"><span style="font-size: xx-small;" size="1">^ Back to Top</span></a></div></div> <div class="uk-margin-top"><a href="/gene-editing-tools/zinc-finger-nuclease.html" class="el-link uk-button uk-button-default">Read more</a></div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="uk-width-1-2 uk-width-1-4@m uk-width-1-5@l rechts"> <div> <div class="uk-grid uk-child-width-1-1 uk-grid-row-small" uk-grid> <div> <div class="uk-panel _menu menulist" id="module-32"> <h3> What is Gene Therapy </h3> <ul class="uk-nav uk-nav-default"> <li class="item-26"><a href="/basic-process.html"> Basic Process</a></li> <li class="item-27"><a href="/types-of-gene-therapy.html"> Types of gene therapy</a></li> <li class="item-28"><a href="/gene-doping.html"> Gene Doping</a></li> <li class="item-29 uk-parent"><a href="/viral-vectors.html"> Viral Vectors</a> <ul class="uk-nav-sub"> <li class="item-30"><a href="/viral-vector/adenoviruses.html"> Adenoviruses</a></li> <li class="item-31"><a href="/viral-vector/adeno-associated-viruses.html"> Adeno-associated viruses</a></li> <li class="item-32"><a href="/viral-vector/alphaviruses.html"> Alphaviruses</a></li> <li class="item-33"><a href="/viral-vector/herpesviruses.html"> Herpesviruses</a></li> <li class="item-34"><a href="/viral-vector/lentiviruses.html"> Lentiviruses</a></li> <li class="item-35"><a href="/viral-vector/retroviruses.html"> Retroviruses</a></li> <li class="item-36"><a href="/viral-vector/vaccinia-viruses.html"> Vaccinia viruses</a></li> <li class="item-132"><a href="/viral-vector/risk-factors.html"> Risk Factors</a></li> <li class="item-133"><a href="/viral-vector/pseudotyping-of-viral-vectors.html"> Pseudotyping of Viral Vectors</a></li></ul></li> <li class="item-37 uk-parent"><a href="/non-viral-vectors.html"> Non-viral Vectors</a> <ul class="uk-nav-sub"> <li class="item-129"><a href="/non-viral-vectors/naked-dna.html"> Naked DNA</a></li> <li class="item-130"><a href="/non-viral-vectors/oligonucleotides.html"> Oligonucleotides</a></li> <li class="item-131"><a href="/non-viral-vectors/lipoplexes-and-polyplexes.html"> Lipoplexes and polyplexes</a></li></ul></li> <li class="item-709 uk-active uk-parent"><a href="/gene-editing-tools.html"> Gene Editing Tools</a> <ul class="uk-nav-sub"> <li class="item-710 uk-active"><a href="/gene-editing-tools/zinc-finger-nuclease.html"> Zinc Finger Nuclease</a></li> <li class="item-711"><a href="/gene-editing-tools/talen.html"> TALEN</a></li> <li class="item-712"><a href="/gene-editing-tools/crispr-cas9.html"> CRISPR-Cas9 </a></li></ul></li> <li class="item-38"><a href="/glossary-of-gene-therapy-terms.html"> Glossary of Gene Therapy Terms</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div> <div class="uk-panel" id="module-40"> <h3> Resources </h3> <div class="uk-margin-remove-last-child custom" ><ul class="resources"> <li><a href="https://www.acgtfoundation.org" target="_blank">Alliance for Cancer Gene Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cancer.org" target="_blank">American Cancer Society</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.bio-medicine.org" target="_blank">Bio-Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.bioscience-explained.org" target="_blank">Bioscience Explained</a></li> <li><a href="https://kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/gene_therapy.html" target="_blank">Gene Therapy and Children, KidsHealth</a></li><li><a href="https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/" target="_blank">Genetic Science Learning Center</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml" target="_blank">Human Genome Project Information</a></li> <li><a href="https://ictvonline.org/" target="_blank">ICTVdB, The Universal Virus Database</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.iupui.edu/~wellsctr/MMIA/htm/animations.htm" target="_blank">Molecular Medicine in Action</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.cancer.gov" target="_blank">National Cancer Institute</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.genome.gov/Education/" target="_blank">Understanding the Human Genome Project - Online education kit</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.virology.net/garryfavwebgenether.html" target="_blank">Viral Vectors and Gene Therapy, All the Virology on the www</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></li> <hr /> <li> <a href="https://images.google.com/images?hl=en&q=%22gene+therapy'&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wi" target="_blank">Images of gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.google.com/search?hl=nl&q=%22gene+therapy%22+.ppt&meta=" target="_blank">PowerPoint presentations on gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.youtube.com/results?search_query=+%22gene+therapy%22&as=1&and_queries=&exact_query=gene+therapy&or_queries=&negative_queries=&geo_name=&geo_latlong=&search_duration=&search_hl=&search_category_type=specific&search_category=28&search_sort=&uploaded=" target="_blank">YouTube videos about gene therapy</a></li> </ul> <div align="center"> <form action="https://www.wikipedia.org/search-redirect.php" method="get" target="_blank"> <table> <tr><td nowrap="nowrap" valign="top" align="center" height="32"><img src="/images/wikipedia.gif" alt="Search Wikipedia" width="75" height="84" border="0" /> <input type="hidden" name="language" value="en"> </td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="center"> <input type="text" name="search" size="18" value="Wikipedia search..." style="background:#ffffff; color:#666666" onfocus="if(this.value=='Wikipedia search...'){this.value='';}" onblur="if(this.value==''){this.value='Wikipedia search...';}"> </td></tr> <tr><td valign="top" align="center"> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Search"> </td></tr></table> </form> </div></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="uk-panel" id="module-58"> <h3> Advertise on this site? </h3> <div class="uk-margin-remove-last-child custom" ><a href="/advertise.html" style="font-size:10pt; color: #000000; text-decoration: NONE " onMouseOver="this.style.color='#FF0000'" onMouseOut="this.style.color='#000000'">Advertising opportunities on Gene Therapy Net include standard size banners as well as text ads. 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Zinc Finger Nuclease as Gene Editing Tool