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id="toc-Outbreak_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eelam_War_I_(1983–1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eelam_War_I_(1983–1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Eelam War I (1983–1987) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eelam_War_I_(1983–1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_intervention_(1987–1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_intervention_(1987–1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Indian intervention (1987–1990) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_intervention_(1987–1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rajiv_Gandhi's_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rajiv_Gandhi's_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Rajiv Gandhi's assassination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rajiv_Gandhi's_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eelam_War_II_(1990–1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eelam_War_II_(1990–1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Eelam War II (1990–1995) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eelam_War_II_(1990–1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eelam_War_III_(1995–2002)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eelam_War_III_(1995–2002)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Eelam War III (1995–2002) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eelam_War_III_(1995–2002)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_peace_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_peace_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Early peace efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_peace_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002_peace_process_(2002–2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002_peace_process_(2002–2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 2002 peace process (2002–2006) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002_peace_process_(2002–2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginning_of_the_cease-fire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning_of_the_cease-fire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Beginning of the cease-fire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_the_cease-fire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signing_of_Memorandum_of_Understanding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signing_of_Memorandum_of_Understanding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Signing of Memorandum of Understanding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signing_of_Memorandum_of_Understanding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_changes_in_the_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_changes_in_the_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Political changes in the South </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_changes_in_the_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Split_of_the_LTTE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_of_the_LTTE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Split of the LTTE </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split_of_the_LTTE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsunami_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsunami_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5 Tsunami and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsunami_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eelam_War_IV_(2006–2009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eelam_War_IV_(2006–2009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Eelam War IV (2006–2009) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eelam_War_IV_(2006–2009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Talks_and_further_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talks_and_further_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Talks and further violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talks_and_further_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mavil_Aru_water_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mavil_Aru_water_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Mavil Aru water dispute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mavil_Aru_water_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LTTE_offensives_in_Muttur_and_Jaffna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LTTE_offensives_in_Muttur_and_Jaffna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 LTTE offensives in Muttur and Jaffna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LTTE_offensives_in_Muttur_and_Jaffna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Sampur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Sampur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 Fall of Sampur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Sampur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LTTE_retaliation_and_further_peace_talks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LTTE_retaliation_and_further_peace_talks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.5 LTTE retaliation and further peace talks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LTTE_retaliation_and_further_peace_talks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_offensive_in_the_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_offensive_in_the_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.6 Government offensive in the East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_offensive_in_the_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_offensive_in_the_North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_offensive_in_the_North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.7 Government offensive in the North </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_offensive_in_the_North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrogation_of_ceasefire_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrogation_of_ceasefire_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.8 Abrogation of ceasefire agreement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrogation_of_ceasefire_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_military_gains_by_the_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_military_gains_by_the_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.9 Significant military gains by the government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_military_gains_by_the_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Kilinochchi_and_subsequent_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Kilinochchi_and_subsequent_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.10 Fall of Kilinochchi and subsequent events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Kilinochchi_and_subsequent_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fighting_in_the_'No-Fire_Zone'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fighting_in_the_'No-Fire_Zone'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.11 Fighting in the 'No-Fire Zone' </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fighting_in_the_'No-Fire_Zone'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 End of the war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-End_of_the_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle End of the war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-16_May:_Sri_Lanka_declares_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16_May:_Sri_Lanka_declares_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 16 May: Sri Lanka declares victory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16_May:_Sri_Lanka_declares_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-17_May:_Tigers_admit_defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17_May:_Tigers_admit_defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 17 May: Tigers admit defeat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17_May:_Tigers_admit_defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18_May:_First_claim_of_Prabhakaran's_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18_May:_First_claim_of_Prabhakaran's_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 18 May: First claim of Prabhakaran's death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18_May:_First_claim_of_Prabhakaran's_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19_May:_President_addresses_the_Parliament_and_Prabhakaran_confirmed_dead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19_May:_President_addresses_the_Parliament_and_Prabhakaran_confirmed_dead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 19 May: President addresses the Parliament and Prabhakaran confirmed dead </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19_May:_President_addresses_the_Parliament_and_Prabhakaran_confirmed_dead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat_after_18_May_2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_after_18_May_2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Combat after 18 May 2009 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_after_18_May_2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Reaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Economic cost </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_solution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_solution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Political solution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_solution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lessons_Learnt_and_Reconciliation_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lessons_Learnt_and_Reconciliation_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lessons_Learnt_and_Reconciliation_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitional_Justice_and_steps_for_non-recurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitional_Justice_and_steps_for_non-recurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Transitional Justice and steps for non-recurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitional_Justice_and_steps_for_non-recurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Humanitarian impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internally_displaced_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internally_displaced_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Internally displaced people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internally_displaced_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detainees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detainees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Detainees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detainees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_mines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_mines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Land mines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_mines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes_investigations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes_investigations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 War crimes investigations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes_investigations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 War crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Allegations of genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Official websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Government reports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_reports,_documentaries_and_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_reports,_documentaries_and_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Independent reports, documentaries and texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_reports,_documentaries_and_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sri Lankan civil war</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" > 51 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الأهلية السريلانكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الأهلية السريلانكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="শ্ৰীলংকাৰ অসামৰিক যুদ্ধ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শ্ৰীলংকাৰ অসামৰিক যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eri-Lankada_v%C9%99t%C9%99nda%C5%9F_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Şri-Lankada vətəndaş müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şri-Lankada vətəndaş müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="শ্রীলংকার গৃহযুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রীলংকার গৃহযুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Гражданска война в Шри Ланка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гражданска война в Шри Ланка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Civil_de_Sri_Lanka" title="Guerra Civil de Sri Lanka – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra Civil de Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C4%8Dansk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_na_Sr%C3%AD_Lance" title="Občanská válka na Srí Lance – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Občanská válka na Srí Lance" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerkrigen_i_Sri_Lanka" title="Borgerkrigen i Sri Lanka – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Borgerkrigen i Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerkrieg_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Bürgerkrieg in Sri Lanka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bürgerkrieg in Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_de_Sri_Lanka" title="Guerra civil de Sri Lanka – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra civil de Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srilanka_Enlanda_Milito" title="Srilanka Enlanda Milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Srilanka Enlanda Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankako_Gerra_Zibila" title="Sri Lankako Gerra Zibila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sri Lankako Gerra Zibila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="جنگ داخلی سری‌لانکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ داخلی سری‌لانکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_civile_du_Sri_Lanka" title="Guerre civile du Sri Lanka – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre civile du Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9" title="શ્રીલંકાનો આંતરવિગ્રહ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શ્રીલંકાનો આંતરવિગ્રહ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%A6%AC%EB%9E%91%EC%B9%B4_%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%84" title="스리랑카 내전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스리랑카 내전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D6%80%D5%AB_%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Շրի Լանկայի քաղաքացիական պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շրի Լանկայի քաղաքացիական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="श्रीलंकाई गृहयुद्ध का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्रीलंकाई गृहयुद्ध का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Sri_Lanka" title="Perang Saudara Sri Lanka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Saudara Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgarastyrj%C3%B6ldin_%C3%A1_Sr%C3%AD_Lanka" title="Borgarastyrjöldin á Srí Lanka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Borgarastyrjöldin á Srí Lanka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civile_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Guerra civile in Sri Lanka – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra civile in Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מלחמת האזרחים בסרי לנקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת האזרחים בסרי לנקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಶ್ರೀಲಂಕಾದ ಆಂತರಿಕ ಯುದ್ಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶ್ರೀಲಂಕಾದ ಆಂತರಿಕ ಯುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98-%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="შრი-ლანკის სამოქალაქო ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შრი-ლანკის სამოქალაქო ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C3%AD_Lanka-i_polg%C3%A1rh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Srí Lanka-i polgárháború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Srí Lanka-i polgárháború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82" title="ശ്രീലങ്കയിലെ വംശീയകലാപം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശ്രീലങ്കയിലെ വംശീയകലാപം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="श्रीलंकन यादवी युद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="श्रीलंकन यादवी युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Sri_Lanka" title="Perang Saudara Sri Lanka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Saudara Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankaanse_Burgeroorlog" title="Sri Lankaanse Burgeroorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sri Lankaanse Burgeroorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="श्रीलङ्काली गृहयुद्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="श्रीलङ्काली गृहयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E5%86%85%E6%88%A6" title="スリランカ内戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スリランカ内戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgerkrigen_p%C3%A5_Sri_Lanka" title="Borgerkrigen på Sri Lanka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Borgerkrigen på Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgarkrigen_p%C3%A5_Sri_Lanka" title="Borgarkrigen på Sri Lanka – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Borgarkrigen på Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Civila_de_Sri_Lanka" title="Guèrra Civila de Sri Lanka – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra Civila de Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="سری لنکا دی خانہ جنگی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سری لنکا دی خانہ جنگی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د سریلانکا کورنۍ جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سریلانکا کورنۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_civil_do_Sri_Lanka" title="Guerra civil do Sri Lanka – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra civil do Sri Lanka" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Гражданская война на Шри-Ланке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гражданская война на Шри-Ланке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බෙදුම්වාදී ත්‍රස්තවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බෙදුම්වාදී ත්‍රස්තවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Sri Lankan Civil War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sri Lankan Civil War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1983–2009 Sri Lankan internal conflict</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Sri Lankan civil war <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>இலங்கை உள்நாட்டுப் போர் <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">ශ්‍රී ලාංකික සිවිල් යුද්ධය</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, spillover into the <a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_North_Eastern_Province_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sri_Lanka_North_Eastern_Province_locator_map.svg/260px-Sri_Lanka_North_Eastern_Province_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sri_Lanka_North_Eastern_Province_locator_map.svg/390px-Sri_Lanka_North_Eastern_Province_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sri_Lanka_North_Eastern_Province_locator_map.svg/520px-Sri_Lanka_North_Eastern_Province_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="792" /></a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  The area of Sri Lanka claimed by the LTTE as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a>, where almost all of the fighting took place</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>23 July 1983 – 19 May 2009<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-mod-defeat-4">[4]</a> (25 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Sri Lankan government victory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> militarily defeated</li> <li>Sri Lankan government reestablishes control over entire island</li> <li>Collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a> <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/Quasi-state" title="Quasi-state">Quasi-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">Tamil National Alliance</a> drops its demand for a separate Tamil state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_Government_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam">Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam</a> established</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Government regains total control of former LTTE-controlled areas in the North and East of the country</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">1987–1990</a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/23px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/35px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/45px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bandera_del_PLOTE_%28T%C3%A0mils%29.svg/23px-Bandera_del_PLOTE_%28T%C3%A0mils%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bandera_del_PLOTE_%28T%C3%A0mils%29.svg/35px-Bandera_del_PLOTE_%28T%C3%A0mils%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bandera_del_PLOTE_%28T%C3%A0mils%29.svg/46px-Bandera_del_PLOTE_%28T%C3%A0mils%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/PLOTE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOTE">PLOTE</a> (1983–1989)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg/22px-Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg/33px-Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg/43px-Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="350" /> <a href="/wiki/Eelam_Revolutionary_Organisation_of_Students" title="Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students">EROS</a> (1983–1990)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">J. R. Jayewardene</a> (1983–1989) <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">Ranasinghe Premadasa</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">X</a> (1989–1993) <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dingiri_Banda_Wijetunga" title="Dingiri Banda Wijetunga">D. B. Wijetunga</a> (1993–1994) <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Chandrika Kumaratunga">Chandrika Kumaratunga</a> (1994–2005) <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a> (2005–2009) <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a> (1987–1989) <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">X</a> (1987–1989) <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a> (1989–1990)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/23px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/35px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/45px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">V. Prabhakaran</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (1983–2009) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bandera_del_PLOTE_%28T%C3%A0mils%29.svg/23px-Bandera_del_PLOTE_%28T%C3%A0mils%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bandera_del_PLOTE_%28T%C3%A0mils%29.svg/35px-Bandera_del_PLOTE_%28T%C3%A0mils%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bandera_del_PLOTE_%28T%C3%A0mils%29.svg/46px-Bandera_del_PLOTE_%28T%C3%A0mils%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Uma_Maheswaran" title="Uma Maheswaran">Uma Maheswaran</a>  <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">X</a> (1983–1989) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg/22px-Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg/33px-Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg/43px-Bicolor_flag_of_Tamil_Eelam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="350" /> <a href="/wiki/Eliyathamby_Ratnasabapathy" title="Eliyathamby Ratnasabapathy">Eliyathamby Ratnasabapathy</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (1982–2006)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lanka Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Army.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Army.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Army.png/35px-Flag_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Army.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Army.png/46px-Flag_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Army.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="526" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Army</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Naval_Ensign_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Naval_Ensign_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Naval_Ensign_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force" title="Sri Lanka Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">1987–1990</a>) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ADGPI_Indian_Army.svg/20px-ADGPI_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ADGPI_Indian_Army.svg/30px-ADGPI_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ADGPI_Indian_Army.svg/40px-ADGPI_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/46px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV" title="Eelam War IV">2006-2009</a>) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a><a href="#cite_note-businesstoday.in-5">[5]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam"><img alt="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/23px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/35px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/45px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Tigers" title="Sea Tigers">Sea Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tigers" title="Air Tigers">Air Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTTE_Black_Tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="LTTE Black Tiger">Black Tigers</a></li></ul> (<a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Details</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lanka Armed Forces</a>: 95,000 (2001) 118,000 (2002) 158,000 (2003) 151,000 (2004) 111,000 (2005) 150,900 (2006)<a href="#cite_note-iiss1-6">[6]</a> 210,000 (2008)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force</a>: 100,000 (peak)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/23px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/35px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/45px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam#Auxiliary_forces" title="Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Auxiliary forces</a>): 6,000 (2001) 7,000 (2003) 18,000 (2004)<a href="#cite_note-iiss1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> 11,000 (2005)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> 8,000 (2006) 15,000 (2007)<a href="#cite_note-iiss1-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> (including Auxiliary forces): 25,000 (2006) 30,000 (2008)<a href="#cite_note-rep-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> 28,708 killed<a href="#cite_note-wsws.org-11">[11]</a></li> <li>111,655 wounded<a href="#cite_note-casualties4-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-google1-13">[13]</a> of which 40,107 permanently disabled<a href="#cite_note-wsws.org-11">[11]</a></li> <li>5,000 <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">Missing in action</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> 1,165 killed and 3,009 wounded <a href="#cite_note-burden-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-dn2009-17">[17]</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/23px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/35px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/45px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> 27,000 killed<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-LTTES-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-TamilNet-21">[21]</a> 11,644 <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a><a href="#cite_note-obsy-22">[22]</a></li></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Estimates of death toll: <ul><li>1954–2001: 78,363 <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Tamil</a> civilians killed: 53,132 killed + 25,231 disappeared forever (TCHR, 2004) <a href="#cite_note-tchr.net-23">[23]</a></li> <li>2002–2008 Dec: 4,867 <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Tamil</a> civilians killed: 3,545 killed + 1,322 disappeared forever (<a href="/wiki/North_East_Secretariat_on_Human_Rights" title="North East Secretariat on Human Rights">NESHOR</a>)<a href="#cite_note-NESHOR_HR_Report-24">[24]</a></li> <li>1983–2009: At least 100,000 killed<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li> <li>1983–2009: 80,000–100,000 killed (UN, 2009)<a href="#cite_note-ABC200509-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li>1983–2006: 70,000 killed<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>2008–2009: 40,000 Tamil civilians killed (<a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Panel_of_Experts_on_Accountability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka">UN</a>, 2011)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-thehindu.com-35">[35]</a></li> <li>2008–2009: 146,000 Tamil civilians unaccounted<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-thehindu.com-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li> <li>2009 Jan–May: 169,796 Tamil civilians killed (ITJP, 2021) <a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li>2008–2009: 70,000 Tamil civilians unaccounted (<a href="/wiki/Secretary-General%27s_Internal_Review_Panel_on_United_Nations_Action_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka">UN</a>, 2012)<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li>100,000+ Tamil civilians killed<a href="#cite_note-UN-43">[43]</a></li> <li>Throughout war: 3,700–4,100 civilians of all ethnicities killed by LTTE in attacks.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li>800,000 displaced at peak in 2001<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> 16 May 2009: Sri Lankan Government declared a military defeat of LTTE.<a href="#cite_note-voas-46">[46]</a> 17 May 2009: LTTE admit defeat by Sri Lankan Government.<a href="#cite_note-tonline1-47">[47]</a> 19 May 2009: President <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a> officially declares end of civil war in parliament.</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Sri Lankan Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Sri Lankan Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lankan_civil_war11956" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lankan civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Main topics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_I" title="Eelam War I">Eelam War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war">Indian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_II" title="Eelam War II">Eelam War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_III" title="Eelam War III">Eelam War III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV" title="Eelam War IV">Eelam War IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="List of military operations of the Sri Lankan civil war">Battles and operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE">Bombings and terrorist attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_Sri_Lankan_government_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="List of attacks attributed to Sri Lankan government forces">Other military attacks</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mass graves</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemmani_mass_graves_investigation" title="Chemmani mass graves investigation">Chemmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duraiappa_stadium_mass_grave" title="Duraiappa stadium mass grave">Duraiappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirusuvil_massacre" title="Mirusuvil massacre">Mirusuvil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooriyakanda_mass_grave" title="Sooriyakanda mass grave">Sooriyakanda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Massacres</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Kokkilai_massacre_(LTTE)" title="1984 Kokkilai massacre (LTTE)">Kokkilai massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Valvettiturai_massacre" title="1985 Valvettiturai massacre">1985 Valvettiturai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumudini_boat_massacre" title="Kumudini boat massacre">Kumudini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkaraipattu_massacre" title="Akkaraipattu massacre">Akkaraipattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawn_farm_massacre" title="Prawn farm massacre">Prawn farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_University_massacre" title="Eastern University massacre">Eastern University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Batticaloa_massacre" title="1990 Batticaloa massacre">1990 Batticaloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_massacre_of_Sri_Lankan_Police_officers" title="1990 massacre of Sri Lankan Police officers">Massacre of policemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kokkadichcholai_massacre" title="1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre">1991 Kokkadichcholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Lanka_Flight_512" title="Air Lanka Flight 512">Air Lanka Flight 512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_lagoon_massacre" title="Jaffna lagoon massacre">Jaffna lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluth_Oya_massacre" title="Aluth Oya massacre">Aluth Oya massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaly_church_bombing" title="Navaly church bombing">Navaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagerkovil_school_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagerkovil school bombing">Nagerkovil</a>-<a href="/wiki/Allaipiddy_massacre" title="Allaipiddy massacre">Allaipiddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vankalai_massacre" title="Vankalai massacre">Vankalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bus_Station_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bus Station bombing">Central Bus Station bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Trincomalee_massacre_of_NGO_workers" title="2006 Trincomalee massacre of NGO workers">Muttur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_and_Dollar_Farm_massacres" title="Kent and Dollar Farm massacres">Kent and Dollar Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_massacre" title="Anuradhapura massacre">Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranthalawa_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranthalawa Massacre">Aranthalawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattankudy_mosque_massacre" title="Kattankudy mosque massacre">Kattankudi mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliyagodella_massacre" title="Palliyagodella massacre">Palliyagodella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionair_Flight_602" title="Lionair Flight 602">Lionair Flight 602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallarawa_massacre" title="Kallarawa massacre">Kallarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1995_Eastern_Sri_Lanka_massacres" title="October 1995 Eastern Sri Lanka massacres">October 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonagala_massacre" title="Gonagala massacre">Gonagala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebithigollewa_massacre" title="Kebithigollewa massacre">Kebithigollewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_hospital_massacre" title="Jaffna hospital massacre">Jaffna Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank bombing">Central Bank bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehiwala_train_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehiwala train bombing">Dehiwala train bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Valvettiturai_massacre" title="1989 Valvettiturai massacre">1989 Valvettiturai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Digampathana_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Digampathana bombing">Habarana massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Eelam_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox Eelam War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Eelam_War_I" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Eelam War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Eelam_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Eelam War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eelam_War_I594" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_I" title="Eelam War I">Eelam War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokkilai_offensive" title="Kokkilai offensive">Kokkilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadamarachchi_Operation" title="Vadamarachchi Operation">Vadamarachchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Poomalai" title="Operation Poomalai">Operation Poomalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nelliady" title="Battle of Nelliady">Nelliady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Template:Campaignbox Indian Peace Keeping Force"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Indian Peace Keeping Force"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Indian Peace Keeping Force"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_intervention_in_theSri_Lankan_civil_war832" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war">Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Poomalai" title="Operation Poomalai">Poomalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pawan" title="Operation Pawan">Pawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trishul" title="Operation Trishul">Trishul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Viraat" title="Operation Viraat">Viraat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Checkmate_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Operation Checkmate (Sri Lanka)">Checkmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_University_Helidrop" title="Jaffna University Helidrop">Jaffna University Helidrop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Eelam_War_II" title="Template:Campaignbox Eelam War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Eelam_War_II" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Eelam War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Eelam_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Eelam War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eelam_War_II1062" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_II" title="Eelam War II">Eelam War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kokavil" title="Battle of Kokavil">Kokavil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Breeze_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Operation Sea Breeze (Sri Lanka)">Sea Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thrividha_Balaya" title="Operation Thrividha Balaya">Thrividha Balaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Elephant_Pass" title="First Battle of Elephant Pass">Elephant Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Balavegaya" title="Operation Balavegaya">Balavegaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Sathbala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Sathbala (page does not exist)">Sathbala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Balavegaya_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Balavegaya II (page does not exist)">Balavegaya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Janakapura" title="Battle of Janakapura">Janakapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pooneryn" title="Battle of Pooneryn">Pooneryn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Eelam_War_III" title="Template:Campaignbox Eelam War III"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Eelam_War_III" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Eelam War III"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Eelam_War_III" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Eelam War III"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eelam_War_III2168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_III" title="Eelam War III">Eelam War III</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_SLNS_Sooraya_and_SLNS_Ranasuru" title="Bombing of SLNS Sooraya and SLNS Ranasuru">Sooraya and Ranasuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Weli_Oya_(1995)" title="Battle of Weli Oya (1995)">Weli Oya (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffna_(1995)" title="Battle of Jaffna (1995)">Jaffna (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Riviresa" title="Operation Riviresa">Riviresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mullaitivu_(1996)" title="Battle of Mullaitivu (1996)">Mullaitivu (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sath_Jaya" title="Operation Sath Jaya">Sath Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Edibala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Edibala (page does not exist)">Edibala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pulukunawa" title="Battle of Pulukunawa">Pulukunawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vavunathivu" title="Battle of Vavunathivu">Vavunathivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jayasikurui" title="Operation Jayasikurui">Jayasikurui</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thandikulam%E2%80%93Omanthai_offensive" title="Thandikulam–Omanthai offensive">Thandikulam–Omanthai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kanakarayankulam_(1997)" title="Battle of Kanakarayankulam (1997)">Battle of Kanakarayankulam (1997)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Rivi_bala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Rivi bala (page does not exist)">Rivi bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Battle_of_Kilinochchi" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Battle of Kilinochchi">Kilinochchi (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rana_Gosa" title="Operation Rana Gosa">Rana Gosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddusuddan_offensive_(1999)" title="Oddusuddan offensive (1999)">Oddusuddan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Kinihira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Kinihira (page does not exist)">Kinihira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_A-9_highway" title="Battle for the A-9 highway">A-9 highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Elephant_Pass" title="Second Battle of Elephant Pass">2nd Elephant Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Rivikirana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Rivikirana (page does not exist)">Rivikirana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport_attack" title="Bandaranaike Airport attack">Bandaranaike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25em;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Eelam_War_IV" title="Template:Campaignbox Eelam War IV"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Eelam_War_IV" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Eelam War IV"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Eelam_War_IV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Eelam War IV"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eelam_War_IV3490" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV" title="Eelam War IV">Eelam War IV</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV" title="Eastern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Eastern Theatre of Eelam War IV</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sampur" title="Battle of Sampur">Sampur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/SLA_December_2006_offensive" title="SLA December 2006 offensive">December 2006</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Definite_Victory" title="Operation Definite Victory">Definite Victory</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV#Battle_of_Vakarai" title="Eastern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Vakarai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thoppigala" title="Battle of Thoppigala">Thoppigala</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV" title="Northern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Northern Theatre of Eelam War IV</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffna_(2006)" title="Battle of Jaffna (2006)">Jaffna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV#Battle_of_Silavathurai" title="Northern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Silavathurai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Sri_Lankan_Army_Northern_offensive" title="2008–2009 Sri Lankan Army Northern offensive">2008-2009 offensive</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV#Battle_of_Welioya" title="Northern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Welioya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV#Battle_of_Vavuniya" title="Northern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Vavuniya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kallarawa" title="Battle of Kallarawa">Kallarawa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV#Battle_of_Madhu" title="Northern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Madhu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV#Battle_of_Adampan" title="Northern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Adampan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vidattaltivu" title="Battle of Vidattaltivu">Vidattaltivu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Battle_of_Kilinochchi" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2009 Battle of Kilinochchi">Kilinochchi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paranthan" title="Battle of Paranthan">Paranthan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mullaitivu_(2009)" title="Battle of Mullaitivu (2009)">Mullaitivu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chalai" title="Battle of Chalai">Chalai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puthukkudiyirippu" title="Battle of Puthukkudiyirippu">Puthukkudiyirippu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vellamullivaikkal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vellamullivaikkal (page does not exist)">Vellamullivaikkal</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Pedro_(2006)" title="Battle of Point Pedro (2006)">1st Point Pedro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Galle_Harbour" title="Attack on Galle Harbour">Galle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Pedro_(2007)" title="Battle of Point Pedro (2007)">2nd Point Pedro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV#LTTE_air_strikes" title="Eelam War IV">Palali raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV#LTTE_air_strikes" title="Eelam War IV">Colombo raids</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Anuradhapura_Air_Force_Base" title="Raid on Anuradhapura Air Force Base">Anuradhapura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delft" title="Battle of Delft">Delft</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_the_coast_of_Jaffna" title="Battle off the coast of Jaffna">Coast of Jaffna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy_anti_arms_smuggling_operations" title="Sri Lanka Navy anti arms smuggling operations">Naval anti arms smuggling operations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Sri Lankan civil war (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: இலங்கை உள்நாட்டுப் போர், romanized: Ilaṅkai uḷnāṭṭup pōr; <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිවිල් යුද්ධය, romanized: śrī laṁkāvē sivil yuddhaya) was a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> fought in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> from 1983 to 2009. Beginning on 23 July 1983, it was an intermittent <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">government</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (LTTE, also known as the Tamil Tigers) led by <a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">Velupillai Prabhakaran</a>. The LTTE fought to create an <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> state called <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a> in the north-east of the island, due to the continuous <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">discrimination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">violent persecution</a> against <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a>-dominated Sri Lanka government.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Violent persecution erupted in the form of the <a href="/wiki/1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1956 anti-Tamil pogrom">1956</a>, <a href="/wiki/1958_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1958 anti-Tamil pogrom">1958</a>, <a href="/wiki/1977_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1977 anti-Tamil pogrom">1977</a>, <a href="/wiki/1981_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1981 anti-Tamil pogrom">1981</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">1983</a> anti-Tamil <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Burning of Jaffna Public Library">1981 burning of the Jaffna Public Library</a>. These were carried out by the majority <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> mobs often with state support, in the years following Sri Lanka's <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Shortly after gaining independence, Sinhalese was recognized as the sole official language of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> After a 26-year military campaign, the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Sri_Lankan_Army_Northern_offensive" title="2008–2009 Sri Lankan Army Northern offensive">Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009</a>, bringing the civil war to an end.<a href="#cite_note-mod-defeat-4">[4]</a> Up to 70,000 had been killed by 2007.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Immediately following the end of war, on 20 May 2009, the UN estimated a total of 80,000–100,000 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC200509-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC270511-57">[57]</a> However, in 2011, referring to the final phase of the war in 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Panel_of_Experts_on_Accountability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka">Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka</a> stated, "A number of credible sources have estimated that there could have been as many as 40,000 civilian deaths."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The Sri Lankan government has repeatedly refused an independent, international investigation to ascertain the full impact of the war,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> with some reports claiming that government forces were <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">raping and torturing Tamils</a> involved in collating deaths and disappearances.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Since the end of the civil war, the Sri Lankan state has been subject to much global criticism for violating <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">human rights</a> as a result of committing <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">war crimes</a> through bombing civilian targets, usage of heavy weaponry, the <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka">abduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_civilians_attributed_to_Sri_Lankan_government_forces" title="List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces">massacres of Sri Lankan Tamils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">sexual violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The LTTE gained notoriety for carrying out numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE">attacks</a> against civilians of all ethnicities, particularly those of Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Muslim ethnicity, <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Child soldiers in Sri Lanka">using child soldiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_assassinated_by_the_Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="List of people assassinated by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">assassinations</a> of politicians and dissenters, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombings_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Suicide bombings in Sri Lanka">suicide bombings</a> against military, political and civilian targets.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_evolution">Origin and evolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin and evolution">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war</a></div> The origins of the Sri Lankan civil war lie in the continuous political rancour between the majority <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> and the minority <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The roots of the modern conflict extend back to the <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">colonial era</a>, when the country was known as Ceylon. The British colonial period lasted from 1815 to 1948, during which the British sought monetary gain from Sri Lanka's supply of tea, coffee, coconuts, and rubber.<a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[69]</a> A labour shortage led the British to employ <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Tamils in Sri Lanka">Tamils from India</a> to work on tea plantations, furthering fears of racial decline among the Sinhalese.<a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[68]</a> English language schools were also established in <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_District" title="Jaffna District">Jaffna</a> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a>, which provided English-language skills for the Tamil population in Jaffna.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The British favored English speakers, so Tamils outcompeted their Sinhalese counterparts in the civil service sector.<a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[69]</a> In 1919, major Sinhalese and Tamil political organizations united to form the Ceylon National Congress, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ponnambalam_Arunachalam" title="Ponnambalam Arunachalam">Ponnambalam Arunachalam</a>, to press the colonial government for more constitutional reforms. British colonial administrator <a href="/wiki/William_Manning_(colonial_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Manning (colonial governor)">William Manning</a> actively encouraged the concept of "communal representation" and created the <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> town seat in 1920, which alternated between the Tamils and the Sinhalese.<a href="#cite_note-tamllib-72">[72]</a> After their election to the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Ceylon" title="State Council of Ceylon">State Council</a> in 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">Lanka Sama Samaja Party</a> (LSSP) members <a href="/wiki/N.M._Perera" class="mw-redirect" title="N.M. Perera">N.M. Perera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Gunawardena" title="Philip Gunawardena">Philip Gunawardena</a> demanded the replacement of English as the official language by Sinhala and Tamil. In November 1936, a motion that "in the Municipal and Police Courts of the Island the proceedings should be in the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>" and that "entries in <a href="/wiki/Police_station" title="Police station">police stations</a> should be recorded in the language in which they are originally stated" were passed by the State Council and referred to the Legal Secretary. However, in 1944, <a href="/wiki/J.R._Jayawardena" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R. Jayawardena">J.R. Jayawardena</a> moved in the State Council that <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> should replace English as the official language.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Ethnic tensions were exacerbated immediately after independence in 1948, when a controversial law was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon Parliament">Ceylon Parliament</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Citizenship_Act" title="Ceylon Citizenship Act">Ceylon Citizenship Act</a>, which deliberately discriminated against the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamil</a> ethnic minority by making it virtually impossible for them to obtain citizenship in the country.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Approximately 700,000 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a> were made stateless. Over the next three decades, more than 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a> were deported back to India.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> It wasn't until 2003 – 55 years after independence – that all <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a> living in Sri Lanka were granted citizenship, but, by this time, they only made up 5% of the island's population.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Prior to 1950, various minority groups, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a>, had been attacked by Sinhalese Buddhists, these included Christians, <a href="/wiki/1915_Sinhalese-Muslim_riots" title="1915 Sinhalese-Muslim riots">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayalis" title="Malayalis">Malayalis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> however had remained largely untouched. Early Sinhala Buddhist propaganda was directed mainly against foreign and religious ethnic minorities. This changed in the 1950s as the Sri Lankan Tamils were rediscovered to be the 'traditional enemy of the Sinhalese'.<a href="#cite_note-kumari-76">[76]</a> At the time of independence in 1948, Tamils comprised around 30% of the higher ranks of civil service, while comprising around 20% of the island's population.<a href="#cite_note-:2-69">[69]</a> In 1956 Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike</a> passed the "<a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a>", which replaced <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> as the only <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the country. This was seen as a deliberate attempt to discourage the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamils</a> from working in the <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Civil_Service" title="Ceylon Civil Service">Ceylon Civil Service</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Public_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Public services">public services</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>-speaking minorities of Ceylon (Sri Lankan Tamils, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka">Indian Tamils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Sri Lankan Moors</a>) viewed the Act as linguistic, cultural and <a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">economic discrimination</a> against them.<a href="#cite_note-RP-77">[77]</a> Many Tamil-speaking <a href="/wiki/Civil_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servants">civil servants</a>/<a href="/wiki/Public_servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Public servants">public servants</a> were forced to resign because they weren't <a href="/wiki/Fluency" title="Fluency">fluent</a> in Sinhala.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Tension over this policy led to the <a href="/wiki/1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1956 anti-Tamil pogrom">1956 anti-Tamil pogrom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1958_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1958 anti-Tamil pogrom">1958 anti-Tamil pogrom</a>, in which Sinhalese mobs attacked hundreds of Tamils in Sinhalese-majority areas. Sinhalese in Tamil-majority areas were also attacked by Tamil mobs. Dozens, if not hundreds, mostly Tamils, perished, while thousands of both groups fled to areas where they were in the majority. The civil war was a direct result of the escalation of the confrontational politics that followed.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In the late 1960s several Tamil youth, among them <a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">Velupillai Prabhakaran</a>, also became involved in these activities. They carried out several hit-and-run operations against pro-government Tamil politicians, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka police">Sri Lanka police</a> and the civil administration.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the 1970s<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy of standardization">Policy of standardization</a> was initiated. Under the policy, students were admitted to university in proportion to the number of applicants who sat for the examination in their language. Officially the policy was designed to increase the representation of students from rural areas. In practice the policy reduced the numbers of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamil">Sri Lankan Tamil</a> students who had previously, based on their examination scores alone, gained admission in a higher proportion than their participation in the examination. They were now required to gain higher marks than Sinhalese students to gain admission to universities.<a href="#cite_note-RP-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-NI-81">[81]</a> For instance, the qualifying mark for admission to the medical faculties was 250 out of 400 for Tamil students, but only 229 for Sinhalese.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The number of Sri Lankan Tamil students entering universities fell dramatically. The policy was abandoned in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-SriModernAge-83">[83]</a> Other forms of official discrimination against the Sri Lankan Tamils included the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state_sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes">state-sponsored colonization</a> of traditional Tamil areas by Sinhalese <a href="/wiki/Peasants" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasants">peasants</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Banning_of_Tamil-language_media_importation" class="mw-redirect" title="Banning of Tamil-language media importation">banning</a> of the import of Tamil-language media and the preference given by the 1978 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Constitution of Sri Lanka</a> to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Buddhism</a>, the main religion followed by the Sinhalese.<a href="#cite_note-RP-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-NI-81">[81]</a> Prabhakaran formed the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Tigers" title="Tamil New Tigers">Tamil New Tigers</a> (TNT) in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-rohang-84">[84]</a> The formation of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front" title="Tamil United Liberation Front">Tamil United Liberation Front</a> (TULF) with the Vaddukkodei (Vattukottai) resolution of 1976 led to a hardening of attitudes. The resolution called for the creation of a secular, socialist state of Tamil Eelam, based on the right of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vaduk-85">[85]</a> The TULF clandestinely supported the armed actions of the young militants who were dubbed "our boys". TULF leader <a href="/wiki/Appapillai_Amirthalingam" class="mw-redirect" title="Appapillai Amirthalingam">Appapillai Amirthalingam</a> even provided letters of reference to the LTTE and to other Tamil insurgent groups to raise funds.<a href="#cite_note-rohang-84">[84]</a> Amirthalingam introduced Prabhakaran to N.S. Krishnan, who later became the first international representative of LTTE. It was Krishnan who introduced Prabhakaran to Anton Balasingham, who later became the chief political strategist and chief negotiator of LTTE. The "boys" were the product of the post-war population explosion. Many partially educated, unemployed Tamil youth fell for revolutionary solutions to their problems. The leftist parties had remained "non-communal" for a long time, but the Federal Party (as well as its offshoot, the TULF), deeply conservative and dominated by <a href="/wiki/Vellalar" title="Vellalar">Vellalar</a> casteism, did not attempt to form a national alliance with the leftists in their fight for language rights.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following the sweeping electoral victory of the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a> (UNP) in July 1977, the TULF became the leading opposition party, with around one-sixth of the total electoral vote winning on a party platform of secession from Sri Lanka. After the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_riots_of_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan riots of 1977">1977 riots</a> the <a href="/wiki/Junius_Richard_Jayewardene" class="mw-redirect" title="Junius Richard Jayewardene">J.R. Jayewardene</a> government made one concession to the Tamil population; it lifted the <a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy of standardization">policy of standardization</a> for university admission that had driven many Tamil youths into militancy. The concession was regarded by the militants as too little too late, and violent attacks continued. By this time TULF started losing its grip over the militant groups. LTTE ordered civilians to boycott the local government elections of 1983 in which even TULF contested. Voter turnout was as low as 10%. Thereafter, Tamil political parties were unable to represent the interests of the Tamil community.<a href="#cite_note-rohang-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outbreak_of_war">Outbreak of war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outbreak of war">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eelam_War_I_(1983–1987)">Eelam War I (1983–1987)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eelam War I (1983–1987)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Four_Four_Bravo_ambush" title="Four Four Bravo ambush">Four Four Bravo ambush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_I" title="Eelam War I">Eelam War I</a></div> Supported by the ongoing politics of conflict in Sri Lanka, politicised Tamil youth in the north and east started to form <a href="/wiki/List_of_Tamil_militant_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tamil militant groups">militant groups</a>. These groups developed independently of the Colombo Tamil leadership, and in the end rejected and annihilated them. The most prominent of these groups was the TNT, which changed its name to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, or the <a href="/wiki/LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="LTTE">LTTE</a>, in 1976. The LTTE initially carried out a campaign of violence against the state, particularly targeting policemen and also moderate Tamil politicians who attempted a dialogue with the government. Their first major operation was the assassination of the mayor of Jaffna, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Duraiappah" title="Alfred Duraiappah">Alfred Duraiappah</a>, in 1975 by Prabhakaran.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman139-86">[86]</a> The LTTE's modus operandi of the early war was based on assassinations, whereas the mode of operation of the then government was through setting up a series of checkpoints around the city. The attempted assassination in 1978 of a Tamil Member of Parliament, <a href="/wiki/M._Canagaratnam" title="M. Canagaratnam">M. Canagaratnam</a>, was carried out personally by Prabhakaran, the leader of the LTTE.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In May 1981 the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Burning of Jaffna Public Library">burning of the Jaffna library</a>, in the presence of two Sinhalese cabinet members, by what witnesses described as uniformed police and Sinhalese mobs,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> resulted in the destruction of more than 90,000 books, including <a href="/wiki/Ola_leaf" title="Ola leaf">palm leaf</a> scrolls of immense historical value. This violent example of ethnic biblioclasm was a major turning point in convincing the Tamil people that the government could not protect them or their cultural heritage and persuaded many of them to back a separate state. On 23 July 1983, the LTTE ambushed the Army patrol <a href="/wiki/Four_Four_Bravo_ambush" title="Four Four Bravo ambush">Four Four Bravo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thirunelveli,_Sri_Lanka" title="Thirunelveli, Sri Lanka">Thirunelveli</a>, Jaffna and killed thirteen soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-:22-89">[89]</a> The ambush provided the pretext for the pre-planned <a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a> pogrom to be unleashed against the Tamil community in <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> in which 3,500-4,000 Tamils were killed.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Before the pogrom the LTTE had only 30 full-time members.<a href="#cite_note-:23-91">[91]</a> Subsequently, thousands of outraged Tamil youths joined Tamil militant groups to fight the Sri Lankan government, in what is considered the start of the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Apart from the LTTE, there were initially several other <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Tamil militant groups</a>. The LTTE's position, adopted from that of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a>, was that there should be only one. In mid-1984, Sinhalese convicts were settled in the Kent and Dollar farms in the north after the Tamil civilians living there were evicted by the Sri Lankan Police. The settlement of prisoners was used to further harass Tamils into leaving the area. The Sinhala settlers also confirmed that young Tamil women were abducted and brought there to be gang raped by the guards and prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In response, the LTTE carried out the first massacre of Sinhalese civilians when it <a href="/wiki/Kent_and_Dollar_Farm_massacres" title="Kent and Dollar Farm massacres">attacked the Kent and Dollar Farm</a> in late 1984, killing 62 men, women and children. Further attacks were often carried out in revenge for <a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_civilians_attributed_to_Sri_Lankan_government_forces" title="List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces">attacks committed by the Sri Lankan Army</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_massacre" title="Anuradhapura massacre">Anuradhapura massacre</a> which immediately followed the <a href="/wiki/1985_Valvettiturai_massacre" title="1985 Valvettiturai massacre">Valvettithurai massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[note 1]</a> The Anuradhapura massacre sparked the <a href="/wiki/Kumudini_boat_massacre" title="Kumudini boat massacre">Kumudini boat massacre</a> in which over 23 Tamil civilians died.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Over time the LTTE merged with or largely eliminated almost all the other militant Tamil groups. As a result, many Tamil splinter groups ended up working with the Sri Lankan government as paramilitaries or denounced violence and joined mainstream politics; some Tamil-oriented political parties remained, all opposed to LTTE's vision of an independent state. Peace talks between the LTTE and the government began in <a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a> in 1985, but they soon failed and the war resumed. In 1986 many civilians were <a href="/wiki/Akkaraipattu_massacre" title="Akkaraipattu massacre">massacred</a> by the army as part of this conflict. In 1987 government troops pushed LTTE fighters to the northern city of <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a>. In April 1987 the conflict exploded with ferocity, as both government forces and LTTE fighters engaged in a series of bloody operations. The Sri Lankan military launched an offensive, called "Operation Liberation" or <a href="/wiki/Vadamarachchi_Operation" title="Vadamarachchi Operation">Vadamarachchi Operation</a>, during May–June 1987 to regain control of the territory in the Jaffna peninsula from the LTTE. This marked the Sri Lankan military's first conventional warfare on Sri Lankan soil since independence. The offensive was successful, and LTTE leader Prabhakaran and <a href="/wiki/Sea_Tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Tiger">Sea Tiger</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Thillaiyampalam_Sivanesan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thillaiyampalam Sivanesan">Thillaiyampalam Sivanesan</a> alias Soosai narrowly escaped from advancing troops at Valvettithurai. Key military personnel involved in the operation were Lt Col. Vipul Boteju, Lt. Col. Sarath Jayawardane, Col. <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Wimalaratne" title="Vijaya Wimalaratne">Vijaya Wimalaratne</a> and Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Denzil_Kobbekaduwa" title="Denzil Kobbekaduwa">Denzil Kobbekaduwa</a>. In July 1987 the LTTE carried out their first suicide attack. <a href="/wiki/Captain_Miller_(Tamil_militant)" title="Captain Miller (Tamil militant)">Captain Miller</a> drove a small truck carrying explosives through the wall of a fortified Sri Lankan army camp, reportedly killing 40 soldiers. Throughout the war the LTTE would carry out over 378 <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide attacks</a>, among the highest in the world, and the tactic became a trademark of the LTTE and a characteristic of the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-rep-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pc-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_intervention_(1987–1990)">Indian intervention (1987–1990)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indian intervention (1987–1990)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks SL-politics-sidebar vcard hlist notheme"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.25em; font-size:1.6em; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics of Sri Lanka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka#Amendments_to_date" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Law of Sri Lanka">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Taxation in Sri Lanka">Taxation</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Previous Constitutions</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Constitution" title="Donoughmore Constitution">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulbury_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soulbury Constitution">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Constitution_of_1972" title="Sri Lankan Constitution of 1972">1972</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:gold; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President of Sri Lanka</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of presidents of Sri Lanka">10th</a>)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Anura Kumara Dissanayake</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Ministerial portfolios</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Minister of Defence (Sri Lanka)">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Minister of Finance (Sri Lanka)">Finance, Planning and Economic Development</a></li> <li>Digital Economy</li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Administration</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dissanayake_cabinet" title="First Dissanayake cabinet">Dissanayake I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Dissanayake_cabinet" title="Second Dissanayake cabinet">Dissanayake II</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Secretariat_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Presidential Secretariat (Sri Lanka)">Presidential Secretariat</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:gold; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister of Sri Lanka</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of prime ministers of Sri Lanka">16th</a>)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harini_Amarasuriya" title="Harini Amarasuriya">Harini Amarasuriya</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Ministerial portfolios</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Minister of Education (Sri Lanka)">Education, Higher Education and Vocational Education</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Prime Minister's Office (Sri Lanka)">Prime Minister's Office</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:gold; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cabinet of Sri Lanka">Cabinet of Sri Lanka</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_cabinets" title="List of Sri Lankan cabinets">List of Cabinets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Sri_Lanka_Government" title="Ministers of the Sri Lanka Government">Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministries of Sri Lanka">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Cabinet Office (Sri Lanka)">Cabinet Office</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Sri_Lanka)" title="National Security Council (Sri Lanka)">National Security Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:gold; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of parliaments of Sri Lanka">Parliament of Sri Lanka</a> <a href="/wiki/17th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="17th Parliament of Sri Lanka">(17th)</a></div></dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_Parliament_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sri_Lanka_Parliament_2024.svg/75px-Sri_Lanka_Parliament_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sri_Lanka_Parliament_2024.svg/113px-Sri_Lanka_Parliament_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Sri_Lanka_Parliament_2024.svg/150px-Sri_Lanka_Parliament_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Speaker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka#List_of_speakers_of_Parliament" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">23rd</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagath_Wickramaratne" title="Jagath Wickramaratne">Jagath Wickramaratne</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Speaker_and_Chairman_of_Committees_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rizvie_Salih" title="Rizvie Salih">Rizvie Salih</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_Committees" title="Deputy Chairman of Committees">Deputy Chairperson of Committees</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemali_Weerasekara" title="Hemali Weerasekara">Hemali Weerasekara</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sajith_Premadasa" title="Sajith Premadasa">Sajith Premadasa</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Leader of the House (Sri Lanka)">Leader of the House</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimal_Rathnayake" title="Bimal Rathnayake">Bimal Rathnayake</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Government_Whip_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Chief Government Whip (Sri Lanka)">Chief Government Whip</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nalinda_Jayatissa" title="Nalinda Jayatissa">Nalinda Jayatissa</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Opposition_Whip_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Chief Opposition Whip (Sri Lanka)">Chief Opposition Whip</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayantha_Karunathilaka" title="Gayantha Karunathilaka">Gayantha Karunathilaka</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Constitutional Council (Sri Lanka)">Constitutional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Public_Enterprises_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Committee on Public Enterprises (Sri Lanka)">COPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka#Parliament_Secretariat" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament Secretariat</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:gold; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Parliamentary_Affairs_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (Sri Lanka)">Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Parliamentary_Affairs_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (Sri Lanka)">Cabinet Minister</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Wijepala" title="Ananda Wijepala">Ananda Wijepala</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Judiciary of Sri Lanka">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:gold; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Supreme Court of Sri Lanka</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Chief Justice of Sri Lanka">Chief Justice</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sri_Lanka#List_of_chief_justices" title="Chief Justice of Sri Lanka">48th</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murdu_Fernando" title="Murdu Fernando">Murdu Fernando</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka#Current_justices" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Puisne Justices</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka">Court of Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="High Court of Sri Lanka">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_court_(Sri_Lanka)" title="District court (Sri Lanka)">District Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate%27s_court_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Magistrate's court (Sri Lanka)">Magistrate's Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_court" title="Primary court">Primary Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Tribunal" title="Labour Tribunal">Labour Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Service_Commission_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Judicial Service Commission (Sri Lanka)">Judicial Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Association_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bar Association of Sri Lanka">Bar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Law enforcement in Sri Lanka">Law enforcement</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:gold; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General%27s_Department_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Attorney General's Department (Sri Lanka)">Attorney General's Department</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Attorney General of Sri Lanka">Attorney General</a> (<a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Sri_Lanka#List_of_attorneys_general" title="Attorney General of Sri Lanka">49th</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Parinda Ranasinghe</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Solicitor General of Sri Lanka">Solicitor General</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Viraj Dayaratne</li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:gold; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice,_Prisons_Affairs_and_Constitutional_Reforms" title="Ministry of Justice, Prisons Affairs and Constitutional Reforms">Ministry of Justice</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Minister of Justice (Sri Lanka)">Cabinet Minister</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harshana_Nanayakkara" title="Harshana Nanayakkara">Harshana Nanayakkara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Elections in Sri Lanka">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:gold; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Election Commission of Sri Lanka">Election Commission</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Sri_Lanka#Chairman_of_the_Election_Commission" title="Election Commission of Sri Lanka">Chairman</a></li></ul> <ul><li>R. M. A. L. Rathnayake</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Sri_Lanka#Current_members" title="Election Commission of Sri Lanka">Members</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:gold; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_elections" title="Template:Sri Lankan elections">Elections</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_presidential_elections" title="List of Sri Lankan presidential elections">Presidential</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2015 Sri Lankan presidential election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2019 Sri Lankan presidential election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2024 Sri Lankan presidential election">2024</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_elections_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of parliamentary elections in Sri 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war">Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing</a></div> Involvement was particularly strong in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, where ethnic kinship led to strong support for the independence of Sri Lankan Tamils. Throughout the conflict the Indian central and state governments supported both sides in different ways. From August 1983 until May 1987 the Indian government, through its intelligence agency <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Wing" title="Research and Analysis Wing">Research and Analysis Wing</a> (RAW), provided arms, training and monetary support to six Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups including LTTE, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Liberation_Organization" title="Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization">Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization</a> (TELO), <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Organisation_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam">People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam</a> (PLOTE), <a href="/wiki/Eelam_Revolutionary_Organisation_of_Students" title="Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students">Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students</a> (EROS) <a href="/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Revolutionary_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front">Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front</a> (EPRLF) and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Liberation_Army" title="Tamil Eelam Liberation Army">Tamil Eelam Liberation Army</a> (TELA).<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> LTTE's rise is widely attributed to the initial backing it received from RAW. It is believed that by supporting different militant groups, the Indian government hoped to keep the Tamil independence movement divided and be able to exert overt control over it.<a href="#cite_note-at1-101">[100]</a> India became more actively involved in the late 1980s, and on 5 June 1987 the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Poomalai" title="Operation Poomalai">airdropped food parcels</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a> while it was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Liberation">under siege</a> by Sri Lankan forces. At a time when the Sri Lankan government stated it was close to defeating the LTTE, India dropped 25 tons of food and medicine by parachute into areas held by the LTTE in a direct move of support to the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Negotiations were held, and the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Peace_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord">Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord</a> was signed on 29 July 1987 by Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> and Sri Lankan President <a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">Jayewardene</a>. Under this accord the Sri Lankan government made a number of concessions to Tamil demands, including <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a> of power to the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">provinces</a>, a merger – subject to later referendum – of the northern and eastern provinces into a <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">single province</a>, and official status for the Tamil language (this was enacted as the 13th Amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Constitution of Sri Lanka</a>). India agreed to establish order in the north and east through the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force</a> (IPKF) and to cease assisting Tamil insurgents. Militant groups including the LTTE, although initially reluctant, agreed to surrender their arms to the IPKF, which initially oversaw a cease-fire and a modest <a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">disarmament</a> of the militant groups. The Sri Lankan armed forces were confined to barracks in the north and east, and Sinhalese settlers were disarmed. In October 1987, 12 LTTE members who were prisoners of the government <a href="/wiki/1987_Suicide_of_Tamil_Tigers" title="1987 Suicide of Tamil Tigers">committed suicide</a>, leading to anti-Sinhalese <a href="/wiki/1987_Eastern_Province_massacres" title="1987 Eastern Province massacres">violence</a> committed by Tamil militants, especially the LTTE, throughout the Eastern Province in which 150 Sinhalese were killed and tens of thousands were made refugees. The signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, so soon after J.R. Jayawardene's declaration that he would fight the Indians to the last bullet, led to unrest in the south. The arrival of the IPKF to take control of most areas in the north of the country enabled the Sri Lanka government to shift its forces to the south to quell the protests. This led to an <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_1987-89" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection 1987-89">uprising</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Janatha_Vimukthi_Peramuna" title="Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna">Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna</a> in the south, which was put down bloodily over the next two years. While most Tamil militant groups laid down their weapons and agreed to seek a peaceful solution to the conflict, the LTTE refused to disarm its fighters.<a href="#cite_note-cp1-103">[102]</a> Keen to ensure the success of the accord, the IPKF then tried to demobilize the LTTE by force and ended up in full-scale conflict with them. The three-year-long conflict was also marked by the IPKF being accused of committing various abuses by many human rights groups as well as some within the Indian media. The IPKF also soon met stiff opposition from the Tamils.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Simultaneously, nationalist sentiment led many Sinhalese to oppose the continued Indian presence in Sri Lanka. These led to the Sri Lankan government's call for India to quit the island, and the government allegedly entered into a secret deal with the LTTE that culminated in a cease-fire. However, the LTTE and IPKF continued to have frequent clashes. In April 1989 the <a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">Ranasinghe Premadasa</a> government ordered the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka army">Sri Lanka army</a> to clandestinely hand over arms consignments to the LTTE to fight the IPKF and its proxy Tamil National Army (TNA).<a href="#cite_note-atimesd-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Although casualties among the IPKF mounted, and calls for the withdrawal of the IPKF from both sides of the Sri Lankan conflict grew, Gandhi refused to remove the IPKF from Sri Lanka. However, following his defeat in Indian parliamentary elections in December 1989, new Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/V.P._Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="V.P. Singh">V.P. Singh</a> ordered the withdrawal of the IPKF, and their last ship left Sri Lanka on 24 March 1990. The 32-month presence of the IPKF in Sri Lanka resulted in the deaths of 1200 Indian soldiers and over 5000 Sri Lankans. The cost for the Indian government was estimated at over ₹10.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-para-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rajiv_Gandhi's_assassination">Rajiv Gandhi's assassination</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rajiv Gandhi's assassination">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajiv_Gandhi_Memorial_blast_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rajiv_Gandhi_Memorial_blast_site.jpg/220px-Rajiv_Gandhi_Memorial_blast_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rajiv_Gandhi_Memorial_blast_site.jpg/330px-Rajiv_Gandhi_Memorial_blast_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rajiv_Gandhi_Memorial_blast_site.jpg/440px-Rajiv_Gandhi_Memorial_blast_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>Seven pillars surround the site of the blast, at the <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Memorial" title="Rajiv Gandhi Memorial">Rajiv Gandhi Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sriperumbudur" title="Sriperumbudur">Sriperumbudur</a></figcaption></figure> Support for the LTTE in India dropped considerably in 1991, after the assassination of ex-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> by a female suicide bomber, <a href="/wiki/Thenmozhi_Rajaratnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Thenmozhi Rajaratnam">Thenmozhi Rajaratnam</a>. The Indian press subsequently reported that Prabhakaran decided to eliminate Gandhi, as he considered the ex-Prime Minister to be against the Tamil liberation struggle and feared that he might re-induct the IPKF, which Prabhakaran termed the "satanic force", if he won the <a href="/wiki/1991_Indian_general_election" title="1991 Indian general election">1991 Indian general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In 1998 a court in India presided over by Special Judge V. Navaneetham found the LTTE and its leader Velupillai Prabhakaran responsible for the assassination.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> In a 2006 interview, LTTE ideologue Anton Balasingham expressed regret over the assassination, although he stopped short of outright acceptance of responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In a 2011 interview, <a href="/wiki/Selvarasa_Pathmanathan" title="Selvarasa Pathmanathan">Kumaran Pathmanathan</a>, who was the Treasurer of LTTE and its chief arms procurer, apologized to India for Velupillai Prabhakaran's "mistake" of killing former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. He further said Rajiv's assassination was "well planned and done actually with Prabhakaran and (LTTE intelligence chief Pottu Amman). Everyone knows the truth".<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> India remained an outside observer of the conflict after the assassination. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eelam_War_II_(1990–1995)">Eelam War II (1990–1995)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eelam War II (1990–1995)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_Pass_armored_bulldozer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Elephant_Pass_armored_bulldozer.JPG/280px-Elephant_Pass_armored_bulldozer.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Elephant_Pass_armored_bulldozer.JPG/420px-Elephant_Pass_armored_bulldozer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Elephant_Pass_armored_bulldozer.JPG/560px-Elephant_Pass_armored_bulldozer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>Improvised armoured <a href="/wiki/Bulldozer" title="Bulldozer">bulldozer</a> used by the LTTE in the operation Aakaya Kadal Veli, also known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Elephant_Pass" title="First Battle of Elephant Pass">First Battle of Elephant Pass</a> (1991), one of the major battles. This bulldozer was destroyed by Cpl. <a href="/wiki/Gamini_Kularatne" title="Gamini Kularatne">Gamini Kularatne</a>. Today it stands on display as a war memorial.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_II" title="Eelam War II">Eelam War II</a></div> The violence continued unabated despite the steps taken to appease Tamil sentiments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">13th Amendment</a> (enacted in November 1987). Meanwhile, the Chief Minister of the then <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">North and East Provincial Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annamalai_Varadaraja_Perumal" title="Annamalai Varadaraja Perumal">Vartharaja Perumal</a>, put forward a 19-point demand to resolve the ethnic crisis. He threatened if these demands were not met that the Provincial Council would go ahead with a <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_declaration_of_independence" title="Unilateral declaration of independence">unilateral declaration of independence</a> of the northern and eastern provinces, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> President Premadasa moved to quickly dissolve the Council (March 1990). At the same time LTTE used terror tactics to scare Sinhalese and Muslim farmers away from the north and east of the island, and swiftly took control of a significant portion of the territory. When the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace-Keeping Force</a> withdrew in 1989–90, the LTTE established many government-like functions in the areas under its control. A tentative cease-fire held in 1990 as the LTTE occupied itself with destroying rival Tamil groups while the government cracked down on the JVP uprising with the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Combine" title="Operation Combine">Operation Combine</a>. When both major combatants had established their power bases, they turned on each other and the cease-fire broke down. The government then launched an offensive and tried to retake Jaffna but failed. This phase of the war soon acquired the name Eelam War II, and featured unprecedented brutality. On 11 June 1990 the LTTE <a href="/wiki/1990_massacre_of_Sri_Lankan_Police_officers" title="1990 massacre of Sri Lankan Police officers">massacred 600 policemen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern Province</a> after they had surrendered on promises of safe-conduct. The government placed an embargo on food and medicine entering the Jaffna peninsula and the air force relentlessly bombed the north.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> In the second half of 1990, 4500 Tamils were killed or disappeared by security forces in <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amparai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Amparai District">Amparai District</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The LTTE responded by <a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE#1990s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE">attacking Sinhalese and Muslim villages</a> and massacring civilians. One of the largest civilian massacres of the war occurred when the LTTE <a href="/wiki/Palliyagodella_massacre" title="Palliyagodella massacre">massacred 166 Muslim civilians at Palliyagodella</a>. The government trained and armed Home Guard Muslim units.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Notable international jurist <a href="/wiki/Neelan_Thiruchelvam" class="mw-redirect" title="Neelan Thiruchelvam">Neelan Thiruchelvam</a>, in a speech at the ICES-Colombo, indicated that the appropriate investigations into <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacre" class="extiw" title="wikt:massacre">massacres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearances" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearances">disappearances</a> of civilians including many children in the <a href="/wiki/Sathurukondan_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathurukondan massacre">Sathurukondan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_University_massacre" title="Eastern University massacre">Eastern University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mylanthanai_massacre" title="Mylanthanai massacre">Mylanthanai</a> and the mass murder and burial of school children at <a href="/wiki/Sooriyakanda_mass_grave" title="Sooriyakanda mass grave">Sooriyakanda</a> were hampered by the adoption of emergency regulations which contributed to a climate of impunity.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Along roadsides in the north and east, burning bodies became a common sight. Throughout the country, government death squads hunted down, kidnapped or killed Sinhalese or Tamil youth suspected of sympathizing with the JVP or the LTTE, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> In October 1990 the LTTE <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Muslims_from_the_Northern_province_by_LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE">expelled all the Muslims residing in Northern province</a>. A total of 72,000 Muslims were forced to leave their homes, taking nothing but the clothes on their backs.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The largest battle of the war took place in July 1991, when 5,000 LTTE fighters surrounded the army's <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Pass" title="Elephant Pass">Elephant Pass</a> base, which controlled access to the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Peninsula" title="Jaffna Peninsula">Jaffna Peninsula</a>. More than 2,000 died on both sides in the month-long siege, before 10,000 government troops arrived to relieve the base.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In February 1992 another series of government offensives failed to capture Jaffna. Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Denzil_Kobbekaduwa" title="Denzil Kobbekaduwa">Denzil Kobbekaduwa</a> together with Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Wimalaratne" title="Vijaya Wimalaratne">Vijaya Wimalaratne</a> and Rear Adm. <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Jayamaha" title="Mohan Jayamaha">Mohan Jayamaha</a>, died on 8 August 1992 at Araly (Aeraella) point <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a> due to a <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mine</a> blast. Their deaths badly affected military morale. The LTTE also scored a major victory when one of its suicide bombers killed Sri Lankan President <a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">Ranasinghe Premadasa</a> in May 1993. In November 1993 the LTTE defeated the army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pooneryn" title="Battle of Pooneryn">Battle of Pooneryn</a>. This attack left 532 Sri Lankan soldiers and 135 sailors either dead or <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">missing in action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rep-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eelam_War_III_(1995–2002)">Eelam War III (1995–2002)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eelam War III (1995–2002)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_III" title="Eelam War III">Eelam War III</a></div> In the 1994 parliamentary elections the UNP was defeated and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_(Sri_Lanka)" title="People's Alliance (Sri Lanka)">People's Alliance</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Chandrika Kumaratunga">Chandrika Kumaratunga</a>, came to power on a peace platform. During the <a href="/wiki/1994_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="1994 Sri Lankan presidential election">Presidential election campaign</a> an LTTE bomb attack was carried out during a rally held at Thotalanga, <a href="/wiki/Grandpass" title="Grandpass">Grandpass</a>, eliminating the entire leadership of UNP, including its presidential candidate, <a href="/wiki/Gamini_Dissanayake" title="Gamini Dissanayake">Gamini Dissanayake</a>. Kumaratunga became the president with a 62% majority. A cease-fire was agreed to in January 1995, but the ensuing negotiations proved fruitless. The LTTE broke the cease-fire and <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_SLNS_Sooraya_and_SLNS_Ranasuru" title="Bombing of SLNS Sooraya and SLNS Ranasuru">blew up two gunboats, SLNS Sooraya and SLNS Ranasuru</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Sri Lanka Navy</a> on 19 April, thereby beginning the next phase of the war, dubbed Eelam War III.<a href="#cite_note-hrw2-123">[122]</a> The new government then pursued a policy of "war for peace". Determined to retake the key rebel stronghold of Jaffna, which was occupied by 2,000 rebels,<a href="#cite_note-nyt1-124">[123]</a> it poured troops into the peninsula in the successful <a href="/wiki/Operation_Riviresa" title="Operation Riviresa">Operation Riviresa</a>. In one particular incident in August 1995, Air Force jets bombed St. Peter's church at Navali (Naavaella), <a href="/wiki/Navaly_Church_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Navaly Church massacre">killing</a> at least 65 refugees and wounding 150 others.<a href="#cite_note-icrc.org_1995-125">[124]</a> In another instance in the same year, over 40 people were massacred in <a href="/wiki/Nagerkovil_school_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagerkovil school bombing">Nagerkovil</a> and more civilian massacres followed in subsequent years, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kumarapuram_massacre" title="Kumarapuram massacre">Kumarapuram massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampalakamam_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampalakamam massacre">Tampalakamam massacre</a>, <a href="/wiki/1999_Puthukkudiyiruppu_bombing" title="1999 Puthukkudiyiruppu bombing">Puthukkudiyiruppu massacre</a>, etc., all of them carried out by government forces.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty-126">[125]</a> Government troops initially cut off the peninsula from the rest of the island,<a href="#cite_note-nyt1-124">[123]</a> and then, after seven weeks of heavy fighting, succeeded in bringing Jaffna under government control for the first time in nearly a decade. In a high-profile ceremony, Sri Lankan Defense Minister Col. <a href="/wiki/Anuruddha_Ratwatte" title="Anuruddha Ratwatte">Anuruddha Ratwatte</a> raised the national flag inside the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Fort" title="Jaffna Fort">Jaffna Fort</a> on 5 December 1995. The government estimated that approximately 2500 soldiers and rebels were killed in the offensive, and an estimated 7,000 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-cnn1-127">[126]</a> Many civilians were killed in this conflict, such as the <a href="/wiki/Navaly_church_bombing" title="Navaly church bombing">Navaly church bombing</a> in which over 125 civilians died. The LTTE and more than 350,000 civilians, compelled by SL military operations and LTTE pressure to leave Jaffna,<a href="#cite_note-hrw1-128">[127]</a> fled to the <a href="/wiki/Vanni_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanni region">Vanni region</a> in the interior. Most of the refugees returned later the next year. The LTTE responded by launching <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unceasing_Waves_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Unceasing Waves I">Operation Unceasing Waves</a> and decisively won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mullaitivu_(1996)" title="Battle of Mullaitivu (1996)">Battle of Mullaitivu</a> on 18 July 1996, leaving 1,173 army troops dead which included 207 officers and men executed after surrendering to the LTTE.<a href="#cite_note-rep-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-SR-129">[128]</a> The government launched another offensive in August 1996. Another 200,000 civilians fled the violence.<a href="#cite_note-hrw1-128">[127]</a> The town of <a href="/wiki/Kilinochchi" title="Kilinochchi">Kilinochchi</a> was taken on 29 September. On 13 May 1997, 20,000 government troops tried to open a supply line through the LTTE-controlled Vanni, but failed. As violence continued in the North, LTTE suicide and time bombs were exploded numerous times in populated city areas and public transport in the south of the country, killing hundreds of civilians. In January 1996 the LTTE carried out one of its deadliest suicide bomb attacks at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank Bombing">Central Bank</a> in Colombo, killing 90 and injuring 1,400. In October 1997 it bombed the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_Colombo" title="World Trade Center Colombo">Sri Lankan World Trade Centre</a> and, in January 1998, detonated a truck bomb in <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a>, damaging the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a>, one of the holiest Buddhist shrines in the world. In response to this bombing, the Sri Lankan government outlawed the LTTE and with some success pressed other governments around the world to do the same, significantly interfering with the group's fund-raising activities. In January 1997 heavy fighting around Paranthan and the Elephant Pass complex took the lives of 223 Army troops.<a href="#cite_note-rep-10">[10]</a> On 27 September 1998 the LTTE launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unceasing_Waves_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Unceasing Waves II">Operation Unceasing Waves II</a> and, after heavy fighting, captured Kilinochchi, winning the <a href="/wiki/1998_Battle_of_Kilinochchi" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Battle of Kilinochchi">Battle of Kilinochchi</a>. Clashes around the Kilinochchi forward defense line claimed the lives of 1206 soldiers that year.<a href="#cite_note-rep-10">[10]</a> In March 1999, in Operation Rana Gosa, the government tried invading the Vanni from the south.The army made some gains, taking control of Oddusuddan (Oththan-thuduva) and Madhu, but could not dislodge the LTTE from the region. In September 1999 the LTTE <a href="/wiki/Gonagala_massacre" title="Gonagala massacre">massacred 50 Sinhalese civilians at Gonagala</a>. The LTTE returned to the offensive with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Unceasing_Waves_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Unceasing Waves III">Operation Unceasing Waves III</a> on 2 November 1999. Nearly all the Vanni rapidly fell back into LTTE hands. The group launched 17 successful attacks in the region, culminating in the overrunning of the Paranthan (Puranthaenna) Chemicals Factory base and the Kurrakkan Kaddukulam (kurakkan-kaela vaeva) base.<a href="#cite_note-tamilnet-130">[129]</a> The death toll amounted to 516 soldiers dead and over 4,000 injured.<a href="#cite_note-rep-10">[10]</a> The rebels also advanced north towards Elephant Pass and Jaffna. The LTTE was successful in cutting all land and sea supply lines of the Sri Lankan armed forces to the south, west and north of the town of Kilinochchi. In December 1999 the LTTE attempted to assassinate President Chandrika Kumaratunga in a suicide attack at a pre-election rally. She lost her right-eye, among other injuries, but was able to defeat opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Ranil_Wickremesinghe" title="Ranil Wickremesinghe">Ranil Wickremesinghe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1999_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="1999 Sri Lankan presidential election">Presidential election</a> and was re-elected to her second term in office.<a href="#cite_note-tribune1-131">[130]</a> On 22 April 2000 the Elephant Pass military complex, which had separated the Jaffna peninsula from the Vanni mainland for 17 years, fell into the hands of the LTTE, leaving 1,008 soldiers dead.<a href="#cite_note-rep-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> The army then launched Operation Agni Kheela to take back the southern Jaffna Peninsula, but sustained losses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_peace_efforts">Early peace efforts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early peace efforts">edit</a>]</div> Exhaustion with the war was building as casualties mounted and there appeared to be no end in sight. By mid-2000 human rights groups estimated that more than one million people in Sri Lanka were <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced persons">internally displaced persons</a>, living in camps, homeless and struggling for survival. As a result, a significant <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a> developed in the late 1990s, with many organizations holding peace camps, conferences, training and peace meditations, and many other efforts to bridge the two sides at all levels. As early as February 2000 Norway was asked to mediate by both sides, and initial international diplomatic moves began to find a negotiated settlement to the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Hopes for peace gained ground as the LTTE declared a unilateral cease-fire in December 2000, but they cancelled it on 24 April 2001 and launched another offensive against the government. After securing a vast area formerly controlled by the military, the LTTE further advanced northwards. This advancement posed a serious threat to the Elephant Pass military complex that housed 17,000 Sri Lankan troops.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In July 2001 the LTTE carried out a devastating <a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport_attack" title="Bandaranaike Airport attack">suicide attack on Bandaranaike International Airport</a>, destroying eight of the air force's planes (two <a href="/wiki/IAI_Kfir" title="IAI Kfir">IAI Kfirs</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-17" title="Mil Mi-17">Mil-17</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-24" title="Mil Mi-24">Mil-24</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Hongdu_JL-8" title="Hongdu JL-8">K-8 trainers</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-27" title="Mikoyan MiG-27">MiG-27</a>) and four <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Airlines">Sri Lankan Airlines</a> planes (two <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">A330s</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">A340</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320">A320</a>), dampening the economy and causing tourism – a vital foreign exchange earner for the government – to plummet. The impact of the attack was so devastating that in that year the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan economy</a> recorded a negative growth for the first and only time since its independence.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002_peace_process_(2002–2006)">2002 peace process (2002–2006)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2002 peace process (2002–2006)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beginning_of_the_cease-fire">Beginning of the cease-fire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Beginning of the cease-fire">edit</a>]</div> Towards the end of 2001 however, the LTTE began to declare their willingness to explore measures for a peaceful settlement to the conflict. One reason for this action may have been the fear of international pressure and the direct US support of the Sri Lankan government as part of the "<a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>".<a href="#cite_note-bbct-137">[136]</a> On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert operations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Patrol_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (Sri Lanka)">Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol</a> (LRRP) of Sri Lanka army had a profound impact on the Tiger command structure.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> During this period, <a href="/wiki/Vaithilingam_Sornalingam" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaithilingam Sornalingam">Vaithilingam Sornalingam</a> alias Shankar, who had been considered the right-hand man of LTTE leader Prabhakaran, and several other high-profile leaders were hunted down and killed by LRRP units.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> In the south the government was facing increasing criticism over its "war for peace" strategy, with peace nowhere in sight and the economy in tatters. After losing a no-confidence motion, President Kumaratunga was forced to dissolve parliament and call for fresh elections. The <a href="/wiki/2001_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="2001 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">elections, held on 5 December 2001</a>, saw a sweeping victory for the <a href="/wiki/United_National_Front_(Sri_Lanka)" title="United National Front (Sri Lanka)">United National Front</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Ranil_Wickremasinghe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranil Wickremasinghe">Ranil Wickremasinghe</a>, who campaigned on a pro-peace platform and pledged to find a negotiated settlement to the conflict. On 19 December, amidst efforts by Norway to bring the government and the Tamil Tigers to the negotiating table, the LTTE announced a 30-day cease-fire with the Sri Lankan government and pledged to halt all attacks against government forces.<a href="#cite_note-bbc2-140">[139]</a> The new government welcomed the move, and reciprocated it two days later, announcing a month-long cease-fire and agreeing to lift a long-standing economic <a href="/wiki/Embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Embargo">embargo</a> on rebel-held territory.<a href="#cite_note-bbct-137">[136]</a> The cease-fire was by no means acceptable to everyone. Buddhist monks started burning Norwegian flags and agitated against the cease-fire and eventually went to form a political party, <a href="/wiki/Jathika_Hela_Urumaya" title="Jathika Hela Urumaya">Jathika Hela Urumaya</a>, with extremist views.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Signing_of_Memorandum_of_Understanding">Signing of Memorandum of Understanding</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Signing of Memorandum of Understanding">edit</a>]</div> <table style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:auto;" class="wikitable"> <caption>Peace talks between Sri Lankan government and LTTE<a href="#cite_note-rep-10">[10]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Session</th> <th>Period</th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>16–18 September 2002 </td> <td>Sattahip Naval Base, <a href="/wiki/Phuket_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket Province">Phuket</a>, Thailand </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>31 October 2002 – 3 November 2002 </td> <td>Rose Garden hotel, <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom" title="Nakhon Pathom">Nakhon Pathom</a>, Thailand </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>2–5 December 2002 </td> <td>Radisson SAS Plaza Hotel, <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td>6–9 January 2003 </td> <td>Rose Garden hotel, <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom" title="Nakhon Pathom">Nakhon Pathom</a>, Thailand </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td>7–8 February 2003 </td> <td>Norwegian Embassy, Berlin, Germany </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td>18–21 March 2003 </td> <td>Hakorn Prince Hotel, <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanagawa">Kanagawa</a>, Japan </td></tr></tbody></table> The two sides formalized a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on 22 February 2002, and signed a permanent cease-fire agreement (CFA). Norway was named <a href="/wiki/Mediation" title="Mediation">mediator</a>, and it was decided that they, together with the other Nordic countries, monitor the cease-fire through a committee of experts named the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Monitoring_Mission" title="Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission">Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc3-142">[141]</a> In August the government agreed to lift the ban on the LTTE and paved the way for the resumption of direct negotiations with them.<a href="#cite_note-bbc4-143">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Tiger_Fast_Attack_boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sea_Tiger_Fast_Attack_boat.jpg/220px-Sea_Tiger_Fast_Attack_boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sea_Tiger_Fast_Attack_boat.jpg/330px-Sea_Tiger_Fast_Attack_boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Sea_Tiger_Fast_Attack_boat.jpg/440px-Sea_Tiger_Fast_Attack_boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>LTTE <a href="/wiki/Sea_Tigers" title="Sea Tigers">Sea Tiger</a> boat patrolling during the peace</figcaption></figure> Following the signing of the ceasefire agreement, commercial air flights to Jaffna began and the LTTE opened the key A9 highway, which linked the government-controlled area in the south with Jaffna and ran through LTTE territory, allowing civilian traffic through the Vanni region for the first time in many years (but only after paying a tax to the LTTE). Many foreign countries also offered substantial financial support if peace was achieved and optimism grew that an end to the decades-long conflict was in sight. The much-anticipated peace talks began in <a href="/wiki/Phuket_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket Province">Phuket</a>, Thailand, and further rounds followed in Thailand, Norway, Germany and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-bbc5-144">[143]</a> During the talks both sides agreed to the principle of a federal solution and the Tigers dropped their long-standing demand for a separate state. This was a major compromise on the part of the LTTE, which had always insisted on an independent Tamil state. This also represented a compromise on the part of the government, which had seldom agreed to more than minimal devolution. Both sides also exchanged prisoners of war for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_changes_in_the_South">Political changes in the South</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Political changes in the South">edit</a>]</div> Following the elections of 2001, for the first time in Sri Lanka's history the President and Prime Minister were of two different parties. This co-habitation was uneasy, especially since Prime Minister Wickremasinghe and the UNP favored a federal solution to the conflict, while hard-line elements within President Kumaratunga's party and other Sinhala nationalist groups allied to her opposed one, as they did not trust the LTTE, which continued to levy taxes, strengthen itself by smuggling in arms and ammunition, recruit child soldiers and engage in killings of members of rival Tamil groups and government intelligence agents following the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_City_incident" title="Millennium City incident">Millennium City incident</a>. During this time the LTTE also succeeded in setting up a series of vital bases around the <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee_Harbour" title="Trincomalee Harbour">Trincomalee Harbour</a> (i.e., Manirasakulam camp) and the Eastern Province. The talks broke down on 21 April 2003 when the Tamil Tigers announced they were suspending any further talks due to their "displeasure" at the handling of some "critical issues". Among the reasons the Tigers gave were their exclusion from reconstruction talks in Washington, DC, on 14 April and a more general insinuation that they were not receiving the full economic rewards of peace. They cited the failure, as they saw it, of peace dividends to transfer to security withdrawals on the ground and the disparity, as they saw it, between the relative calm of the government-held northeast and continuing violence in Tiger-held areas. However, the LTTE maintained it was committed to a settlement to the two-decade conflict, but stated that progress had to be made on the ground before the settlement proceeded.<a href="#cite_note-bbc6-146">[145]</a> On 31 October the LTTE issued its own peace proposal, calling for an <a href="/wiki/Interim_Self_Governing_Authority" title="Interim Self Governing Authority">Interim Self Governing Authority</a> (ISGA). The ISGA would be fully controlled by the LTTE and would have broad powers in the north and east (see the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3232913.stm">full text of the proposals</a>) This provoked a strong backlash among the hard-line elements in the south, who accused Prime Minister Wickremasinghe of handing the north and east to the LTTE. Under pressure from within her own party to take action, Kumaratunga declared a state of emergency and took three key government ministries, the Ministry of Mass Media, the Interior Ministry and the crucial Defense Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-bbc7-147">[146]</a> She then formed an alliance with the JVP, called the <a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Freedom_Alliance" title="United People's Freedom Alliance">United People's Freedom Alliance</a>, opposed to the ISGA and advocating a harder line on the LTTE, and called for fresh elections. The <a href="/wiki/2004_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="2004 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">elections</a>, held on 8 April 2004, resulted in victory for the <a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Freedom_Alliance" title="United People's Freedom Alliance">UPFA</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapakse" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda Rajapakse">Mahinda Rajapakse</a> appointed as Prime Minister. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Split_of_the_LTTE">Split of the LTTE</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Split of the LTTE">edit</a>]</div> Meanwhile, in March 2004 there had been a major split between the northern and eastern wings of the LTTE. <a href="/wiki/Vinayagamoorthy_Muralitharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinayagamoorthy Muralitharan">Vinayagamoorthy Muralitharan</a> alias Col. Karuna, the Eastern commander of the LTTE and one of Prabhakaran's trusted lieutenants, pulled 5,000 eastern cadres out of the LTTE, claiming insufficient resources and power were being given to Tamils of the eastern part of the island. It was the biggest expression of dissension in the history of the LTTE and a clash within the LTTE seemed imminent. After the parliamentary elections, brief fighting south of Trincomalee led to a rapid retreat and capitulation of Karuna's group, their leaders eventually going into hiding including Karuna himself, who was helped to escape by <a href="/wiki/Seyed_Ali_Zahir_Moulana" title="Seyed Ali Zahir Moulana">Seyed Ali Zahir Moulana</a>, a politician from the ruling party. However, the "Karuna faction" maintained a significant presence in the east and continued to launch attacks against the LTTE.<a href="#cite_note-nyt2-148">[147]</a> The LTTE accused the army of covertly backing the breakaway group, which subsequently formed a political party named the <a href="/wiki/TamilEela_Makkal_Viduthalai_Pulikal" class="mw-redirect" title="TamilEela Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal">TamilEela Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal</a> (TMVP) and hope to contest in future elections. The cease-fire largely held through all this turmoil, with over 3000 infractions by the LTTE and some 300 by the SLA recorded by the Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission (SLMM) by 2005.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The situation was further complicated by allegations that both sides were carrying out covert operations against each other. The government claimed that the LTTE was killing political opponents, recruiting children, importing arms and killing government security and intelligence officers. The rebels accused the government of supporting paramilitary groups against them, especially the Karuna group. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tsunami_and_aftermath">Tsunami and aftermath</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tsunami and aftermath">edit</a>]</div> On 26 December 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_tsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean tsunami">Indian Ocean tsunami</a> struck Sri Lanka, killing more than 35,000 people and leaving many more homeless. A great deal of aid arrived from around the world, but there was immediate disagreement over how it should be distributed to the Tamil regions under LTTE control. By 24 June the government and LTTE agreed on the Post-Tsunami Operational Management Structure (P-TOMS), but it received sharp criticism from the <a href="/wiki/Janatha_Vimukthi_Peramuna" title="Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna">JVP</a>, who left the government in protest. The legality of P-TOMS was also challenged in the courts. President Kumaratunga eventually had to scrap P-TOMS, which led to widespread criticism that sufficient aid was not reaching the north and east of the country. However, immediately following the tsunami there was a marked decrease in violence in the north.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Sri Lankan Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Lakshman_Kadirgamar" title="Lakshman Kadirgamar">Lakshman Kadirgamar</a>, a Tamil who was highly respected by foreign diplomats and who had been sharply critical of the LTTE, was assassinated at his home on 12 August 2005, allegedly by a LTTE sniper.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> His assassination led to the marginalization of the LTTE in the international community, and is generally considered to be the moment when the LTTE lost much of the sympathy in the eyes of foreign nations. The result was silence of the international community when the Sri Lankan government took military action against the LTTE in 2006, when the latter closed the Mavil aru sluice.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] Further political change occurred when the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Supreme Court of Sri Lanka</a> declared President Kumaratunga's second and final term over and ordered her to hold fresh presidential elections. The main candidates for the <a href="/wiki/2005_Sri_Lankan_presidential_election" title="2005 Sri Lankan presidential election">election</a>, which was held in November, were UNF candidate former Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe, who advocated the reopening of talks with the LTTE, and the UPFA candidate Prime Minister Rajapaksa, who called for a tougher line against the LTTE and a renegotiation of the cease-fire. The LTTE openly called for a <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> of the election by Tamils. Many of them were expected to vote for Wickremasinghe, and the loss of their votes proved fatal to his chances, as Rajapakse achieved a narrow victory. Following the election, LTTE leader <a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">Velupillai Prabhakaran</a> stated in his annual address that the Tigers would "renew their struggle" in 2006 if the government did not take serious moves toward peace. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eelam_War_IV_(2006–2009)">Eelam War IV (2006–2009)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Eelam War IV (2006–2009)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV" title="Eelam War IV">Eelam War IV</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Extent_of_territorial_control_in_sri_lanka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Extent_of_territorial_control_in_sri_lanka.png/220px-Extent_of_territorial_control_in_sri_lanka.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Extent_of_territorial_control_in_sri_lanka.png/330px-Extent_of_territorial_control_in_sri_lanka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Extent_of_territorial_control_in_sri_lanka.png/440px-Extent_of_territorial_control_in_sri_lanka.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Red area shows the approximate areas of Sri Lanka controlled by the LTTE and the Government, as of December 2005.</figcaption></figure> Beginning in December 2005, there was increased guerrilla activity to the northeast, including <a href="/wiki/M18A1_Claymore_Antipersonnel_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="M18A1 Claymore Antipersonnel Mine">Claymore mine</a> attacks which killed 150 government troops,<a href="#cite_note-st1-153">[152]</a> clashes between the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Tigers" title="Sea Tigers">Sea Tigers</a> and the Sri Lanka navy and the killings of sympathizers on both sides including <a href="/wiki/Taraki_Sivaram" title="Taraki Sivaram">Taraki Sivaram</a>, a pro-LTTE journalist, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pararajasingham" title="Joseph Pararajasingham">Joseph Pararajasingham</a>, a pro-LTTE MP, both killed allegedly by the government of Sri Lanka. At the beginning of 2006 the focus of the civil war turned to civilian targets, with commuter bus and train bombings carried out by LTTE in most parts of the country, including a series of attacks against commuters in and around Colombo.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Talks_and_further_violence">Talks and further violence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Talks and further violence">edit</a>]</div> In light of this violence, the co-chairs of the Tokyo Donor conference called on both parties to return to the negotiating table. <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a> officials gave warnings to the Tigers, stating that a return to hostilities would mean that the Tigers would face a "more capable and more determined" Sri Lankan military.<a href="#cite_note-ind1-155">[154]</a> While the talks were going on there was violence directed towards civilians, such as <a href="/wiki/2006_Trincomalee_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Trincomalee massacre">the killings of five Tamil students</a> on 2 January 2006.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> In a last-minute effort to salvage an agreement between the parties, Norwegian special envoy <a href="/wiki/Erik_Solheim" title="Erik Solheim">Erik Solheim</a> and LTTE theoretician Anton Balasingham arrived on the island. The parties strongly disagreed on the location of the talks; however, continued efforts produced a breakthrough when both parties agreed on 7 February 2006 that new talks could be held in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, on 22 and 23 February. During the weeks after the talks there was a significant decrease in violence. However, the LTTE resumed attacks against the military in April. In light of this violence, the LTTE called for a postponement of the Geneva talks until 24–25 April, and the government initially agreed to this. Following negotiations, both the government and the rebels agreed to have a civilian vessel transport regional LTTE leaders with international truce monitors on 16 April, which involved crossing government-controlled territory. However, the climate shifted drastically when the Tigers cancelled the meeting, claiming not to have agreed to a naval escort. According to the SLMM, the Tamil rebels had previously agreed to the escort.<a href="#cite_note-bbc8-158">[157]</a> On 20 April 2006 the LTTE officially pulled out of peace talks indefinitely. While they stated that transportation issues had prevented them from meeting their regional leaders, some analysts and the international community were strongly skeptical, seeing the transportation issue as a delaying tactic by the LTTE to avoid attending peace talks in Geneva.<a href="#cite_note-bbc9-159">[158]</a> Violence continued to spiral and on 23 April 2006, <a href="/wiki/Gomarankadawala_massacre" title="Gomarankadawala massacre">six Sinhalese rice farmers were massacred</a> in their paddy fields by suspected LTTE cadres,<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> and on 13 May 2006 <a href="/wiki/Allaipiddy_massacre" title="Allaipiddy massacre">13 Tamil civilians were killed</a> in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Sri_Lanka#Northern_Province" title="List of islands of Sri Lanka">islet of Kayts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> International condemnation against the LTTE skyrocketed following the attempted assassination of the commander of the Sri Lanka Army, Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka" title="Sarath Fonseka">Sarath Fonseka</a>, by a female LTTE <a href="/wiki/Black_Tigers" title="Black Tigers">Black Tiger</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bomber">suicide bomber</a> named Anoja Kugenthirasah, who concealed the explosives by appearing to be pregnant and blew herself up at army headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>. For the first time since the 2001 cease-fire, the Sri Lanka Air Force carried out aerial assaults on rebel positions in the northeastern part of the island in retaliation for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> This attack, along with the assassination of Lakshman Kadiragamar a year earlier and an unsuccessful attack against a naval vessel carrying 710 unarmed security force personnel on holiday, marked a turning point, as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> decided to proscribe the LTTE as a terrorist organisation on 19 May 2006. It resulted in the freezing of LTTE assets in its 27 member nations. In a statement, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> said that the LTTE did not represent all the Tamils and called on it to "allow for political pluralism and alternate democratic voices in the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka".<a href="#cite_note-hindu1-163">[162]</a> As the north and east of the country continued to be rocked by attacks, new talks were scheduled in Oslo, Norway, between 8–9 June. Delegations from both sides arrived in Oslo, but the talks were cancelled when the LTTE refused to meet directly with the government delegation, claiming its fighters were not allowed safe passage to travel to the talks. Norwegian mediator Erik Solheim told journalists that the LTTE should take direct responsibility for the collapse of the talks.<a href="#cite_note-bbc10-164">[163]</a> Further violence followed, including the <a href="/wiki/Vankalai_massacre" title="Vankalai massacre">Vankalai massacre</a>. The Sri Lankan army and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Tiger">Tamil Tiger</a> rebels blamed each other for the killings.<a href="#cite_note-AN-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> There was also the <a href="/wiki/Kebithigollewa_massacre" title="Kebithigollewa massacre">Kebithigollewa massacre</a> in which the LTTE attacked a bus, killing at least 64 Sinhalese civilians and prompting more air strikes by the Air Force,<a href="#cite_note-usinfo1-167">[166]</a> and the assassination of Sri Lanka's third highest-ranking army officer and Deputy Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Parami_Kulatunga" title="Parami Kulatunga">General Parami Kulatunga</a> on 26 June by an LTTE suicide bomber.<a href="#cite_note-bbc11-168">[167]</a> These events led the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Monitoring_Mission" title="Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission">SLMM</a> to question whether a cease-fire could still be said to exist.<a href="#cite_note-slmm1-169">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mavil_Aru_water_dispute">Mavil Aru water dispute</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mavil Aru water dispute">edit</a>]</div> A new crisis leading to the first large-scale fighting since signing of the cease-fire occurred when the LTTE closed the <a href="/wiki/Sluice_gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sluice gate">sluice gates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mavil_Aru" title="Mavil Aru">Mavil Aru</a> reservoir on 21 July. Mavil Aru was the waterway that provided water to some regions of eastern Sri Lanka, like <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a>. After the cease-fire in 2002, the conflict over Mavil Aru was one of the biggest military confrontations between the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lanka Armed Forces</a> and the LTTE. Its relevance is for geo-strategic reasons: within the Mavil Aru area, Sinhala, Muslim and Tamil populations live side by side. It is also the entrance to Koddiyar Bay, the inlet for Trincomalee port and naval base, so the LTTE presence in the area seriously threatened the Sri Lankan security forces' presence and domination. Closure of Mavil Aru affected the water supply to 15,000 families in government-controlled areas.<a href="#cite_note-bbc12-170">[169]</a> After the initial negotiations and efforts by the SLMM to open the gates failed, the Sri Lanka military initiated an operation to achieve the re-opening of the sluice gates. President Rajapaksa said that the supply of water was a non-negotiable fundamental human right. Additionally, a government spokesman said that "utilities could not be used as bargaining tools" by the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-bbc12-170">[169]</a> The government deployed its army and air force for the offensive, attacking not only the region of <a href="/wiki/Mavil_Aru" title="Mavil Aru">Mavil Aru</a> but also the LTTE positions in <a href="/wiki/Batticaloa" title="Batticaloa">Batticaloa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vavuniya" title="Vavuniya">Vavuniya</a>. Air Force planes attacked LTTE positions on 26 July, and ground troops began an operation to open the gate.<a href="#cite_note-south-171">[170]</a> The sluice gates were eventually reopened on 8 August, with conflicting reports as to who actually opened them. Initially, the SLMM claimed that they managed to persuade the LTTE to lift the waterway blockade conditionally.<a href="#cite_note-nation.lk-172">[171]</a> The LTTE claimed that it opened the sluice gates "on humanitarian grounds", although this was disputed by military correspondents, who stated the water began flowing immediately after security forces carried out a precise bombing of the Mavil Aru anicut.<a href="#cite_note-st2-173">[172]</a> Eventually, following heavy fighting, government troops gained full control of the Mavil Aru reservoir on 15 August.<a href="#cite_note-nation.lk-172">[171]</a> The consequences of the "Operation Watershed" were about 150 civilians killed and more than 50,000 refugees from <a href="/wiki/Mutur" title="Mutur">Mutur</a> and the villages nearby. It was the precedent of the <a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV" title="Eelam War IV">Eelam War IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-south-171">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LTTE_offensives_in_Muttur_and_Jaffna">LTTE offensives in Muttur and Jaffna</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: LTTE offensives in Muttur and Jaffna">edit</a>]</div> As fierce fighting was ongoing in the vicinity of Mavil Aru, violence spread to Trincomalee, where the LTTE launched an attack on a crucial Sri Lanka Navy base,<a href="#cite_note-south2-174">[173]</a> and to the strategic government-controlled coastal town of Muttur in early August, resulting in the deaths of at least 30 civilians and displacing 25,000 residents of the area.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> The clashes erupted on 2 August 2006 when the LTTE launched a heavy artillery attack on Muttur<a href="#cite_note-toi1-176">[175]</a> and then moved in, gaining control of some parts of the town.<a href="#cite_note-hindu2-177">[176]</a> The military retaliated, and re-established full control over the town by 5 August, killing over 150 LTTE fighters in heavy clashes.<a href="#cite_note-toi1-176">[175]</a> Soon afterwards, 17 persons working for the International French charity <a href="/wiki/Action_Against_Hunger" title="Action Against Hunger">Action Against Hunger</a> (ACF) in Muthur, <a href="/wiki/2006_Trincomalee_massacre_of_NGO_workers" title="2006 Trincomalee massacre of NGO workers">were massacred</a>. They were found lying face down on the floor of their office, shot to death, still wearing their clearly marked T-shirts indicating they were international humanitarian workers. The murders prompted widespread international condemnation.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> The SLMM claimed that the government was behind the attack,<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> but the government denied the allegation calling it "pathetic and biased", and stated that the SLMM had "no right to make such a statement because they are not professionals in autopsy or post-mortem."<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Meanwhile, in the north of the country, some of the bloodiest fighting since 2001 took place after the LTTE launched massive attacks on <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Sri Lanka Army</a> defence lines on the Jaffna Peninsula on 11 August. The LTTE used a force of 400–500 fighters in the attacks, which consisted of land and amphibious assaults, and also fired a barrage of artillery at government positions, including the key military airbase at <a href="/wiki/Palaly_Military_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaly Military Base">Palaly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-south2-174">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-oi1-181">[180]</a> The LTTE is estimated to have lost over 200 fighters in the operation, while 90 Sri Lankan soldiers and sailors were also killed.<a href="#cite_note-usatoday1-182">[181]</a> As ground battles were ongoing in the north and the east of the country, the Sri Lanka Air Force carried out an air strike against a facility in the rebel-held Mullaitivu area, <a href="/wiki/Chencholai_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Chencholai airstrike">killing a number of Tamil girls</a>. Although the LTTE claimed 61 girls were killed, the SLMM stated they were able to count just 19 bodies.<a href="#cite_note-hind-183">[182]</a> The government stated that it was an LTTE training facility and that the children were LTTE child soldiers,<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> although the LTTE claimed the victims were schoolgirls attending a course on first aid at an orphanage. On the same day a convoy carrying the Pakistani <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner">High Commissioner</a> to Sri Lanka, Bashir Wali Mohamed, was <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pakistani_ambassador_to_Sri_lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Attack on Pakistani ambassador to Sri lanka">attacked</a> when a <a href="/wiki/M18A1_Claymore_Antipersonnel_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="M18A1 Claymore Antipersonnel Mine">claymore antipersonnel mine</a> concealed within an <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">auto rickshaw</a> blew up as it passed by. The High Commissioner escaped unhurt, but seven people were killed and 17 injured in the blast.<a href="#cite_note-bbc4789991-185">[184]</a> The High Commissioner claimed that India was believed to have carried it out,<a href="#cite_note-at2-186">[185]</a> in order to intimidate Pakistan, which is one of the main suppliers of military equipment to the Sri Lankan government.<a href="#cite_note-at2-186">[185]</a> Pakistan had promised one shipload of equipment every 10 days in coming months. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fall_of_Sampur">Fall of Sampur</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fall of Sampur">edit</a>]</div> Since the resumption of violence, concerns were mounting among the military establishment that the strategically crucial<a href="#cite_note-reuters1-187">[186]</a> Sri Lanka Navy base in Trincomalee was under severe threat from LTTE gun positions located in and around Sampur, which lies across the Koddiyar Bay from Trincomalee.<a href="#cite_note-hindu4-188">[187]</a> Artillery fired from LTTE bases in the area could potentially cripple the naval base, bringing it to a complete standstill and cutting the only military supply chain to Jaffna. All movements of naval vessels were also under the constant surveillance of the LTTE.<a href="#cite_note-south3-189">[188]</a> These fears were backed up by a US military advisory team which visited the island in 2005. Following clashes in Mavil Aru and Muttur, the LTTE had intensified attacks targeting the naval base in Trincomalee,<a href="#cite_note-hindu4-188">[187]</a> and in a speech on 21 August Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapakse made clear the government intentions were to neutralize the LTTE threat from Sampur.<a href="#cite_note-hindu4-188">[187]</a> On 28 August the military launched an assault to retake the LTTE camps in Sampur and the adjoining Kaddaiparichchan and Thoppur areas. This led the LTTE to declare that if the offensive continued, the cease-fire would be officially over. After steady progress, security forces led by Brigade Commander Sarath Wijesinghe<a href="#cite_note-hindu5-190">[189]</a> recaptured Sampur from the LTTE on 4 September and began to establish military bases there,<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> as the LTTE admitted defeat and stated their fighters "withdrew" from the strategically important town.<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> It marked the first significant territorial change of hands since the signing of the cease-fire agreement in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-iht1-193">[192]</a> The Sri Lankan military estimated that 33 of its personnel were killed in the offensive, along with over 200 LTTE fighters.<a href="#cite_note-hindu5-190">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="LTTE_retaliation_and_further_peace_talks">LTTE retaliation and further peace talks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: LTTE retaliation and further peace talks">edit</a>]</div> The LTTE struck back in October. First, they killed nearly 130 soldiers in a fierce battle at Muhamalai, the crossing-point between government- and LTTE-controlled area in the north of the country.<a href="#cite_note-sunday1-194">[193]</a> Just days later, a suspected LTTE suicide bomber <a href="/wiki/2006_Digampathana_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Digampathana bombing">struck a naval convoy</a> in Habarana, in the center of the country, killing about 100 sailors who were returning home on leave.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> It was the deadliest suicide attack in the history of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-zaman1-196">[195]</a> Two days later LTTE Sea Tiger forces launched an attack against the Dakshina naval base in the southern port city of <a href="/wiki/Galle" title="Galle">Galle</a>. It was the farthest south any major LTTE attack had taken place, and involved 15 LTTE fighters who arrived in five suicide boats. The attack was repulsed by the government, and the damage to the naval base was minimal. All 15 LTTE fighters were believed to have died in the attack, along with one Navy sailor.<a href="#cite_note-hindu6-197">[196]</a> Despite these incidents, both parties agreed to unconditionally attend peace talks in Geneva on 28–29 October.<a href="#cite_note-south4-198">[197]</a> However, the peace talks broke down due to disagreements over the reopening of the key A9 highway, which is the link between Jaffna and government-controlled areas in the south. While the LTTE wanted the highway, which was closed following fierce battles in August, to be reopened, the government refused, stating the LTTE would use it to collect taxes from people passing through and would use it to launch further offensives against government troops.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Following the dawn of the new year, suspected <a href="/wiki/LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="LTTE">LTTE</a> fighters carried out two bus bombings in the south of the country, killing 21 civilians. News reports stated that the attacks bore all the hallmarks of an LTTE attack.<a href="#cite_note-an1-200">[199]</a> The Sri Lankan government condemned the attacks and blamed the LTTE for carrying them out, although the LTTE denied any involvement.<a href="#cite_note-mcns1-201">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_offensive_in_the_East">Government offensive in the East</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Government offensive in the East">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV" title="Eastern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Eastern Theatre of Eelam War IV</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Definite_Victory" title="Operation Definite Victory">Operation Definite Victory</a></div> In December 2006 Sri Lankan government officials announced their plans to drive the LTTE out of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern Province</a> of Sri Lanka, and then use the full strength of the military to defeat the LTTE in the north of the country. The government stated that LTTE was firing artillery towards civilian settlements in the east and were using 35,000 people as human shields.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-14_December_2006-202">[201]</a> These claims were later backed up by civilians in the area, who told reporters that they were held by force by the Tamil Tigers.<a href="#cite_note-iht-18_December_2006-203">[202]</a> On 7 November 2006, amidst conflicting claims, over 45 Tamil civilians were killed in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Vaharai_bombing" title="Vaharai bombing">Vaharai bombing</a>. Subsequently, the army began an offensive against the LTTE on 8 December 2006, in the Batticoloa District with the objective of taking <a href="/wiki/Vakarai_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Vakarai (Sri Lanka)">Vakarai</a>, the principal stronghold of the LTTE in the east; the operation was temporarily aborted after a week of fighting due to the large number of civilians in the area and the difficulty in conducting combat operations due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> rain.<a href="#cite_note-uthr1-204">[203]</a> Over the next few weeks an estimated 20,000 civilians fled from to government-controlled areas, fearing the imminent assault. The army launched a new offensive in mid-January, and Vakarai fell to the advancing troops on 19 January. While the offensive in the East was ongoing, the LTTE and others accused the government of murdering 15 civilians in the <a href="/wiki/Padahuthurai_bombing" title="Padahuthurai bombing">Padahuthurai bombing</a> on 2 January, when the air force bombed what they claimed to be an <a href="/wiki/LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="LTTE">LTTE</a> naval base in Illuppaikadavai in northern Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-trib1-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> The loss of Vakarai had been predicted to cut off supply routes of the northern Tigers to their cadres in the east, thus weakening the Tigers' already diminishing grip on the east.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> As the military offensive was ongoing, the LTTE continued to carry out attacks against civilians in government-held territory. On 1 April 2007 the military accused the LTTE of killing six Sinhalese tsunami aid workers in the eastern district of Batticaloa.<a href="#cite_note-smh-4/2/07-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-toi-4/2/07-210">[209]</a> The next day suspected LTTE fighters set off a bomb aboard a civilian bus in Ampara, which killed 17 people, including three children.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-4/2/07-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-mod-bus-4/2/07-212">[211]</a> Troops mostly operating in small groups of Special Forces and Commando units began a new operation in February<a href="#cite_note-ra-4/12/07-213">[212]</a> to clear the last remaining LTTE fighters from the Eastern Province. As part of the operation, troops captured the key LTTE base in <a href="/wiki/Kokkadicholai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokkadicholai">Kokkadicholai</a> on 28 March,<a href="#cite_note-mod-kkd-28_March_2007-214">[213]</a> and the strategic <a href="/wiki/A5_highway_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="A5 highway (Sri Lanka)">A5 highway</a> on 12 April, bringing the entire highway under government control for the first time in 15 years.<a href="#cite_note-mod-a5-4/12/07-215">[214]</a> This meant the LTTE's presence in the east was reduced to a 140-square-kilometre pocket of jungle in the Thoppigala area northwest of Batticaloa.<a href="#cite_note-ra-4/12/07-213">[212]</a> After the three-month-long <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thoppigala" title="Battle of Thoppigala">Battle of Thoppigala</a>, the army captured the Thoppigala peak on 11 July 2007, ending the LTTE's military capability in the Eastern Province and concluding Eelam War IV in the Eastern theatre.<a href="#cite_note-Baron's_cap_battle-2007-07-11-216">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_offensive_in_the_North">Government offensive in the North</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Government offensive in the North">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Sri_Lankan_Army_Northern_offensive" title="2008–2009 Sri Lankan Army Northern offensive">2008–2009 Sri Lankan Army Northern offensive</a></div> Sporadic fighting in the North had been going on for months, but the intensity of the clashes increased after September 2007. During clashes in the Forward Defence Lines, separating their forces, both sides exchanged heavy artillery fire, after which military incursions followed.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> By December 2007, the LTTE defences at Uyilankulama, Parappakandal and Thampanai were lost to advancing troops of the Sri Lanka Army.<a href="#cite_note-mod-ma-22_December_2007-218">[217]</a> In an interview with the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Observer">Sunday Observer</a> the Army Commander Lt. Gen. Sarath Fonseka said that the Army had occupied the LTTE's Forward Defence Lines and surrounded the Wanni LTTE bases from all directions. He also said that there were around 3,000 Tigers remaining and that the military intended to annihilate them within the first six months of the next year.<a href="#cite_note-mod-no-30_December_2007-219">[218]</a> A day later there were less optimistic statements by Army, Air Force and Navy Commanders. The Army was to face an estimated 5,000 Tiger cadres in the Wanni. The Commander of the Army intended to shift the current battles in the Forward Defence Lines to a decisive phase in August 2008. In the Commanders' view, it was quite possible to defeat the LTTE in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2b-220">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Sri Lanka">military of Sri Lanka</a> claimed that the leader of the LTTE, <a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">Velupillai Prabhakaran</a>, was seriously injured during air strikes carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force" title="Sri Lanka Air Force">Sri Lanka Air Force</a> on a bunker complex in Jayanthinagar on 26 November 2007.<a href="#cite_note-mod-vp-19_December_2007-221">[220]</a> Earlier, on 2 November 2007, <a href="/wiki/S._P._Thamilselvan" title="S. P. Thamilselvan">S. P. Thamilselvan</a>, the head of the LTTE political wing, was killed during another government air raid.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> The Sri Lanka Air Force openly vowed to destroy the entire leadership of the LTTE.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2b-220">[219]</a> On 5 January 2008, Colonel Charles, Head of LTTE Military Intelligence, was killed in a <a href="/wiki/Claymore_mine" title="Claymore mine">claymore mine</a> ambush by a <a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Patrol_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (Sri Lanka)">Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (Sri Lanka)</a> (LRRP).<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abrogation_of_ceasefire_agreement">Abrogation of ceasefire agreement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Abrogation of ceasefire agreement">edit</a>]</div> Defense secretary <a href="/wiki/Gotabhaya_Rajapaksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotabhaya Rajapaksa">Gotabhaya Rajapaksa</a> urged the government to abandon the ceasefire agreement in December 2007,<a href="#cite_note-Daily-225">[224]</a> and on 2 January 2008, the Sri Lankan government officially did so.<a href="#cite_note-afp-226">[225]</a> Between February 2002 to May 2007, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Monitoring_Mission" title="Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission">Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission</a> had documented 3,830 ceasefire violations by the LTTE versus 351 by the security forces.<a href="#cite_note-rep-10">[10]</a> From May 2007, the SLMM ceased making determinations on ceasefire violations. Thus the government stated there was no need for a ceasefire any more. Several donor countries expressed their disappointment at the Sri Lankan government's withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-Ministry-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foreign-228">[227]</a> The LTTE formally responded that since the government had unilaterally withdrawn from the ceasefire agreement without any justification and that they were prepared to continue to honour the agreement, the international community ought to immediately remove the bans it had placed on the LTTE.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-cfa-230">[229]</a> The government then attempted to open a third front along the <a href="/wiki/Muhamalai_Forward_Defence_Line" title="Muhamalai Forward Defence Line">Muhamalai Forward Defence Line</a>. After an initial setback on 23 April,<a href="#cite_note-apr2308-231">[230]</a> the Sri Lankan Army advanced rapidly, capturing the town of Adampan on 9 May,<a href="#cite_note-mod-ma-05/09/08-232">[231]</a> Mannar "Rice Bowl" which consists of the island's most fertile paddy fields on 30 June,<a href="#cite_note-bloomb-233">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vidattaltivu" title="Vidattaltivu">Vidattaltivu</a> on 16 July,<a href="#cite_note-mod-ma-16_July_2008-234">[233]</a> and Iluppaikkadavai on 20 July.<a href="#cite_note-mod-ma-20_July_2008-235">[234]</a> On 21 July 2008, the LTTE announced that it would be declaring a unilateral ceasefire from 28 July to 4 August, to coincide with the 15th summit of the heads of state of <a href="/wiki/SAARC" class="mw-redirect" title="SAARC">SAARC</a> to be held in Colombo.<a href="#cite_note-dm_22_July_2008-236">[235]</a> However, the government of Sri Lanka dismissed the LTTE's offer as needless and treacherous.<a href="#cite_note-mod-ma-25_July_2008-237">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Significant_military_gains_by_the_government">Significant military gains by the government</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Significant military gains by the government">edit</a>]</div> On 2 August 2008, Vellankulam town, the LTTE's last stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Mannar_District" title="Mannar District">Mannar District</a>, fell to the advancing SLA troops, completing the eight-month effort to recapture the district.<a href="#cite_note-mod-ma-08/02/08-238">[237]</a> The Army followed this up by taking control of <a href="/wiki/Mallavi" title="Mallavi">Mallavi</a> on 2 September, following weeks of heavy military confrontation.<a href="#cite_note-mod-ma-09/02/08-239">[238]</a> The LTTE countered with a surprise attack on the <a href="/wiki/Vavuniya" title="Vavuniya">Vavuniya</a> air base on 9 September, in which both sides claimed victory.<a href="#cite_note-mod-va-9_September_2008-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-mod-tn-9_September_2008-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-mod-bbc-09/10/08-242">[241]</a> From Mannar, the Army had entered <a href="/wiki/Kilinochchi_District" title="Kilinochchi District">Kilinochchi District</a>, the last stronghold of the LTTE, at the end of July,<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> with the intention of taking <a href="/wiki/Kilinochchi" title="Kilinochchi">Kilinochchi</a> before the end of the year. On 3 October 2008, a UN aid convoy managed to unload all its cargo in Kilinochchi District and described Kilinochchi town as having been nearly abandoned,<a href="#cite_note-mod-bbc-10/03/08-244">[243]</a> but the LTTE were able to kill retired Major General <a href="/wiki/Janaka_Perera" title="Janaka Perera">Janaka Perera</a> along with 26 other victims in a suicide blast on 6 October.<a href="#cite_note-mod-bbc-10/06/08-245">[244]</a> On 17 October 2008, SLA troops cut off the <a href="/wiki/A32_highway_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="A32 highway (Sri Lanka)">Mannar-Poonaryn A32 highway</a> north of Nachchikuda, the main remaining <a href="/wiki/Sea_Tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Tiger">Sea Tiger</a> stronghold on the northwestern coast of the island, thus effectively encircling it.<a href="#cite_note-mod-ki-17_October_2008-246">[245]</a> They began their assault on 28 October and captured it the next day.<a href="#cite_note-mod-ki-28_October_2008-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-mod-ki-29_October_2008-248">[247]</a> After that the Army Task Force 1 continued their advance towards Pooneryn and captured Kiranchchi, Palavi, Veravil, Valaipadu and Devil's Point.<a href="#cite_note-mod-ki-11_November_2008-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-mod-bbc-11_November_2008-250">[249]</a> On 15 November 2008, troops of the Army Task Force 1 entered the strategically important Tiger stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Pooneryn" class="mw-redirect" title="Pooneryn">Pooneryn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mod-bbc-15_November_2008-251">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-mod-ki-15_November_2008-252">[251]</a> Simultaneously, the newly created Army Task Force 3 was introduced into the area of <a href="/wiki/Maankulam_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Maankulam (Sri Lanka)">Mankulam</a> with the objective of engaging the LTTE cadres in a new battlefront towards the east of the <a href="/wiki/A9_highway_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="A9 highway (Sri Lanka)">Jaffna–Kandy A9 highway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mod-mu-11/03/08-253">[252]</a> SLA troops captured <a href="/wiki/Maankulam_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Maankulam (Sri Lanka)">Mankulam</a> and the surrounding area on 17 November 2008.<a href="#cite_note-mod-mu-17_November_2008-254">[253]</a> Meanwhile, the situation of more than 200,000 civilians who had been displaced in the latest round of fighting was turning into a humanitarian disaster; however, due to a number of reasons including doubts regarding the sincerity of the LTTE's negotiations, neither Western governments nor India intervened to broker a new ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-mod-bbc-10/17/08-2-255">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fall_of_Kilinochchi_and_subsequent_events">Fall of Kilinochchi and subsequent events</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fall of Kilinochchi and subsequent events">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilinochchi_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Battle of Kilinochchi (2008–2009)">Battle of Kilinochchi (2008–2009)</a></div> The Sri Lankan Army began the attack on Kilinochchi on 23 November 2008. Troops were attacking rebels' defences from three directions.<a href="#cite_note-mod-bbc-24_November_2008-256">[255]</a> However, the LTTE offered a stiff resistance, and the prolonged attack resulted in heavy casualties on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-mod-bbc-17_December_2008-257">[256]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tractors._Jan_2009_displacement_in_the_Vanni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tractors._Jan_2009_displacement_in_the_Vanni.jpg/260px-Tractors._Jan_2009_displacement_in_the_Vanni.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tractors._Jan_2009_displacement_in_the_Vanni.jpg/390px-Tractors._Jan_2009_displacement_in_the_Vanni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tractors._Jan_2009_displacement_in_the_Vanni.jpg/520px-Tractors._Jan_2009_displacement_in_the_Vanni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Photo release by the <a href="/wiki/Tamils_Rehabilitation_Organisation" title="Tamils Rehabilitation Organisation">Tamils Rehabilitation Organisation</a> depicting civilians being displaced as a result of the Sri Lanka Army's military offensive. January 2009.</figcaption></figure> Not until 1 January 2009 were SLA troops able to capture <a href="/wiki/Paranthan" title="Paranthan">Paranthan</a>, located to the north of Kilinochchi along the A-9 route. This isolated the southern periphery of the <a href="/wiki/Elephant_Pass" title="Elephant Pass">Elephant Pass</a> LTTE foothold and also exposed the LTTE's main fortification at Kilinochchi.<a href="#cite_note-mod-ki-1_January_2009-258">[257]</a> This made the capture of Kilinochchi, which the rebels had used for over a decade as their de facto administrative capital, far simpler, and they were able to accomplish this on 2 January. The loss of Killinochchi caused a substantial dent in the LTTE's image as a capable, ruthless rebel group,<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> and observers forecast the LTTE was likely to collapse before long under unbearable military pressure on multiple fronts.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> The Tigers quickly abandoned their positions on the Jaffna peninsula to make a last stand in the jungles of <a href="/wiki/Mullaitivu" title="Mullaitivu">Mullaitivu</a>, their last main base.<a href="#cite_note-mod-bbc-01/08/09-261">[260]</a> The entire Jaffna peninsula was captured by the Sri Lanka Army by 14 January 2009.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> However, they were unable to hold out for long, and on 25 January, SLA troops captured Mullaitivu.<a href="#cite_note-mod-bbc-25_January_2009-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_2009/01/26-264">[263]</a> The last Sea Tiger base in Chalai was next to fall on 5 February, reducing the territory under rebel control to less than some 200 km2.<a href="#cite_note-mod-mu-02/05/09-265">[264]</a> This stage of the war was marked by increased brutality against civilians and rapidly mounting civilian casualties. On 19 February 2009, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> issued a report accusing the Sri Lankan army of "slaughtering" the civilians during indiscriminate artillery attacks (including repeated shelling of hospitals) and calling on the Sri Lankan government to end its policy of "detaining displaced persons" in military-controlled internment camps. Human Rights Watch also urged the Tamil Tigers to permit trapped civilians to leave the war zone and to "stop shooting at those who try to flee".<a href="#cite_note-hrw-19_February_2008-266">[265]</a> The UN was also concerned over the condition of internally displaced persons and estimated that some 200,000 people were being squeezed into a narrow 14 square kilometre patch of land on the coast in Vanni, which the government had declared the 'no-fire zone'.<a href="#cite_note-un-27_February_2008-267">[266]</a> On 20 February 2009, two LTTE planes on <a href="/wiki/2009_suicide_air_raid_on_Colombo" title="2009 suicide air raid on Colombo">a suicide mission</a> carried out a <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> style air attack on the Sri Lankan commercial capital <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, killing 2 and wounding 45, but both planes were shot down by the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Air Force">Sri Lankan Air Force</a> before they could damage the intended targets which were the Army Headquarters and the main Air Force base.<a href="#cite_note-australian-nottamed-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> By late March, the Tamil Tigers controlled only one square kilometre outside the no-fire zone, down from about 15,000 km2 a mere three years earlier. Political pressure was placed on President Rajapaksa to find a political solution to the conflict and he called for a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">Tamil National Alliance</a>, but they refused until the government resolved the humanitarian crisis faced by civilians trapped in the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aanandapuram" title="Battle of Aanandapuram">Battle of Aanandapuram</a>, which was described by military analyst/journalist D. B. S. Jeyaraj as the "defining moment" of the 3 decade war, was fought on 5 April. This battle saw the demise of most of the battle-hardened ground commanders of the LTTE, including Velayuthapillai Baheerathakumar alias Theepan, the overall commander of the LTTE northern front fighting formations. SLA soldiers numbering more than 50,000 from 5 divisions participated in the battle encircling the LTTE cadres inside a small littoral strip of territory located between the <a href="/wiki/A35_highway_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="A35 highway (Sri Lanka)">Paranthan-Mullaitivu A35 highway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanthi_Lagoon" title="Nanthi Lagoon">Nanthikadal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalai_Lagoon" title="Chalai Lagoon">Chalai Lagoons</a> on one side and the Indian Ocean on the other. Rebel casualties amounted to 625.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fighting_in_the_'No-Fire_Zone'">Fighting in the 'No-Fire Zone'</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fighting in the 'No-Fire Zone'">edit</a>]</div> SLA troops were able to push the Tamil Tigers into the no-fire zone set up for civilians.<a href="#cite_note-mod-mu-04/05/09-272">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> The LTTE then built a 3-kilometre (2 mi) long <a href="/wiki/Bunding" title="Bunding">bund</a> in the no-fire zone, trapping over 30,000 civilians, but the SLA was able to destroy this.<a href="#cite_note-mod-mu-20_April_2009-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> On 21 April, Sri Lankan troops launched an assault, targeting LTTE leader, <a href="/wiki/Vellupillai_Prabhakaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellupillai Prabhakaran">Vellupillai Prabhakaran</a>. At the same time, a mass Tamil exodus from the 'no-fire zone' was underway.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> The next day, two senior LTTE members (LTTE media co-ordinator Velayuthan Thayanithi, alias Daya Master, and a top interpreter Kumar Pancharathnam, alias George)<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> surrendered to the advancing Sri Lankan army. This came as "a rude shock" and a major setback for the rebel leadership.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> When asked why they had surrendered, both men stressed that rebels were shooting at the civilians and preventing them from escaping from the 'no-fire zone' to safety in government-controlled areas. They also alleged that the LTTE were still abducting and conscripting children as young as 14 years old, and would fire at anyone who tried to resist.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> By 25 April, the area under the LTTE was reduced to 10 km2. While the Tamil exodus from the 'no-fire zone' continued, the UN estimated that around 6,500 civilians may have been killed and another 14,000 wounded between January 2009 and April 2009.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> The BBC reported that the land recaptured by the army from the rebels was totally depopulated and utterly devastated.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> As fighting continued, a group of independent United Nations experts called on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Council">Human Rights Council</a> to urgently set up an international inquiry to address the "critical" situation in Sri Lanka amid fighting between the Army and Tamil rebels. According to the <a href="/wiki/UN_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a> (<a href="/wiki/OCHA" class="mw-redirect" title="OCHA">OCHA</a>), over 196,000 people fled the conflict zone, a shrinking pocket of land on the north-east coastline, where clashes continued between government troops and the LTTE, while at least 50,000 people were still trapped there.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> A UN spokesman in Colombo, Gordon Weiss, said more than 100 children died during the "large-scale killing of civilians" and described the situation in northern Sri Lanka as a "bloodbath".<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> said he was appalled at the killing of hundreds of Sri Lankan civilians caught in the middle of hostilities between the army and separatist Tamil rebels over the weekend. He voiced deep concern over the continued use of heavy weapons in the conflict zone, but also stressed that the "reckless disrespect shown by the LTTE for the safety of civilians has led to thousands of people remaining trapped in the area".<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> On 13 May, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> issued the following press statement, "The members of the Security Council strongly condemn the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) for its acts of terrorism over many years, and for its continued use of civilians as human shields, and acknowledge the legitimate right of the Government of Sri Lanka to combat terrorism. The members of the Security Council demand that the LTTE lay down its arms and allow the tens of thousands of civilians still in the conflict zone to leave. The members of the Security Council express deep concern at the reports of continued use of heavy calibre weapons in areas with high concentrations of civilians, and expect the Government of Sri Lanka to fulfil its commitment in this regard."<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> On 16 May 2009, Sri Lankan troops broke through LTTE defences and captured the last section of coastline held by Tamil Tiger rebels. The army reported it was set to "clear" remaining rebel-held land within days.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-mod-mu-16_May_2009-290">[289]</a> Later the military claimed, citing allegedly intercepted LTTE communications, that rebels were preparing for a <a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">mass suicide</a> after being effectively cut off from escape routes.<a href="#cite_note-mod-nfz-16_May_2009-291">[290]</a> Some rebels were reported to have blown themselves up.<a href="#cite_note-292">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_war">End of the war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: End of the war">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16_May:_Sri_Lanka_declares_victory">16 May: Sri Lanka declares victory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 16 May: Sri Lanka declares victory">edit</a>]</div> Addressing the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eleven" title="Group of Eleven">G11</a> summit in Jordan, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a> stated "my government, with the total commitment of our armed forces, has in an unprecedented humanitarian operation finally defeated the LTTE militarily".<a href="#cite_note-voas-46">[46]</a> Sri Lankan <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Army_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Army (Sri Lanka)">Commander of the Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka" title="Sarath Fonseka">Sarath Fonseka</a> also declared victory over LTTE.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> Sri Lankan troops raced to clear the last LTTE pockets of resistance. As the last LTTE strongpoints crumbled, Sri Lankan troops killed 70 rebels attempting to escape by boat.<a href="#cite_note-tonline-294">[293]</a> The whereabouts of LTTE leader <a href="/wiki/Vellupillai_Prabhakaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellupillai Prabhakaran">Vellupillai Prabhakaran</a> and other major rebel leaders were not certain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="17_May:_Tigers_admit_defeat">17 May: Tigers admit defeat</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 17 May: Tigers admit defeat">edit</a>]</div> The LTTE finally admitted defeat on 17 May 2009, with the rebels' chief of international relations <a href="/wiki/Selvarasa_Pathmanathan" title="Selvarasa Pathmanathan">Selvarasa Pathmanathan</a> said, "This battle has reached its bitter end ... We have decided to silence our guns. Our only regrets are for the lives lost and that we could not hold out for longer".<a href="#cite_note-tonline1-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-correspondentscivil-295">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18_May:_First_claim_of_Prabhakaran's_death">18 May: First claim of Prabhakaran's death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 18 May: First claim of Prabhakaran's death">edit</a>]</div> The Sri Lankan armed forces claimed that the leader of the LTTE, <a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">Velupillai Prabhakaran</a>, was killed in the morning of 18 May 2009 while he was trying to flee the conflict zone in an ambulance. The announcement on state television came shortly after the military said it had surrounded Prabhakaran in a tiny patch of jungle in the north-east. The Daily Telegraph wrote that, according to Sri Lankan TV, Prabhakaran was "... killed in a rocket-propelled grenade attack as he tried to escape the war zone in an Ambulance with his closest aides. <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Soosai" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Soosai">Colonel Soosai</a>, the leader of his "<a href="/wiki/Sea_Tigers" title="Sea Tigers">Sea Tigers</a>" navy, and <a href="/wiki/Pottu_Amman_(Tamil_militant)" title="Pottu Amman (Tamil militant)">Pottu Amman</a>, his intelligence chief were also killed in the attack."<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> The head of the Sri Lankan army, General <a href="/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka" title="Sarath Fonseka">Sarath Fonseka</a>, said the military had defeated the rebels and "liberated the entire country". Military spokesman <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brigadier</a> <a href="/wiki/Udaya_Nanayakkara" title="Udaya Nanayakkara">Udaya Nanayakkara</a> stated 250 Tamil Tigers, who were hiding and fighting from within the no fire zone,<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> were killed overnight.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19_May:_President_addresses_the_Parliament_and_Prabhakaran_confirmed_dead">19 May: President addresses the Parliament and Prabhakaran confirmed dead</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 19 May: President addresses the Parliament and Prabhakaran confirmed dead">edit</a>]</div> Fighting went on until 9:30 am 19 May 2009. The firing stopped as all LTTE fighters died in the battle. Troops started collecting bodies again. This time, <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a> Muthu Banda, attached to Sri Lanka Army Task Force VIII, reported to Ravipriya that a body similar to Prabhakaran's had been found. At 9:00 am on 19 May 2009 <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a> delivered a victory address to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament</a> and declared that Sri Lanka had been liberated from terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> Around 9:30 am troops attached to Task Force VIII of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Sri Lanka Army</a>, reported to its commander, <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> G.V. Ravipriya that a body similar to Velupillai Prabhakaran has been found among the mangroves in <a href="/wiki/Nanthi_Lagoon" title="Nanthi Lagoon">Nandikadal lagoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lankaw-300">[299]</a> It was identified by the officer. At 12:15 pm Army Commander <a href="/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka" title="Sarath Fonseka">Sarath Fonseka</a> officially announced Prabhakaran's death, through the State television <a href="/wiki/Independent_Television_Network" title="Independent Television Network">ITN</a>. At around 1:00 pm his body was shown in <a href="/wiki/Swarnavahini" title="Swarnavahini">Swarnavahini</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> Prabakaran's identity was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Vinayagamoorthy_Muralitharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinayagamoorthy Muralitharan">Karuna Amman</a>, his former confidant, and through DNA testing against his son's genetic material who had been killed earlier by the Sri Lanka Military.<a href="#cite_note-DNA-302">[301]</a> However, LTTE Chief of international relations, <a href="/wiki/Selvarasa_Pathmanathan" title="Selvarasa Pathmanathan">Selvarasa Pathmanathan</a> on the same day claimed that "Our beloved leader is alive and safe."<a href="#cite_note-pathman-303">[302]</a> On 24 May 2009, he admitted the death of Prabhakaran, retracting the previous statement.<a href="#cite_note-expr-304">[303]</a> The Sri Lankan Government had declared victory on 19 May 2009.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combat_after_18_May_2009">Combat after 18 May 2009</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Combat after 18 May 2009">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>19 May 2009 – 3 LTTE cadre killed by the Sri Lankan Army at Kachikudichchiaru, <a href="/wiki/Ampara" title="Ampara">Ampara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-detailed1-306">[305]</a></li> <li>20 May 2009 – 5 LTTE cadre killed by the Sri Lankan Army near Periyapillumalai area.<a href="#cite_note-detailed1-306">[305]</a></li> <li>21 May 2009 – 10 LTTE cadre killed by the Sri Lankan Army in the Kadawana jungle area.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a></li> <li>27 May 2009 – 11 LTTE cadre killed by the Sri Lankan Army at Kalavanchchikudi in the Batticaloa area. Five <a href="/wiki/Type_56_assault_rifle" title="Type 56 assault rifle">T-56 assault rifles</a>, twenty claymore mines (15 kg each), two hand grenades, three anti-personnel mines and medical items were reported recovered by military sources.<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a></li> <li>5 June 2009 – Special Task Force (STF) personnel while conducting search and clear operation in Darampalawa area in <a href="/wiki/Ampara" title="Ampara">Ampara</a> confronted a group of LTTE cadre and recovered two bodies along with numerous military items.<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a></li> <li>4 July 2009 – A Sri Lanka Army (SLA) soldier was killed and two wounded in a clash that erupted at Kiraankulam in Batticaloa lagoon area. A wounded LTTE soldier was also admitted in the hospital.<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a></li> <li>5 August 2009 – <a href="/wiki/Selvarasa_Pathmanathan" title="Selvarasa Pathmanathan">Selvarasa Pathmanathan</a>, the new leader of LTTE was arrested by a Sri Lankan military intelligence unit, with the collaboration of local authorities, in the <a href="/wiki/Tune_Hotels#Malaysia" title="Tune Hotels">Tune Hotel</a>, Downtown <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia and brought back to Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a></li> <li>August 2009 – 5 LTTE cadres were killed while they were hiding inside a house in Batticaloa. Another one was captured alive while injured. He was sent to hospital. A SLA soldier was also wounded.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction">Reaction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Reaction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_end_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Reactions to the end of the Sri Lankan civil war">Reactions to the end of the Sri Lankan civil war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_protest_on_University_Avenue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tamil_protest_on_University_Avenue.jpg/260px-Tamil_protest_on_University_Avenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tamil_protest_on_University_Avenue.jpg/390px-Tamil_protest_on_University_Avenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tamil_protest_on_University_Avenue.jpg/520px-Tamil_protest_on_University_Avenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Canadian">Canadian Tamils</a> block University Avenue, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> demonstrating against the Sri Lankan forces.</figcaption></figure> The general non-Tamil public of Sri Lanka took to streets to celebrate the end of the decades-long war. Streets were filled with joyous scenes of jubilation.<a href="#cite_note-celeb-312">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-celeb2-313">[312]</a> Opposition leader Ranil Wickremasinghe, through a telephone call, congratulated President Rajapaksa and the state security forces for their victory over the LTTE.<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> Religious leaders, too, hailed the end of the bloodshed.<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> International response to the end of the fighting was also positive and welcoming, while some countries expressed concern over the civilian casualties and the humanitarian impact. <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">United Nations Secretary General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> said, "I am relieved by the conclusion of the military operation, but I am deeply troubled by the loss of so many civilian lives. The task now facing the people of Sri Lanka is immense and requires all hands. It is most important that every effort be undertaken to begin a process of healing and national reconciliation".<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine named the end of the Sri Lankan civil war as one of the top 10 news stories of 2009.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests">Protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Protests">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_diaspora" title="Tamil diaspora">Tamil diaspora</a> communities around the world protested the civilian casualties in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province, Sri Lanka</a> and the war in general. Active protests occurred in the major and/or capital cities of India,<a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-318">[317]</a> the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/Protests_in_Canada_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests in Canada against the Sri Lankan civil war">Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-star1-320">[319]</a> Australia, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Sri Lankan civil war">Casualties of the Sri Lankan civil war</a></div> The Sri Lankan civil war was very costly, killing more than 100,000 civilians<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> and over 50,000 fighters from both sides of the conflict. Around 27,000+ LTTE cadres, 28,708+ Sri Lankan Army personnel,<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> 1000+ Sri Lankan police, 1500 Indian soldiers were said to have died in the conflict. In 2008, the LTTE revealed that 22,390 fighters have died in the armed struggle since 27 November 1982, although it stopped keeping records in 2009. Secretary of Defence <a href="/wiki/Gotabhaya_Rajapaksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotabhaya Rajapaksa">Gotabhaya Rajapaksa</a> said in an interview with state television that 23,790 Sri Lankan military personnel were killed since 1981 (it was not specified if police or other non-armed forces personnel were included in this particular figure). The <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Conflict_Data_Program" title="Uppsala Conflict Data Program">Uppsala Conflict Data Program</a>, a university-based data collection program considered to be "one of the most accurate and well-used data-sources on global armed conflicts", provides free data to the public and has divided Sri Lanka's conflicts into groups based on the actors involved. It reported that, between 1990 and 2009, between 59,193–75,601 people were killed in Sri Lanka during various three types of organized armed conflict: "State-based" conflicts, those that involved the Government of Sri Lanka against rebel groups(LTTE and the JVP), "Non-state" conflicts, those conflicts that did not involve the government of Sri Lanka (e.g. LTTE vs. LTTE-Karuna Faction, and LTTE vs. PLOTE), as well as "One-sided" violence, that involved deliberate attacks against civilians perpetrated by either LTTE or the Government of Sri Lanka. The "Tamil Centre for Human Rights" recorded that from 1983 to 2004, 54,053 Tamil civilians were murdered by both the Sri Lankan government and IPKF forces.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[323]</a> Another organization called <a href="/wiki/NESOHR" class="mw-redirect" title="NESOHR">NESOHR</a> published that from the beginning of the war to the 2002 ceasefire, 4,000 to 5,000 Tamil civilians were killed in large scale massacres, with a total civilian death of around 40,000. Civilian casualties that occurred in 2009 is of major controversy, as there were no organizations to record the events during the final months of the war. The Sri Lankan government revealed that 9,000 people were killed in the final months of the war, but it did not differentiate between LTTE cadres and civilians. The <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a>, based on credible witness evidence from aid agencies and civilians evacuated from the Safe Zone by sea, estimated that 6,500 civilians were killed and another 14,000 injured between mid-January 2009, when the Safe Zone was first declared, and mid-April 2009. There are no official casualty figures after this period but estimates of the death toll for the final four months of the civil war (mid-January to mid-May) range from 15,000 to 20,000. A <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a> report has suggested that the actual casualty figures were probably much higher than the UN's estimates and that significant numbers of casualties weren't recorded. A former UN official has claimed that up to 40,000 civilians may have been killed in the final stages of the civil war. Most of the details pertaining to the civilian casualties were reported by four doctors who worked in the no-fire zone. In a joint press conference after the war in July 2009 while still in <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Sri Lanka)">CID</a> custody, they recanted their initial reports, stating that the casualty figures were exaggerated and were handed to them by the LTTE.<a href="#cite_note-bbc080709-325">[324]</a> However, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">leaked US diplomatic cable</a> contains dispatches stating that the doctors upon their release in August 2009 are to have stated to US embassy personnel that they were heavily coached for the press conference and that they had not lied when giving their original statements.<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> A <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a> report has suggested that the actual casualty figures were probably much higher than the UN estimates and that significant numbers of casualties were not recorded.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-327">[326]</a> Gordon Weiss, a former UN official has claimed that up to 40,000 civilians may have been killed in the final stages of the war.<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> The U.N Secretary General's experts panel report had said that as many as 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil</a> civilians could have been killed in the final phases of the Sri Lankan civil war.<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> On the contrary, <a href="/wiki/Rajiva_Wijesinha" title="Rajiva Wijesinha">Rajiva Wijesinha</a> the permanent secretary to the Sri Lanka's Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights, in June 2009 said that altogether 3,000 to 5,000 civilians may have been killed during the period.<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> In November 2011, threat specialist <a href="/wiki/Rohan_Gunaratna" title="Rohan Gunaratna">Rohan Gunaratna</a>, estimated the number of civilian casualties to be 1,400 (1200 killed by army cross-fire and 200 by LTTE). His estimate is in part based on information obtained from captured LTTE cadres to which he had been granted access and from coroners working in and around the no-fire zone.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a> In February 2012, the Sri Lankan government released an official estimate of civilian deaths in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province</a>, concluding that 8,649 people have died due to extraordinary circumstances (reasons other than ageing, diseases, natural disasters etc.), in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-eve2011-333">[332]</a> It also listed 2,635 people as untraceable. However the report did not differentiate civilians from the slain LTTE cadres. Several human rights groups have even claimed that the death toll in the last months of the war could be 70,000. The Sri Lankan government has denied all claims of causing mass casualties against Tamils, arguing that it was "taking care not to harm civilians". Instead, it has blamed the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a> for the high casualty numbers, stating that they used the civilians as <a href="/wiki/Human_shields_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human shields (law)">human shields.</a> Both the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="LTTE">LTTE</a> have been accused by the U.N for war crimes during the last phase of the war. While the majority of civilian deaths were that of the Tamil minority, both <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Moor</a> civilians died in the war. The <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a> were estimated to be responsible for 3,700 to 4,100 civilian deaths in over 200 separate attacks.<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a> In response to the killings of Sinhalese and Muslims, LTTE leader Prabhakaran denied allegations of killing civilians, claiming to condemn such acts of violence; and claimed that LTTE had instead attacked armed <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Home_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Home Guard">home guards</a> who were "death-squads let loose on Tamil civilians" and Sinhalese settlers who were "brought to the Tamil areas to forcibly occupy the land." However, this figure only accounts for those killed in open attacks. According to Rajan Hoole, various dissident sources allege that the number of Tamil dissenters and prisoners from rival armed groups clandestinely killed by the LTTE in detention or otherwise ranges from 8,000–20,000<a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a> although he later stated that western agencies dismissed his figures as exaggeration.<a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_cost">Economic cost</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Economic cost">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shelter_from_tarp_and_sticks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shelter_from_tarp_and_sticks.jpg/220px-Shelter_from_tarp_and_sticks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shelter_from_tarp_and_sticks.jpg/330px-Shelter_from_tarp_and_sticks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shelter_from_tarp_and_sticks.jpg/440px-Shelter_from_tarp_and_sticks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Photo release by the <a href="/wiki/Tamils_Rehabilitation_Organisation" title="Tamils Rehabilitation Organisation">Tamils Rehabilitation Organisation</a> depicting a shelter built from tarp and sticks. Pictured are displaced persons from the civil war in Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> The total economic cost of the 25-year war is estimated at US$200 billion.<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> This is approximately 5 times the GDP of Sri Lanka in 2009. Sri Lanka had spent US$5.5 billion only on Eelam War IV, which saw the end of LTTE. The government had spent US$2.25 billion to develop the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Northern Province, Sri Lanka">Northern Province</a> under the "Uthuru Wasanthaya" program after the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-obsy-22">[22]</a> Measuring the opportunity cost of war, a report by <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Foresight_Group" title="Strategic Foresight Group">Strategic Foresight Group</a> states that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) remained stagnant during periods of civil war and that net FDI increased during periods of ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_solution">Political solution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Political solution">edit</a>]</div> After the complete military defeat of the LTTE, President Mahinda Rajapaksa announced that the government is committed to a political solution, and for this purpose action would be taken based on the 13th Amendment to the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> The pro-LTTE political party <a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">Tamil National Alliance</a> (TNA), also the largest political group representing Sri Lankan Tamil community, dropped its demand for a <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">separate state</a>, in favour of a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federal</a> solution.<a href="#cite_note-bbc1-340">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardn-341">[340]</a> There are ongoing bilateral talks between President Rajapaksa's <a href="/wiki/United_People%27s_Freedom_Alliance" title="United People's Freedom Alliance">UPFA</a> government and the TNA, on a viable political solution and devolution of power.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> However, in an interview with Indian television channel <a href="/wiki/Headlines_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="Headlines Today">Headlines Today</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotabaya_Rajapaksa" title="Gotabaya Rajapaksa">Gotabaya Rajapaksa</a>, President of Sri Lanka (former Defence Secretary) and brother of current Prime Minister (former President) <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a> dismissed "the political solution talk", asserting, among other things, that it was "simply irrelevant" because "we have ended this terrorism" in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lessons_Learnt_and_Reconciliation_Commission">Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lessons_Learnt_and_Reconciliation_Commission" title="Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission">Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission</a></div> Following the end of the war in May 2009, amid mounting international pressure for an inquiry into the final stages of the war, President Rajapaksa appointed the Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission (LLRC) to look back at the Sri Lankan civil war, and to provide recommendations for an era of healing and peace building. The commission concluded that the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Sri Lankan military</a> didn't deliberately target civilians in the No Fire Zones.<a href="#cite_note-CBS161211-345">[344]</a> The commission acknowledged that hospitals had been shelled, resulting in "considerable civilian casualties", but it did not say who was responsible for the shelling. The commission blamed Sinhalese and Tamil politicians for causing the civil war: the Sinhalese politicians failed to offer a solution acceptable to the Tamil people and the Tamil politicians fanned <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">militant separatism</a>. However, the commission has been heavily criticised by human rights groups and the UN Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability due its limited mandate, alleged lack of independence and its failure to meet minimum international standards or offer protection to witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-C4161211-346">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transitional_Justice_and_steps_for_non-recurrence">Transitional Justice and steps for non-recurrence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Transitional Justice and steps for non-recurrence">edit</a>]</div> In 2015, the Sri Lankan government decided to create a truth commission based on the <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> of South Africa to probe allegations during the war.<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a> According to Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Mangala_Samaraweera" title="Mangala Samaraweera">Mangala Samaraweera</a>, a new constitution is expected to solve issues related to the war and ensure non-recurrence. However, the government criticized both Sinhala and Tamil extremists for obstructing transitional justice.<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_impact">Humanitarian impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Humanitarian impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internally_displaced_people">Internally displaced people</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Internally displaced people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Internally displaced persons in Sri Lanka">Internally displaced persons in Sri Lanka</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DFID-funded,_UNHCR_emergency_shelter_tents,_in_the_IDP_camp_at_Menik_Farm,_Sri_Lanka_(3694081492).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/DFID-funded%2C_UNHCR_emergency_shelter_tents%2C_in_the_IDP_camp_at_Menik_Farm%2C_Sri_Lanka_%283694081492%29.jpg/220px-DFID-funded%2C_UNHCR_emergency_shelter_tents%2C_in_the_IDP_camp_at_Menik_Farm%2C_Sri_Lanka_%283694081492%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/DFID-funded%2C_UNHCR_emergency_shelter_tents%2C_in_the_IDP_camp_at_Menik_Farm%2C_Sri_Lanka_%283694081492%29.jpg/330px-DFID-funded%2C_UNHCR_emergency_shelter_tents%2C_in_the_IDP_camp_at_Menik_Farm%2C_Sri_Lanka_%283694081492%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/DFID-funded%2C_UNHCR_emergency_shelter_tents%2C_in_the_IDP_camp_at_Menik_Farm%2C_Sri_Lanka_%283694081492%29.jpg/440px-DFID-funded%2C_UNHCR_emergency_shelter_tents%2C_in_the_IDP_camp_at_Menik_Farm%2C_Sri_Lanka_%283694081492%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Department_for_International_Development" title="Department for International Development">DFID</a>-funded UN IDP camp near Vavuniya: the Menik Farm camp, June 2009</figcaption></figure> Towards the end of the war, as Sri Lankan government forces advanced deeper into Tamil Tiger controlled areas, international concern grew for the fate of the 350,000 civilians trapped.<a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> On 21 January 2009, the Sri Lankan military declared a 32 square kilometres (12.4 mi) Safe Zone located northwest of Puthukkudiviruppu, between the A35 Highway and the Chalai Lagoon. <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Air Force">Sri Lankan Air Force</a> aircraft dropped leaflets urging civilians to relocate to the safe zone and wait until the army could move them into safer locations. The Sri Lankan military promised not to fire into the area.<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> However, only small numbers of civilians actually crossed into the Safe Zone, and the Sri Lankan government, the United Nations, and human rights organisations accused the LTTE of preventing civilians from leaving. The fighting eventually caused civilians to flee the safe zone to a narrow strip of land between <a href="/wiki/Nanthi_Kadal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanthi Kadal">Nanthi Kadal</a> and the Indian Ocean. The Sri Lankan military declared a new 10-square-kilometre (3.9 sq mi) Safe Zone northwest of <a href="/wiki/Mullaitivu" title="Mullaitivu">Mullaitivu</a> on 12 February. Over the next three months, the Sri Lankan military repeatedly attacked the Safe Zone with aircraft and artillery to destroy the last remnants of the Tamil Tigers trapped there. The Sri Lankan government claimed that it was trying to hit Tamil Tiger positions, and claimed that these raids started on 15 February and ended on 19 April, the day before the Army breached Tamil Tiger defences, and civilians started to pour out.<a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a> However, these attacks caused heavy damage.<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> Thousands of civilians were killed or injured, and the Tamil Tigers reportedly held many as human shields.<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> The final stages of the war created 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced persons">internally displaced persons</a> (IDPs) who were transferred to camps in <a href="/wiki/Vavuniya_District" title="Vavuniya District">Vavuniya District</a> and detained there against their will.<a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a> The camps were surrounded by barbed wire. This, together with the conditions inside the camps, attracted much criticism from inside and outside Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a> After the end of the civil war President Rajapaksa gave assurances to foreign diplomats that the bulk of the IDPs would be resettled in accordance with the 180-day plan.<a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a> By January 2012, almost all the IDPs had been resettled, except 6,554 from the <a href="/wiki/Divisional_Secretariats_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Secretariats of Sri Lanka">Divisional Secretariats</a> of Mullaitivu district, where the de-mining work was yet to be finished.<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a> Since 1983, the civil war caused mass outflow of Tamil civilians from Sri Lanka to South India. After the end of the war, nearly 5,000 of them returned to the country. As of July 2012, 68,152 Sri Lankans were living in South India as refugees.<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detainees">Detainees</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Detainees">edit</a>]</div> The continuous defeats of the LTTE had made its cadres abandon the outfit in large numbers. With the end of the hostilities, 11,664 LTTE members, including over 500 child soldiers surrendered to the Sri Lankan military. Among them were 1,601 females. Government took action to rehabilitate these cadres under a "National Action Plan for the Re-integration of Ex-combatants". They were divided into 3 categories; hardcore, non-combatants, and those who were forcefully recruited (including child soldiers). 24 rehabilitation centres were set up in Jaffna, Batticaloa and Vavuniya. Among the apprehended cadres, there had been about 700 hardcore members. Some of these cadres were integrated into State Intelligence Services to tackle the internal and external networks of LTTE.<a href="#cite_note-obshgd-360">[359]</a> By January 2012, the government had released more than 11,000 cadres, and only 4 rehabilitation centres and 550 detainees remained.<a href="#cite_note-detn-361">[360]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land_mines">Land mines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Land mines">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mines_at_Jaffna_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mines_at_Jaffna_Fort.jpg/220px-Mines_at_Jaffna_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mines_at_Jaffna_Fort.jpg/330px-Mines_at_Jaffna_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mines_at_Jaffna_Fort.jpg/440px-Mines_at_Jaffna_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>De-mining at <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Fort" title="Jaffna Fort">Jaffna Fort</a> in December 2019</figcaption></figure> The end of the war left past conflict zones of 1,304 square kilometres (503 sq mi) heavily contaminated with approximately 1.6 million land mines. By September 2023, deminers employed by the Sri Lankan army and 8 foreign funded agencies had cleared 1,287 square kilometres (497 sq mi) leaving about 17 square kilometres (6.6 sq mi) yet to be cleared.<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a> Since the end of the war, more than 5,000 Tamil youths have been gathering at selected police stations in Eastern Province to join the police force as the government has called for interviews. The Sri Lankan government had planned to recruit 2,000 new police officers to the department, especially for the services in the northern region of the country.<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_crimes_investigations">War crimes investigations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: War crimes investigations">edit</a>]</div> In March 2014, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Human Rights Commission</a> drafted a resolution on "Promoting reconciliation, accountability and human rights in Sri Lanka" and requested its High Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Navi_Pillay" title="Navi Pillay">Navi Pillay</a> to undertake a comprehensive investigation into alleged serious violations and human rights abuses that have taken place during the war. Subsequently, the Human Rights Commissioner directed the setting up of OHCHR Investigation in Sri Lanka (OISL).<a href="#cite_note-ohchr-364">[363]</a> The Sri Lankan state which is accused of perpetuating <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, has reportedly refused to cooperate with the inquiry.<a href="#cite_note-slg1-365">[364]</a> In August 2014, the state rejected entry visas for investigating U.N. officials. Two months later, in October, Sri Lankan government banned all foreigners from visiting the former war zone altogether.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-366">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: War crimes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war</a></div> There are allegations that war crimes were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the LTTE during the war, particularly during the final months of the conflict in 2009. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides; executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides; enforced disappearances by the Sri Lankan military and paramilitary groups backed by them; the systematic denial of food and medicine by the government to civilians trapped in the war zone; keeping civilians as hostages by the LTTE; and recruitment of child soldiers by the LTTE and the government paramilitary group TMVP.<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> Video footage showing uniformed men speaking Sinhalese and summarily executing eight bound and blindfolded men was broadcast in August 2009 by UK's Channel 4 in a program called "<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka%27s_Killing_Fields" title="Sri Lanka's Killing Fields">Sri Lanka's Killing Fields</a>". This video was deemed authentic by an UN expert. However, the UN experts were unable to explain the movement of certain victims in the video, 17 frames at the end of the video and the date of 17 July 2009 encoded in the video (the conflict was officially declared over in May 2009).<a href="#cite_note-371">[370]</a> Reports commissioned by the Sri Lankan government claim the UN authentication was biased and the video was fabricated.<a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Panel_of_Experts_on_Accountability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka">panel of experts</a> appointed by <a href="/wiki/UN_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Secretary-General">UN Secretary-General</a> (UNSG) <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> to advise him on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a> with regard to any alleged violations of <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">humanitarian law</a> during the final stages of the conflict in Sri Lanka found "credible allegations" which according to them, if proven, indicated that <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the Tamil Tigers.<a href="#cite_note-Island160411-373">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-TN160411-374">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-DM160411-375">[374]</a> The panel has called on the UNSG to conduct an independent international inquiry into the alleged violations of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-376">[375]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan government">Sri Lankan government</a> has denied that its forces committed any war crimes and has strongly opposed any international investigation. It has condemned the UN report as "fundamentally flawed in many respects" and "based on patently biased material which is presented without any verification".<a href="#cite_note-377">[376]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lessons_Learnt_and_Reconciliation_Commission" title="Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission">Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission</a>, a formal <a href="/wiki/Truth_commission" title="Truth commission">commission of inquiry</a> was appointed by the Sri Lankan President, to review the conflict from 1983 to 2009 and its report was tabled in the parliament.<a href="#cite_note-378">[377]</a> On 27 July 2012, Sri Lanka brought out a road map fixing time lines for investigating alleged war crimes by its army during the final stages of the war with the LTTE in 2009. The cabinet has approved the action plan for the implementation of the Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation.<a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a> The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights said in September 2013 that there had been no comprehensive Sri Lankan effort to properly and independently investigate allegations of war crimes. The High Commissioner said she would recommend the Human Rights Council to set up its own probe if Sri Lanka does not show more "credible" progress by March 2014.<a href="#cite_note-380">[379]</a> On 27 March 2014, the United Nations Human Rights Council voted for a resolution paving the way for an inquiry into rights abuses at the end of Sri Lanka's civil war. The United States and the United Kingdom were among the countries which sponsored the resolution, which for the first time called for an international probe.<a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a> The new government of <a href="/wiki/Maithripala_Sirisena" title="Maithripala Sirisena">President Maithripala Sirisena</a> has requested the international community for support on a domestic probe into war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> As of March 2015, the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> have expressed their support for this.<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a> The Tamil National Alliance has asked for an international investigation into the alleged human rights abuses during the Sri Lankan civil war and has refused a domestic probe.<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a> A group of the TNA led by Wigneshwaran has asked for an investigation into the alleged genocide claims but the TNA as a whole was divided on the issue and MP Senathirajah said that the action was unauthorized by the party.<a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a> The Tamil National Alliance has welcomed a domestic investigation with a hybrid court; <a href="/wiki/R._Sampanthan" title="R. Sampanthan">R. Sampanthan</a> praised several new initiatives from the new government and said "The government is adopting the correct position," and asked the government to honor to their commitments. But some members, such as <a href="/wiki/Ananthi_Sasitharan" title="Ananthi Sasitharan">Ananthi Sasitharan</a>, had a less optimistic view.<a href="#cite_note-387">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> In January 2020, President <a href="/wiki/Gotabaya_Rajapaksa" title="Gotabaya Rajapaksa">Gotabaya Rajapaksa</a> said of the people who disappeared during the war: "The unfortunate truth is that these people had died during the battles. Even in the security forces there are about 4,000 personnel listed as missing. But in reality these people had died during the fights, but their bodies had not been recovered". He promised a proper internal investigations and death certificates. During the numerous conflicts in Sri Lanka it was estimated over 20,000 had disappeared in Sri Lanka and the President's statement was heavily criticized by human rights organisations.<a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a> In February 2020, the US State Department and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">US Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> announced that General <a href="/wiki/Shavendra_Silva" title="Shavendra Silva">Shavendra Silva</a>, current commander of the Sri Lankan Army, was banned from entering the United States due to war crimes committed by the 53rd division of the Sri Lankan army, in which he has involvement through command responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[393]</a> In January 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Canadian Government</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Mélanie Joly</a> imposed sanctions on former presidents Mahinda and Gotabaya Rajapaksa and two members of the Sri Lankan Army, Staff Sergeant Sunil Ratnayake and Lieutenant Commander Chandana Prasad Hettiarachchi, over "gross and systematic violations of human rights".<a href="#cite_note-395">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allegations_of_genocide">Allegations of genocide</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Allegations of genocide">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Tamil genocide</a></div> The first international voice to support the charge of genocide against the Government of Sri Lanka under international law was raised by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> and it has advocated and published the details in December 2009. Leading American expert in international law, Professor Francis A. Boyle held an emergency meeting with U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon to urge to stop Tamil genocide by providing the evidence of crimes against humanity, genocide against Tamils and the international community's failure to stop the slaughter of Tamil civilians in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-397">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[397]</a> In January 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal">Permanent People's Tribunal</a> on Sri Lankan held its sessions in Dublin, Ireland. There were four findings: <ol><li>That the Sri Lankan Government and its military are guilty of War Crimes;</li> <li>That the Sri Lankan Government and its military are guilty of crimes against humanity;</li> <li>That the charge of genocide requires further investigation;</li> <li>That the international community, particularly the UK and US, share responsibility for the breakdown of the peace process.(2)</li></ol> It also found that member states of the United Nations had not "complied with their moral obligation to seek justice for the violations of human rights committed during the last period of the war".<a href="#cite_note-Dublin-Tribunal-init-399">[398]</a> On 22 September 2010, the <a href="/wiki/UNROW_Human_Rights_Impact_Litigation_Clinic" title="UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic">UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic</a>, has advocated and litigated on behalf of victims of the armed conflict in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNROW" class="mw-redirect" title="UNROW">UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic</a> released a report calling for the establishment of a new international tribunal to prosecute those most responsible for the crimes committed during the conflict. <a href="/wiki/UNROW" class="mw-redirect" title="UNROW">UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic</a> also submitted evidence of human rights violations committed during the armed conflict to the United Nations Panel of Experts on Sri Lanka, which U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon appointed in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-LegalCaseOfTheTamil-400">[399]</a> On 3 November 2012, panel of 11 member International Experts, consisting of experts in genocide studies, former UN officials, experts in international law and renowned peace and human rights activists to be convened as Judges appointed by <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal">Permanent People's Tribunal</a> to investigate and examine reports submitted by many specialised working groups on the accusation of the crime of Genocide against the Government of Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-Dublin-Tribunal-init-399">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[400]</a> On 27 March 2013, Tamil Nadu State Assembly has passed resolution which called on the Indian Government to stop considering Sri Lanka as a 'friendly country' and impose economic sanctions, as well as calling for an international inquiry in "genocide and war crimes" against Sri Lankan Tamils.<a href="#cite_note-402">[401]</a> On 10 December 2013, <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Peoples%27_Tribunal" title="Permanent Peoples' Tribunal">Permanent People's Tribunal</a> unanimously ruled Sri Lanka guilty of the crime of genocide against the Tamil people, while the US and UK were found to be guilty of complicity to this crime.<a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[405]</a> In January, 2015, <a href="/wiki/UNROW" class="mw-redirect" title="UNROW">UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic</a> filed a paper on "The Legal Case of the Tamil Genocide" based on the evidence, nature and extent of the violence committed by Government Forces against Tamils.<a href="#cite_note-LegalCaseOfTheTamil-400">[399]</a> On 12 April 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Provincial_Council" title="Northern Provincial Council">Northern Provincial Council</a> of Sri Lanka <a href="/wiki/2015_Northern_Province_Council_resolution_on_genocide_of_Tamils" title="2015 Northern Province Council resolution on genocide of Tamils">passed a resolution</a> calling the UN to investigate the genocide and direct appropriate measures at the International Court of Justice stating that the Tamils had no faith in the domestic commission.<a href="#cite_note-tgnpc-407">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-nienpc-408">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-wswsnpc-409">[408]</a> In September 2017, president <a href="/wiki/Maithripala_Sirisena" title="Maithripala Sirisena">Maithripala Sirisena</a> refused to let several human rights groups take <a href="/wiki/Jagath_Jayasuriya" title="Jagath Jayasuriya">Jagath Jayasuriya</a> to court for war crimes. He reportedly said "I stated very clearly that I will not allow anyone in the world to touch Jagath Jayasuriya or any other military chief or any war hero in this country," in reference to the lawsuit. His comments are seen as an attempt to pander to the majority ethnic Sinhalese, most of whom oppose legal action against military personnel accused of crimes during the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Tamil genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil wars">List of civil wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_Asylum_Seeker_Suicides_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamil Asylum Seeker Suicides in Australia">List of Sri Lankan Tamil Asylum Seeker Suicides in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailapitiya_National_War_Memorial" title="Mailapitiya National War Memorial">Mailapitiya National War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_civilians_attributed_to_Sri_Lankan_government_forces" title="List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces">List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE">List of attacks attributed to the LTTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Maldives_coup_attempt" title="1988 Maldives coup attempt">1988 Maldives coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_Government_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam">Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/48px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/64px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> "In May 1985, immediately following the massacre by the Sri Lankan Army of about 70 Tamil civilians in the northern coastal town of Valvettithurai, the LTTE leader's birth-place, the LTTE carried out a massacre of over 150 mainly Buddhist pilgrims in the sacred city of Anuradhapura."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> 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The Hindu. 31 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218033345/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Report-on-Sri-Lanka%E2%80%99s-missing-%E2%80%98almost-ready%E2%80%99/article60492239.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Report+on+Sri+Lanka%27s+missing+%27almost+ready%27&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2FReport-on-Sri-Lanka%25E2%2580%2599s-missing-%25E2%2580%2598almost-ready%25E2%2580%2599%2Farticle60492239.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-burden-16"><a href="#cite_ref-burden_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1999-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1999-12-15_300.pdf">"Economic Burden by Sending IPKF in Sri Lanka"</a> (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India – Archive. 15 December 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928224908/http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1999-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1999-12-15_300.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau+of+India+%E2%80%93+Archive&rft.atitle=Economic+Burden+by+Sending+IPKF+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=1999-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpibarchive.nic.in%2Farchive%2FArchiveSecondPhase%2FDEFENCE%2F1999-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE%2FPDF%2FDEF-1999-12-15_300.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dn2009-17"><a href="#cite_ref-dn2009_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakkawita,_Wijitha2009" class="citation news cs1">Nakkawita, Wijitha (3 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130111232336/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/06/03/fea12.asp">"LTTE killing spree"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Daily News (Sri Lanka)">Daily News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/06/03/fea12.asp">the original</a> on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=LTTE+killing+spree&rft.date=2009-06-03&rft.au=Nakkawita%2C+Wijitha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynews.lk%2F2009%2F06%2F03%2Ffea12.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012060922/http://www.southasianoutlook.com/issues/2009/march/sri_lanka_eelam_war_IV_imminent_end.html">"Eelam War IV: Imminent End"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southasianoutlook.com/issues/2009/march/sri_lanka_eelam_war_IV_imminent_end.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eelam+War+IV%3A+Imminent+End&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southasianoutlook.com%2Fissues%2F2009%2Fmarch%2Fsri_lanka_eelam_war_IV_imminent_end.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LTTES-19"><a href="#cite_ref-LTTES_19-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=23869">Tamils mark 25-years of Tiger sacrifice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012060921/http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=23869">Archived</a> 12 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <a href="/wiki/Tamilnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamilnet">Tamilnet</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.rediff.com/news/2009/jan/06ltte-iranamadu-air-strip-sri-lanka.htm">4073 LTTE cadres killed in ongoing battle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606124850/http://us.rediff.com/news/2009/jan/06ltte-iranamadu-air-strip-sri-lanka.htm">Archived</a> 6 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-TamilNet-21"><a href="#cite_ref-TamilNet_21-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?artid=27600&catid=71">"LTTE leader pays homage on Heroes Day"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamilnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamilnet">Tamilnet</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-obsy-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obsy_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsy_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2011/06/05/sec03.asp">"Sri Lankan experience proves nothing is impossible"</a>. The Sunday Observer. 5 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608160932/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2011/06/05/sec03.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Observer&rft.atitle=Sri+Lankan+experience+proves+nothing+is+impossible&rft.date=2011-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.sundayobserver.lk%2F2011%2F06%2F05%2Fsec03.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tchr.net-23"><a href="#cite_ref-tchr.net_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tchr.net/50_year_arrest_kill.htm">"Recorded figures of Arrests, Killings, Disappearances"</a>. www.tchr.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010101613/http://www.tchr.net/50_year_arrest_kill.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tchr.net&rft.atitle=Recorded+figures+of+Arrests%2C+Killings%2C+Disappearances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tchr.net%2F50_year_arrest_kill.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NESHOR_HR_Report-24"><a href="#cite_ref-NESHOR_HR_Report_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnet.com/img/publish/2014/10/NESoHR-Compilation-With-Page-Numbers.pdf">"Collection of NESoHR's Human Rights Reports 2005–2009"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/NESHOR" class="mw-redirect" title="NESHOR">NESHOR</a>. pp. 659–861.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collection+of+NESoHR%27s+Human+Rights+Reports+2005%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E659-%3C%2Fspan%3E861&rft.pub=NESHOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilnet.com%2Fimg%2Fpublish%2F2014%2F10%2FNESoHR-Compilation-With-Page-Numbers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-48300279">"Sri Lanka's war 10 years on: Finding Father Francis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. London. 18 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-48300279">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2020. 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Retrieved 22 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=UN+rights+chief+seeks+sanctions+against+Sri+Lanka+generals&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20210127-un-rights-chief-seeks-sanctions-against-sri-lanka-generals-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/02/01/open-wounds-and-mounting-dangers/blocking-accountability-grave-abuses-sri-lanka">"Open Wounds and Mounting Dangers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 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Retrieved 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+Australia&rft.atitle=Up+to+100%2C000+killed+in+Sri+Lanka%27s+civil+war%3A+UN&rft.date=2009-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2009%2F05%2F20%2F2576543.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-asia-56502221">"UN to collect evidence of alleged Sri Lanka war crimes"</a>. BBC. 23 March 2021. 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C. , The causes of communal conflict in Ceylon (1943) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/1109">http://dlib.pdn.ac.lk/handle/123456789/1109</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-tamllib-72"><a href="#cite_ref-tamllib_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Sabaratnam" class="citation web cs1">T. Sabaratnam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sangam.org/2010/12/Tamil_Struggle_18.php">"Sri Lankan Tamil Struggle – Chapter 18: The First Sinhalese–Tamil Rift"</a>. Ilankai Tamil Sangam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012060923/http://www.sangam.org/2010/12/Tamil_Struggle_18.php">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017. 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Retrieved 14 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Issues+of+Language+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+Power%2C+Exclusion+and+Inclusion+-+Groundviews&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft.aulast=Perera&rft.aufirst=Prof+Sasanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroundviews.org%2F2011%2F10%2F24%2Freflections-on-issues-of-language-in-sri-lanka-power-exclusion-and-inclusion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uthr.org/BP/volume1/Chapter1.htm">"Welcome to UTHR, Sri Lanka"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716190909/http://www.uthr.org/BP/volume1/Chapter1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2012. 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Ajanta Publications. pp. 173–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120201798" title="Special:BookSources/9788120201798"><bdi>9788120201798</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Sinhala+only+to+ethnic+violence&rft.btitle=Ethnic+conflict+in+south+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.pub=Ajanta+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9788120201798&rft.aulast=Jayawardena&rft.aufirst=Kumari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RP-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RP_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RP_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RP_77-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell2009" class="citation web cs1">McConnell, Deirdre (7 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807091741/http://www.redpepper.org.uk/Background-to-brutality/">"Background to brutality"</a>. 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Pereira (October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108190842/http://www.newint.org/issue128/pogrom.htm">"Sri Lanka's pogrom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Internationalist" title="New Internationalist">New Internationalist</a>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideterrorism00hoff_632/page/n159">139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12699-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12699-1"><bdi>978-0-231-12699-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Terrorism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12699-1&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsideterrorism00hoff_632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Narayan Swamy, "Inside an Elusive Mind-Prabhakaran" Konark Publishers, New Delhi, 2003. 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Jeyaraj (11 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516003629/http://transcurrents.com/tamiliana/archives/575">"LRRP infiltration demolishes impregnable Tiger terrain myth"</a>. TransCurrents. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. 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The New York Times. 31 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701072634/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/31/world/asia/31lanka.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+Says+Rebels+Took+Losses+in+Raids&rft.date=2006-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F31%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F31lanka.html%3F_r%3D1%26oref%3Dslogin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Sri Lanka peace secretariat report, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoolakkattu2004" class="citation journal cs1">Moolakkattu, John (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1040265042000237761">"Salvaging the fractured Sri Lankan peace process"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+says+rebels+killed+aid+workers&rft.date=2007-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2FWorld%2FSri-Lanka-says-rebels-killed-aid-workers%2F2007%2F04%2F02%2F1175366108841.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-toi-4/2/07-210"><a href="#cite_ref-toi-4/2/07_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/World/Rest_of_World/Tamil_Tigers_kill_6_civilian_workers_in_Lanka/articleshow/1842392.cms">"Tamil Tigers kill 6 civilian workers in Lanka"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Tamil+Tigers+kill+6+civilian+workers+in+Lanka&rft.date=2007-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FNEWS%2FWorld%2FRest_of_World%2FTamil_Tigers_kill_6_civilian_workers_in_Lanka%2Farticleshow%2F1842392.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-4/2/07-211"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc-4/2/07_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6517167.stm">"Sri Lanka blast 'kills civilians'"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.international.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Canadian+Sanctions+Related+to+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.international.gc.ca%2Fworld-monde%2Finternational_relations-relations_internationales%2Fsanctions%2Fsri_lanka.aspx%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.claritypress.com/product/the-tamil-genocide-by-sri-lanka/">"The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka"</a>. 31 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tamil+Genocide+by+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2018-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.claritypress.com%2Fproduct%2Fthe-tamil-genocide-by-sri-lanka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Anthony_Boyle2009" class="citation book cs1">Francis Anthony Boyle, Professor (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/9082654-the-tamil-genocide-by-sri-lanka">The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law</a>. Tamils against genocide. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0932863706" title="Special:BookSources/978-0932863706"><bdi>978-0932863706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tamil+Genocide+by+Sri+Lanka%3A+The+Global+Failure+to+Protect+Tamil+Rights+Under+International+Law&rft.pub=Tamils+against+genocide&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0932863706&rft.aulast=Francis+Anthony+Boyle&rft.aufirst=Professor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F9082654-the-tamil-genocide-by-sri-lanka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dublin-Tribunal-init-399">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dublin-Tribunal-init_399-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dublin-Tribunal-init_399-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Permanent People's Tribunal | Tribunal on Sri Lanka". No. 16 January 2010. The Irish School of Ecumenics, Trinity College Dublin The School of Law and Government, Dublin City University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Permanent+People%27s+Tribunal+%7C+Tribunal+on+Sri+Lanka&rft.issue=16+January+2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LegalCaseOfTheTamil-400">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LegalCaseOfTheTamil_400-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LegalCaseOfTheTamil_400-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrbrief.org/2015/01/the-legal-case-of-the-tamil-genocide/">"The Legal Case of the Tamil Genocide"</a>. hrbrief.org. Human Rights Brief. 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Retrieved 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=TN+Assembly+demands+referendum+for+separate+Tamil+Eelam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Ftn-assembly-demands-referendum-for-separate-tamil-eelam_838176.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/comment/tribunal-delivers-sri-lankas-guilty-verdict-20140101-305zf.html">"Sri Lanka guilty of genocide against Eelam Tamils with UK, US complicity: PPT"</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+guilty+of+genocide+against+Eelam+Tamils+with+UK%2C+US+complicity%3A+PPT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fcomment%2Ftribunal-delivers-sri-lankas-guilty-verdict-20140101-305zf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-404"><a href="#cite_ref-404">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://redflag.org.au/article/tribunal-condemns-sri-lankan-genocide-against-eelam-tamils">"Tribunal condemns Sri Lankan genocide against Eelam Tamils"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+guilty+of+genocide+against+Eelam+Tamils+with+UK%2C+US+complicity%3A+PPT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jdslanka.org%2Findex.php%2Fnews-features%2Fhuman-rights%2F426-sri-lanka-guilty-of-genocide-against-tamils-with-uk-us-complicity-ppt-rules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-406"><a href="#cite_ref-406">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607003937/http://www.ptsrilanka.org/images/documents/ppt_final_report_web_en.pdf">Peoples' Tribunal on Sri Lanka</a> (PDF) (Report). Vol. Permanent People's Tribunal. 7–10 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ptsrilanka.org/images/documents/ppt_final_report_web_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Peoples%27+Tribunal+on+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2013-12-07%2F2013-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ptsrilanka.org%2Fimages%2Fdocuments%2Fppt_final_report_web_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tgnpc-407"><a href="#cite_ref-tgnpc_407-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=13726">"NPC passes resolution asking UN to investigate genocide of Tamils by Sri Lanka state"</a>. Tamil Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tamil+Guardian&rft.atitle=NPC+passes+resolution+asking+UN+to+investigate+genocide+of+Tamils+by+Sri+Lanka+state&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamilguardian.com%2Farticle.asp%3Farticleid%3D13726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nienpc-408"><a href="#cite_ref-nienpc_408-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213051228/http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Lanka%E2%80%99s-Northern-Council-Passes-Damning-Resolution-on-Genocide/2015/02/10/article2662323.ece">"Lanka's Northern Council Passes Damning Resolution on Genocide"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Lanka%E2%80%99s-Northern-Council-Passes-Damning-Resolution-on-Genocide/2015/02/10/article2662323.ece">the original</a> on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Lanka%27s+Northern+Council+Passes+Damning+Resolution+on+Genocide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fworld%2FLanka%25E2%2580%2599s-Northern-Council-Passes-Damning-Resolution-on-Genocide%2F2015%2F02%2F10%2Farticle2662323.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wswsnpc-409"><a href="#cite_ref-wswsnpc_409-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/03/07/npsl-m07.html">"Tamil party in Sri Lanka calls for international war crimes inquiry"</a>. World Socialist Web Site. 7 March 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tamil+party+in+Sri+Lanka+calls+for+international+war+crimes+inquiry&rft.pub=World+Socialist+Web+Site&rft.date=2015-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2015%2F03%2F07%2Fnpsl-m07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/sri-lanka-leader-shield-general-war-crimes-case-170903193335527.html">"Sri Lanka leader to shield general from war crimes case"</a>. Al Jazeera.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka+leader+to+shield+general+from+war+crimes+case&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F09%2Fsri-lanka-leader-shield-general-war-crimes-case-170903193335527.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASri+Lankan+civil+war" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Balasingham, Adele: The Will to Freedom – An Inside View of Tamil Resistance. Fairmax Publishing Ltd, 2nd ed. 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903679-03-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-903679-03-6">1-903679-03-6</a>.</li> <li>Bansal, Alok, Mayilvaganan. M and Podder, Sukanya, Sri Lanka: Search for Peace. Manas Publications, New Delhi, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7049-340-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7049-340-4">81-7049-340-4</a></li> <li>Deegalle, Mahinda (ed.): Buddhism, Conflict and Violence in Modern Sri Lanka. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, London, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-35920-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-35920-1">0-415-35920-1</a>.</li> <li>Dissanayaka, T.D.S.A.: War or Peace in Sri Lanka, Volume II. Swastika (Pvt.) Ltd., Colombo 1998. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Dixit, J.N.: Assignment Colombo, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-220-0499-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-220-0499-7">81-220-0499-7</a>. (Dixit was the Indian High Commissioner during the 1980s negotiations that led to the IPKF presence.)</li> <li>Gamage, S. and Watson, I.B.: Conflict and Community in Contemporary Sri Lanka. Sage, New Delhi 1999. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Gamage, S.: Ethnic Conflict, State Reform and Nation Building in Sri Lanka: Analysis of the Context and Suggestions for a Settlement, in: Neelsen, John P. and Malik, Dipak: "Crises of State and Nation: South Asian States between Nation Building and Fragmentation", Manohar, New Delhi (forthcoming).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Grant_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Grant (academic) (page does not exist)">Grant, Patrick</a>. Buddhism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka. Albany: SUNY Press 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791493540" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791493540">978-0791493540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan_Gunaratna" title="Rohan Gunaratna">Gunaratna, Rohan</a> War and Peace in Sri Lanka: With a Post-Accord Report From Jaffna. Institute of Fundamental Studies, Sri Lanka (1987). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-26-0001-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-26-0001-2">978-955-26-0001-2</a>,</li> <li>Gunaratna, Rohan. Indian intervention in Sri Lanka: The role of India's intelligence agencies. 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-95199-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-95199-0-4">978-955-95199-0-4</a>, South Asian Network on Conflict Research (1993).</li> <li>Hoole, R., Somasundaram, D., Sritharan K., and Thiranagama, R. The Broken Palmyra – The Tamil Crisis in Sri Lanka: An Inside Account. The Sri Lanka Studies Institute, Claremont 1990. (Also available online.)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uthr.org/BP/Content.htm">The Broken Palmyra – The Tamil Crisis in Sri Lanka: An Inside Account</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515072857/http://www.uthr.org/BP/Content.htm">Archived</a> 15 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Johnson, Robert: A Region in Turmoil. Reaktion, New York & London, 2005. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] (Covers Sri Lanka and its regional context.)</li> <li>Narayan Swamy, M. R.: Tigers of Lanka: from Boys to Guerrillas. Konark Publishers; 3rd ed. 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-220-0631-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-220-0631-0">81-220-0631-0</a>.</li> <li>Rajasinghan, K.T.: Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. 2001–2002. (Serialised in Asia Times Online).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071011103308/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/others/untold_story.html">Sri Lanka: The Untold Story</a>.</li> <li>Weiss, Gordon. The cage: The fight for Sri Lanka and the last days of the Tamil Tigers. Random House, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1847921396" title="Special:BookSources/1847921396">1847921396</a></li> <li>Ratnavel, Roy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LkttEAAAQBAJ">Prisoner #1056: How I Survived War and Found Peace</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Canada">Penguin Canada</a>, 2023. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0735245730" title="Special:BookSources/978-0735245730">978-0735245730</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_websites">Official websites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Official websites">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defence.lk/">Ministry of Defence, Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060112015449/http://www.peaceinsrilanka.org/">Government of Sri Lanka Peace Secretariat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070818144914/http://www.ltteps.org/?view=1608&folder=22">Peace Secretariat of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050629024906/http://www.eelam.com/">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_reports">Government reports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Government reports">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112233146/http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/Current_Affairs/ca201112/FINAL%20LLRC%20REPORT.pdf">Report</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lessons_Learnt_and_Reconciliation_Commission" title="Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission">Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission</a>, appointed by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a> to look back at the Sri Lankan civil war</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055103/http://www.defence.lk/news/20110801_Conf.pdf">Humanitarian Operation – Factual Analysis</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)">Ministry of Defence</a> report on key military facts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Maps">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defence.lk/orbat/Default.asp">Ministry of Defence, Battle Progress Map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823094426/http://www.defence.lk/orbat/Default.asp">Archived</a> 23 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426044854/http://www.lakdiva.org/army/digital_globe.html">Final Conflict Zone Maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222175917/http://www.cyberlk.com/defencemap/">Interactive Defence Map of Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_reports,_documentaries_and_texts">Independent reports, documentaries and texts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_civil_war&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Independent reports, documentaries and texts">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tamilnet.com/img/publish/2014/10/NESoHR-Compilation-With-Page-Numbers.pdf">Collection of North East Secretariat on Human Rights Human Rights Reports 2005–2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berghof-foundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Handbook/Articles/ropers_handbookII.pdf">A Systemic Approach: Reflections on Sri Lanka</a>, by Norbert Ropers, Berghof Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414190804/http://www.norad.no/no/resultater/publikasjoner/evalueringer/publikasjon/_attachment/386345?_download=true&_ts=1338838bac4">Pawns of Peace, Evaluation of Norwegian peace efforts in Sri Lanka, 1997–2009</a> by <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Agency_for_Development_Cooperation" title="Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation">NORAD</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523100752/http://pact.lk/">Peace and Conflict Timeline (PACT) – an interactive timeline of the Sri Lankan conflict</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/sri-lanka/key-texts.php">Texts of key agreements in past peace processes and an analysis of the process by Conciliation Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414041717/http://www.ndu.edu/press/understanding-sri-lanka.html">Understanding Sri Lanka's Defeat of the Tamil Tigers</a> by <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_University" title="National Defense University">National Defense University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/srilanka0209webwcover_0.pdf">War on the Displaced: Sri Lankan Army and LTTE Abuses against Civilians in the Vanni</a>, Human Rights Watch</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/programmes/sri-lankas-killing-fields/4od">Sri Lanka's Killing Fields</a> an investigative documentary by <a href="/wiki/ITN_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="ITN Productions">ITN</a>/<a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-visiting-sri-lanka-3-years-after-the-civil-war/20120216.htm/">Visiting Sri Lanka; 3 years after the civil war</a> by T.E. Narasimhan, <a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18lc0J2wF-w">Unholy Ground</a> – Indie documentary on a war-related massacre in one Sri Lankan village (video of <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engagesrilanka.com/images/Appalling%20Journalism.pdf">Appalling Journalism</a> – Monitoring coverage of, and reporting on, Sri Lanka in the international media</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sri_Lankan_civil_war_(1983–2009)1325" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Template:Sri Lankan Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lankan_civil_war_(1983–2009)1325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lankan civil war</a> (1983–2009)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1956 anti-Tamil pogrom">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1958 anti-Tamil pogrom">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai_Resolution" title="Vaddukoddai Resolution">Vaddukoddai Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1977 anti-Tamil pogrom">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_anti-Tamil_pogrom" title="1981 anti-Tamil pogrom">1981</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna Library">Burning of Jaffna Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Patrol_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (Sri Lanka)">LRRP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force" title="Sri Lanka Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka Police Service">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Task_Force_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Task Force (Sri Lanka)">Special Task Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Civil_Security_Force" title="Sri Lanka Civil Security Force">Home Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_on_civilians_attributed_to_Sri_Lankan_government_forces" title="List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces">Attacks on civilians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_assassinated_by_Sri_Lankan_government_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people assassinated by Sri Lankan government forces">Assassinations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/23px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/35px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg/45px-Tamil_Eelam_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_the_Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Tigers" title="Air Tigers">Air Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Tigers" title="Sea Tigers">Sea Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Tigers" title="Black Tigers">Black Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE">Attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_1970s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 1970s">in the 1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_1980s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_1990s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_attributed_to_the_LTTE,_2000s" title="List of attacks attributed to the LTTE, 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_assassinated_by_the_Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="List of people assassinated by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombings_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Suicide bombings in Sri Lanka">Suicide bombings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Other militants</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Democratic_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front">ENDLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Liberation Front">ENLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Revolutionary_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front">EPRLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_Revolutionary_Organisation_of_Students" title="Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students">EROS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Organisation_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam">PLOTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Liberation_Organization" title="Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization">TELO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force" title="Indian Peace Keeping Force">Indian Peace Keeping Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Paramilitary groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Democratic_Party" title="Eelam People's Democratic Party">EPDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Makkal_Viduthalai_Pulikal" title="Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal">TMVP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_I" title="Eelam War I">Eelam War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war">Indian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_II" title="Eelam War II">Eelam War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_III" title="Eelam War III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV" title="Eelam War IV">IV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV" title="Eastern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Eastern</a> / <a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_of_Eelam_War_IV" title="Northern Theatre of Eelam War IV">Northern theatres</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="List of military operations of the Sri Lankan civil war">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokkilai_offensive" title="Kokkilai offensive">Kokkilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadamarachchi_Operation" title="Vadamarachchi Operation">Vadamarachchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Poomalai" title="Operation Poomalai">Poomalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pawan" title="Operation Pawan">Pawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_University_Helidrop" title="Jaffna University Helidrop">Jaffna University Helidrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Balavegaya" title="Operation Balavegaya">Balavegaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Elephant_Pass" title="First Battle of Elephant Pass">1st Elephant Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pooneryn" title="Battle of Pooneryn">Pooneryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Riviresa" title="Operation Riviresa">Riviresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mullaitivu_(1996)" title="Battle of Mullaitivu (1996)">1st Mullaitivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Weli_Oya_(1995)" title="Battle of Weli Oya (1995)">Weli Oya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sath_Jaya" title="Operation Sath Jaya">Sath Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Vavunathivu_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="1997 Vavunathivu Offensive">Vavunathivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jayasikurui" title="Operation Jayasikurui">Jayasikurui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thandikulam%E2%80%93Omanthai_offensive" title="Thandikulam–Omanthai offensive">Thandikulam–Omanthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Battle_of_Kilinochchi" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Battle of Kilinochchi">1st Kilinochchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddusuddan_offensive_(1999)" title="Oddusuddan offensive (1999)">Oddusuddan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_A-9_highway" title="Battle for the A-9 highway">A-9 highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Elephant_Pass" title="Second Battle of Elephant Pass">2nd Elephant Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport_attack" title="Bandaranaike Airport attack">Bandaranaike Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Pedro_(2006)" title="Battle of Point Pedro (2006)">Point Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffna_(2006)" title="Battle of Jaffna (2006)">Jaffna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thoppigala" title="Battle of Thoppigala">Thoppigala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vidattaltivu" title="Battle of Vidattaltivu">Vidattaltivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Battle_of_Kilinochchi" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2009 Battle of Kilinochchi">2nd Kilinochchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mullaitivu_(2009)" title="Battle of Mullaitivu (2009)">2nd Mullaitivu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puthukkudiyirippu" title="Battle of Puthukkudiyirippu">Puthukkudiyirippu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Lanka_Flight_512" title="Air Lanka Flight 512">Air Lanka Flight 512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">Indo-Sri Lanka Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Muslims_from_the_Northern_province_by_LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE">Expulsions from Northern province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Lalith_Athulathmudali" title="Assassination of Lalith Athulathmudali">Assassination of Lalith Athulathmudali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa">Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Temple_of_the_Tooth_attack" title="1998 Temple of the Tooth attack">Temple of the Tooth attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionair_Flight_602" title="Lionair Flight 602">Lionair Flight 602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport_attack" title="Bandaranaike Airport attack">Bandaranaike Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_non-resident_Tamils_from_Colombo" title="Expulsion of non-resident Tamils from Colombo">Expulsions from Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_suicide_air_raid_on_Colombo" title="2009 suicide air raid on Colombo">2009 suicide air raid on Colombo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Army_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Army (Sri Lanka)">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tissa_Weeratunga" title="Tissa Weeratunga">Tissa Weeratunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalin_Seneviratne" title="Nalin Seneviratne">Nalin Seneviratne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Wanasinghe" title="Hamilton Wanasinghe">Hamilton Wanasinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Waidyaratne" title="Cecil Waidyaratne">Cecil Waidyaratne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._H._De_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="G. H. De Silva">G. H. De Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohan_Daluwatte" title="Rohan Daluwatte">Rohan Daluwatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srilal_Weerasooriya" title="Srilal Weerasooriya">Srilal Weerasooriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._P._Balagalle" class="mw-redirect" title="L. P. Balagalle">L. P. Balagalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantha_Kottegoda" title="Shantha Kottegoda">Shantha Kottegoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka" title="Sarath Fonseka">Sarath Fonseka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Navy_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Navy (Sri Lanka)">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asoka_de_Silva_(Admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asoka de Silva (Admiral)">Asoka de Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._A._Silva" title="H. A. Silva">H. A. Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clancy_Fernando" title="Clancy Fernando">Clancy Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._A._M._R._Samarasekara" title="D. A. M. R. Samarasekara">D. A. M. R. Samarasekara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._A._C._Thisera" title="H. C. A. C. Thisera">H. C. A. C. Thisera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_Sandagiri" title="Daya Sandagiri">Daya Sandagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasantha_Karannagoda" title="Wasantha Karannagoda">Wasantha Karannagoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Air_Force_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Air Force (Sri Lanka)">Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Perera" title="Dick Perera">Dick Perera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andibuduge_Fernando" class="mw-redirect" title="Andibuduge Fernando">Andibuduge Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalandage_Gunawardena" class="mw-redirect" title="Makalandage Gunawardena">Makalandage Gunawardena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ranasinghe" title="Oliver Ranasinghe">Oliver Ranasinghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayalath_Weerakkody" title="Jayalath Weerakkody">Jayalath Weerakkody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Perera" title="Donald Perera">Donald Perera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshan_Goonetileke" title="Roshan Goonetileke">Roshan Goonetileke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">J. R. Jayewardene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">Ranasinghe Premadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingiri_Banda_Wijetunga" title="Dingiri Banda Wijetunga">Dingiri Banda Wijetunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Chandrika Kumaratunga">Chandrika Kumaratunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Mahinda Rajapaksa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LTTE</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders_of_the_LTTE" title="List of commanders of the LTTE">Militant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">Velupillai Prabhakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottu_Amman_(Tamil_militant)" title="Pottu Amman (Tamil militant)">Pottu Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thillaiyampalam_Sivanesan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thillaiyampalam Sivanesan">Soosai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagamoorthy_Muralitharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinayagamoorthy Muralitharan">Karuna Amman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selvarasa_Pathmanathan" title="Selvarasa Pathmanathan">Selvarasa Pathmanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Balasingham" title="Anton Balasingham">Anton Balasingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Thamilselvan" title="S. P. Thamilselvan">S. P. Thamilselvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harkirat_Singh_(general)" title="Harkirat Singh (general)">Harkirat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_K._Mehta" title="Ashok K. Mehta">Ashok K. Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulwant_Singh_(general)" title="Kulwant Singh (general)">Kulwant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depinder_Singh" title="Depinder Singh">Depinder Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalvir_Singh" title="Dalvir Singh">Dalvir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Sundarji" title="Krishnaswamy Sundarji">Krishnaswamy Sundarji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotindra_Nath_Dixit" title="Jyotindra Nath Dixit">Jyotindra Nath Dixit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalithaa" title="J. Jayalalithaa">J. Jayalalithaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Karunanidhi" title="M. Karunanidhi">M. Karunanidhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaiko" title="Vaiko">Vaiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_genocide" title="Tamil genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_Tamil_genocide" title="List of films about the Tamil genocide">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Northern_Province_Council_resolution_on_genocide_of_Tamils" title="2015 Northern Province Council resolution on genocide of Tamils">NPC resolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_Learnt_and_Reconciliation_Commission" title="Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission">LLRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_end_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Reactions to the end of the Sri Lankan civil war">Reactions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Protests</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Remembrance Day (Sri Lanka)">Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Panel_of_Experts_on_Accountability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka">UN Panel on Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war">War crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_chemical_weapons_use_in_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegations of chemical weapons use in the Sri Lankan civil war">Chemical weapons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Casualties of the Sri Lankan civil war">Casualties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="List of assassinations of the Sri Lankan civil war">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of massacres in Sri Lanka">Massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militant_use_of_children_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant use of children in Sri Lanka">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Enforced disappearances in Sri Lanka">Disappearances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_on_Missing_Persons" title="Office on Missing Persons">Office on Missing Persons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war_in_popular_culture" title="Sri Lankan civil war in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_(non-state)_terrorist_incidents_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of (non-state) terrorist incidents in Sri Lanka">Non-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_state_terrorism" title="Sri Lanka and state terrorism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Terrorism_Act_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Prevention of Terrorism Act (Sri Lanka)">PTA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">Sixth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">Thirteenth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" title="Women in the Sri Lankan Civil War">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Maldives_coup_attempt" title="1988 Maldives coup attempt">1988 Maldives coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War_graphical_timeline" title="Template:Sri Lankan Civil War graphical timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War_graphical_timeline" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan Civil War graphical timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_Civil_War_graphical_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan Civil War graphical timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lankan_civil_war_timeline33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lankan civil war</a> timeline</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:112%"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="wraplinks" style="overflow:auto;padding-top:8px"> <div style="float:left;border:none;width:auto;min-width:150em"><div style="text-align:left; padding:1em; font-size:95%; margin:1em; background:transparent"><div style="width:100%; position:relative; left:-0.2em; top:0.8em; clear:both; height:2.5em"><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:2.6119402985076%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/Four_Four_Bravo" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Four Bravo">Four Four Bravo</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:2.6119402985076%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:13.059701492537%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/Air_Lanka_Flight_512" title="Air Lanka Flight 512">Air Lanka Flight 512</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:17.537313432836%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord" title="Indo-Sri Lanka Accord">Indo-Sri Lanka Accord</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:17.537313432836%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%9389_JVP_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="1987–89 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:19.067164179104%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/1988_Maldives_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt">Maldives coup d'état attempt</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:28.358208955224%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/1990_massacre_of_Sri_Lankan_Police_officers" title="1990 massacre of Sri Lankan Police officers">Police massacre</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:26.492537313433%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Muslims_from_the_Northern_province_by_LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE">Expulsion of Muslims</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:31.716417910448%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi Assassination</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:39.179104477612%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Assassination of Ranasinghe Premadasa">Ranasinghe Premadasa Assassination</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:49.253731343284%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/Colombo_Central_Bank_bombing" title="Colombo Central Bank bombing">Central Bank bombing</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:51.119402985075%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/1996_Dehiwala_train_bombing" title="1996 Dehiwala train bombing">Dehiwala train bombing</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:52.611940298507%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/1997_Colombo_World_Trade_Centre_bombing" title="1997 Colombo World Trade Centre bombing">WTC bombing</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:56.343283582089%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/1998_Temple_of_the_Tooth_attack" title="1998 Temple of the Tooth attack">Temple of the Tooth attack</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:59.328358208956%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/Lionair_Flight_602" title="Lionair Flight 602">Lionair Flight 602</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:63.432835820896%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Attempted assassination of Chandrika Kumaratunga">Chandrika Kumaratunga assassination attempt</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:69.776119402985%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike_Airport_attack" title="Bandaranaike Airport attack">Bandaranaike Airport attack</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:97.761194029851%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓<a href="/wiki/2009_suicide_air_raid_on_Colombo" title="2009 suicide air raid on Colombo">Colombo Suicide air raid</a></div></div><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; width:100%"><div style="margin-left:98.880597014926%; margin-top:0; position:relative">↓Death of Prabhakaran</div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.6em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:#FFF28E"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:17.910447761194%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_I" title="Eelam War I">Eelam War I</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:11.940298507463%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war">Indian intervention</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:17.910447761194%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_II" title="Eelam War II">Eelam War II</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:1.1194029850753%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Cease Fire</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:21.343283582089%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_III" title="Eelam War III">Eelam War III</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:21.194029850747%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em">Cease Fire</div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:8.2089552238808%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Eelam_War_IV" title="Eelam War IV">Eelam War IV</a></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.6em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:#9FCCFC"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:22.76119402985%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> President: <a href="/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene" title="J. R. Jayewardene">Jayewardene</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:16.417910447762%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Ranasinghe_Premadasa" title="Ranasinghe Premadasa">Premadasa</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:2.2761194029847%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Dingiri_Banda_Wijetunga" title="Dingiri Banda Wijetunga">Wijetunga</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:41.044776119403%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Chandrika Kumaratunga">Kumaratunga</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:17.5%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_Rajapaksa" title="Mahinda Rajapaksa">Rajapaksa</a></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.6em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:#A3E3ED"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:8.2089552238808%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Army_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Commander of the Army (Sri Lanka)">Army</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tissa_Weeratunga" title="Tissa Weeratunga">Weeratunga</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:13.432835820895%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Nalin_Seneviratne" title="Nalin Seneviratne">Seneviratne</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:8.6194029850744%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Wanasinghe" title="Hamilton Wanasinghe">Wanasinghe</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:7.5%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Waidyaratne" title="Cecil Waidyaratne">Waidyaratne</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:12.23880597015%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/G._H._De_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="G. H. De Silva">De Silva</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:6.4179104477605%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Rohan_Daluwatte" title="Rohan Daluwatte">Daluwatte</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:10%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Srilal_Weerasooriya" title="Srilal Weerasooriya">Weerasooriya</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:14.179104477612%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Balagalle" title="Lionel Balagalle">Balagalle</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:1.9402985074626%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Shantha_Kottegoda" title="Shantha Kottegoda">Kottegoda</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:17.462686567164%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Sarath_Fonseka" title="Sarath Fonseka">Fonseka</a></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%; padding:0px; height:1.6em;border-top:1px solid #000;;background-color:#ED8B8B"><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:98.880597014926%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000; border-left:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a> leader: <a href="/wiki/Velupillai_Prabhakaran" title="Velupillai Prabhakaran">Prabhakaran</a></div></div></div><div style="float:left; height:100%; text-align:center; overflow: hidden; background-color:transparent;width:1.1194029850745%"><div style="box-sizing: border-box;;float:right; width: 100%; height:100%; border-right:1px solid #000"><div style="position: relative; top:0em; font-size:0.9em"><a href="/wiki/Selvarasa_Pathmanathan" title="Selvarasa Pathmanathan">Pathmanathan</a></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;width:100%;max-width:100%;border-top:0.1em solid black;height:1em;"></div><div id="Scale" style="clear:both;position:relative;top:-1.4em;left:-0.2em;width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em"><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1983</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1984</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1985</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1986</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1987</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1988</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1989</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1990</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1991</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1992</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1993</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1994</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1995</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1996</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1997</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1998</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">1999</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2000</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2001</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2002</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2003</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2004</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2005</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2006</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2007</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:3.7313432835821%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2008</div></div><div style="float:left;overflow:visible;width:0%">│<div style="font-size:86%; position:relative; left:-0.8em; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap">2009</div></div></div></div></div><div style="clear:left;"></div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_armed_conflicts_involving_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Sri_Lanka228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kotte_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Kotte conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Kotte conquest of the Jaffna kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lankan civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vijithapura" title="Battle of Vijithapura">Battle of Vijithapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_invasion_of_Pandya" title="Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya">Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest of Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa%E2%80%93Pagan_War" title="Polonnaruwa–Pagan War">Polonnaruwa–Pagan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1173_Polonnaruwa_invasion_of_Chola" title="1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola">1173 Polonnaruwa invasion of Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Civil_War_(1169%E2%80%931177)" title="Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177)">Pandyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_invasions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Malay invasions of Sri Lanka">Malay invasions of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Kotte_War" title="Ming–Kotte War">Ming–Kotte War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts">Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kotte_(1557%E2%80%931558)" title="Siege of Kotte (1557–1558)">Siege of Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mulleriyawa" title="Battle of Mulleriyawa">Battle of Mulleriyawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Danture" title="Campaign of Danture">Campaign of Danture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom_(1560)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna kingdom (1560)">1560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom_(1591)" title="Portuguese invasion of the Jaffna kingdom (1591)">1591</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan%E2%80%93Dutch_war_(1670%E2%80%931675)" title="Kandyan–Dutch war (1670–1675)">First Kandyan–Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan%E2%80%93Dutch_war_(1764%E2%80%931766)" title="Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766)">Second Kandyan–Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%931818" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–1818">Great Rebellion of 1817–1818</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Matale rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Easter Sunday Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian" title="Operation Prosperity Guardian">Operation Prosperity Guardian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peacekeeping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilization_Mission_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti">United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic_and_Chad" title="United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad">United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces#History" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon in World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coups,_rebellions,_and_revolts_in_Sri_Lanka_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sri_Lanka&#124;link=Sri_Lanka243" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_coups" title="Template:Sri Lankan coups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_coups" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan coups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_coups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan coups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups,_rebellions,_and_revolts_in_Sri_Lanka_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sri_Lanka&#124;link=Sri_Lanka243" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Coups, rebellions, and revolts in Sri Lanka <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"><img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attempted coups and rebellions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchical Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velakkara_revolt" title="Velakkara revolt">Velakkara revolt</a> (1084)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Polonnaruwa_War_of_Succession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Polonnaruwa War of Succession (page does not exist)">First Polonnaruwa War of Succession</a> (1110-1153)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Sugala_rebellion" title="Queen Sugala rebellion">Queen Sugala rebellion</a> (1157–1158)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruhuna_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruhuna Rebellion (page does not exist)">Ruhuna Rebellion</a> (1160)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajarata_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajarata Rebellion (page does not exist)">Rajarata Rebellion</a> (1168)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Polonnaruwa_War_of_Succession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Polonnaruwa War of Succession (page does not exist)">Second Polonnaruwa War of Succession</a> (1186–1187)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandyan_independence_movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandyan independence movement (page does not exist)">Kandyan independence movement</a> (1470s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kangara_arachchi_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kangara arachchi Revolt (page does not exist)">Kangara arachchi Revolt</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Kuruvita_rala_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Kuruvita rala Revolt">1st Kuruvita rala Revolt</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Kuruvita_rala_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Kuruvita rala Revolt">2nd Kuruvita rala Revolt</a> (1616–1619)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikapitiye_Bandara_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikapitiye Bandara Revolt (page does not exist)">Nikapitiye Bandara Revolt</a> (1616–1617)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Sri Lankan independence movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%931818" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–1818">Great Rebellion of 1817–1818</a> (1817–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Matale rebellion</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Temperance movement in Sri Lanka">Temperance movement</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriya-Mal_Movement" title="Suriya-Mal Movement">Suriya-Mal Movement</a> (1933–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a> (1942)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Sri Lanka (1948–present)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1962_Ceylonese_coup_attempt" title="1962 Ceylonese coup attempt">1962 Ceylonese coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_alleged_Ceylonese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt">1966 alleged Ceylonese coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lankan civil war</a> (1983-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_alleged_Sri_Lankan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 alleged Sri Lankan coup d'état attempt">2015 alleged Sri Lankan coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Sri_Lankan_constitutional_crisis" title="2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis">2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis</a></li> <li>Aragalaya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Sri_Lankan_protests" title="2022 Sri Lankan protests">2022 Sri Lankan protests</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of riots in Sri Lanka">Riots and civil disorder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1915_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1915 Ceylonese riots">1915 Ceylonese riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Ceylonese_Hartal" title="1953 Ceylonese Hartal">1953 Ceylonese Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1956 Ceylonese riots">1956 Ceylonese riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Ceylonese_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Ceylonese riots">1958 Ceylonese riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylonese_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="Ceylonese protests against the Vietnam War">Protests against the Vietnam War in Ceylon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Sri_Lankan_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Sri Lankan riots">1977 Sri Lankan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Burning of Jaffna Public Library">Burning of Jaffna Public Library</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welikada_prison_massacre" title="Welikada prison massacre">Welikada prison massacre</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Eastern_Province_massacres#Trincomalee_riots" title="1987 Eastern Province massacres">1987 Trincomalee riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalutara_prison_riots" title="Kalutara prison riots">Kalutara prison riots</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindunuwewa_massacre" title="Bindunuwewa massacre">Bindunuwewa massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawanella_riots" title="Mawanella riots">Mawanella riots</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beruwala_riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beruwala riots (page does not exist)">Beruwala riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Inuvil_shooting_and_protests" title="2005 Inuvil shooting and protests">2005 Inuvil shooting and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Welikada_prison_riot" title="2012 Welikada prison riot">2012 Welikada prison riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2014 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2018 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka">2019 anti-Muslim riots in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahara_prison_riot" title="Mahara prison riot">Mahara prison riot</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Template:Sri Lankan Tamil people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Template talk:Sri Lankan Tamil people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lankan Tamil people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Sri Lankan Tamils">Sri Lankan Tamil people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamils">List of Sri Lankan Tamils</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Tamils" title="History of Eastern Tamils">History of Eastern Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissamaharama_Tamil_Brahmi_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Tissamaharama Tamil Brahmi inscription">Tissamaharama inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaicoddai_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Annaicoddai seal">Annaicoddai seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketheeswaram_temple" title="Ketheeswaram temple">Ketheeswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneswaram_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koneswaram temple">Koneswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munneswaram_temple" title="Munneswaram temple">Munneswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenavaram_temple" title="Tenavaram temple">Tenavaram temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="History of the Jaffna kingdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryacakravarti_dynasty" title="Aryacakravarti dynasty">Aryacakravarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Palace_ruins" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Palace ruins">Jaffna Palace ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotagama_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotagama inscriptions">Kotagama inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Jaffna_kingdom" title="Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom">Portuguese conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannimai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vannimai">Vannimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanniar_(Chieftain)" title="Vanniar (Chieftain)">Vanniar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demala_Hatpattu" title="Demala Hatpattu">Demala Hatpattu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Ceylon_Mission" title="American Ceylon Mission">American Ceylon Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Mission,_North_Ceylon" title="Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon">Wesleyan Methodist Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Youth_Congress" title="Jaffna Youth Congress">Jaffna Youth Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_state_sponsored_colonisation_schemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan state sponsored colonisation schemes">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riots_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Riots in Sri Lanka">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandaranaike%E2%80%93Chelvanayakam_Pact" title="Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact">Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_of_standardisation" title="Policy of standardisation">Standardisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Militancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaddukoddai_Resolution" title="Vaddukoddai Resolution">Vaddukoddai Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Jaffna library">Burning of Jaffna library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_July" title="Black July">Black July</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Northern_Province_Council_resolution_on_genocide_of_Tamils" title="2015 Northern Province Council resolution on genocide of Tamils">NPC Resolution on Genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Provincial_Council" title="Northern Provincial Council">Northern Provincial Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Northern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Northern Province">Government of the Northern Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Northern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Northern Province">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Northern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Northern Province">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Provincial_Council" title="Eastern Provincial Council">Eastern Provincial Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Eastern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Eastern Province">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Eastern_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Eastern Province">Chief Ministers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Ceylon_Tamil_Congress" title="All Ceylon Tamil Congress">All Ceylon Tamil Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Party_(Sri_Lanka)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Party (Sri Lanka)">Federal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_United_Liberation_Front" title="Tamil United Liberation Front">Tamil United Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Tamil National Alliance">Tamil National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Tamil_National_Alliance" title="Democratic Tamil National Alliance">Democratic Tamil National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_National_People%27s_Front" title="Tamil National People's Front">Tamil National People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_People%27s_National_Alliance" title="Tamil People's National Alliance">Tamil People's National Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_Tamil_militant_groups" title="List of Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups">Militant groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Democratic_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Democratic Liberation Front">ENDLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_National_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam National Liberation Front">ENLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_People%27s_Revolutionary_Liberation_Front" title="Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front">EPRLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eelam_Revolutionary_Organisation_of_Students" title="Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students">EORS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">LTTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Organisation_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam">PLOTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_Liberation_Organization" title="Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization">TELO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Tamils_Forum" title="British Tamils Forum">British Tamils Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Tamil_Congress" title="Canadian Tamil Congress">Canadian Tamil Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Tamil_Sangams_of_North_America" title="Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America">Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Tamil_Forum" title="Global Tamil Forum">Global Tamil Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_Against_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamils Against Genocide">Tamils Against Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Youth_Organisation" title="Tamil Youth Organisation">Tamil Youth Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_Government_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam">Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eelam" title="Eelam">Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Sri_Lankan_Tamils" title="Genetic studies on Sri Lankan Tamils">Genetic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaiyar" title="Karaiyar">Karaiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koviar" class="mw-redirect" title="Koviar">Koviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukkuvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukkuvar">Mukkuvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalavar" title="Nalavar">Nalavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraiyar" title="Paraiyar">Paraiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesavalamai" title="Thesavalamai">Thesavalamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellalar_(Sri_Lankan_Tamil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellalar (Sri Lankan Tamil)">Vellalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Veddas" title="Coast Veddas">Vedar</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_cinema" title="Sri Lankan Tamil cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils_in_Indian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Tamils in Indian cinema">Representations in Indian cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_literature" title="Sri Lankan Tamil literature">Literature</a></li> <li>News <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(Sri_Lankan_newspaper)" title="Saturday Review (Sri Lankan newspaper)">Saturday Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudar_Oli" title="Sudar Oli">Sudar Oli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Guardian" title="Tamil Guardian">Tamil Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TamilNet" title="TamilNet">TamilNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Times" title="Tamil Times">Tamil Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinakaran" title="Thinakaran">Thinakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinakkural" title="Thinakkural">Thinakkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthayan" title="Uthayan">Uthayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virakesari" title="Virakesari">Virakesari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_diaspora" title="Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Australians" title="Tamil Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Canadians" title="Tamil Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_France" title="Tamils in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Germans" title="Tamil Germans">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy" title="Tamils in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamils_in_India" title="Sri Lankan Tamils in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_New_Zealanders" title="Tamil New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Pakistan" title="Tamils in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="British Tamil">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Languages and dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batticaloa_Tamil_dialect" title="Batticaloa Tamil dialect">Batticaloa Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Tamil_dialect" title="Jaffna Tamil dialect">Jaffna Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negombo_Tamil_dialect" title="Negombo Tamil dialect">Negombo Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loanwords_in_Sri_Lankan_Tamil" title="Loanwords in Sri Lankan Tamil">Loanwords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naguleswaram_temple" title="Naguleswaram temple">Naguleswaram temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nallur_Kandaswamy_temple" title="Nallur Kandaswamy temple">Nallur Kandaswamy temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Sri Lanka">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Madhu" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu">Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_deities_of_Tamils_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka">Village deities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_national_cricket_team" title="Tamil Eelam national cricket team">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam_national_football_team" title="Tamil Eelam national football team">Football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people" title="Category:Sri Lankan Tamil people">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sri_Lanka_topics441" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Template:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Template talk:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lanka_topics441" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankans">Sri Lankans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Outline of Sri Lanka">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bibliography of Sri Lanka">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sri_Lankan_history" title="Timeline of Sri Lankan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of years in Sri Lanka">Years</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2025 in Sri Lanka">2025</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prehistory of Sri Lanka">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Anuradhapura_period" title="Pre-Anuradhapura period">Pre-Anuradhapura period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Sri Lanka (1948–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epochs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Tambapanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest of Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" title="Kingdom of Dambadeniya">Dambadeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gampola" title="Kingdom of Gampola">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century" title="Crisis of the Sixteenth Century">Crisis of the Sixteenth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%9318" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–18">Uva Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Matale rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragalaya">Aragalaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chronicles_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of chronicles of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographic_history_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographic history of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Sri Lanka">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Sri Lanka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">Sexual Minorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Law of Sri Lanka">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Constitutional Council (Sri Lanka)">Constitutional Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Heads of state of Sri Lanka">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Secretariat_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Presidential Secretariat (Sri Lanka)">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Sri_Lanka_Government" title="Ministers of the Sri Lanka Government">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cabinet of Sri Lanka">Cabinet</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of ministries of Sri Lanka">Ministries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Administrative_Service" title="Sri Lanka Administrative Service">Administrative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Sri_Lanka)" title="National Security Council (Sri Lanka)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Law enforcement in Sri Lanka">Law enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Judiciary of Sri Lanka">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka">Court of appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="High Court of Sri Lanka">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="District courts of Sri Lanka">District courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate%27s_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrate's Courts of Sri Lanka">Magistrate's Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Courts of Sri Lanka">Primary Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Tribunal" title="Labour Tribunal">Labour Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Prime Minister's Office (Sri Lanka)">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_speaker_and_chairman_of_committees_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy speaker and chairman of committees of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Deputy speaker and chairman of committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_Committees" title="Deputy Chairman of Committees">Deputy Chairman of Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Leader of the House (Sri Lanka)">Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Government_Whip_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Chief Government Whip (Sri Lanka)">Chief Government Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Opposition_Whip_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Chief Opposition Whip (Sri Lanka)">Chief Opposition Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretaries-General_of_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretaries-General of Parliament (page does not exist)">Secretaries-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="15th Parliament of Sri Lanka">15th Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_15th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka">Members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force" title="Sri Lanka Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Coast_Guard" title="Sri Lanka Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li>Intelligence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">State Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Sri Lanka)">Directorate of Military Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Sri Lanka)">Criminal Investigation Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police" title="Sri Lanka Police">Sri Lanka Police Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devolution_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devolution in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Devolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_government_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial government in Sri Lanka">Provincial governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Local government in Sri Lanka">Local governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_councils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Municipal councils of Sri Lanka">Municipal councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_councils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Urban councils of Sri Lanka">Urban councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradeshiya_Sabha" title="Pradeshiya Sabha">Pradeshiya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wards_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wards of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Wards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Capital city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Electoral districts of Sri Lanka">Electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Elections in Sri Lanka">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Foreign relations of Sri Lanka">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of political parties in Sri Lanka">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party" title="Sri Lanka Freedom Party">Sri Lanka Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Political_scandals_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Political scandals of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Administrative divisions of Sri Lanka">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Districts of Sri Lanka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisional_Secretariats_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Secretariats of Sri Lanka">Divisional Secretariats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grama_Niladhari" title="Grama Niladhari">Grama Niladhari divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of towns in Sri Lanka">Towns</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of ecoregions in Sri Lanka">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Environment of Sri Lanka">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Extreme points of Sri Lanka">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of islands of Sri Lanka">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of mountains of Sri Lanka">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pidurutalagala" title="Pidurutalagala">Pidurutalagala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Highlands of Sri Lanka">Central Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanthana_Mountain_Range" title="Hanthana Mountain Range">Hanthana Mountain Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knuckles_Mountain_Range" title="Knuckles Mountain Range">Knuckles Mountain Range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of national parks of Sri Lanka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Protected areas of Sri Lanka">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of rivers of Sri Lanka">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_River" title="Mahaweli River">Mahaweli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvathu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvathu River">Malvathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelani_River" title="Kelani River">Kelani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Ganga" title="Kalu Ganga">Kalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Ganga" title="Gin Ganga">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Sri Lanka">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Wildlife of Sri Lanka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Agriculture in Sri Lanka">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Banking in Sri Lanka">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Bank of Sri Lanka">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telecommunications in Sri Lanka">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of companies of Sri Lanka">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Electricity sector in Sri Lanka">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Information technology in Sri Lanka">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lanka_public_debt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lanka public debt (page does not exist)">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Science and technology in Sri Lanka">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombo_Stock_Exchange" title="Colombo Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Taxation in Sri Lanka">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade of Sri Lanka">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Transport in Sri Lanka">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unemployment_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unemployment in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Welfare in Sri Lanka">Welfare</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Industries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparel_industry_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Apparel industry of Sri Lanka">Apparel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Beer in Sri Lanka">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinnamon_production_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinnamon production in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Cocoa production in Sri Lanka">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coconut production in Sri Lanka">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coffee production in Sri Lanka">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gems_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Gems of Sri Lanka">Gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite_mining_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Graphite mining in Sri Lanka">Graphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rice production in Sri Lanka">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rubber production in Sri Lanka">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar production in Sri Lanka">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tourism in Sri Lanka">Tourism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Childbirth in Sri Lanka">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Demographics of Sri Lanka">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">Sexual Minorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Health in Sri Lanka">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sri Lanka">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Mass media in Sri Lanka">Mass media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in Sri Lanka">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Architecture of Sri Lanka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Visual arts of Sri Lanka">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Dance in Sri Lanka">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fashion in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Flag of Sri Lanka">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_literature" title="Sri Lankan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Sri_Lanka" title="National symbols of Sri Lanka">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lankan philosophy (page does not exist)">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Radio in Sri Lanka">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sport in Sri Lanka">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Traditional games of Sri Lanka">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheena_di" title="Cheena di">Cheena di</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Television in Sri Lanka">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Theatre of Sri Lanka">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital punishment in Sri Lanka">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Crime in Sri Lanka">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Disability in Sri Lanka">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Gender inequality in Sri Lanka">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Sri_Lanka" title="International rankings of Sri Lanka">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sri Lanka">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Poverty in Sri Lanka">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Sri Lanka">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Asia169" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Asia169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Asia" title="List of conflicts in Asia">conflicts in Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict (1947–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab,_India" title="Insurgency in Punjab, India">Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict (1947–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection (1971)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection (1987–1989)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Maldives_political_crisis" title="2011–2013 Maldives political crisis">Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_All_Clear" title="Operation All Clear">Operation All Clear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">Tibetan unrest (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korea (North and South)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_border_incidents_involving_North_and_South_Korea" title="List of border incidents involving North and South Korea">Maritime border incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_North_Korean_nuclear_crisis" title="1994 North Korean nuclear crisis">1994 North Korean nuclear crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_North_Korea_crisis" title="2017–2018 North Korea crisis">2017–2018 crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiwan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cambodia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict (1969–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Madago_Raya" title="Operation Madago Raya">East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Myanmar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Myanmar conflict (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Civil war (2021–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Timor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis" title="1999 East Timorese crisis">1999 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_crisis_in_Timor-Leste" title="2006 crisis in Timor-Leste">2006 crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" title="Civil conflict in the Philippines">Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">NPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FULRO_insurgency" title="FULRO insurgency">FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> <ul><li>Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">1989–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">1992–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">1996–2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001–2021 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan">Ethnic conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyrgyzstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Osh_clashes" title="1990 Osh clashes">1990 Osh clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kyrgyz_Revolution" title="2010 Kyrgyz Revolution">2010 Kyrgyz Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes" title="2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes">2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tajikistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Gorno-Badakhshan_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)">Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_massacre" title="Fergana massacre">Fergana massacre (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan_massacre" title="Andijan massacre">Andijan massacre (2005)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bahrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahraini uprising (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes (2016–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel (1985–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian arena (2012–2024)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan_conflict_(2001%E2%80%932003)" title="Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)">Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">ISIL insurgency (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel (2006–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel (1985–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian arena (2012–2024)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Lebanon_conflict" title="2008 Lebanon conflict">Lebanon conflict (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel (2006–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saudi Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li> <li>Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian Civil War (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Syrian Civil War">Regional spillover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHKP/C_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey">DHKP/C insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–ISIL conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(1994)" title="Yemeni civil war (1994)">Civil war (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda (1998–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi (2004–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen (2009–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Civil War (2014–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-continental conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency (2011–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">Operation Inherent Resolve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox792" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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