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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class=" story nytapp-vi-article " xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title data-rh="true">New Charter Reinforces Kim Jong-il’s Hold on Power - The New York Times</title> <meta data-rh="true" name="robots" content="noarchive, max-image-preview:large"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="The changes, which include the removal of the term “Communism” from the constitution’s text, are perceived as an attempt to improve the country’s image abroad."/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:url" content="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/29/world/asia/29korea.html"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:title" content="New North Korean Constitution Bolsters Kim’s Power (Published 2009)"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:description" content="The changes, which include the removal of the term “Communism” from the constitution’s text, are perceived as an attempt to improve the country’s image 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aria-checked="false" disabled="" aria-busy="false" aria-live="polite"><svg width="12" height="18" viewBox="0 0 12 18" class="css-eap6fy"><g fill-rule="nonzero"><path class="saved-fill" d="M1.157 1.268v14.288l4.96-3.813 4.753 3.843V1.268z"></path><path class="saved-stroke" d="m12 18-5.9-4.756L0 17.98V1.014C0 .745.095.487.265.297.435.107.664 0 .904 0h10.192c.24 0 .47.107.64.297.169.19.264.448.264.717V18ZM1.157 1.268v14.288l4.96-3.813 4.753 3.843V1.268H1.158Z"></path></g></svg></button></li></ul></div></div><div data-testid="byline-timestamp" class="css-xt80pu eakwutd0"><div class="css-103l8m3"><div class="css-1e2jphy epjyd6m1"><div class="css-233int epjyd6m0"><p class="css-4anu6l e1jsehar1"><span class="byline-prefix">By </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/choe-sang-hun" class="last-byline css-ojhyzr e1jsehar0" itemProp="name">Choe Sang-Hun</a></p></div></div><ul class="css-1cgskve epjyd6m3"><li class="css-ccw2r3 epjyd6m2"><time class="css-1z1nqv e16638kd0" dateTime="2009-09-28T06:41:46-04:00">Sept. 28, 2009</time></li></ul></div></div><div class="css-1guqxks"><a class="css-1vknhtq" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2009/09/29/world/asia/29korea.html">See how this article appeared when it was originally published on NYTimes.com.</a></div></header><section name="articleBody" class="meteredContent css-1r7ky0e"><div class="css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn" data-testid="companionColumn-0"><div class="css-53u6y8"><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">SEOUL, South Korea North Korea has officially made Kim Jong-il its “supreme leader” and his “military first” policy its guiding ideology, according to the text of the country’s newly revised Constitution made available on Monday.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">The Constitution also declared for the first time that North Korea “respects and protects” the “human rights” of its citizens, and expunged the term “communism” from its text. </p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">Analysts saw the changes as signs that one of the last holdouts from the former Communist bloc was trying to improve its international image in an effort to engage the United States and that the ailing Mr. Kim was trying to burnish his legacy. </p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">North Korea revised its Constitution in April when its rubber-stamp Parliament <a class="css-yywogo" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/10/world/asia/10kim.html" title="Times article">re-elected Mr. Kim</a> as chairman of the National Defense Commission amid uncertainty over his health. But the outside world was kept in the dark about the details of the amendment until Monday, when South Korea released what it called the text of the North Korean Constitution.</p></div><aside class="css-ew4tgv" aria-label="companion column"></aside></div><div data-testid="Dropzone-1"></div><div class="css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn" data-testid="companionColumn-1"><div class="css-53u6y8"><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0"><a class="css-yywogo" href="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/world/NorKoreaConstitution.pdf" title="">The new Constitution</a> defined one of several titles Mr. Kim holds, chairman of the National Defense Commission, as “supreme leader” of the country. Though Mr. Kim has ruled the country as an undisputed leader, the Constitution revision is the first time he has acquired such an official designation since the death of his father, Kim Il-sung, in 1994. </p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">The chairman “oversees the entire national business,” appointing important military figures, ratifying or abrogating treaties with foreign nations, appointing special envoys and declaring states of emergency or war, the new Constitution said.</p><div data-testid="imageblock-wrapper"><figure class="img-sz-small css-1189og3 e1g7ppur0" aria-label="media" role="group"><div class="css-zgakxe erfvjey0" data-testid="photoviewer-children-figure"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Image</span><div class="css-nwd8t8" data-testid="lazy-image"><div data-testid="lazyimage-container" style="height:502.66666666666663px"></div></div></div><figcaption data-testid="photoviewer-children-caption" class="css-13ytnnu ewdxa0s0"><span class="css-jevhma e13ogyst0">The revised Constitution made Kim Jong-il the supreme leader of North Korea.</span><span class="css-14fe1uy e1z0qqy90"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0">Credit...</span><span><span aria-hidden="false">K.C.N.A. via Korea News Service</span></span></span></figcaption></figure></div><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">The government of South Korea declined to comment, saying it was still scrutinizing the changes. But analysts said Mr. Kim was reasserting his rule by stamping his imprint on the Constitution at a time when doubt persisted at home and abroad about his health and his grip on power. </p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">Mr. Kim, 67, reportedly had a stroke last year. But in recent months, American and South Korean officials have acknowledged that he has recovered enough to be in control in Pyongyang. </p></div><aside class="css-ew4tgv" aria-label="companion column"></aside></div><div data-testid="Dropzone-3"></div><div class="css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn" data-testid="companionColumn-2"><div class="css-53u6y8"><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">“After he overcame his health crisis, Kim Jong-il revised the Constitution to show that he was in control and was the person the United States must deal with,” said Kim Yong-hyun, a North Korea analyst at Dongguk University in Seoul. “By mentioning human rights and giving up communism, which sounded hollow to his people after the collapse of the Eastern bloc, he is also trying to show that he is a flexible leader sensitive to the changing world order.”</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">The constitutional revision does little to add to his already absolute grip on power, said Cheong Seong-chang, a senior analyst at Sejong Institute in South Korea. Mr. Kim is already head of the ruling Workers’ Party and the People’s Army. The new Constitution stuck to a socialist system, though it abandoned communism.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">But by bringing more portfolios under his National Defense Commission, “Kim Jong-il showed an intention to focus more on the military and foreign affairs” while leaving party matters to Kim Jong-un, the youngest of his three sons, who is reportedly being groomed as his successor, Mr. Cheong said. </p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">North Korea is now ruled by a “Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un coalition,” he added.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0">In 1998, four years after the death of Kim Jong-il’s father, North Korea <a class="css-yywogo" href="http://www.novexcn.com/dprk_constitution_98.html" title="Text of the 1998 Constitution" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">revised its Constitution</a> to leave the senior Kim’s title, president, “eternally vacant,” dispersing the roles of the presidency to different agencies. That left outside analysts wondering who officially represented the country, though few disputed Mr. Kim’s authority. With the April revision, Mr. Kim has now left no doubt where the power resides both in reality and in document, analysts said.</p><p class="css-at9mc1 evys1bk0"> “This is the Kim Jong-il Constitution,” said Kim Yong-hyun, the analyst.</p></div><aside class="css-ew4tgv" aria-label="companion column"></aside></div></section><div class="bottom-of-article"><div class="css-lojhqv">A version of this article appears in print on <span class="css-1dmwf73"> </span>, Section A, Page 12 of the New York edition with the headline: New Constitution Reinforces Kim Jong-il’s Hold on Power<span>. <a href="https://www.parsintl.com/publication/the-new-york-times/">Order Reprints</a> | <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/todayspaper">Today’s Paper</a> | <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY">Subscribe</a></span></div><div role="toolbar" data-testid="share-tools" aria-label="Social Media Share buttons, Save button, and Comments Panel with current 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Power"}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"},"label":null,"ledeMedia":null,"subhead":null,"timestampBlock":{"__typename":"TimestampBlock","align":"DEFAULT","showUpdatedTimestamp":null,"timestamp":"2009-09-28T10:41:46.000Z"}},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"SEOUL, South Korea North Korea has officially made Kim Jong-il its “supreme leader” and his “military first” policy its guiding ideology, according to the text of the country’s newly revised Constitution made available on Monday."}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":0},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The Constitution also declared for the first time that North Korea “respects and protects” the “human rights” of its citizens, and expunged the term “communism” from its text. "}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":1},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Analysts saw the changes as signs that one of the last holdouts from the former Communist bloc was trying to improve its international image in an effort to engage the United States and that the ailing Mr. Kim was trying to burnish his legacy. "}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":2},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"North Korea revised its Constitution in April when its rubber-stamp Parliament "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"Times article","uri":null,"url":"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2009\u002F04\u002F10\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002F10kim.html"}],"text":"re-elected Mr. Kim"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" as chairman of the National Defense Commission amid uncertainty over his health. But the outside world was kept in the dark about the details of the amendment until Monday, when South Korea released what it called the text of the North Korean Constitution."}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":3},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"http:\u002F\u002Fgraphics8.nytimes.com\u002Fpackages\u002Fpdf\u002Fworld\u002FNorKoreaConstitution.pdf"}],"text":"The new Constitution"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" defined one of several titles Mr. Kim holds, chairman of the National Defense Commission, as “supreme leader” of the country. Though Mr. Kim has ruled the country as an undisputed leader, the Constitution revision is the first time he has acquired such an official designation since the death of his father, Kim Il-sung, in 1994. "}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":4},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The chairman “oversees the entire national business,” appointing important military figures, ratifying or abrogating treaties with foreign nations, appointing special envoys and declaring states of emergency or war, the new Constitution said."}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":5},{"__typename":"ImageBlock","media":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The revised Constitution made Kim Jong-il the supreme leader of North Korea."}]}],"text":"The revised Constitution made Kim Jong-il the supreme leader of North Korea."},"credit":"K.C.N.A. via Korea News Service","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":247,"name":"articleInline","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2009\u002F09\u002F29\u002Fworld\u002F29korea.inline.190.jpg","width":190}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvMmM1ZmEyMTQtYWUyMi01ZDcwLTkwMGMtYjZlYWUxYzAzZGVj","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"The revised Constitution made Kim Jong-il the supreme leader of North Korea.","timesTags":[],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002F2c5fa214-ae22-5d70-900c-b6eae1c03dec","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fimagepages\u002F2009\u002F09\u002F29\u002Fworld\u002F29korea_CA0.inline.ready.html"},"size":"MEDIUM"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":6},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The government of South Korea declined to comment, saying it was still scrutinizing the changes. But analysts said Mr. Kim was reasserting his rule by stamping his imprint on the Constitution at a time when doubt persisted at home and abroad about his health and his grip on power. "}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":7},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Mr. Kim, 67, reportedly had a stroke last year. But in recent months, American and South Korean officials have acknowledged that he has recovered enough to be in control in Pyongyang. "}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":8},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“After he overcame his health crisis, Kim Jong-il revised the Constitution to show that he was in control and was the person the United States must deal with,” said Kim Yong-hyun, a North Korea analyst at Dongguk University in Seoul. “By mentioning human rights and giving up communism, which sounded hollow to his people after the collapse of the Eastern bloc, he is also trying to show that he is a flexible leader sensitive to the changing world order.”"}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":9},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The constitutional revision does little to add to his already absolute grip on power, said Cheong Seong-chang, a senior analyst at Sejong Institute in South Korea. Mr. Kim is already head of the ruling Workers’ Party and the People’s Army. The new Constitution stuck to a socialist system, though it abandoned communism."}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":10},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"But by bringing more portfolios under his National Defense Commission, “Kim Jong-il showed an intention to focus more on the military and foreign affairs” while leaving party matters to Kim Jong-un, the youngest of his three sons, who is reportedly being groomed as his successor, Mr. Cheong said. "}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":11},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"North Korea is now ruled by a “Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un coalition,” he added."}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"In 1998, four years after the death of Kim Jong-il’s father, North Korea "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"Text of the 1998 Constitution","uri":null,"url":"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.novexcn.com\u002Fdprk_constitution_98.html"}],"text":"revised its Constitution"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" to leave the senior Kim’s title, president, “eternally vacant,” dispersing the roles of the presidency to different agencies. That left outside analysts wondering who officially represented the country, though few disputed Mr. Kim’s authority. With the April revision, Mr. Kim has now left no doubt where the power resides both in reality and in document, analysts said."}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":12},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" “This is the Kim Jong-il Constitution,” said Kim Yong-hyun, the analyst."}],"textAlign":"DEFAULT"}]},"storyFormat":null,"storylines":[{"__typename":"AssociatedStoryline","ruleName":"styln-international-general","storyline":{"__typename":"Storyline","context":null,"displayName":"Best of International","experimentalJsonBlob":"{\"data\":[{\"version\":1,\"type\":\"experimentalJsonBlob\",\"data\":[{\"version\":1,\"type\":\"guide\",\"data\":{\"title\":\"Around the World With The Times\",\"leadIn\":\"Our reporters across the globe take you into the field.\",\"sections\":[{\"section\":[{\"type\":\"bulletedList\",\"value\":[\"\u003Cstrong\u003EA Plea From Venezuela’s ‘Iron Lady’: \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EIn a series of rare in-depth interviews, Venezuela’s opposition leader, María Corina Machado, \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F18\u002Fworld\u002Famericas\u002Fvenezuela-trump-maria-machado-democracy.html\\\"\u003Ecalled on President-elect Donald Trump to save her country’s democracy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\",\"\u003Cstrong\u003EMoving On From a U.S. Massacre: \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EThe Vietnamese hamlet of My Lai is infamous for one of America’s most ghastly crimes of war, but now it holds \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F17\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002Fmy-lai-massacre-vietman-museum.html\\\"\u003Elessons in resilience and how to let go of anger\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\",\"\u003Cstrong\u003EWhere Allies Become Rivals: \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003EIn the volatile Caucasus region, Russia and Iran, often seen as united in their aims, \u003Ca href=\\\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F12\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Farmenia-azerbaijan-russia-iran-cop.html\\\"\u003Eare vying to secure trade routes and influence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. 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That leaves Western countries facing an unusual dilemma."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"North Korea’s Unbearable Noise: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Relations between North and South Korea have sunk to the lowest level in years. Now, Pyongyang is "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F4cad28da-26f6-53cd-8689-e77137dbfecb","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F16\u002Fworld\u002Fasia\u002Fnorth-korea-noise-weapon.html"}],"text":"blaring eerie sounds across the border"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" that villagers say are making their lives hell."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"China’s Livestream Sensation: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Selling products on livestream video is a big business in China. 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