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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">fshihe</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Fillim</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Valësjellësi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valësjellësi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Valësjellësi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valësjellësi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metodat_kryesore_për_projektimin_e_valësjellësave_optikë" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metodat_kryesore_për_projektimin_e_valësjellësave_optikë"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Metodat kryesore për projektimin e valësjellësave optikë</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metodat_kryesore_për_projektimin_e_valësjellësave_optikë-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Metodat kryesore për projektimin e valësjellësave optikë subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Metodat_kryesore_për_projektimin_e_valësjellësave_optikë-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metoda_WKB(Wentzel-Kramers-Brouillon)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metoda_WKB(Wentzel-Kramers-Brouillon)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Metoda WKB(Wentzel-Kramers-Brouillon)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metoda_WKB(Wentzel-Kramers-Brouillon)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metoda_e_indeksit_efektiv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metoda_e_indeksit_efektiv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Metoda e indeksit efektiv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metoda_e_indeksit_efektiv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parimi_Fizik_i_Fibrave_Optike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parimi_Fizik_i_Fibrave_Optike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Parimi Fizik i Fibrave Optike</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parimi_Fizik_i_Fibrave_Optike-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parimi Fizik i Fibrave Optike subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parimi_Fizik_i_Fibrave_Optike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Këndi_i_pranimit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Këndi_i_pranimit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Këndi i pranimit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Këndi_i_pranimit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hapja_numerike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hapja_numerike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hapja numerike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hapja_numerike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rrezet_elikoidale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rrezet_elikoidale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rrezet elikoidale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rrezet_elikoidale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shpejtësia_e_fazës_dhe_shpejtësia_grup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shpejtësia_e_fazës_dhe_shpejtësia_grup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Shpejtësia e fazës dhe shpejtësia grup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shpejtësia_e_fazës_dhe_shpejtësia_grup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fibrat_me_indeks_shkallë" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fibrat_me_indeks_shkallë"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Fibrat me indeks shkallë</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fibrat_me_indeks_shkallë-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fibrat_me_indeks_gradual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fibrat_me_indeks_gradual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Fibrat me indeks gradual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fibrat_me_indeks_gradual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gjatësia_valore_e_prerjes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gjatësia_valore_e_prerjes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Gjatësia valore e prerjes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gjatësia_valore_e_prerjes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vonesa_grup_dhe_faktori_i_vonesës_modale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vonesa_grup_dhe_faktori_i_vonesës_modale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Vonesa grup dhe faktori i vonesës modale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vonesa_grup_dhe_faktori_i_vonesës_modale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shuarja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shuarja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Shuarja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shuarja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shpërndarja_Rayeleigh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shpërndarja_Rayeleigh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Shpërndarja Rayeleigh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shpërndarja_Rayeleigh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prodhimi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prodhimi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prodhimi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prodhimi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fibrat_Optike_me_Infra_te_kuqe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fibrat_Optike_me_Infra_te_kuqe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fibrat Optike me Infra te kuqe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fibrat_Optike_me_Infra_te_kuqe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fibrat Optike me Infra te kuqe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fibrat_Optike_me_Infra_te_kuqe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perdorimet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perdorimet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Perdorimet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perdorimet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shiko_edhe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shiko_edhe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Shiko edhe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shiko_edhe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fibra optike</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 gjuhë</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiese_vesel" title="Optiese vesel – afrikanisht" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Optiese vesel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ليف بصري – arabisht" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليف بصري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A4%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فيبرة ؤپتيكية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيبرة ؤپتيكية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81" title="আলোক তন্তু – asamezisht" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলোক তন্তু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamezisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_%C3%B3ptica" title="Fibra óptica – asturisht" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fibra óptica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optik" title="Fiber-optik – azerbajxhanisht" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fiber-optik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajxhanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Оптично влакно – bullgarisht" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оптично влакно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bullgarisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার – bengalisht" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অপটিক্যাল ফাইবার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dko_vlakno" title="Optičko vlakno – boshnjakisht" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Optičko vlakno" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="boshnjakisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_%C3%B2ptica" title="Fibra òptica – katalonisht" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fibra òptica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%A8%DA%B5%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="کێبڵی تیشکی – kurdishte qendrore" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کێبڵی تیشکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdishte qendrore" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optick%C3%A9_vl%C3%A1kno" title="Optické vlákno – çekisht" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Optické vlákno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="çekisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffibr_optig" title="Ffibr optig – uellsisht" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffibr optig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="uellsisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysleder" title="Lysleder – danisht" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lysleder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikuj të mirë"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtwellenleiter" title="Lichtwellenleiter – gjermanisht" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lichtwellenleiter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="gjermanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="अप्टिकल फाइबर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अप्टिकल फाइबर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Οπτική ίνα – greqisht" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οπτική ίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greqisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber – anglisht" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Optical fiber" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika_fibro" title="Optika fibro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Optika fibro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_%C3%B3ptica" title="Fibra óptica – spanjisht" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fibra óptica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanjisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgusjuhe" title="Valgusjuhe – estonisht" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgusjuhe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuntz_optiko" title="Zuntz optiko – baskisht" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuntz optiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فیبر نوری – persisht" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیبر نوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valokuitu" title="Valokuitu – finlandisht" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valokuitu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_optique" title="Fibre optique – frëngjisht" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fibre optique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frëngjisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%A1ith%C3%ADn_opt%C3%BAil" title="Snáithín optúil – irlandisht" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Snáithín optúil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_%C3%B3ptica" title="Fibra óptica – galicisht" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fibra óptica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaule_o%27ukaas%C3%BC" title="Kaaule o'ukaasü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Kaaule o'ukaasü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99" title="סיב אופטי – hebraisht" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיב אופטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="प्रकाशीय तन्तु – indisht" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाशीय तन्तु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="indisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dko_vlakno" title="Optičko vlakno – kroatisht" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Optičko vlakno" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fib_optik" title="Fib optik – kreolishte e Haitit" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fib optik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="kreolishte e Haitit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikai_sz%C3%A1l" title="Optikai szál – hungarisht" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Optikai szál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungarisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%84" title="Օպտիկական թելք – armenisht" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օպտիկական թելք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serat_optik" title="Serat optik – indonezisht" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serat optik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_ottica" title="Fibra ottica – italisht" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fibra ottica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC" title="光ファイバー – japonisht" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光ファイバー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AD%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="ოპტიკური ბოჭკო – gjeorgjisht" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპტიკური ბოჭკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gjeorgjisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isirg_asekdan" title="Isirg asekdan – kabilisht" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Isirg asekdan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Сәулежол – kazakisht" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сәулежол" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಪ್ಟಿಕಲ್‌ ಫೈಬರ್ – kanadisht" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಪ್ಟಿಕಲ್‌ ಫೈಬರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanadisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0" title="광섬유 – koreanisht" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광섬유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_optica" title="Fibra optica – latinisht" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fibra optica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0viesolaidis" title="Šviesolaidis – lituanisht" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šviesolaidis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optisk%C4%81_%C5%A1%C4%B7iedra" title="Optiskā šķiedra – letonisht" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Optiskā šķiedra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Оптичко влакно – maqedonisht" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оптичко влакно" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maqedonisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC" title="ഒപ്റ്റിക്കൽ ഫൈബർ – malajalamisht" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒപ്റ്റിക്കൽ ഫൈബർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="प्रकाशवाहक तंतू – maratisht" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रकाशवाहक तंतू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentian_optik" title="Gentian optik – malajisht" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gentian optik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အလင်းဖန်မျှင် – birmanisht" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလင်းဖန်မျှင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="نوری فیبر – mazanderanisht" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نوری فیبر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="अप्टिकल फाइबर – nepalisht" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अप्टिकल फाइबर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optische_vezel" title="Optische vezel – holandisht" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Optische vezel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optisk_fiber" title="Optisk fiber – norvegjishte nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Optisk fiber" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegjishte nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberoptikk" title="Fiberoptikk – norvegjishte letrare" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fiberoptikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegjishte letrare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_optica" title="Fibra optica – oksitanisht" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fibra optica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ੀ ਤੰਦ – punxhabisht" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ੀ ਤੰਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punxhabisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awiat%C5%82ow%C3%B3d" title="Światłowód – polonisht" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Światłowód" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="نوري فایبر – pashtoisht" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوري فایبر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashtoisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibra_%C3%B3ptica" title="Fibra óptica – portugalisht" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fibra óptica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibr%C4%83_optic%C4%83" title="Fibră optică – rumanisht" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fibră optică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Оптическое волокно – rusisht" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оптическое волокно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibbra_ottica" title="Fibbra ottica – siçilianisht" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fibbra ottica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siçilianisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dko_vlakno" title="Optičko vlakno – serbo-kroatisht" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Optičko vlakno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-kroatisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94" title="ප්‍රකාශ තන්තු – sinhalisht" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රකාශ තන්තු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhalisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Optical fiber" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optick%C3%A9_vl%C3%A1kno" title="Optické vlákno – sllovakisht" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Optické vlákno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="sllovakisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dno_vlakno" title="Optično vlakno – sllovenisht" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Optično vlakno" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sllovenisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Оптичко влакно – serbisht" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оптичко влакно" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serat_optik" title="Serat optik – sundanisht" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Serat optik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberoptik" title="Fiberoptik – suedisht" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fiberoptik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzi_wa_kioo" title="Uzi wa kioo – suahilisht" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uzi wa kioo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahilisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88" title="ஒளியிழை – tamilisht" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளியிழை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ದ್ಯುತಿ ಇರೆಕುಲು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ದ್ಯುತಿ ಇರೆಕುಲು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆప్టికల్ ఫైబర్ – teluguisht" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆప్టికల్ ఫైబర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="teluguisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="ใยแก้วนำแสง – tajlandisht" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ใยแก้วนำแสง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_Optics" title="Fiber Optics – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Fiber Optics" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik_fiber" title="Optik fiber – turqisht" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Optik fiber" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turqisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Оптоволокно – ukrainisht" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оптоволокно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik_tola" title="Optik tola – uzbekisht" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Optik tola" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%A3i_quang_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Sợi quang học – vietnamisht" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sợi quang học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabot_nga_optika" title="Sabot nga optika – uarajisht" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sabot nga optika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="uarajisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AF%BC%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4" title="光导纤维 – kinezishte vu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光导纤维" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="kinezishte vu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A2" title="אפטישע פיברע – jidisht" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפטישע פיברע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidisht" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%B0%8E%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="光導纖維 – kinezisht" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光導纖維" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Nga Wikipedia, enciklopedia e lirë</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Përcjellë nga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrat_optike&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrat optike">Fibrat optike</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sq" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Skeda:Fibreoptic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fibreoptic.jpg/220px-Fibreoptic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fibreoptic.jpg/331px-Fibreoptic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Fibreoptic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption> Fijet e fibrave optike.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Skeda:Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg/220px-Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg/330px-Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg/440px-Fiber_optic_illuminated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption>Fiber optic illuminated.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Skeda:TOS_LINK_clear_cable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TOS_LINK_clear_cable.jpg/220px-TOS_LINK_clear_cable.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TOS_LINK_clear_cable.jpg/330px-TOS_LINK_clear_cable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/TOS_LINK_clear_cable.jpg/440px-TOS_LINK_clear_cable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>TOS LINK clear cable.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Skeda:ST-optical-fiber-connector-hdr-0a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ST-optical-fiber-connector-hdr-0a.jpg/220px-ST-optical-fiber-connector-hdr-0a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ST-optical-fiber-connector-hdr-0a.jpg/330px-ST-optical-fiber-connector-hdr-0a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ST-optical-fiber-connector-hdr-0a.jpg/440px-ST-optical-fiber-connector-hdr-0a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>ST-optical-fiber-conector-hdr-0a.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fibra optike</b> është fije <a href="/wiki/Xhami_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xhami (material)">qelqi industrial</a>, përçues (transmetues) i <a href="/wiki/Drita" title="Drita">dritës</a> apo pjesë të spektrit të saj, që në krahasim me fijet e <a href="/wiki/P%C3%ABr%C3%A7ues_bakri" class="mw-redirect" title="Përçues bakri">telit</a> lejojn një transmetim shumë më të shpejtë dhe më të madh të të dhënave. Avantazhi i saj qëndron në faktin që trasmeton sinjale me <a href="/wiki/Shpejt%C3%ABsia_e_drit%C3%ABs" title="Shpejtësia e dritës">shpejtesinë e dritës</a>. Një sinjal <a href="/wiki/Elektriciteti" title="Elektriciteti">elektrik</a> për t'u transmetuar në fibër konvertohet në sinjal optik dhe anasjelltas. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Valësjellësi"><span id="Val.C3.ABsjell.C3.ABsi"></span>Valësjellësi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redakto pjesën: Valësjellësi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Valësjellësi"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Valësjellësi optik është një strukturë optike në të cilën realizohet përhapja e drejtuar e sinjalit të dritës. Shpikja e strukturës valësjellëse me mbështjellje çoi në propozimet e para serioze për të përdorur fibrat optike si një mjedis komunikacioni. Valësjellësit optikë mund të klasifikohen sipas karakteristikave të tyre në disa mënyra: Sipas formës së indeksit të thyerjes ata ndahen në valësjellës me indeks të thyerjes me ndryshim shkallë(step index) dhe me ndryshim gradual(graded index) Sipas numrit të mënyrave(modeve) të transmetimit të sinjalit të dritës ndahen ne valësjellës me një mënyrë të vetme,i cili quhet VO monomodë(single mode) dhe me shumë mënyra,VO multimode(multimode) .Sipas kufizimit të dritës ndahen në valësjellës dydimensional(2D) ose planarë,dhe tridimensional(3D) ose me kanal .Sipas strukturës së ndërtimit ata ndahen ne valësjellës me strukturë simetrike dhe asimetrike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metodat_kryesore_për_projektimin_e_valësjellësave_optikë"><span id="Metodat_kryesore_p.C3.ABr_projektimin_e_val.C3.ABsjell.C3.ABsave_optik.C3.AB"></span>Metodat kryesore për projektimin e valësjellësave optikë</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redakto pjesën: Metodat kryesore për projektimin e valësjellësave optikë" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Metodat kryesore për projektimin e valësjellësave optikë"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metoda_WKB(Wentzel-Kramers-Brouillon)"><span id="Metoda_WKB.28Wentzel-Kramers-Brouillon.29"></span>Metoda WKB(Wentzel-Kramers-Brouillon)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redakto pjesën: Metoda WKB(Wentzel-Kramers-Brouillon)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Metoda WKB(Wentzel-Kramers-Brouillon)"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kjo metodë përdoret për projektimin e valësjellësave optikë 2D. Kjo metodë mund të sigurojë një zgjidhje të përafërt për ekuacionin e valës me rastin kur ndryshimi i indeksit të thyerjes është i vogël në krahasim me gjatësinë e valës optike që përhapet. Ky kusht plotësohet më së miri nga valësjellësit me indeks gradual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metoda_e_indeksit_efektiv">Metoda e indeksit efektiv</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redakto pjesën: Metoda e indeksit efektiv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Metoda e indeksit efektiv"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kjo metodë rekomandohet kryesisht në valësjellës me kanal.Në këtë rast indeksi i thyerjes është variabël e dy drejtimeve: x dhe y.Me këtë metodë supozohet që fusha elektromagnetike mund të shihet si produkt i dy fushave, ku për secilën nga këto fusha shkruhet ekuacioni i vales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parimi_Fizik_i_Fibrave_Optike">Parimi Fizik i Fibrave Optike</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redakto pjesën: Parimi Fizik i Fibrave Optike" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Parimi Fizik i Fibrave Optike"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Në Optoelektronikë ato janë materiale të cilat shërbejnë për të përçuar sinjalin dritor,të cilat kryesisht janë Laser. Përbëhen nga: </p> <ul><li>Bërthama</li> <li>Manteli</li></ul> <p>si dhe nga një veshje e jashtme e cila siguron qëndrueshmerinë mekanike. Bërthama dhe Manteli janë elemente optike. Bërthama ka tregues thyerjeje më të madh se Manteli(mbështjellja).Një Fibër optike mund të trasmetojë një tufë drite Laser me një modë ose me shumë mode,fibrat monomodale janë shume të holla në krahasim me ato multimodale. Struktura e fibrës optike përbëhet prej zemrës me indeks të thyerjes <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee784b70e772f55ede5e6e0bdc929994bff63413" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"></span> të rrethuar nga mbeshtjellësi me indeks pak më të ulët <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/840e456e3058bc0be28e5cf653b170cdbfcc3be4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{2}}"></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Këndi_i_pranimit"><span id="K.C3.ABndi_i_pranimit"></span>Këndi i pranimit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redakto pjesën: Këndi i pranimit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Këndi i pranimit"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sipas teorisë së pasqyrimit të plotë të brendshëm vetëm rrezet që formojnë një kënd me normalen më të madh se këndi kritik <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi _{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi _{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8ff4c7a691fc4eed93a5c5136f62e1065156b50b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.33ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi _{c}}"></span> në ndërfaqen zemër-mbështjellje,do të transmetohen gjatë fibrës .Jo të gjitha rrezet që hyjnë në fibër do të vazhdojnë të përhapen përgjatë gjatësisë së saj. Rrezet që do të transmetohen sipas pasqyrimit të plotë të brendshëm brenda zemrës së fibrës duhet të jenë rënëse në zemrën e fibrës brenda një koni pranimi, ku këndi i gjysmës konike përcaktohet i barabartë me <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{a}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{a}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d495c3f1ee0d4c4aa1e7e665e78490e20408d2b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.192ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{a}}"></span>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Skeda:Optical-fibre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Optical-fibre.svg/220px-Optical-fibre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Optical-fibre.svg/330px-Optical-fibre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Optical-fibre.svg/440px-Optical-fibre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Optical-fibre.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hapja_numerike">Hapja numerike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redakto pjesën: Hapja numerike" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Hapja numerike"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hapja numerike(numerical aperture) jep një vlerësim të aftësisë së pranimit të dritës nga fibra. Ajo përcaktohet si <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle NA=n_{0}sin(\theta _{a})={\sqrt {n_{1}^{2}-n_{1}^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>s</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msubsup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>−</mo> <msubsup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle NA=n_{0}sin(\theta _{a})={\sqrt {n_{1}^{2}-n_{1}^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/51743d1efb34c770cbfb2e323c6f3a1eb02b8275" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:29.804ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle NA=n_{0}sin(\theta _{a})={\sqrt {n_{1}^{2}-n_{1}^{2}}}}"></span> </p><p>Hapja numerike mund të jetë gjithashtu edhe në varësi të ndryshimit relative të indekseve të thyerjes midis zemrës dhe mbështjeljes,i cili përcaktohet si: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {n_{1}^{2}-n_{2}^{2}}{2n_{1}^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>−</mo> <msubsup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msubsup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {n_{1}^{2}-n_{2}^{2}}{2n_{1}^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0fcdf1f7f263b11a201893fbcf17124ce51c6e7c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:13.609ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {n_{1}^{2}-n_{2}^{2}}{2n_{1}^{2}}}}"></span> , ku për <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta <<1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo><<</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta <<1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b6ff37984c309b4fc1cf15264e96c1ccd023b13c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.005ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta <<1}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {n1-n2}{n1}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {n1-n2}{n1}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4178cf2113f0beb3a170daf3820431e830ff3518" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.825ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {n1-n2}{n1}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rrezet_elikoidale">Rrezet elikoidale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redakto pjesën: Rrezet elikoidale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Rrezet elikoidale"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rrezet elikoidale kanë përparësi ndaj rrezeve meridionale,sidomos lidhur me kushtet e pranimit të dritës në fibër. Hapja numerike për këto rreze përcaktohet nga relacioni i mëposhtëm : <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{0}sin(\theta _{as})cos\gamma ={\sqrt {n_{1}^{2}-n_{1}^{2}}}=NA}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>s</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mi>γ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <msubsup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>−</mo> <msubsup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{0}sin(\theta _{as})cos\gamma ={\sqrt {n_{1}^{2}-n_{1}^{2}}}=NA}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/99ee765c8524fc808c5e199a73833d8c5efb8c98" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:35.062ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{0}sin(\theta _{as})cos\gamma ={\sqrt {n_{1}^{2}-n_{1}^{2}}}=NA}"></span> </p><p>Rrezet elikoidale pranohen për një fiber të dhënë në kënde aksiale më të mëdha se rrezet meridionale </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shpejtësia_e_fazës_dhe_shpejtësia_grup"><span id="Shpejt.C3.ABsia_e_faz.C3.ABs_dhe_shpejt.C3.ABsia_grup"></span>Shpejtësia e fazës dhe shpejtësia grup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redakto pjesën: Shpejtësia e fazës dhe shpejtësia grup" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Shpejtësia e fazës dhe shpejtësia grup"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kur një valë drite monokromatike përhapet gjatë një valësjellësi në drejtim z, pikat me fazë konstante përhapen me një shpejtësi faze F qe jepet nga : <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{p}={\frac {\omega }{\beta }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{p}={\frac {\omega }{\beta }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e2df3176da5fc69d91c7bf14249f164ccd09e643" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:7.567ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{p}={\frac {\omega }{\beta }}}"></span> </p><p>Shpejtësia grup lidhet me karakteristikat e përhapjes të grupeve të valëve të vrojtuara ose siç njihet ndryshe me paketën valore të dritës. Shpejtësia grup njehsohet nga: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v_{g}={\frac {d\lambda }{d\beta }}{\frac {d\omega }{d\lambda }}={\frac {c}{N_{g}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>c</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v_{g}={\frac {d\lambda }{d\beta }}{\frac {d\omega }{d\lambda }}={\frac {c}{N_{g}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d01885b8342b4115df4abef39d1743772814f224" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:18.975ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v_{g}={\frac {d\lambda }{d\beta }}{\frac {d\omega }{d\lambda }}={\frac {c}{N_{g}}}}"></span> ku <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{g}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{g}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3e13540585f557c8bd150cd8236a82f3cf8c153f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.888ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{g}}"></span> është parametër i cili njihet si indeksi i grupit të valësjellësit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fibrat_me_indeks_shkallë"><span id="Fibrat_me_indeks_shkall.C3.AB"></span>Fibrat me indeks shkallë</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redakto pjesën: Fibrat me indeks shkallë" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Fibrat me indeks shkallë"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fibrat optike me indeks konstant të zemrës <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee784b70e772f55ede5e6e0bdc929994bff63413" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"></span> dhe një mbështjellje me indeks pak më të ulët <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/840e456e3058bc0be28e5cf653b170cdbfcc3be4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{2}}"></span> njihen si fibra me indeks shkallë(step index) Forma e indeksit mund të përshkruhet si : <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n(r)=\left\{{\begin{array}{c l}n_{1}&r<a{\mbox{ bërthama}}\\n_{2}&r\geq a{\mbox{ mbështjellje}}\end{array}}\right.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="center left" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <mi>r</mi> <mo><</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> bërthama</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <mi>r</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> mbështjellje</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n(r)=\left\{{\begin{array}{c l}n_{1}&r<a{\mbox{ bërthama}}\\n_{2}&r\geq a{\mbox{ mbështjellje}}\end{array}}\right.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7dd082233bf4023c49fa69704fa0d4f21e58a766" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:33.246ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n(r)=\left\{{\begin{array}{c l}n_{1}&r<a{\mbox{ bërthama}}\\n_{2}&r\geq a{\mbox{ mbështjellje}}\end{array}}\right.}"></span> </p><p>Te fibrat me indeks shkallë që kanë parametra të pavarura nga distanca (indeksi i thyerjes,diametri i zemrës) nuk shfaqet çiftimi i mënyrës. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fibrat_me_indeks_gradual">Fibrat me indeks gradual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redakto pjesën: Fibrat me indeks gradual" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Fibrat me indeks gradual"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fibrat me indeks gradual nuk kanë indeks të thyerjes konstant në zemër, por një indeks të zemrës n(r) që zvogëlohet gjatë distances radiale nga një vlerë maksimale <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee784b70e772f55ede5e6e0bdc929994bff63413" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}}"></span> në aksin e fibrës në një vlerë <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/840e456e3058bc0be28e5cf653b170cdbfcc3be4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.449ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{2}}"></span> në mbështjellje. Ky ndryshim mund të paraqitet si: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n(r)=\left\{{\begin{array}{c l}n_{1}{\sqrt {1-2\Delta ({\frac {r}{a}})^{\alpha })}}&r<a{\mbox{ bërthama}}\\n_{2}&r\geq a{\mbox{mbështjellje}}\end{array}}\right.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="center left" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>r</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </msqrt> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mi>r</mi> <mo><</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> bërthama</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <mi>r</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>mbështjellje</mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> <mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n(r)=\left\{{\begin{array}{c l}n_{1}{\sqrt {1-2\Delta ({\frac {r}{a}})^{\alpha })}}&r<a{\mbox{ bërthama}}\\n_{2}&r\geq a{\mbox{mbështjellje}}\end{array}}\right.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/55fc12b888343082b0872c17b242e26472fd4f16" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.838ex; width:47.986ex; height:8.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n(r)=\left\{{\begin{array}{c l}n_{1}{\sqrt {1-2\Delta ({\frac {r}{a}})^{\alpha })}}&r<a{\mbox{ bërthama}}\\n_{2}&r\geq a{\mbox{mbështjellje}}\end{array}}\right.}"></span> ku <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/32769037c408874e1890f77554c65f39c523ebe2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.936ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta }"></span> është ndryshimi relative i indeksit dhe <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b79333175c8b3f0840bfb4ec41b8072c83ea88d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha }"></span> një parameter,që jep formën karakteristike të indeksit të zemrës. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gjatësia_valore_e_prerjes"><span id="Gjat.C3.ABsia_valore_e_prerjes"></span>Gjatësia valore e prerjes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redakto pjesën: Gjatësia valore e prerjes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Gjatësia valore e prerjes"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Punimi monomodë arrihet mbi vetëm një gjatësi vale teorike të prerjes që jepet nga : <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{c}={\frac {2\pi an_{1}}{V_{c}}}{\sqrt {2\lambda }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>π</mi> <mi>a</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> <mi>λ</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{c}={\frac {2\pi an_{1}}{V_{c}}}{\sqrt {2\lambda }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dd85cccb339ed7a2672020eee4dd0aaac70be95e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.861ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{c}={\frac {2\pi an_{1}}{V_{c}}}{\sqrt {2\lambda }}}"></span> ku <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/338b595db7a169754c5e088d9881010c2225f597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.299ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{c}}"></span> paraqet frekuencën normalizuese të prerjes dhe <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d89ec57820b5836734173272deaf187341a85917" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.299ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{c}}"></span> gjatësinë e vales mbi të cilën sigurohet përhapja e vetëm një mënyre për një fibër. Për fibra monomodë të projektuar për të punuar në diapazonin e gjatësive të vales 1-3<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/becc433965c370f33d0049982436c7ce2a6d1c9a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu m}"></span> rekomandohet që gjatesitë e valës së prerjes të shtrihen në diapazonin 1,1-1,28<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/becc433965c370f33d0049982436c7ce2a6d1c9a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu m}"></span> .Në këtë mënyrë mënjanohen zhurma modale dhe problemet e dispersionit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vonesa_grup_dhe_faktori_i_vonesës_modale"><span id="Vonesa_grup_dhe_faktori_i_vones.C3.ABs_modale"></span>Vonesa grup dhe faktori i vonesës modale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redakto pjesën: Vonesa grup dhe faktori i vonesës modale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Vonesa grup dhe faktori i vonesës modale"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koha tranzite e një vonese grupi F për një impuls që përhapet gjatë një njësi gjatësi të fibrës është inverse i shpejtësisë grup pra: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau _{g}={\frac {1}{\nu _{g}}}={\frac {d\beta }{d\omega }}={\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {d\beta }{dk}}={\frac {1}{c}}[N_{g2}+n_{2}\Delta {\frac {d(Vb)}{dV}}]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>τ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>ω</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau _{g}={\frac {1}{\nu _{g}}}={\frac {d\beta }{d\omega }}={\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {d\beta }{dk}}={\frac {1}{c}}[N_{g2}+n_{2}\Delta {\frac {d(Vb)}{dV}}]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53ee0d00cbbf11564df5497084680d8a8d039a5c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:47.191ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau _{g}={\frac {1}{\nu _{g}}}={\frac {d\beta }{d\omega }}={\frac {1}{c}}{\frac {d\beta }{dk}}={\frac {1}{c}}[N_{g2}+n_{2}\Delta {\frac {d(Vb)}{dV}}]}"></span> Termi i parë jep varësinë e vonesës grup nga gjatësia e valës kur një valë plane uniforme përhapet në një mjedis me shtrirje infinit me një indeks theyrje që është i barabartë me atë të mbështjelljes. Ndërsa termi i dytë rrjedh nga aftësitë e transmetimit të fibrës dhe përcaktohet nga faktori i vonesës modale <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d(Vb)}{dV}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d(Vb)}{dV}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/521815e563f556ec79168ad087a4f1525a7e364e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:6.646ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d(Vb)}{dV}}}"></span> . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shuarja">Shuarja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redakto pjesën: Shuarja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Shuarja"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shuarja ose humbja e transmetimit e fibrave optike ka rezultuar se është nga faktorët më të rëndësishëm për përdorimin e gjerë të këtyre fibrave në telekomunikacion. Shuarja e kanalit është ajo që në përgjithësi përcakton distancën maksimale të transmetimit, ku sinjali ruhet pa pësuar humbje. Në komunikimet optike shuarja jep sasinë e përgjithshme të humbjeve në decibel për njësi gjatësie. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{dB}L=10\log {10}{\frac {P_{i}}{P_{o}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>α</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>10</mn> <mi>log</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>o</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{dB}L=10\log {10}{\frac {P_{i}}{P_{o}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a53f0a09180c8ad3ac60ce561224f15befea2418" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.262ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{dB}L=10\log {10}{\frac {P_{i}}{P_{o}}}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shpërndarja_Rayeleigh"><span id="Shp.C3.ABrndarja_Rayeleigh"></span>Shpërndarja Rayeleigh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Redakto pjesën: Shpërndarja Rayeleigh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Shpërndarja Rayeleigh"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shpërndarja Rayeleigh është dukuri mbizotëruese e humbjeve të brendshme në dritaren e absorbimit të ulët midis skajeve të absorbimit ultraviolet dhe infrared. Për një qelq të thjeshtë ajo jepet me shprehjen: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \gamma _{R}={\frac {8{\pi }^{3}}{3{\lambda }^{4}}}n^{8}p^{2}\beta _{c}KT_{F}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>8</mn> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>λ</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>K</mi> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \gamma _{R}={\frac {8{\pi }^{3}}{3{\lambda }^{4}}}n^{8}p^{2}\beta _{c}KT_{F}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8430456556259b014baad47b6a09c24418bfb9b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:22.01ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \gamma _{R}={\frac {8{\pi }^{3}}{3{\lambda }^{4}}}n^{8}p^{2}\beta _{c}KT_{F}}"></span> </p><p>Gjithashtu koeficienti I shpërndarjes Reyleigh është I lidhur me faktorin e humbjeve të transmetimit të fibrës që jepet nga relacioni: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=e^{-\gamma _{R}L}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=e^{-\gamma _{R}L}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d02fa1b199ddb7beeab8582b93aeae644e40bb8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.904ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=e^{-\gamma _{R}L}}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prodhimi">Prodhimi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Redakto pjesën: Prodhimi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Prodhimi"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Në fabrikimin e fibrave optike për të siguruar transmetimin e dritës duhet të kemi një ndryshim të indekseve të thyerjes brenda fibrës(midis zemrës dhe mbështjelljes).Indeksi i thyerjes i materialit që do të formojë zemrën e fibrës duhet të ndryshojë me vlera të ulëta nga indeksi i materialit të mbështjelljes. Në veçanti kjo është e rëndësishme tek fibrat me indeks gradual, ku ndryshimi duhet të jetë i vazhdueshëm dhe jo shkallë. </p><p>Materialet e përdorura në fabrikimin e fibrave me indeks gradual janë vetëm materialet qelqore. Fibrat plastike kanë gjetur përdorim vetëm në disa aplikime në distancë të shkurtër dhe brez të ngushtë. Ekzistojnë dy metoda të fabrikimt të fibrave optike: </p><p>a)teknika tradicionale e përpunimt të qelqit: qelqi përpunohet në gjendje të shkrirë duke prodhuar një strukturë qelqore me shumë komponente. </p><p>b)metoda me depozitim në gjendje të avulltë: që prodhojnë qelqe të pasura me silic, që kanë temperatura të shkrirjes tepër të larta për të lejuar përpunimin e tyre me procesin tradicional të shkrirjes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fibrat_Optike_me_Infra_te_kuqe">Fibrat Optike me Infra te kuqe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Redakto pjesën: Fibrat Optike me Infra te kuqe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Fibrat Optike me Infra te kuqe"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fibrat optike infra të kuqe (IR) mund të përkufizohen si fibra optike që transmetojnë rrezatim me gjatësi vale më të mëdha se afërsisht 2 I¼ m. Fijet e para IR u krijuan në mesin e viteve 1960 nga një klasë mjaft e veçantë e qelqeve transparente IR të quajtura qelqe kalkogjenide. Prej disa kohësh dihej se përzierja e elementeve kalkogjen si arseniku dhe squfuri mund të formojë një gotë me ngjyrë të kuqe të errët që është transparent përtej 2 ¼ m.Kapany etj. raportoi për këto fibra të para IR në 1965, por humbjet ishin shumë të larta. Në fakt, humbjet ishin 10 dBâm të papërballueshme mbi spektrin IR nga 2 në 8 I¼m. Një humbje prej 10 dBâm do të thotë se një gjatësi prej vetëm 1 m e fibrës As2S3 do të transmetonte vetëm 10% të dritës së rënë, përveç humbjeve të reflektimit nga faqet fundore të fibrës. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perdorimet">Perdorimet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Redakto pjesën: Perdorimet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Perdorimet"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fibra e largët infra të kuqe mund të lëshojë një dozë të ulët të rrezeve infra të kuqe të largëta dhe të sigurojë mbajtjen e nxehtësisë dhe vetitë e energjisë termike; mund të përdoret si tekstile shëndetësore që bëjnë të mundur plotësimin e kërkesave të njerëzve për terapi me rreze infra të kuqe, përmirësojnë mikroqarkullimin e trupit dhe nxisin metabolizmin. Pluhurat qeramike përdoren gjithmonë në fijet e largëta infra të kuqe </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shiko_edhe">Shiko edhe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Redakto pjesën: Shiko edhe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Shiko edhe"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interneti" title="Interneti">Interneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kablloja_koaksiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Kablloja koaksiale">Kablloja koaksiale</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referime">Referime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Redakto pjesën: Referime" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Referime"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Redakto pjesën: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Redakto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibra_optike&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>Redakto nëpërmjet kodit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>“Komunikimet me fibra optike”,Rozeta Mitrushi,Tiranë 2001</li> <li>“An overview of optical fibre technology”,Zulfiqar Ali Imran,Pakistan</li> <li>“Reliable Data Communication via Fibre Optic Cables”,Westermo</li> <li>“Optical Fiber Communications”,Gerd Keiser,2nd edition</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2520769">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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