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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko" class=""><span>기부</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다" class=""><span>계정 만들기</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-생성" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#생성"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>생성</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-생성-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>생성 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-생성-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-원시_탄소" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#원시_탄소"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>원시 탄소</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-원시_탄소-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-항성_탄소" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#항성_탄소"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>항성 탄소</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-항성_탄소-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-우주_탄화" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#우주_탄화"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>우주 탄화</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-우주_탄화-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-역사" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#역사"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>역사</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-역사-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-주요_화합물" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#주요_화합물"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>주요 화합물</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-주요_화합물-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-특성" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#특성"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>특성</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-특성-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>특성 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-특성-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-동소체" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#동소체"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>동소체</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-동소체-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-유기물" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#유기물"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>유기물</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-유기물-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-탄산" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#탄산"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>탄산</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-탄산-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-용도" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#용도"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>용도</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-용도-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>용도 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-용도-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-유기물_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#유기물_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>유기물</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-유기물_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-무기물" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#무기물"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>무기물</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-무기물-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-동소체_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#동소체_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>동소체</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-동소체_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-외부_링크" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#외부_링크"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>외부 링크</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-외부_링크-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">탄소</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 203개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">203개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof – 아프리칸스어" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="아프리칸스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – 독일어(스위스)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="독일어(스위스)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A6%E1%8A%95" title="ካርቦን – 암하라어" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካርቦን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="암하라어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – 아라곤어" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="아라곤어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – 앙가어" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="앙가어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="좋은 글"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كربون – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كربون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون – 모로코 아랍어" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="모로코 아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون – 이집트 아랍어" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="이집트 아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="কাৰ্বন – 아삼어" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰ্বন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="아삼어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu – 아스투리아어" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="아스투리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 아제르바이잔어" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="아제르바이잔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="کربون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کربون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – 바슈키르어" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="바슈키르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 발리어" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="발리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongl%C4%97" title="Onglė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Onglė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вуглярод – 벨라루스어" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вуглярод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="벨라루스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вуглярод – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вуглярод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Въглерод – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглерод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဗွန် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကာဗွန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="কার্বন – 벵골어" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্বন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="벵골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%97%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="སོལ་རྗས། – 티베트어" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སོལ་རྗས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="티베트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 브르타뉴어" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="브르타뉴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik – 보스니아어" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ugljik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="보스니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Нүүрһэнтүрэгшэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нүүрһэнтүрэгшэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1ng" title="Táng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Táng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 세부아노어" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="세부아노어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%94_%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%85_%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A8" title="ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ – 체로키어" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="체로키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%86" title="کاربۆن – 소라니 쿠르드어" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاربۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="소라니 쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniu" title="Carboniu – 코르시카어" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Carboniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="코르시카어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADk" title="Uhlík – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uhlík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88" title="Кăмрăкамăш – 추바시어" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмрăкамăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="추바시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 웨일스어" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="웨일스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="추천 항목"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuglik" title="Wuglik – 저지 소르비아어" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wuglik" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="저지 소르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Άνθρακας – 그리스어" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνθρακας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="그리스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="좋은 글"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCsinik" title="Süsinik – 에스토니아어" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süsinik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="에스토니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbono" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کربن – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiili" title="Hiili – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni – 피지어" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="피지어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolevni" title="Kolevni – 페로어" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kolevni" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="페로어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carbone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboon_(element)" title="Karboon (element) – 북부 프리지아어" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Karboon (element)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="북부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni – 프리울리어" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="프리울리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koalstof" title="Koalstof – 서부 프리지아어" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koalstof" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="서부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón – 아일랜드어" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="아일랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – 간어" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="간어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonn" title="Karbonn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Karbonn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualan" title="Gualan – 스코틀랜드 게일어" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gualan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="스코틀랜드 게일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – 갈리시아어" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="갈리시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatap%E1%BB%B9i" title="Tatapỹi – 과라니어" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tatapỹi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="과라니어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%A8" title="કાર્બન – 구자라트어" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાર્બન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="구자라트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboan" title="Carboan – 맹크스어" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Carboan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="맹크스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than" title="Than – 하카어" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Than" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="하카어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalepona" title="Kalepona – 하와이어" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kalepona" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="하와이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="פחמן – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פחמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – 힌디어" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koila" title="Koila – 피지 힌디어" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Koila" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="피지 힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhlik" title="Wuhlik – 고지 소르비아어" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wuhlik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="고지 소르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kab%C3%B2n" title="Kabòn – 아이티어" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kabòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="아이티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9n" title="Szén – 헝가리어" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="헝가리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ածխածին – 아르메니아어" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածխածին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="아르메니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Բնածուխ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բնածուխ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 인터링구아" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="인터링구아" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 인테르링구에" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="인테르링구에" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 이로코어" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="이로코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbo" title="Karbo – 이도어" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karbo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="이도어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolefni" title="Kolefni – 아이슬란드어" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kolefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="아이슬란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%A0" title="炭素 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炭素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaban" title="Kaaban – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kaaban" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tabno" title="tabno – 로반어" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tabno" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="로반어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 자바어" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="자바어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ნახშირბადი – 조지아어" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახშირბადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="조지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka%E1%B9%9Bbun" title="Akaṛbun – 커바일어" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Akaṛbun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="커바일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C9%A9b%C9%94n%C9%A9" title="Karɩbɔnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Karɩbɔnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 키쿠유어" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="키쿠유어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Көміртегі – 카자흐어" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көміртегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="카자흐어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2" title="ಇಂಗಾಲ – 칸나다어" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಗಾಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="칸나다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Шомувтыр – 코미페르먀크어" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Шомувтыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="코미페르먀크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – 콜로그니안어" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="콜로그니안어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 쿠르드어" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шомчужысь – 코미어" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шомчужысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="코미어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 콘월어" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="콘월어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Көмүртек – 키르기스어" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көмүртек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="키르기스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonium" title="Carbonium – 라틴어" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carbonium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="라틴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuelestoff" title="Kuelestoff – 룩셈부르크어" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kuelestoff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="룩셈부르크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – 레즈기안어" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="레즈기안어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – 링구아 프랑카 노바" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="링구아 프랑카 노바" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof – 림버거어" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="림버거어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonie" title="Carbonie – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Carbonie" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni – 링갈라어" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="링갈라어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ຄາບອນ – 라오어" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄາບອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="라오어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglis" title="Anglis – 리투아니아어" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="리투아니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogleklis" title="Ogleklis – 라트비아어" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ogleklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="라트비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Седель – 모크샤어" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Седель" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="모크샤어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karb%C3%B4nina" title="Karbônina – 말라가시어" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Karbônina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="말라가시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%B1%D0%B9%D0%B4%D3%B1%D2%A5" title="Шӱйдӱҥ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шӱйдӱҥ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waro" title="Waro – 마오리어" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Waro" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="마오리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 미낭카바우어" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="미낭카바우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Јаглерод – 마케도니아어" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглерод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="마케도니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BA" title="കാർബൺ – 말라얄람어" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർബൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="말라얄람어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Нүүрстөрөгч – 몽골어" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүүрстөрөгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="몽골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ – 마니푸리어" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="마니푸리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – 마라티어" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="마라티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – 서부 마리어" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="서부 마리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonju" title="Karbonju – 몰타어" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Karbonju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="몰타어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဗွန် – 버마어" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဗွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="버마어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Седь – 엘즈야어" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Седь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="엘즈야어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecolli" title="Tecolli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tecolli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – 저지 독일어" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="저지 독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – 네팔어" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="네팔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – 네와르어" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="네와르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 노르웨이어(니노르스크)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(니노르스크)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbo" title="Karbo – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Karbo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1%C3%A1bin" title="Káábin – 나바호어" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Káábin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="나바호어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2ni" title="Carbòni – 오크어" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carbòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="오크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiilisuadu" title="Hiilisuadu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hiilisuadu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboonii" title="Kaarboonii – 오로모어" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaarboonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="오로모어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95" title="ଅଙ୍ଗାରକ – 오리야어" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଙ୍ଗାରକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="오리야어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Æвзалыгуыр – 오세트어" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзалыгуыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="오세트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਾਰਬਨ – 펀잡어" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਬਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="펀잡어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 파피아먼토어" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="파피아먼토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बोन – 팔리어" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कार्बोन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="팔리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99giel_(pierwiastek)" title="Węgiel (pierwiastek) – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węgiel (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2ni" title="Carbòni – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Carbòni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="کاربون – 파슈토어" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاربون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="파슈토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illimsayaq" title="K'illimsayaq – 케추아어" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'illimsayaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="케추아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu – 아로마니아어" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="아로마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбон – 루신어" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Карбон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="루신어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – 산스크리트어" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="산스크리트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Харыалык – 야쿠트어" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харыалык" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="야쿠트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2niu" title="Carbòniu – 사르디니아어" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Carbòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="사르디니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2niu" title="Carbòniu – 시칠리아어" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carbòniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="시칠리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caurbon" title="Caurbon – 스코틀랜드어" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caurbon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="스코틀랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڪاربان – 신디어" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاربان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="신디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljenik" title="Ugljenik – 세르비아-크로아티아어" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ugljenik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="세르비아-크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="කාබන් – 싱할라어" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාබන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="싱할라어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADk" title="Uhlík – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uhlík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogljik" title="Ogljik – 슬로베니아어" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogljik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="슬로베니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ci%C4%91%C4%91%C3%A2" title="Čiđđâ – 이나리 사미어" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čiđđâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="이나리 사미어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhoni" title="Kabhoni – 쇼나어" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kabhoni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="쇼나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboon" title="Kaarboon – 소말리아어" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaarboon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="소말리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboni" title="Karboni – 알바니아어" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karboni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="알바니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Угљеник – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угљеник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolestof" title="Koolestof – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Koolestof" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 순다어" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="순다어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol" title="Kol – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni – 스와힐리어" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="스와힐리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கரிமம் – 타밀어" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="타밀어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్బన్ – 텔루구어" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్బన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="텔루구어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбон – 타지크어" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Карбон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="타지크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="คาร์บอน – 태국어" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์บอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="태국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 타갈로그어" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="타갈로그어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – 타타르어" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="타타르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – 투비니안어" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="투비니안어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون – 위구르어" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="위구르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Вуглець – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вуглець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن – 우르두어" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="우르두어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglerod" title="Uglerod – 우즈베크어" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uglerod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="우즈베크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hil%27nik" title="Hil'nik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hil'nik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbong" title="Carbong – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Carbong" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbin" title="Karbin – 볼라퓌크어" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Karbin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="볼라퓌크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone – 왈론어" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Carbone" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="왈론어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – 와라이어" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="와라이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – 우어" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – 칼미크어" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="칼미크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-carbon" title="I-carbon – 코사어" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-carbon" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="코사어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A3" title="קוילנשטאף – 이디시어" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קוילנשטאף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="이디시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rb%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n%C3%B9" title="Kárbọ̀nù – 요루바어" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kárbọ̀nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="요루바어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danq" title="Danq – 주앙어" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Danq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="주앙어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⵥⵓⵥⵉⵎ – 표준 모로코 타마지트어" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵥⵓⵥⵉⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="표준 모로코 타마지트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Thòaⁿ-sò͘ – 민난어" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thòaⁿ-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="민난어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – 광둥어" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="광둥어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmCalahle" title="UmCalahle – 줄루어" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmCalahle" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="줄루어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q623#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="언어 간 링크 편집" class="wbc-editpage">링크 편집</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="이름공간"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="본문 보기 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>문서</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" rel="discussion" title="문서의 내용에 대한 토론 문서 [t]" accesskey="t"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q623" title="데이터 저장소에 연결된 항목을 가리키는 링크 [g]" accesskey="g"><span>위키데이터 항목</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="페이지 도구"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="보이기"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">보이기</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ko" dir="ltr"><p><span class="nowrap"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311307">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><div style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;">탄소(<sub><span style="font-size:smaller;">6</span></sub>C)</div></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg/220px-Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg/330px-Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg/440px-Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="562" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">탄소의 동소체, 흑연(좌)과 다이아몬드(우)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#e7ff8f;color:;">개요</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">영어명</th><td class="infobox-data">Carbon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">라틴어명</th><td class="infobox-data">Carbonium</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">한자명</th><td class="infobox-data">炭素</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%EB%9F%89" title="표준 원자량">표준 원자량</a><span style="font-weight:normal;"> (<i>A</i><sub>r, standard</sub>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">[<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001120096000000000♠"></span>12.0096</span>, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001120116000000000♠"></span>12.0116</span>]<br /><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001120110000000000♠"></span>12.011</span> <span style="font-size:85%">(보편)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#e7ff8f;color:;">주기율표 정보</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; border-width:1px; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent; border:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"> <table class="nogrid" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color:transparent; text-align: center; empty-cells: show; border:none; margin: 0px auto 0px auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="수소 (반응성 비금속)"><img alt="수소 (반응성 비금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#c0ffff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A5%A8" title="헬륨 (비활성 기체)"><img alt="헬륨 (비활성 기체)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff6666;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%AC" title="리튬 (알칼리 금속)"><img alt="리튬 (알칼리 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffdead;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="베릴륨 (알칼리 토금속)"><img alt="베릴륨 (알칼리 토금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EC%86%8C" title="질소 (반응성 비금속)"><img alt="질소 (반응성 비금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C" title="산소 (반응성 비금속)"><img alt="산소 (반응성 비금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%B0" title="플루오린 (반응성 비금속)"><img alt="플루오린 (반응성 비금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#c0ffff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EC%98%A8" title="네온 (비활성 기체)"><img alt="네온 (비활성 기체)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff6666;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="나트륨 (알칼리 금속)"><img alt="나트륨 (알칼리 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffdead;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%98" title="마그네슘 (알칼리 토금속)"><img alt="마그네슘 (알칼리 토금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A3%A8%EB%AF%B8%EB%8A%84" title="알루미늄 (전이후 금속)"><img alt="알루미늄 (전이후 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccc99;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%9C%EC%86%8C" title="규소 (준금속)"><img alt="규소 (준금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8" title="인 (반응성 비금속)"><img alt="인 (반응성 비금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%A9" title="황 (반응성 비금속)"><img alt="황 (반응성 비금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BC%EC%86%8C_(%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C)" title="염소 (반응성 비금속)"><img alt="염소 (반응성 비금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#c0ffff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EA%B3%A4" title="아르곤 (비활성 기체)"><img alt="아르곤 (비활성 기체)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff6666;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A5%A8" title="칼륨 (알칼리 금속)"><img alt="칼륨 (알칼리 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffdead;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EC%8A%98" title="칼슘 (알칼리 토금속)"><img alt="칼슘 (알칼리 토금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B8%EB%93%90" title="스칸듐 (전이 금속)"><img alt="스칸듐 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%80%EB%8A%84" title="타이타늄 (전이 금속)"><img alt="타이타늄 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%82%98%EB%93%90" title="바나듐 (전이 금속)"><img alt="바나듐 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%AE%B4" title="크로뮴 (전이 금속)"><img alt="크로뮴 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%88" title="망가니즈 (전이 금속)"><img alt="망가니즈 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%A0" title="철 (전이 금속)"><img alt="철 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%B0%9C%ED%8A%B8" title="코발트 (전이 금속)"><img alt="코발트 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BC%88" title="니켈 (전이 금속)"><img alt="니켈 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%AC" title="구리 (전이 금속)"><img alt="구리 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%97%B0" title="아연 (전이후 금속)"><img alt="아연 (전이후 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A5%A8" title="갈륨 (전이후 금속)"><img alt="갈륨 (전이후 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccc99;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EB%A7%88%EB%8A%84" title="저마늄 (준금속)"><img alt="저마늄 (준금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccc99;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%86%8C" title="비소 (준금속)"><img alt="비소 (준금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A0%88%EB%8A%84" title="셀레늄 (반응성 비금속)"><img alt="셀레늄 (반응성 비금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9C%EB%AF%BC" title="브로민 (반응성 비금속)"><img alt="브로민 (반응성 비금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#c0ffff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%BD%ED%86%A4" title="크립톤 (비활성 기체)"><img alt="크립톤 (비활성 기체)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff6666;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%B9%84%EB%93%90" title="루비듐 (알칼리 금속)"><img alt="루비듐 (알칼리 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffdead;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%A0%ED%8A%AC" title="스트론튬 (알칼리 토금속)"><img alt="스트론튬 (알칼리 토금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="이트륨 (전이 금속)"><img alt="이트륨 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EB%8A%84" title="지르코늄 (전이 금속)"><img alt="지르코늄 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EB%B8%80" title="나이오븀 (전이 금속)"><img alt="나이오븀 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%B0%EB%A6%AC%EB%B8%8C%EB%8D%B0%EB%84%98" title="몰리브데넘 (전이 금속)"><img alt="몰리브데넘 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%85%8C%ED%81%AC%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%AC" title="테크네튬 (전이 금속)"><img alt="테크네튬 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%ED%85%8C%EB%8A%84" title="루테늄 (전이 금속)"><img alt="루테늄 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%90" title="로듐 (전이 금속)"><img alt="로듐 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%90" title="팔라듐 (전이 금속)"><img alt="팔라듐 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%80" title="은 (전이 금속)"><img alt="은 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%AE%B4" title="카드뮴 (전이후 금속)"><img alt="카드뮴 (전이후 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%93%90" title="인듐 (전이후 금속)"><img alt="인듐 (전이후 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%9D_(%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C)" title="주석 (전이후 금속)"><img alt="주석 (전이후 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccc99;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%8B%B0%EB%AA%A8%EB%8B%88" title="안티모니 (준금속)"><img alt="안티모니 (준금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccc99;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%85%94%EB%A3%A8%EB%A5%A8" title="텔루륨 (준금속)"><img alt="텔루륨 (준금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e7ff8f;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EB%94%98" title="아이오딘 (반응성 비금속)"><img alt="아이오딘 (반응성 비금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#c0ffff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%85%BC_(%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C)" title="제논 (비활성 기체)"><img alt="제논 (비활성 기체)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none"> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff6666;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%8A%98" title="세슘 (알칼리 금속)"><img alt="세슘 (알칼리 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffdead;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%A8" title="바륨 (알칼리 토금속)"><img alt="바륨 (알칼리 토금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%9E%80%ED%83%80%EB%84%98" title="란타넘 (란타넘족)"><img alt="란타넘 (란타넘족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="세륨 (란타넘족)"><img alt="세륨 (란타넘족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EB%A9%94%ED%8A%AC" title="프로메튬 (란타넘족)"><img alt="프로메튬 (란타넘족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%A8" title="사마륨 (란타넘족)"><img alt="사마륨 (란타넘족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A1%9C%ED%93%B8" title="유로퓸 (란타넘족)"><img alt="유로퓸 (란타넘족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%8F%8C%EB%A6%AC%EB%8A%84" title="가돌리늄 (란타넘족)"><img alt="가돌리늄 (란타넘족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%84%B0%EB%B8%80" title="터븀 (란타넘족)"><img alt="터븀 (란타넘족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%98" title="디스프로슘 (란타넘족)"><img alt="디스프로슘 (란타넘족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%80%EB%AE%B4" title="홀뮴 (란타넘족)"><img alt="홀뮴 (란타넘족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; 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title="이터븀 (란타넘족)"><img alt="이터븀 (란타넘족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffbfff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%ED%85%8C%ED%8A%AC" title="루테튬 (란타넘족)"><img alt="루테튬 (란타넘족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%ED%94%84%EB%8A%84" title="하프늄 (전이 금속)"><img alt="하프늄 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%ED%83%88%EB%9F%BC" title="탄탈럼 (전이 금속)"><img alt="탄탈럼 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%85%85%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%90" title="텅스텐 (전이 금속)"><img alt="텅스텐 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%8A%84" title="레늄 (전이 금속)"><img alt="레늄 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%AE%B4" title="오스뮴 (전이 금속)"><img alt="오스뮴 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%8A%84" title="폴로늄 (전이후 금속)"><img alt="폴로늄 (전이후 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccc99;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%8B%B4" title="아스타틴 (준금속)"><img alt="아스타틴 (준금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#c0ffff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%8F%88" title="라돈 (비활성 기체)"><img alt="라돈 (비활성 기체)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff6666;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%98" title="프랑슘 (알칼리 금속)"><img alt="프랑슘 (알칼리 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffdead;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%90" title="라듐 (알칼리 토금속)"><img alt="라듐 (알칼리 토금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%85%ED%8B%B0%EB%8A%84" title="악티늄 (악티늄족)"><img alt="악티늄 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%A8" title="토륨 (악티늄족)"><img alt="토륨 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%8A%B8%EC%95%85%ED%8B%B0%EB%8A%84" title="프로트악티늄 (악티늄족)"><img alt="프로트악티늄 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%9D%BC%EB%8A%84" title="우라늄 (악티늄족)"><img alt="우라늄 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%84%B5%ED%88%AC%EB%8A%84" title="넵투늄 (악티늄족)"><img alt="넵투늄 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%ED%86%A0%EB%8A%84" title="플루토늄 (악티늄족)"><img alt="플루토늄 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%98" title="아메리슘 (악티늄족)"><img alt="아메리슘 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%80%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="퀴륨 (악티늄족)"><img alt="퀴륨 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%81%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="버클륨 (악티늄족)"><img alt="버클륨 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%8F%AC%EB%8A%84" title="캘리포늄 (악티늄족)"><img alt="캘리포늄 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%8A%84" title="아인슈타이늄 (악티늄족)"><img alt="아인슈타이늄 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AE%B4" title="페르뮴 (악티늄족)"><img alt="페르뮴 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%98%EB%8D%B8%EB%A0%88%EB%B8%80" title="멘델레븀 (악티늄족)"><img alt="멘델레븀 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8%EB%A5%A8" title="노벨륨 (악티늄족)"><img alt="노벨륨 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ff99cc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A0%8C%EC%8A%98" title="로렌슘 (악티늄족)"><img alt="로렌슘 (악티늄족)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EB%8D%94%ED%8F%AC%EB%93%90" title="러더포듐 (전이 금속)"><img alt="러더포듐 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%94%EB%B8%8C%EB%8A%84" title="더브늄 (전이 금속)"><img alt="더브늄 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%B3%B4%EA%B7%AC" title="시보귬 (전이 금속)"><img alt="시보귬 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="보륨 (전이 금속)"><img alt="보륨 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#ffc0c0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%8A%98" title="하슘 (전이 금속)"><img alt="하슘 (전이 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%84%88%EB%A5%A8" title="마이트너륨 (화학적 특성 불명)"><img alt="마이트너륨 (화학적 특성 불명)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%A6%84%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%ED%8A%AC" title="다름슈타튬 (화학적 특성 불명)"><img alt="다름슈타튬 (화학적 특성 불명)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A2%B4%ED%8A%B8%EA%B2%8C%EB%8A%84" title="뢴트게늄 (화학적 특성 불명)"><img alt="뢴트게늄 (화학적 특성 불명)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#cccccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%94%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%98" title="코페르니슘 (전이후 금속)"><img alt="코페르니슘 (전이후 금속)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%88%ED%98%B8%EB%8A%84" title="니호늄 (화학적 특성 불명)"><img alt="니호늄 (화학적 특성 불명)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%A1%9C%EB%B8%80" title="플레로븀 (화학적 특성 불명)"><img alt="플레로븀 (화학적 특성 불명)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%EB%B8%80" title="모스코븀 (화학적 특성 불명)"><img alt="모스코븀 (화학적 특성 불명)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%84%EB%AA%A8%EB%A5%A8" title="리버모륨 (화학적 특성 불명)"><img alt="리버모륨 (화학적 특성 불명)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%A0" title="테네신 (화학적 특성 불명)"><img alt="테네신 (화학적 특성 불명)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td> <td style="border:none"><div style="position:relative; overflow:hidden; width:7px; height:10px; z-index:2; background-color:#e8e8e8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EA%B0%80%EB%84%A4%EC%86%90" title="오가네손 (화학적 특성 불명)"><img alt="오가네손 (화학적 특성 불명)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Pix.gif" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></span></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><br />↑<br /><strong>C</strong><br />↓<br /><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%9C%EC%86%8C" title="규소">Si</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%95%EC%86%8C" title="붕소">B</a> ← <strong>C</strong> → <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EC%86%8C" title="질소">N</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" title="원자 번호">원자 번호</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<i>Z</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B1_(%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0%EC%9C%A8%ED%91%9C)" title="족 (주기율표)">족</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/14%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="14족 원소">14족</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0_(%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0%EC%9C%A8%ED%91%9C)" title="주기 (주기율표)">주기</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="2주기 원소">2주기</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%97%AD_(%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0%EC%9C%A8%ED%91%9C)" title="구역 (주기율표)">구역</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/P-%EA%B5%AC%EC%97%AD" title="P-구역">p-구역</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EA%B3%84%EC%97%B4" title="화학 계열">화학 계열</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="비금속">반응성 비금속</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EB%B0%B0%EC%97%B4" title="전자 배열">전자 배열</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A5%A8" title="헬륨">He</a>] 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EC%A4%80%EC%9C%84" title="에너지 준위">준위</a>별 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자">전자</a> 수</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 4<div style="border:0; margin:0 auto;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Electron_shell_006_Carbon_-_no_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="탄소의 전자껍질 (2, 4)"><img alt="탄소의 전자껍질 (2, 4)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Electron_shell_006_Carbon_-_no_label.svg/135px-Electron_shell_006_Carbon_-_no_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Electron_shell_006_Carbon_-_no_label.svg/203px-Electron_shell_006_Carbon_-_no_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Electron_shell_006_Carbon_-_no_label.svg/270px-Electron_shell_006_Carbon_-_no_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>탄소의 전자껍질 (2, 4)</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#e7ff8f;color:;">물리적 성질</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">겉보기</th><td class="infobox-data">검은색(흑연) <br /> 무색(다이아몬드)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC)" class="mw-redirect" title="상 (물리)">상태</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84_%EC%95%95%EB%A0%A5" title="표준 온도 압력">STP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="고체">고체</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EB%8A%94%EC%A0%90" title="녹는점">녹는점</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(다이아몬드) 3823.15 K<br />(흑연) 3948.15 K<br />(비결정) 3948.15 K</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EB%81%93%EB%8A%94%EC%A0%90" title="끓는점">끓는점</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(<a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%B9%ED%99%94_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="승화 (화학)">승화</a>) (흑연) 4300 K<br />(다이아몬드) 5100 K</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EB%8F%84" title="밀도">밀도</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(상온 근처)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(흑연) 2.267 g·cm<sup>−3</sup><br /> (다이아몬드) 3.513 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EC%A4%91%EC%A0%90" title="삼중점">삼중점</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4600 K, 10,800 kPa<sup id="cite_ref-triple2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triple2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-triple3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triple3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%B5%ED%95%B4%EC%97%B4" title="융해열">융해열</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(흑연) 117 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%9A%A9%EB%9F%89" title="열용량">몰열용량</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(흑연) 8.517 J/(mol·K) (25 °C) <br /> (다이아몬드) 6.115 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0_%EC%95%95%EB%A0%A5" title="증기 압력">증기 압력</a></b><div style="margin:0 auto;"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>압력 <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC_(%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84)" title="파스칼 (단위)">Pa</a>)</span> </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>온도 <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%88%EB%B9%88" title="켈빈">K</a>)</span> </th> <td> </td> <td>2839 </td> <td>3048 </td> <td>3289 </td> <td>3572 </td> <td>3908 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#e7ff8f;color:;">원자의 성질</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%EC%88%98" title="산화수">산화 상태</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>4</b>, 2<br />(약한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="산 (화학)">산성</a> 산화물)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9D%8C%EC%84%B1%EB%8F%84" title="전기 음성도">전기 음성도</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:85%">(폴링 척도)</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">2.55 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8%ED%99%94_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="이온화 에너지">이온화 에너지</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480595">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1차: 1086.5 kJ/mol </li><li>2차: 2352.6 kJ/mol </li><li>3차: 4620.5 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90_%EB%B0%98%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%84" title="원자 반지름">원자 반지름</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%BD%94%EB%AF%B8%ED%84%B0" title="피코미터">pm</a> <span style="font-size:85%">(실험값)</span> <br />67 pm <span style="font-size:85%">(계산값)</span> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%A0_%EB%B0%98%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%84" title="공유 반지름">공유 반지름</a></th><td class="infobox-data">77 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%90%EB%8D%B0%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B0%98%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%84" class="mw-redirect" title="판데르발스 반지름">판데르발스 반지름</a></th><td class="infobox-data">170 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311307"><table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Carbon_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carbon_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Carbon_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carbon_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Carbon_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carbon_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Carbon_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%99%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%BC_%EC%84%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="스펙트럼 선">스펙트럼 선</a></b></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#e7ff8f;color:;">그 밖의 성질</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%B0%EC%A0%95_%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0" title="결정 구조">결정 구조</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:85%">(흑연)</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A1%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EA%B3%84" title="육방정계">육방정계</a> <div style="float:right;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Hexagonal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/50px-Hexagonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/75px-Hexagonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/100px-Hexagonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">결정 구조<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;"><span style="font-size:85%">(다이아몬드)</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EB%AA%AC%EB%93%9C_%EC%9E%85%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EA%B3%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="다이아몬드 입방정계 (없는 문서)">다이아몬드 입방정계</a> <div style="float:right;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg/50px-Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg/75px-Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg/100px-Diamond_cubic_crystal_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="175" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%A0%84%EB%8F%84%EC%9C%A8" title="열전도율">열전도율</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(흑연) (119-165) W/(m·K)<br /> (다이아몬드) (900-2320) W/(m·K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0" title="자기">자기 정렬</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1" title="반자성">반자성</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B5%B3%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%84" title="모스 굳기계">모스 굳기계</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(흑연) 0.5 <br /> (다이아몬드) 10.0 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_%EB%93%B1%EB%A1%9D%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" title="CAS 등록번호">CAS 번호</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-44-0</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="1" style="text-align: center; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="동위 원소">동위체</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0_%EC%A1%B4%EC%9E%AC%EB%B9%84" title="자연 존재비">존재비</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EA%B0%90%EA%B8%B0" title="반감기">반감기</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4_%EB%B0%A9%EC%8B%9D" title="붕괴 방식">DM</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="붕괴 에너지">DE</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%BC%ED%8A%B8" title="전자볼트">MeV</a>)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4_%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%BC" title="붕괴 생성물">DP</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><sup>11</sup>C </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5_%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%84%B1_%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="인공 방사성 동위 원소">인공</a> </td> <td>20ms </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%83%80_%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4" title="베타 붕괴">β<sup>+</sup></a> </td> <td>0.96 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%95%EC%86%8C_%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="붕소 동위 원소"><sup>11</sup>B</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>12</sup>C </td> <td><b>98.9</b>% </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%A0%95_%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="안정 동위 원소">안정</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>13</sup>C </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%88%EC%A0%95_%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="안정 동위 원소">안정</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>14</sup>C </td> <td>10<sup>-10</sup>% </td> <td>5730<a href="/wiki/%EB%85%84" title="년">y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%83%80_%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4" title="베타 붕괴">β<sup>-</sup></a> </td> <td>0.156 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EC%86%8C_%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="질소 동위 원소"><sup>14</sup>N</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="background:#e7ff8f;"><span class="noprint plainlinks plainlinksneverexpand" style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:smaller; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="틀:원소 정보/탄소"><span title="이 틀을 보기" style=";">보기</span></a> <span style="font-size:smaller;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:원소 정보/탄소 (없는 문서)"><span title="이 틀에 대한 토론" style=";">토론</span></a> <span style="font-size:smaller;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80:%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit"><span title="이 틀을 편집할 수 있습니다. 단, 저장하기 전에 미리 보기로 결과를 확인하여 주십시오." style=";">편집</span></a></span><span style="font-size:85%"> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C_%EC%9E%90%EB%A3%8C_%EC%B6%9C%EC%B2%98_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="화학 원소 자료 출처 목록 (없는 문서)">출처</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>탄소</b>(炭素, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="영어">영어</a>: </span><span lang="en">Carbon</span> <small>카번<sup>[<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4%EC%9D%98_%ED%95%9C%EA%B8%80_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0" title="위키백과:영어의 한글 표기">*</a>]</sup></small>)는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="비금속">비금속</a>인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="화학 원소">화학 원소</a>로, 기호는 <b>C</b>(←<span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B4%EC%96%B4" title="라틴어">라틴어</a>: </span><span lang="la">Carbonium</span> <small>카르보니움<sup>[<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%99%B8%EB%9E%98%EC%96%B4_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B4%EC%96%B4_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9B%90%EC%B9%99" title="위키백과:외래어 표기법/라틴어 표기 원칙">*</a>]</sup></small>)이고 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="원자번호">원자번호</a>는 6이다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%EA%B0%80_%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="원자가 전자">원자가 전자</a>는 4개이다. 존재하는 동위 원소는 총 3개로, <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C-12" title="탄소-12"><sup>12</sup>C</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C-13" title="탄소-13"><sup>13</sup>C</a>는 안정적인 동위 원소지만 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C-14" title="탄소-14"><sup>14</sup>C</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EA%B0%90%EA%B8%B0" title="반감기">반감기</a>가 약 5730년인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%84%B1_%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="방사성 동위 원소">방사성 동위 원소</a>이다.<sup id="cite_ref-isotopes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isotopes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 탄소는 오래 전에 존재가 밝혀진 원소들 중 하나이다.<sup id="cite_ref-D2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>탄소는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%EC%A7%80%EA%B0%81_%EB%82%B4_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C_%ED%95%A8%EB%9F%89" class="mw-redirect" title="지구 지각 내 원소 함량">지각을 구성하는 원소</a>들 중에 15번째로 풍부하며, 우주에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="수소">수소</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A5%A8" title="헬륨">헬륨</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C" title="산소">산소</a> 다음인 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C_%EC%A1%B4%EC%9E%AC_%EB%B9%84%EC%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="원소 존재 비율 (없는 문서)">4번째로 풍부한 원소</a>이다. 이렇게 탄소는 풍부하며, 탄소 화합물로서 다양한 유기 화합물을 구성할 수도 있고, 상온 상태에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="중합체">중합체</a>를 형성할 수도 있기 때문에 우리 삶은 탄소와 밀접한 관련이 있다. 예로서 탄소는 우리 몸에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C" title="산소">산소</a> 다음인 두 번째로 풍부한 원소(18.5%)이다.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>탄소는 다양한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%86%8C%EC%B2%B4" title="동소체">동소체</a>를 가지고 있으며, <a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%97%B0" title="흑연">흑연</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EB%AA%AC%EB%93%9C" title="다이아몬드">다이아몬드</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%95%EC%A7%88_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="비정질 탄소">비정질 탄소</a> 등이 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-therm_prop_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-therm_prop-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 탄소 동소체들은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A0%81_%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88" title="물리적 성질">물리적 성질</a>에서 많은 차이를 보인다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%97%B0" title="흑연">흑연</a>은 불투명한 검은색이지만 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EB%AA%AC%EB%93%9C" title="다이아몬드">다이아몬드</a>는 매우 <a href="/wiki/%ED%88%AC%EB%AA%85" title="투명">투명</a>하다. 흑연은 종이에다 글씨를 적을 수 있을 정도로 연하지만 다이아몬드는 천연물 중에서는 가장 단단한 물질이다. 흑연은 좋은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%EC%A0%84%EB%8F%84%EC%B2%B4" title="전기 전도체">전기 전도체</a>이지만 다이아몬드는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%EC%A0%84%EB%8F%84%EB%8F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="전기 전도도">전기 전도도</a>가 낮다. 일반적으로 다이아몬드, <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%82%98%EB%85%B8_%ED%8A%9C%EB%B8%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="탄소 나노 튜브">탄소 나노 튜브</a>, 흑연은 지금까지 알려진 모든 물질 중에서 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%A0%84%EB%8F%84%EC%9C%A8" title="열전도율">열전도율</a>이 가장 높다. 모든 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%8F%99%EC%86%8C%EC%B2%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="탄소 동소체 (없는 문서)">탄소 동소체</a>들은 상온에서 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="고체">고체</a>이며, 흑연은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95" title="열역학적 평형">열역학으로 가장 안정한</a> 구조이다. 또한 반응성이 큰 산소와 반응할 때도 높은 온도가 필요할 정도로 화학적으로 쉽게 반응하지 않는다. </p><p>무기화합물에서 탄소의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%EC%88%98" title="산화수">산화수</a>는 일반적으로 +4이다. 다만 예외적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="일산화 탄소">일산화 탄소</a>와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9D%B4%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="전이금속">전이금속</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B4%EB%8B%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="카보닐 (없는 문서)">카보닐</a> 복합체에서는 +2이다. 무기 탄소화합물은 대부분 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%9D%ED%9A%8C%EC%95%94" title="석회암">석회암</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%9A%B4%EC%95%94_(%EC%95%94%EC%84%9D)" title="백운암 (암석)">백운암</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="이산화 탄소">이산화 탄소</a>이지만, <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%9D%ED%83%84" title="석탄">석탄</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%84" title="이탄">이탄</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EC%9C%A0" title="석유">석유</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B8_%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="메테인 하이드레이트">메테인 하이드레이트</a> 같은 유기적 침전물에도 상당히 많이 존재한다. 탄소는 다른 원소와 비교해서 수많은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="화합물">화합물</a>을 결합한다. 표준 조건 하에서 이론적으로 가능한 화합물은 지금까지 밝혀진 것만 약 1천만 개 정도이다.<sup id="cite_ref-lanl_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그래서 탄소는 종종 '원소의 제왕'이라고 불렸다.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="생성"><span id=".EC.83.9D.EC.84.B1"></span>생성</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 생성"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="원시_탄소"><span id=".EC.9B.90.EC.8B.9C_.ED.83.84.EC.86.8C"></span>원시 탄소</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 원시 탄소"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>탄소의 일부는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C_%ED%95%B5%ED%95%A9%EC%84%B1" title="대폭발 핵합성">대폭발 핵합성</a> 과정에서 생성되었다. 대폭발 핵합성 과정은 흔히 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%AC" title="리튬">리튬</a>보다 무거우면서 안정한 원소를 생성할 여지가 없다고 알려져 있다. 2007년 이탈리아의 천체 물리학자 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8C%8C%EB%B9%84%EC%98%A4_%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%BD%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="파비오 이오코 (없는 문서)">파비오 이오코</a>의 계산에 따르면, 대폭발 핵합성 과정에는 100개 이상 가능한 핵반응 경로들이 포함되었다. 탄소, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EC%86%8C" title="질소">질소</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C" title="산소">산소</a>가 이 시기에 만들어질 수는 있었던 것이다. 단, 450경 개의 수소 원자핵마다 1개의 탄소-12 원자핵이 나타나 우주의 후속 진화에 영향을 미치기에 너무 적었을 뿐이다. 이오코는 초기 별들이 '금속이 없는 환경'에서 진화했다고 결론을 내렸다. 그러나 대폭발 핵합성 과정에 우주에는 최소 10<sup>80</sup>개의 수소 원자가 생성되어 있었다. 이 숫자는 워낙 크기 때문에 수소 원자 450경 개마다 1개씩 탄소가 생성되더라도 10<sup>64</sup>개 이상의 원시 탄소 원자가 이 과정에서 만들어졌다. 그 총량은 우주 질량의 아주 작은 부분에 불과하고, 오늘날 우주에서 발견되는 총 탄소 원자의 1조분의 1에 미치지 못하지만, 대폭발 직후에 생성된 원시 탄소 원자는 지금도 우주 전체에 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%A7%84" title="우주진">우주 먼지</a>와 가스로 흩어져 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="항성_탄소"><span id=".ED.95.AD.EC.84.B1_.ED.83.84.EC.86.8C"></span>항성 탄소</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 항성 탄소"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>현재 우주에 존재하는 탄소 원자 대부분은 별 깊숙한 곳에서 만들어졌다. 대부분 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="수소">수소</a>로 이루어진 별은 안쪽 깊숙한 곳의 엄청난 온도와 압력으로 인해 '수소 연소'라 불리는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EC%9C%B5%ED%95%A9" title="핵융합">핵융합</a> 반응을 거쳐 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A5%A8" title="헬륨">헬륨</a>을 생성한다. 별의 핵 주변 수소 대부분이 융합하여 헬륨이 되면, '헬륨 연소' 반응이 시작되고, 그 와중에 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="베릴륨">베릴륨</a>에 이어서 탄소가 만들어진다. 이 과정을 밝혀낸 사람은 영국 천문학자 <a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%93%9C_%ED%98%B8%EC%9D%BC" title="프레드 호일">프레드 호일</a>이다.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>오래된 별의 중심에서 헬륨-4(알파입자)가 농축되고, 충돌하는 두 알파입자는 쉽게 융합해 4개의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="양성자">양성자</a>와 4개의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B1%EC%9E%90" title="중성자">중성자</a>를 포함하는 베릴륨-8을 형성한다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="베릴륨">베릴륨</a>-8에 알파입자 하나를 추가하면 탄소-12가 된다. 그러나 베릴륨-8은 극도로 불안정해 1000조 분의 1초도 안 되는 찰나에 더 작은 조각으로 분해된다. 따라서 본래 탄소-12는 자연상태에서 존재하기 어렵다. 하지만 여러 과학자들의 측정에 따르면 우주에서 탄소는 4번째로 풍부한 원소이다. 이러한 모순은 자연의 우연이 해결하는데, 탄소-12의 핵은 7.68메가볼트의 에너지량에 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EB%AA%85" title="공명">공명</a>하는 특성이 있기에 베릴륨-8이 붕괴하는 것보다 훨씬 빨리 알파입자를 낚아챌 수 있다. 호일은 적당한 조건 아래에서 삼중 알파 과정이 일어나 탄소-12 생성 속도가 약 10억 배 증가할 수 있다고 추정했다. 이런 조건을 호일 상태라 하는데, 나중에 호일 상태의 존재가 실제로 확인되면서 호일은 천제 물리학의 총아로 떠올랐다.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>요약하면, 항성 내부의 상상할 수 없는 열과 압력의 영향을 받아 수소는 헬륨으로, 세 개의 헬륨 핵은 탄소로 융합된다. 느린 과정이지만, 우주의 탄소 농도는 점차 증가해 궁극적으로 수소 원자 1000개당 거의 5개의 비율로, 탄소 원자는 우주에서 네 번째로 풍부한 원소가 되었다.</ref> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="우주_탄화"><span id=".EC.9A.B0.EC.A3.BC_.ED.83.84.ED.99.94"></span>우주 탄화</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 우주 탄화"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>우주 역사의 첫 수백만 년 동안, 항성 탄소 대부분은 별 내부에 잠겨 있었다. 탄소 핵 일부는 핵연료가 되었고, 헬륨과 융합하여 산소, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%9C%EC%86%8C" title="규소">규소</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%A0" title="철">철</a> 같은 더 무거운 원소들로 변화했다. 수백만 년 동안 격렬한 항성 대류 현상이 일어나자 탄소는 점차 항성 표면으로 모습을 드러냈다. 곧이어 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%A5" title="자기장">자기장</a>과의 격렬한 상호작용으로 인해 외부로 밀려난 강력한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1%ED%92%8D" title="항성풍">항성풍</a>을 타고 탄소 원자는 별을 탈출했다. 우주 탄화 과정의 시작이다. 그러나 우주 탄화는 대부분 초신성 같은 거대한 별이 죽을 때 일어난다. 별의 죽음과 함께 내부에 있던 엄청난 양의 물질이 우주로 방출되기 때문이다.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91" title="태양">태양</a> 정도의 중간 크기 별에서 별은 마지막에 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%83%89%EC%99%9C%EC%84%B1" title="백색왜성">백색왜성</a>으로 붕괴하면서 핵반응이 끝나고 탄소로 가득한 별이 된다. 백색왜성은 하늘에 박힌 다이아몬드로 탄소 알갱이 대부분이 영원히 그 별에 갇혀 있다. 태양보다 큰 별이 죽을 때는 충분히 높은 내부 압력과 온도가 탄소-12를 알파입자와 융합하여 더 무거운 원소(산소-16, <a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EC%98%A8" title="네온">네온</a>-20, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%98" title="마그네슘">마그네슘</a>-24 등)으로 변화시킨다. 이러한 변화는 별에 에너지를 더해 주고, 새로운 원소를 만들며, 별을 팽창시키는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="핵반응">핵반응</a>을 일으키고, 핵반응의 최종 산물인 철-56을 생성할 때까지 몇 초 동안 격렬하게 이어진다. 별의 중심이 철로 바뀌면 중력의 힘이 우세해지면서 별의 모든 질량이 거의 빛의 속도로 안으로 당겨지면서 온도와 압력이 엄청나게 치솟아, 결국 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4" title="중력붕괴">중력 붕괴</a> 현상이 일어난다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="초신성">초신성 폭발</a>이다. 주기율표 원자의 절반 이상이 이 과정에서 만들어지고, 별의 분해와 함께 온 우주로 퍼져나간다. 현재 우주에 있는 탄소 대부분은 이렇게 만들어졌다.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="역사"><span id=".EC.97.AD.EC.82.AC"></span>역사</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 역사"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>탄소는 유사 이전부터 <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%AF" title="숯">숯</a>의 형태로 사용되어 왔으며, “carbon”이라는 이름은 숯을 뜻하는 라틴어 <i>carbo</i>에서 왔다. 이 이름은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%B6%80%EC%95%84%EC%A7%80%EC%97%90" class="mw-redirect" title="라부아지에">라부아지에</a>가 명명하였다. 한자어 탄소(炭素)는 독일어 Kohlenstoff에서 유래하였다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="주요_화합물"><span id=".EC.A3.BC.EC.9A.94_.ED.99.94.ED.95.A9.EB.AC.BC"></span>주요 화합물</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 주요 화합물"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CO<sub>2</sub>(<a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="이산화탄소">이산화탄소</a>), CO(<a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="일산화탄소">일산화탄소</a>), CH<sub>4</sub>(<a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B8" title="메테인">메테인</a>), C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>(<a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="포도당">포도당</a>), C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>(<a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B8" title="에테인">에테인</a>), 탄화수소 등과 같은 상당수의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0%EB%AC%BC" title="유기물">유기물</a>이 탄소 화합물에 해당한다. 그러나 오늘날에는 탄소가 있다고 해서 무조건 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0%EB%AC%BC" title="유기물">유기물</a>이 될 수 있는 것은 아니다. 이것은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="일산화탄소">일산화탄소</a>는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B8%B0%EB%AC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="무기물">무기물</a>에 해당되기 때문이다. 따라서 오늘날에는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%91%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" class="mw-redirect" title="홑원소물질">홑원소물질</a>인 탄소, <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="산화탄소">산화탄소</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D%EC%9D%98_%ED%83%84%EC%82%B0%EC%97%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="금속의 탄산염 (없는 문서)">금속의 탄산염</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%88%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="시안화물">시안화물</a>·<a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%ED%99%94%EB%AC%BC" title="탄화물">탄화물</a> 등을 제외한 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="탄소화합물">탄소화합물</a>을 총칭한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="분자">분자</a>를 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0%EB%AC%BC" title="유기물">유기물</a>로 본다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="특성"><span id=".ED.8A.B9.EC.84.B1"></span>특성</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 특성"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Carbon-phase-diagramp_korean.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Carbon-phase-diagramp_korean.svg/260px-Carbon-phase-diagramp_korean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Carbon-phase-diagramp_korean.svg/390px-Carbon-phase-diagramp_korean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Carbon-phase-diagramp_korean.svg/520px-Carbon-phase-diagramp_korean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>이론적으로 예상되는 탄소의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%BC" title="상평형 그림">상평형 그림</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%8F%99%EC%86%8C%EC%B2%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="탄소 동소체 (없는 문서)">탄소 동소체</a>에는 부드러운 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%97%B0" title="흑연">흑연</a>과 가장 단단한 자연물인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EB%AA%AC%EB%93%9C" title="다이아몬드">다이아몬드</a>가 있다. 탄소 원자는 같은 탄소 원자는 물론 다른 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90" title="원자">원자</a>와 쉽게 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%A9" title="화학 결합">화학 결합</a>을 하며, 적합한 다가 원자와 안정된 다양한 공유 결합을 이룰 수 있다. 지금까지 발견된 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="화합물">화합물</a> 대부분이 약 1천만 개로 추정되는 탄소 화합물이다.<sup id="cite_ref-lanl_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 탄소는 가장 높은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%B9%ED%99%94_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="승화 (화학)">승화</a>점을 가지고 있는 원소이다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EC%A4%91%EC%A0%90" title="삼중점">삼중점</a>은 10.8 ± 0.2 MPa에 4,600 ± 300 K (~4,330 °C or 7,820 °F)으로 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%B0%EC%95%95" title="대기압">대기압</a>에서 녹는점이 없고,<sup id="cite_ref-triple2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triple2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-triple3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triple3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3,900 K의 승화점을 가진다.<sup id="cite_ref-triple_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triple-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 흑연은 열역학적으로 안정하지만 충격에 취약한 비편재화된 π 결합 때문에 <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84_%EC%95%95%EB%A0%A5" title="표준 온도 압력">표준 조건</a>에서 다이아몬드보다 반응성이 훨씬 크다. 예를 들면 표준 조건에서 높은 온도의 진한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EC%82%B0" title="질산">질산</a>은 흑연의 육각형 구조를 보존하는 대신 더 큰 구조를 분해하면서 흑연을 C<sub>6</sub>(CO<sub>2</sub>H)<sub>6</sub>의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A9%9C%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8%EC%82%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="멜리트산 (없는 문서)">멜리트산</a>으로 산화시킨다.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood289_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood289-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>탄소는 온도 5,800 K (5,530 °C; 9,980 °F)의 탄소 아크로 승화한다. 따라서, 어떤 동소체든지 탄소는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%85%85%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%90" title="텅스텐">텅스텐</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%8A%84" title="레늄">레늄</a> 같은 가장 높은 녹는점을 가진 금속의 녹는점에서도 고체 상태를 유지한다. 열역학적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%C2%B7%ED%99%98%EC%9B%90_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="산화·환원 반응">산화</a>되기 쉬우나, 탄소는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%A0" title="철">철</a>이나 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%AC" title="구리">구리</a> 같이 표준 조건에서 약한 환원제로 작용하는 원소보다 산화에 더 효과적으로 저항한다. </p><p>탄소는 여섯 번째 원소로, 바닥 상태 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EB%B0%B0%EC%97%B4" title="전자 배열">전자 배열</a>은 1s<sup>2</sup>2s<sup>2</sup>2p<sup>2</sup>이며 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%EA%B0%80_%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="원자가 전자">원자가 전자</a>는 4개이다. 1~4차 이온화 에너지는 1086.5, 2352.6, 4620.5, 6222.7 kJ/mol로 3~7족의 같은 14족 원소보다 크다. 탄소의 전기음성도는 2.5로, 같은 14족 원소(1.8~1.9)보다 훨씬 크지만 대부분의 인근 비금속과 2~3주기의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9D%B4_%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="전이 금속">전이 금속</a>과 가까운 수치다. 탄소의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%A0_%EB%B0%98%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%84" title="공유 반지름">공유 반지름</a>은 배위수와 결합한 원자에 따라 다양하지만 평균적으로 77.2 pm (C–C), 66.7 pm (C=C), 60.3 pm (C≡C)이다. 일반적으로 공유 반지름은 배위수가 낮을수록, 결합 차수가 높을 수록 감소한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood276_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood276-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>탄소 화합물은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC" title="지구">지구</a>상 모든 생물들의 삶에 근본적인 영향을 끼치며, <a href="/wiki/CNO_%EC%88%9C%ED%99%98" title="CNO 순환">탄소-질소 순환</a>은 태양과 여러 별들에 의해 만들어진 에너지를 제공해주는 역할을 한다. 다양한 화합물을 형성하지만 대체로 표준 조건에서는 상대적으로 반응성이 낮다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84_%EC%95%95%EB%A0%A5" title="표준 온도 압력">표준 온도 압력</a>에서 매우 강한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%EC%A0%9C" title="산화제">산화제</a>를 제외하고는 반응성이 낮다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EC%82%B0" title="황산">황산</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BC%EC%82%B0" title="염산">염산</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%BC%EC%86%8C(%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="염소(원소) (없는 문서)">염소</a>, 그리고 다른 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="알칼리 금속">알칼리 금속</a>과 반응하지 않는다. 고온에서 탄소는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C" title="산소">산소</a>와 반응하여 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="일산화 탄소">일산화 탄소</a>를 형성하며, 금속 산화물을 환원시킨다. 이 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EC%97%B4_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="발열 반응">발열 반응</a>은 제철 산업에서 철을 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%A0%A8" title="제련">제련</a>하고 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EC%B2%A0" title="강철">강철</a>의 탄소 함량을 조절하기 위해 다음과 같이 쓰인다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br />3</span>O<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br />4</span></span> + 4 C<sub>(s)</sub> → 3 Fe<sub>(s)</sub> + 4 CO<sub>(g)</sub></dd></dl> <p>다음은 탄소의 기체와의 반응으로, <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%A9" title="황">황</a>과 반응시 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%99%A9%ED%99%94%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="이황화탄소">이황화탄소</a>를, 수증기와 반응시 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="일산화탄소">일산화탄소</a>를 생성한다. </p> <dl><dd>C<sub>(s)</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(g)</sub> → CO<sub>(g)</sub> + H<sub>2(g)</sub>.</dd></dl> <p>탄소는 고온에서 일부 금속과 결합하여 강철에서의 철 탄화물인 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A9%98%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="시멘타이트">시멘타이트</a>나, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B0%EB%A7%88%EC%A0%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="연마제 (없는 문서)">연마제</a>로나 바이트로 끝을 강화하는데 쓰이는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%ED%99%94%ED%85%85%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%90" class="mw-redirect" title="탄화텅스텐">탄화텅스텐</a> 같은 금속 탄화물을 형성한다. </p><p>탄소 동소체는 서로 매우 다른 특성을 가지고 있다. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>흑연은 매우 부드러운 물질 중 하나이다. </td> <td style="width: 50%;">인조 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EA%B3%A0%EA%B2%BD%EB%8F%84_%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EB%AA%AC%EB%93%9C" title="초고경도 다이아몬드">초고경도 다이아몬드</a>는 매우 단단한 물질이다.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>흑연은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B7%B9%ED%8F%89%ED%99%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="극평활 (없는 문서)">극평활</a> 특성을 지녀 매우 좋은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A4%ED%99%9C%EC%9C%A0" title="윤활유">평활제</a>이다.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>다이아몬드는 최고의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B0%EB%A7%88%EC%A0%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="연마제 (없는 문서)">연마제</a>이다. </td></tr> <tr> <td>흑연은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%EC%A0%84%EB%8F%84%EC%B2%B4" title="전기 전도체">전기 전도체</a>이다.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>다이아몬드는 우수한 전기 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EC%97%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="절연체">절연체</a>이며<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, 그 어떤 물질 보다 최고의 파괴전계영역을 자랑한다. </td></tr> <tr> <td>흑연은 방화, 열 차폐 등으로 단열재로 쓰이기도 하지만, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EB%B6%84%ED%95%B4_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열분해 탄소 (없는 문서)">어떤 구조</a>로는 좋은 열 전도체로 쓰일 수도 있다. </td> <td>다이아몬드는 자연물 중에서는 알려진 가장 좋은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%A0%84%EB%8F%84%EC%B2%B4%EC%9D%98_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열전도체의 목록 (없는 문서)">열전도체</a>이다. </td></tr> <tr> <td>흑연은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%88%ED%88%AC%EB%AA%85%EB%8F%84" title="불투명도">불투명</a>하다. </td> <td>다이아몬드는 매우 투명하다. </td></tr> <tr> <td>흑연은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A1%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EA%B3%84" title="육방정계">육방정계</a>의 결정을 형성한다.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>다이아몬드는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%B6%95%EC%A0%95%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="등축정계">등축정계</a>의 결정을 형성한다. </td></tr> <tr> <td>비정질 탄소는 완벽한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EB%B0%A9%EC%84%B1" title="등방성">등방성</a> 광물이다. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%82%98%EB%85%B8%ED%8A%9C%EB%B8%8C" title="탄소 나노튜브">탄소 나노튜브</a>는 가장 잘 알려진 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%A9%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="이방성">이방성</a> 광물 중 하나이다. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>그리고 물리학에서 탄소는 원자간의 상대 질량을 나타내는 기본 단위로서의 역할을 한다(<sup>12</sup>C, 즉 탄소 12를 12로 기준함. 이에 적용하면 수소 원자의 질량은 1이 됨). </p><p>그리고 자연에 미량으로 존재하는 <sup>14</sup>C, 즉 탄소 14는 방사성 원소로서 5730년의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EA%B0%90%EA%B8%B0" title="반감기">반감기</a>를 통하여 <sup>14</sup>N으로 변환되는 현상(반감기가 지나면 양이 절반씩 줄어든다)을 이용하여 약 500~5만 년 정도의 화석이나 고고학적 표본의 연대를 측정하는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%84%B1_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C%EC%97%B0%EB%8C%80_%EC%B8%A1%EC%A0%95%EB%B2%95" class="mw-redirect" title="방사성 탄소연대 측정법">방사성 탄소연대 측정법</a>에 사용한다. 생물이 살아있을 때는 방사성 탄소도 계속 공급되다가 생물이 죽으면 더 이상 탄소가 공급되지 않아 방사성 탄소의 양이 더 이상 늘어나지 않고 <sup>14</sup>N로 변화한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="동소체"><span id=".EB.8F.99.EC.86.8C.EC.B2.B4"></span>동소체</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=8" title="부분 편집: 동소체"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311305">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%8F%99%EC%86%8C%EC%B2%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="탄소 동소체 (없는 문서)">탄소 동소체</a>입니다.</div> <p>단일 탄소 원자는 매우 수명이 짧다. 따라서 탄소는 보통 여러 분자 배열을 가진 다양한 원자 구조, 즉 안정적인 동소체로 존재한다. 대표적인 탄소 동소체로는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%95%EC%A7%88_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="비정질 탄소">비정질 탄소</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%97%B0" title="흑연">흑연</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EB%AA%AC%EB%93%9C" title="다이아몬드">다이아몬드</a> 등이 있다. 신물질인 <a href="/wiki/%ED%92%80%EB%9F%AC%EB%A0%8C" title="풀러렌">풀러렌</a>은 오늘날 주로 합성하여 연구에 사용되며, 풀러렌에는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%81%AC%EB%AF%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%ED%92%80%EB%9F%AC%EB%A0%8C" title="버크민스터풀러렌">버크민스터풀러렌</a><sup id="cite_ref-buckyballs_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckyballs-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nanotubes_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanotubes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%82%98%EB%85%B8%ED%8A%9C%EB%B8%8C" title="탄소 나노튜브">탄소 나노튜브</a><sup id="cite_ref-nanotubes2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanotubes2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%82%98%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%8C%EA%B8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="탄소 나노돌기 (없는 문서)">탄소 나노돌기</a><sup id="cite_ref-nanobuds_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanobuds-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%82%98%EB%85%B8%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0" title="탄소 나노섬유">탄소 나노섬유</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 등이 있다. 이외에도 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%A0%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="론스달라이트 (없는 문서)">론스달라이트</a><sup id="cite_ref-lonsdaletite_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonsdaletite-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9C%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%83%81_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="유리상 탄소 (없는 문서)">유리상 탄소</a><sup id="cite_ref-glassy_carbon_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glassy_carbon-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> , <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%82%98%EB%85%B8%ED%8F%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="탄소 나노폼 (없는 문서)">탄소 나노폼</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%84%A0%ED%98%95_%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%8B%B8%EB%A0%8C%EC%84%B1_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="선형 아세틸렌성 탄소 (없는 문서)">선형 아세틸렌성 탄소</a><sup id="cite_ref-LAC_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAC-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 등이 있다. </p><p>2009년 기준으로 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%95%80" title="그래핀">그래핀</a>은 현재까지 실험적으로 검증된 가장 강한 물질이다.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%97%B0" title="흑연">흑연</a>에서 그래핀을 분리하는 공정은 아직까지 경제성이 떨어져 추가적인 기술 발전이 필요하다.<sup id="cite_ref-nypost_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nypost-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 저렴한 공정이 개발된다면, 그래핀은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC_%EC%97%98%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0" title="우주 엘리베이터">우주 엘리베이터</a> 건설에 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 그리고 수소 연료 자동차에서 안전한 수소 저장고를 만드는 데 사용될 수도 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg/220px-Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg/330px-Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg/440px-Glassy_carbon_and_a_1cm3_graphite_cube_HP68-79.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4432" data-file-height="3674" /></a><figcaption>유리상 탄소 샘플</figcaption></figure> <p>탄소 원자들은 결정 구조를 이루지 못하고 불규칙한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%95%EC%A7%88_%EA%B3%A0%EC%B2%B4" title="비정질 고체">비정질</a> 상태로도 존재한다. 이때 탄소는 분말 형태이며, <a href="/wiki/%EC%88%AF" title="숯">숯</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B8_%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99" title="카본 블랙">카본 블랙</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%84%EC%9D%8C" title="그을음">그을음</a>), <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%9C%EC%84%B1%ED%83%84" title="활성탄">활성탄</a>의 주 재료이다. 대기압에서 탄소의 가장 안정한 상은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%97%B0" title="흑연">흑연</a>인데, 각 원자들이 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%ED%96%A5%EC%A1%B1_%ED%83%84%ED%99%94_%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="방향족 탄화 수소">방향족 탄화 수소</a>에서 삼각평면 구조로 결합해 육각 고리 패턴을 형성하고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 따라서 흑연은 판상 구조를 하고 있으며, 각각의 판은 약한 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%8D%B0%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%9C%EC%8A%A4_%ED%9E%98" title="반데르발스 힘">반데르발스 힘</a>으로 결합되어 있다. 각각의 판들은 미끄러지기 쉬우며 충격에 약하기 때문에 흑연은 부드럽고 쉽게 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B2%BD%EA%B0%9C_(%EA%B4%91%EB%AC%BC)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="벽개 (광물) (없는 문서)">쪼개지는</a> 특성을 가지고 있다. 탄소의 최외각 전자가 4개이므로 흑연에서 세 개의 공유 결합을 이루고 남은 전자는 π-오비탈의 형태로 비편재화되어 있기 때문에 흑연은 전기 전도도가 높은 물질이다. 그런데 전자는 각각의 판 사이에서만 이동할 수 있기 때문에 대부분의 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="금속">금속</a>보다 낮은 벌크(Bulk) <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0_%EC%A0%84%EB%8F%84%EB%8F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="전기 전도도">전기 전도도</a>를 가진다. 비편재화는 실온에서 흑연이 다이아몬드보다 안정한 이유 중 하나이다. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png/300px-Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png/450px-Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png/600px-Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.png 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1895" /></a><figcaption>탄소 동소체: a) <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EB%AA%AC%EB%93%9C" title="다이아몬드">다이아몬드</a>; b) <a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%97%B0" title="흑연">흑연</a>; c) <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%A0%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="론스달라이트 (없는 문서)">론스달라이트</a>; d–f) <a href="/wiki/%ED%92%80%EB%9F%AC%EB%A0%8C" title="풀러렌">풀러렌</a> (C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>540</sub>, C<sub>70</sub>); g) <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%95%EC%A7%88_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="비정질 탄소">비정질 탄소</a>; h) <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%82%98%EB%85%B8%ED%8A%9C%EB%B8%8C" title="탄소 나노튜브">탄소 나노튜브</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>초고압에서 탄소는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EB%AA%AC%EB%93%9C" title="다이아몬드">다이아몬드</a> 상을 가진다. 다이아몬드는 흑연보다 밀도가 두 배가량 높다. 다이아몬드에서 각 탄소 원자들은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A9%B4%EC%B2%B4" title="사면체">사면체</a> 결합을 하고 있으며, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%9C%EC%86%8C" title="규소">규소</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%88%EB%8A%84" class="mw-redirect" title="게르마늄">게르마늄</a>과 같은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%B6%95%EC%A0%95%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="등축정계">입방체</a> 구조를 하고 있다. 다이아몬드는 매우 강한 공유결합을 하고 있어, 자연물 중에서는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B5%B3%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%84" title="모스 굳기계">경도가 가장 높은</a> 물질이다. "다이아몬드는 영원하다"는 통념과는 반대로, 다이아몬드는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84_%EC%95%95%EB%A0%A5" title="표준 온도 압력">STP</a> 하에서 열역학적으로 불안정하며(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>G</i>°(다이아몬드, 298 K) = 2.9 kJ/mol<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%97%B0" title="흑연">흑연</a>으로 상전이한다.<sup id="cite_ref-therm_prop_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-therm_prop-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 하지만 활성화 에너지 장벽이 매우 높아서 <a href="/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84_%EC%95%95%EB%A0%A5" title="표준 온도 압력">STP</a>에서는 매우 느리게 일어나는 현상이다. 상도표에서 탄소의 저압, 저온 상태는 실험적으로 정확히 확인되지 않았지만, 밀도 함수 이론을 통한 연구를 통해 0 K, 0 Pa에서 다이아몬드가 흑연보다 1.1 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup> 더 안정하다는 사실을 밝혀냈다.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 특정 조건에서 탄소는 다이아몬드처럼 모든 원자가 공유결합된 육방 결정 격자인 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%A0%EC%8A%A4%EB%8B%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="론스달라이트 (없는 문서)">론스달라이트</a> 상을 가진다.<sup id="cite_ref-lonsdaletite_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lonsdaletite-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%ED%92%80%EB%9F%AC%EB%A0%8C" title="풀러렌">풀러렌</a>은 합성 결정체로, 흑연과 비슷한 구조를 하고 있지만 육각형 고리로만 구성된 흑연과는 달리 오각형 또는 칠각형 고리를 가지고 있다. 탄소 원자들이 흑연 판에서 떨어져 나가거나 새로 추가되면 판은 구, 타원구, 원통 형태로 휘게 된다. 풀러렌은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%81%AC%EB%AF%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%ED%92%80%EB%9F%AC%EB%A0%8C" title="버크민스터풀러렌">버크민스터풀러렌</a>(버키볼), <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%82%98%EB%85%B8%ED%8A%9C%EB%B8%8C" title="탄소 나노튜브">탄소 나노튜브</a>(버키튜브), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%82%98%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%8C%EA%B8%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="탄소 나노돌기 (없는 문서)">탄소 나노돌기</a>로 나눌 수 있다. 풀러렌의 특성은 아직 완전히 밝혀지지 않았으며, 나노 물질 분야에서 활발히 연구되고 있다. 풀러렌과 버크민스터풀러렌(버키볼)이라는 명칭은 디오데식 돔의 발명가인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%EB%B2%84%ED%81%AC%EB%AF%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_%ED%92%80%EB%9F%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="리처드 버크민스터 풀러">리처드 버크민스터 풀러</a>의 이름을 딴 것이다. 버크민스터풀러렌은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%82%BC%EA%B0%81%ED%94%BC%EB%9D%BC%EB%AF%B8%EB%93%9C_%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90_%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="삼각피라미드 분자 구조 (없는 문서)">삼각피라미드 분자 구조</a>를 하고 있는 고분자 물질이며, 회전 타원체 형태이다. (가장 잘 알려져 있고 단순한 것은 축구공 모양의 C<sub>60</sub> 버크민스터풀러렌이다<sup id="cite_ref-buckyballs_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckyballs-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) 탄소 나노튜브는 버크민스터풀러렌과 구조적으로 비슷하지만, 속이 빈 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EA%B8%B0%EB%91%A5" title="원기둥">원통</a> 형태로 굽은 판에서 각 원자들이 삼각피라미드 구조로 결합해 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-nanotubes_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanotubes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nanotubes2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanotubes2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 탄소 나노돌기는 2007년에 처음 밝혀졌으며, 버크민스터풀러렌이 탄소 나노튜브에 공유결합되어 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-nanobuds_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanobuds-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%82%98%EB%85%B8%ED%8F%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="탄소 나노폼 (없는 문서)">탄소 나노폼</a>은 1997년에 발견된 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1" title="강자성">강자성</a> 동소체이다. 6원자 및 7원자 고리에서 탄소 원자들이 삼각 결합하고 있는 삼차원 망에서 원자들이 저밀도 클러스터 조립으로 뭉쳐져 있다. 탄소 나노폼은 밀도가 2 kg/m<sup>3</sup>밖에 되지 않는다.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9C%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%83%81_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="유리상 탄소 (없는 문서)">유리상 탄소</a>는 밀폐기<a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B7%B9%EB%A5%A0" title="공극률">공률</a>이 매우 높지만,<sup id="cite_ref-glassy_carbon_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glassy_carbon-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 흑연과는 달리 판이 나란히 쌓이지 않고 불규칙하게 배열되어 있다. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%84%A0%ED%98%95_%EC%95%84%EC%84%B8%ED%8B%B8%EB%A0%8C%EC%84%B1_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="선형 아세틸렌성 탄소 (없는 문서)">선형 아세틸렌성 탄소</a>의 화학 구조는 ―(C:::C)<sub><i>n</i></sub>―이다.<sup id="cite_ref-LAC_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAC-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>sp</i> <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%BC%EC%84%B1_%EA%B6%A4%EB%8F%84" title="혼성 궤도">혼성 오비탈</a>로 선형 결합하고 있으며, 단일 결합과 삼중 결합이 교대로 이어지는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%B9%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="카르빈 (없는 문서)">카르빈</a> 중합체이다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EB%A5%A0" title="영률">영률</a>이 다이아몬드의 40배<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>이기 때문에 <a href="/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%85%B8_%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0" title="나노 기술">나노 기술</a> 분야에서 상당한 관심이 쏟아지고 있다. </p><p>2015년, 노스 캐롤라이나 주립 대학의 한 연구팀은 비정질 탄소 분말에 짧은 시간동안 고에너지 레이저를 쏘아, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Q-%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Q-탄소 (없는 문서)">Q-탄소</a>라 명명한 새로운 탄소 동소체를 발견했다. Q-탄소는 강자성이자 형광 물질이고, 다이아몬드보다 경도가 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="유기물"><span id=".EC.9C.A0.EA.B8.B0.EB.AC.BC"></span>유기물</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=9" title="부분 편집: 유기물"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0_%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="유기 화합물">유기 화합물</a>입니다.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B8%B0_%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="무기 화합물">무기 화합물</a>입니다.</div> <p>유기물(<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0_%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="유기 화합물">유기 화합물</a>, <span lang="en">organic Compounds</span>)는 구조의 기본 골격으로 탄소 원자를 갖는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="화합물">화합물</a>을 통칭한다. 이에 반하여 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B8%B0%EB%AC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="무기물">무기물</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B8%B0_%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%EB%AC%BC" title="무기 화합물">무기 화합물</a>, <span lang="en">Inorganic Compunds</span>)은 탄소를 포함하지 않는 화합물의 통칭이나, 영어 명칭에서 보듯이, 유기물은 생명체의 활동에 의해 생기는 것이라는 의미로 생성된 명칭이어서, 탄소를 포함하지만 생물 유래가 아닌 화합물은 무기물로 분류한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="탄산"><span id=".ED.83.84.EC.82.B0"></span>탄산</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=10" title="부분 편집: 탄산"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%99%EA%B8%88_%EC%83%9D%EC%84%B1_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="앙금 생성 반응">앙금 생성 반응</a>을 통해 산출되는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%82%B0_%EC%B9%BC%EC%8A%98" title="탄산 칼슘">탄산 칼슘</a>, <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%82%B0_%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%A8" title="탄산 바륨">탄산 바륨</a> 등은 흰색 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%99%EA%B8%88" class="mw-redirect" title="앙금">앙금</a>이며, 이 앙금들은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0_(%ED%99%94%ED%95%99)" title="산 (화학)">산</a>과 쉽게 반응하여 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="이산화 탄소">이산화 탄소</a>와 물을 발생한다. 따라서 탄산 이온(CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>)을 검출할 때, 이러한 앙금이 유용하다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="용도"><span id=".EC.9A.A9.EB.8F.84"></span>용도</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=11" title="부분 편집: 용도"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="유기물_2"><span id=".EC.9C.A0.EA.B8.B0.EB.AC.BC_2"></span>유기물</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=12" title="부분 편집: 유기물"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>생명 현상을 유지하는 데 필요한 기본적인 화합물로서, 사람뿐만이 아닌 모든 생명 활동의 기본으로 수많은 유기물이 존재하고, 생물체가 유기물을 사용된다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="무기물"><span id=".EB.AC.B4.EA.B8.B0.EB.AC.BC"></span>무기물</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=13" title="부분 편집: 무기물"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>탄소를 포함하지만 무기물로 분류된 화합물 중 대표적인 것이 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="이산화탄소">이산화탄소</a>인데, 최근 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%EC%98%A8%EB%82%9C%ED%99%94" class="mw-redirect" title="지구 온난화">지구 온난화</a>와 관련하여 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%B0%B0%EC%B6%9C%EA%B6%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="탄소 배출권">탄소 배출권</a> 등의 형태로 사용량을 규제하려는 움직임이 커지고 있다. 유기물질은 광물에서 얻을 수 있는 무기물질의 상대적 개념으로 살아있거나 있었던 생물에서 얻어지는 물질을 유기화합물이라 했었는데 오늘 날에는 화합물의 구성원자중 탄소를 포함하며 그 물질을 분해하는 과정에서 에너지를 얻을 수 있으면 유기물, 없으면 무기물이라 한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="동소체_2"><span id=".EB.8F.99.EC.86.8C.EC.B2.B4_2"></span>동소체</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=14" title="부분 편집: 동소체"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>과거부터 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B0%ED%95%84" title="연필">연필</a> 등의 형태로 사용되어온 <a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%97%B0" title="흑연">흑연</a>과 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%84%9D" title="보석">보석</a>이면서 모든 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%AC%BC" title="광물">광물</a> 중 가장 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EB%8F%84" title="경도">경도</a>가 높은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%84%EB%AA%AC%EB%93%9C" title="다이아몬드">다이아몬드</a>, 극저온 상태에서 초전도 현상을 보이고 수지의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EA%B5%AC%EC%84%B1" title="내구성">내구성</a> 및 <a href="/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EC%97%B4%EC%84%B1" title="내열성">내열성</a>을 높일 수 있는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%92%80%EB%9F%AC%EB%A0%8C" title="풀러렌">풀러렌</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84%EC%B2%B4" title="반도체">반도체</a>의 성질을 가지는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%82%98%EB%85%B8%ED%8A%9C%EB%B8%8C" title="탄소 나노튜브">탄소 나노튜브</a> 등이 사용된다. 다른 동소체로, 그래핀이라는 2차원 구조의 물질이 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=15" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EA%B8%B0%EB%AC%BC" title="유기물">유기물</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EA%B8%B0%EB%AC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="무기물">무기물</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%86%8C%EC%B2%B4" title="동소체">동소체</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%80%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C" title="저탄소 경제">저탄소 경제</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%B0%B0%EC%B6%9C%EA%B6%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="탄소 배출권">탄소 배출권</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9E%90%EA%B5%AD" title="탄소 발자국">탄소 발자국</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="탄소 섬유">탄소 섬유</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%95%80" title="그래핀">그래핀</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=16" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-triple2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-triple2_1-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-triple2_1-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Haaland, D (1976). “Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon”. 《Carbon》 <b>14</b> (6): 357. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0008-6223%2876%2990010-5">10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carbon&rft.atitle=Graphite-liquid-vapor+triple+point+pressure+and+the+density+of+liquid+carbon&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=357&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0008-6223%2876%2990010-5&rft.au=Haaland%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-triple3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-triple3_2-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-triple3_2-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Savvatimskiy, A (2005). “Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)”. 《Carbon》 <b>43</b> (6): 1115. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.carbon.2004.12.027">10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carbon&rft.atitle=Measurements+of+the+melting+point+of+graphite+and+the+properties+of+liquid+carbon+%28a+review+for+1963%E2%80%932003%29&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1115&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.carbon.2004.12.027&rft.au=Savvatimskiy%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isotopes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-isotopes_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/isot.html">“Carbon – Naturally occurring isotopes”</a>. WebElements Periodic Table<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2008년 10월 9일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carbon+%E2%80%93+Naturally+occurring+isotopes&rft.pub=WebElements+Periodic+Table&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webelements.com%2Fwebelements%2Felements%2Ftext%2FC%2Fisot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-D2_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101085829/http://www.caer.uky.edu/carbon/history/carbonhistory.shtml#">“History of Carbon”</a>. 2012년 11월 1일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caer.uky.edu/carbon/history/carbonhistory.shtml">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2013년 1월 10일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Carbon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caer.uky.edu%2Fcarbon%2Fhistory%2Fcarbonhistory.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">The Internet Encyclopedia of Science (2008년 10월 9일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/elbio.html">“Biological Abundance of Elements”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biological+Abundance+of+Elements&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft.au=The+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daviddarling.info%2Fencyclopedia%2FE%2Felbio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-therm_prop-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-therm_prop_6-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-therm_prop_6-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005162616/http://invsee.asu.edu/nmodules/Carbonmod/point.html">“World of Carbon – Interactive Nano-visulisation in Science & Engineering Education (IN-VSEE)”</a>. 2008년 10월 9일. 2008년 10월 5일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invsee.asu.edu/nmodules/Carbonmod/point.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2017년 8월 2일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+of+Carbon+%E2%80%93+Interactive+Nano-visulisation+in+Science+%26+Engineering+Education+%28IN-VSEE%29&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvsee.asu.edu%2Fnmodules%2FCarbonmod%2Fpoint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lanl-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lanl_7-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lanl_7-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Chemistry Operations (2003년 12월 15일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913063402/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/6.html">“Carbon”</a>. Los Alamos National Laboratory. 2008년 9월 13일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/6.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2008년 10월 9일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carbon&rft.pub=Los+Alamos+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft.au=Chemistry+Operations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperiodic.lanl.gov%2Felements%2F6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Deming, Anna (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/21/30/300201/pdf">“King of the elements?”</a>. 《Nanotechnology》 <b>21</b>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0957-4484%2F21%2F30%2F300201">10.1088/0957-4484/21/30/300201</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 2016년 11월 15일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nanotechnology&rft.atitle=King+of+the+elements%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0957-4484%2F21%2F30%2F300201&rft.aulast=Deming&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1088%2F0957-4484%2F21%2F30%2F300201%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">로버트 M. 헤이즌, 김홍표 옮김 (2022). 《탄소 교향곡》. 뿌리와이파리. 28쪽.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C+%EA%B5%90%ED%96%A5%EA%B3%A1&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=%EB%BF%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%8C%8C%EB%A6%AC&rft.date=2022&rft.au=%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8+M.+%ED%97%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%8C%2C+%EA%B9%80%ED%99%8D%ED%91%9C+%EC%98%AE%EA%B9%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">로버트 M. 헤이즌(2022), 35쪽.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">로버트 M. 헤이즌(2022), 36~37쪽.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">로버트 M. 헤이즌(2022), 38쪽.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">로버트 M. 헤이즌(2022), 40쪽.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-triple-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-triple_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Greenville Whittaker, A. (1978). “The controversial carbon solid−liquid−vapour triple point”. 《Nature》 <b>276</b> (5689): 695–696. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978Natur.276..695W">1978Natur.276..695W</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F276695a0">10.1038/276695a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+controversial+carbon+solid%E2%88%92liquid%E2%88%92vapour+triple+point&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=5689&rft.pages=695-696&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F276695a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978Natur.276..695W&rft.aulast=Greenville+Whittaker&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Zazula, J. M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lbruno.home.cern.ch/lbruno/documents/Bibliography/LHC_Note_78.pdf">“On Graphite Transformations at High Temperature and Pressure Induced by Absorption of the LHC Beam”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. CERN<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2009년 6월 6일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+Graphite+Transformations+at+High+Temperature+and+Pressure+Induced+by+Absorption+of+the+LHC+Beam&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Zazula&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flbruno.home.cern.ch%2Flbruno%2Fdocuments%2FBibliography%2FLHC_Note_78.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood289-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood289_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 289–292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood276-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood276_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 276–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Irifune, Tetsuo; Kurio, Ayako; Sakamoto, Shizue; Inoue, Toru; Sumiya, Hitoshi (2003). “Materials: Ultrahard polycrystalline diamond from graphite”. 《Nature》 <b>421</b> (6923): 599–600. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.421..599I">2003Natur.421..599I</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F421599b">10.1038/421599b</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12571587">12571587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Materials%3A+Ultrahard+polycrystalline+diamond+from+graphite&rft.volume=421&rft.issue=6923&rft.pages=599-600&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12571587&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F421599b&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.421..599I&rft.aulast=Irifune&rft.aufirst=Tetsuo&rft.au=Kurio%2C+Ayako&rft.au=Sakamoto%2C+Shizue&rft.au=Inoue%2C+Toru&rft.au=Sumiya%2C+Hitoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dienwiebel, Martin; Verhoeven, Gertjan; Pradeep, Namboodiri; Frenken, Joost; Heimberg, Jennifer; Zandbergen, Henny (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.leidenuniv.nl/sections/cm/ip/group/PDF/Phys.rev.lett/2004/92(2004)12601.pdf">“Superlubricity of Graphite”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《Physical Review Letters》 <b>92</b> (12). <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PhRvL..92l6101D">2004PhRvL..92l6101D</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.92.126101">10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.126101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Superlubricity+of+Graphite&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.92.126101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PhRvL..92l6101D&rft.aulast=Dienwiebel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Verhoeven%2C+Gertjan&rft.au=Pradeep%2C+Namboodiri&rft.au=Frenken%2C+Joost&rft.au=Heimberg%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Zandbergen%2C+Henny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.leidenuniv.nl%2Fsections%2Fcm%2Fip%2Fgroup%2FPDF%2FPhys.rev.lett%2F2004%2F92%282004%2912601.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Deprez, N.; McLachan, D. S. (1988). “The analysis of the electrical conductivity of graphite conductivity of graphite powders during compaction”. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Physics_D:_Applied_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics (없는 문서)">Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics</a>》 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Physics (없는 문서)">Institute of Physics</a>) <b>21</b> (1): 101–107. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JPhD...21..101D">1988JPhD...21..101D</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0022-3727%2F21%2F1%2F015">10.1088/0022-3727/21/1/015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics+D%3A+Applied+Physics&rft.atitle=The+analysis+of+the+electrical+conductivity+of+graphite+conductivity+of+graphite+powders+during+compaction&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-107&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0022-3727%2F21%2F1%2F015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988JPhD...21..101D&rft.aulast=Deprez&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=McLachan%2C+D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Collins, A. T. (1993). “The Optical and Electronic Properties of Semiconducting Diamond”. 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A (없는 문서)">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A</a>》 <b>342</b> (1664): 233–244. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993RSPTA.342..233C">1993RSPTA.342..233C</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1993.0017">10.1098/rsta.1993.0017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft.atitle=The+Optical+and+Electronic+Properties+of+Semiconducting+Diamond&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=1664&rft.pages=233-244&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1993.0017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993RSPTA.342..233C&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=A.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Delhaes, P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=7p2pgNOWPbEC&pg=PA146">《Graphite and Precursors》</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/90-5699-228-7" title="특수:책찾기/90-5699-228-7"><bdi>90-5699-228-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphite+and+Precursors&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-5699-228-7&rft.au=Delhaes%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D7p2pgNOWPbEC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buckyballs-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-buckyballs_23-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-buckyballs_23-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Unwin, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201165240/http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/projects/unwin/Fullerenes.html">“Fullerenes(An Overview)”</a>. 2007년 12월 1일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/local/projects/unwin/Fullerenes.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2007년 12월 8일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fullerenes%28An+Overview%29&rft.au=Unwin%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ch.ic.ac.uk%2Flocal%2Fprojects%2Funwin%2FFullerenes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nanotubes-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nanotubes_24-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nanotubes_24-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ebbesen, T. W., 편집. (1997). 《Carbon nanotubes—preparation and properties》. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-8493-9602-6" title="특수:책찾기/0-8493-9602-6"><bdi>0-8493-9602-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carbon+nanotubes%E2%80%94preparation+and+properties&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8493-9602-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nanotubes2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nanotubes2_25-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nanotubes2_25-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dresselhaus, M. S.; Dresselhaus, G.; Avouris, Ph., 편집. (2001). “Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, structures, properties and applications”. 《Topics in Applied Physics》 (Berlin: Springer) <b>80</b>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/3-540-41086-4" title="특수:책찾기/3-540-41086-4"><bdi>3-540-41086-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topics+in+Applied+Physics&rft.atitle=Carbon+nanotubes%3A+synthesis%2C+structures%2C+properties+and+applications&rft.volume=80&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-540-41086-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nanobuds-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nanobuds_26-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-nanobuds_26-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nasibulin, Albert G.; Pikhitsa, P. V.; Jiang, H.; Brown, D. P.; Krasheninnikov, A. V.; Anisimov, A. S.; Queipo, P.; Moisala, A.; 외. (2007). “A novel hybrid carbon material”. 《Nature Nanotechnology》 <b>2</b> (3): 156–161. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NatNa...2..156N">2007NatNa...2..156N</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnnano.2007.37">10.1038/nnano.2007.37</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18654245">18654245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Nanotechnology&rft.atitle=A+novel+hybrid+carbon+material&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=156-161&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18654245&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnnano.2007.37&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007NatNa...2..156N&rft.aulast=Nasibulin&rft.aufirst=Albert+G.&rft.au=Pikhitsa%2C+P.+V.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+H.&rft.au=Brown%2C+D.+P.&rft.au=Krasheninnikov%2C+A.+V.&rft.au=Anisimov%2C+A.+S.&rft.au=Queipo%2C+P.&rft.au=Moisala%2C+A.&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nasibulin, A.; Anisimov, Anton S.; Pikhitsa, Peter V.; Jiang, Hua; Brown, David P.; Choi, Mansoo; Kauppinen, Esko I. (2007). “Investigations of NanoBud formation”. 《Chemical Physics Letters》 <b>446</b>: 109–114. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CPL...446..109N">2007CPL...446..109N</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cplett.2007.08.050">10.1016/j.cplett.2007.08.050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Physics+Letters&rft.atitle=Investigations+of+NanoBud+formation&rft.volume=446&rft.pages=109-114&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cplett.2007.08.050&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007CPL...446..109N&rft.aulast=Nasibulin&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Anisimov%2C+Anton+S.&rft.au=Pikhitsa%2C+Peter+V.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Hua&rft.au=Brown%2C+David+P.&rft.au=Choi%2C+Mansoo&rft.au=Kauppinen%2C+Esko+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Vieira, R; Ledoux, Marc-Jacques; Pham-Huu, Cuong (2004). “Synthesis and characterisation of carbon nanofibers with macroscopic shaping formed by catalytic decomposition of C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>/H<sub>2</sub> over nickel catalyst”. 《Applied Catalysis A: General》 <b>274</b>: 1–8. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apcata.2004.04.008">10.1016/j.apcata.2004.04.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Catalysis+A%3A+General&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+characterisation+of+carbon+nanofibers+with+macroscopic+shaping+formed+by+catalytic+decomposition+of+C%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%2FH%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+over+nickel+catalyst&rft.volume=274&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apcata.2004.04.008&rft.au=Vieira%2C+R&rft.au=Ledoux%2C+Marc-Jacques&rft.au=Pham-Huu%2C+Cuong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lonsdaletite-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lonsdaletite_29-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lonsdaletite_29-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Clifford, Frondel; Marvin, Ursula B. (1967). “Lonsdaleite, a new hexagonal polymorph of diamond”. 《Nature》 <b>214</b> (5088): 587–589. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967Natur.214..587F">1967Natur.214..587F</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F214587a0">10.1038/214587a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Lonsdaleite%2C+a+new+hexagonal+polymorph+of+diamond&rft.volume=214&rft.issue=5088&rft.pages=587-589&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F214587a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967Natur.214..587F&rft.aulast=Clifford&rft.aufirst=Frondel&rft.au=Marvin%2C+Ursula+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glassy_carbon-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-glassy_carbon_30-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-glassy_carbon_30-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Harris, PJF (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319054641/http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~powles/PDFs/Harris_2004.pdf">“Fullerene-related structure of commercial glassy carbons”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《Philosophical Magazine》 <b>84</b> (29): 3159–3167. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PMag...84.3159H">2004PMag...84.3159H</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="무료로 이용 가능"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.359.5715">10.1.1.359.5715</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F14786430410001720363">10.1080/14786430410001720363</a>. 2012년 3월 19일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~powles/PDFs/Harris_2004.pdf">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 7월 6일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Fullerene-related+structure+of+commercial+glassy+carbons&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=3159-3167&rft.date=2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.359.5715&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786430410001720363&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PMag...84.3159H&rft.au=Harris%2C+PJF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.usyd.edu.au%2F~powles%2FPDFs%2FHarris_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rode, A. V.; Hyde, S. T.; Gamaly, E. G.; Elliman, R. G.; McKenzie, D. R.; Bulcock, S. (1999). “Structural analysis of a carbon foam formed by high pulse-rate laser ablation”. 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》 <b>69</b> (7): S755–S758. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003390051522">10.1007/s003390051522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+A%3A+Materials+Science+%26+Processing&rft.atitle=Structural+analysis+of+a+carbon+foam+formed+by+high+pulse-rate+laser+ablation&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=S755-S758&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs003390051522&rft.au=Rode%2C+A.+V.&rft.au=Hyde%2C+S.+T.&rft.au=Gamaly%2C+E.+G.&rft.au=Elliman%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=McKenzie%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Bulcock%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAC-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LAC_32-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LAC_32-1">나</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Heimann, Robert Bertram; Evsyukov, Sergey E. & Kavan, Ladislav (28 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121123153424/http://books.google.com/books?id=swSQZcTmo_4C&pg=PA1">《Carbyne and carbynoid structures》</a>. Springer. 1–쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-7923-5323-2" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-7923-5323-2"><bdi>978-0-7923-5323-2</bdi></a>. 23 November 2012에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swSQZcTmo_4C&pg=PA1">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 6월 6일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carbyne+and+carbynoid+structures&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-5323-2&rft.au=Heimann%2C+Robert+Bertram&rft.au=Evsyukov%2C+Sergey+E.&rft.au=Kavan%2C+Ladislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswSQZcTmo_4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lee-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-lee_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lee, C.; Wei, X.; Kysar, J. W.; Hone, J. (2008). “Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene”. 《Science》 <b>321</b> (5887): 385–8. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B8%8C%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C" title="비브코드">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Sci...321..385L">2008Sci...321..385L</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1157996">10.1126/science.1157996</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635798">18635798</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531134104/http://www.aip.org/isns/reports/2008/027.html">요약문</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+the+Elastic+Properties+and+Intrinsic+Strength+of+Monolayer+Graphene&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=5887&rft.pages=385-8&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18635798&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1157996&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Sci...321..385L&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Wei%2C+X.&rft.au=Kysar%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Hone%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">더 이상 지원되지 않는 변수를 사용함 (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#deprecated_params" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nypost-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nypost_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sanderson, Bill (2008년 8월 25일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906171324/http://www.nypost.com/seven/08252008/news/regionalnews/toughest_stuff__known_to_man_125993.htm">“Toughest Stuff Known to Man : Discovery Opens Door to Space Elevator”</a>. nypost.com. 2008년 9월 6일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypost.com/seven/08252008/news/regionalnews/toughest_stuff__known_to_man_125993.htm">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2008년 10월 9일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toughest+Stuff+Known+to+Man+%3A+Discovery+Opens+Door+to+Space+Elevator&rft.pub=nypost.com&rft.date=2008-08-25&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypost.com%2Fseven%2F08252008%2Fnews%2Fregionalnews%2Ftoughest_stuff__known_to_man_125993.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jin, Zhong; Lu, Wei; O’Neill, Kevin J.; Parilla, Philip A.; Simpson, Lin J.; Kittrell, Carter; Tour, James M. (2011년 2월 22일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm1025188">“Nano-Engineered Spacing in Graphene Sheets for Hydrogen Storage”</a>. 《Chemistry of Materials》 <b>23</b> (4): 923–925. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fcm1025188">10.1021/cm1025188</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0897-4756">0897-4756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+of+Materials&rft.atitle=Nano-Engineered+Spacing+in+Graphene+Sheets+for+Hydrogen+Storage&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=923-925&rft.date=2011-02-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcm1025188&rft.issn=0897-4756&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Zhong&rft.au=Lu%2C+Wei&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Neill%2C+Kevin+J.&rft.au=Parilla%2C+Philip+A.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Lin+J.&rft.au=Kittrell%2C+Carter&rft.au=Tour%2C+James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1021%2Fcm1025188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jenkins, Edgar (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121123204229/http://books.google.com/books?id=XNYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA30">《The polymorphism of elements and compounds》</a>. Taylor & Francis. 30쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/0-423-87500-0" title="특수:책찾기/0-423-87500-0"><bdi>0-423-87500-0</bdi></a>. 2012년 11월 23일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA30">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2011년 5월 1일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+polymorphism+of+elements+and+compounds&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-423-87500-0&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNYOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rossini, F. D.; Jessup, R. S. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/21/jresv21n4p491_A1b.pdf">“Heat and Free Energy of Formation of Carbon Dioxide and of the Transition Between Graphite and Diamond”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards》 <b>21</b> (4): 491. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.6028%2Fjres.021.028">10.6028/jres.021.028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+of+the+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.atitle=Heat+and+Free+Energy+of+Formation+of+Carbon+Dioxide+and+of+the+Transition+Between+Graphite+and+Diamond&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=491&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6028%2Fjres.021.028&rft.aulast=Rossini&rft.aufirst=F.+D.&rft.au=Jessup%2C+R.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnvlpubs.nist.gov%2Fnistpubs%2Fjres%2F21%2Fjresv21n4p491_A1b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Grochala, Wojciech (2014년 4월 1일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201400131/abstract">“Diamond: Electronic Ground State of Carbon at Temperatures Approaching 0 K”</a>. 《Angewandte Chemie International Edition》 (영어) <b>53</b> (14): 3680–3683. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201400131">10.1002/anie.201400131</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1521-3773">1521-3773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Diamond%3A+Electronic+Ground+State+of+Carbon+at+Temperatures+Approaching+0+K&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=3680-3683&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201400131&rft.issn=1521-3773&rft.aulast=Grochala&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201400131%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schewe, Phil & Stein, Ben (March 26, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307104655/http://www.aip.org/pnu/2004/split/678-1.html">“Carbon Nanofoam is the World's First Pure Carbon Magnet”</a>. 《Physics News Update》 <b>678</b> (1). March 7, 2012에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/pnu/2004/split/678-1.html">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+News+Update&rft.atitle=Carbon+Nanofoam+is+the+World%27s+First+Pure+Carbon+Magnet&rft.volume=678&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2004-03-26&rft.au=Schewe%2C+Phil&rft.au=Stein%2C+Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fpnu%2F2004%2Fsplit%2F678-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Itzhaki, Lior; Altus, Eli; Basch, Harold; Hoz, Shmaryahu (2005). “Harder than Diamond: Determining the Cross-Sectional Area and Young's Modulus of Molecular Rods”. 《Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.》 <b>44</b> (45): 7432–5. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200502448">10.1002/anie.200502448</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16240306">16240306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=Harder+than+Diamond%3A+Determining+the+Cross-Sectional+Area+and+Young%27s+Modulus+of+Molecular+Rods&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=7432-5&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200502448&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16240306&rft.au=Itzhaki%2C+Lior&rft.au=Altus%2C+Eli&rft.au=Basch%2C+Harold&rft.au=Hoz%2C+Shmaryahu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406002158/https://news.ncsu.edu/2015/11/narayan-q-carbon-2015/">“Researchers Find New Phase of Carbon, Make Diamond at Room Temperature”</a>. 《news.ncsu.edu》. 2016년 4월 6일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ncsu.edu/2015/11/narayan-q-carbon-2015/">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2016년 4월 6일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.ncsu.edu&rft.atitle=Researchers+Find+New+Phase+of+Carbon%2C+Make+Diamond+at+Room+Temperature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ncsu.edu%2F2015%2F11%2Fnarayan-q-carbon-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="외부_링크"><span id=".EC.99.B8.EB.B6.80_.EB.A7.81.ED.81.AC"></span>외부 링크</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C&action=edit&section=17" title="부분 편집: 외부 링크"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480479">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="알칼리 금속">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC_%ED%86%A0%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="알칼리 토금속">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/3%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="3족 원소">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/4%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="4족 원소">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/5%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="5족 원소">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/6%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="6족 원소">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/7%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="7족 원소">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/8%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="8족 원소">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/9%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="9족 원소">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/10%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="10족 원소">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/11%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="11족 원소">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/12%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="12족 원소">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/13%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="13족 원소">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/14%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="14족 원소">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/15%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="15족 원소">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/16%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="16족 원소">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%A0%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%A0" title="할로젠">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%99%9C%EC%84%B1_%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="비활성 기체">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/1%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="1주기 원소">1</a> </th> <td title="수소, 1 (other nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a0ffa0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="수소"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="헬륨, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A5%A8" title="헬륨"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/2%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="2주기 원소">2</a> </th> <td title="리튬, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%AC" title="리튬"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="베릴륨, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="베릴륨"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="붕소, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%95%EC%86%8C" title="붕소"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="탄소, 6 (other nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a0ffa0; border:1px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="질소, 7 (other nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a0ffa0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EC%86%8C" title="질소"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="산소, 8 (other nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a0ffa0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C" title="산소"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="플루오린, 9 (halogen)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%B0" title="플루오린"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="네온, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EC%98%A8" title="네온"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/3%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="3주기 원소">3</a> </th> <td title="나트륨, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="나트륨"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="마그네슘, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%98" title="마그네슘"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="알루미늄, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A3%A8%EB%AF%B8%EB%8A%84" title="알루미늄"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="규소, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%9C%EC%86%8C" title="규소"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="인, 15 (other nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a0ffa0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8" title="인"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="황, 16 (other nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a0ffa0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%A9" title="황"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="염소, 17 (halogen)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%BC%EC%86%8C_(%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C)" title="염소 (원소)"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="아르곤, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EA%B3%A4" title="아르곤"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/4%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="4주기 원소">4</a> </th> <td title="칼륨, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A5%A8" title="칼륨"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="칼슘, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EC%8A%98" title="칼슘"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="스칸듐, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B8%EB%93%90" title="스칸듐"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td title="타이타늄, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%80%EB%8A%84" title="타이타늄"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="바나듐, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%82%98%EB%93%90" title="바나듐"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="크로뮴, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%AE%B4" title="크로뮴"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="망가니즈, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%88" title="망가니즈"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="철, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%A0" title="철"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="코발트, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%B0%9C%ED%8A%B8" title="코발트"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="니켈, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BC%88" title="니켈"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="구리, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%AC" title="구리"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="아연, 30 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%97%B0" title="아연"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="갈륨, 31 (other metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EB%A5%A8" title="갈륨"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="저마늄, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EB%A7%88%EB%8A%84" title="저마늄"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="비소, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%86%8C" title="비소"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="셀레늄, 34 (other nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a0ffa0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A0%88%EB%8A%84" title="셀레늄"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="브로민, 35 (halogen)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9C%EB%AF%BC" title="브로민"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="크립톤, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%BD%ED%86%A4" title="크립톤"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/5%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="5주기 원소">5</a> </th> <td title="루비듐, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%B9%84%EB%93%90" title="루비듐"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="스트론튬, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%A0%ED%8A%AC" title="스트론튬"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="이트륨, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="이트륨"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td title="지르코늄, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%BD%94%EB%8A%84" title="지르코늄"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="나이오븀, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EB%B8%80" title="나이오븀"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="몰리브데넘, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%B0%EB%A6%AC%EB%B8%8C%EB%8D%B0%EB%84%98" title="몰리브데넘"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="테크네튬, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%85%8C%ED%81%AC%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%AC" title="테크네튬"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="루테늄, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%ED%85%8C%EB%8A%84" title="루테늄"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="로듐, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%90" title="로듐"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="팔라듐, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%90" title="팔라듐"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="은, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%80" title="은"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="카드뮴, 48 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%93%9C%EB%AE%B4" title="카드뮴"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="인듐, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%93%90" title="인듐"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="주석, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%9D_(%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C)" title="주석 (원소)"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="안티모니, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%8B%B0%EB%AA%A8%EB%8B%88" title="안티모니"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="텔루륨, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%85%94%EB%A3%A8%EB%A5%A8" title="텔루륨"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title="아이오딘, 53 (halogen)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EB%94%98" title="아이오딘"><span style="display:block">I</span></a> </td> <td title="제논, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%85%BC_(%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C)" title="제논 (원소)"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/6%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="6주기 원소">6</a> </th> <td title="세슘, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%8A%98" title="세슘"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="바륨, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%A8" title="바륨"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="란타넘, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%9E%80%ED%83%80%EB%84%98" title="란타넘"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td title="세륨, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="세륨"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="프라세오디뮴, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%84%B8%EC%98%A4%EB%94%94%EB%AE%B4" title="프라세오디뮴"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="네오디뮴, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EC%98%A4%EB%94%94%EB%AE%B4" title="네오디뮴"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="프로메튬, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EB%A9%94%ED%8A%AC" title="프로메튬"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="사마륨, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%A8" title="사마륨"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="유로퓸, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%A1%9C%ED%93%B8" title="유로퓸"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="가돌리늄, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%8F%8C%EB%A6%AC%EB%8A%84" title="가돌리늄"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="터븀, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%84%B0%EB%B8%80" title="터븀"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="디스프로슘, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%98" title="디스프로슘"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="홀뮴, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%80%EB%AE%B4" title="홀뮴"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="어븀, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%B8%80" title="어븀"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="툴륨, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%88%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="툴륨"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="이터븀, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B8%80" title="이터븀"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="루테튬, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%ED%85%8C%ED%8A%AC" title="루테튬"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td> <td title="하프늄, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%ED%94%84%EB%8A%84" title="하프늄"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="탄탈럼, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%ED%83%88%EB%9F%BC" title="탄탈럼"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="텅스텐, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%85%85%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%90" title="텅스텐"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="레늄, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%8A%84" title="레늄"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="오스뮴, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%EB%AE%B4" title="오스뮴"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="이리듐, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%90" title="이리듐"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="백금, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EA%B8%88" title="백금"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="금, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%88" title="금"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="수은, 80 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%9D%80" title="수은"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="탈륨, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%88%EB%A5%A8" title="탈륨"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="납, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%A9" title="납"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="비스무트, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%EB%AC%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="비스무트"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="폴로늄, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%8A%84" title="폴로늄"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="아스타틴, 85 (halogen)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%ED%8B%B4" title="아스타틴"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="라돈, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%8F%88" title="라돈"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/7%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="7주기 원소">7</a> </th> <td title="프랑슘, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%98" title="프랑슘"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="라듐, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%90" title="라듐"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="악티늄, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%85%ED%8B%B0%EB%8A%84" title="악티늄"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td title="토륨, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%A8" title="토륨"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="프로트악티늄, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%8A%B8%EC%95%85%ED%8B%B0%EB%8A%84" title="프로트악티늄"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="우라늄, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%9D%BC%EB%8A%84" title="우라늄"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="넵투늄, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%84%B5%ED%88%AC%EB%8A%84" title="넵투늄"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="플루토늄, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%ED%86%A0%EB%8A%84" title="플루토늄"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="아메리슘, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%98" title="아메리슘"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="퀴륨, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%80%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="퀴륨"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="버클륨, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%84%ED%81%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="버클륨"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="캘리포늄, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%8F%AC%EB%8A%84" title="캘리포늄"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="아인슈타이늄, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%8A%84" title="아인슈타이늄"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="페르뮴, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%AE%B4" title="페르뮴"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="멘델레븀, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%98%EB%8D%B8%EB%A0%88%EB%B8%80" title="멘델레븀"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="노벨륨, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8%EB%A5%A8" title="노벨륨"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="로렌슘, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A0%8C%EC%8A%98" title="로렌슘"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td> <td title="러더포듐, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EB%8D%94%ED%8F%AC%EB%93%90" title="러더포듐"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="더브늄, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8D%94%EB%B8%8C%EB%8A%84" title="더브늄"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="시보귬, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%B3%B4%EA%B7%AC" title="시보귬"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="보륨, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%A5%A8" title="보륨"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="하슘, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%8A%98" title="하슘"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="마이트너륨, 109 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%84%88%EB%A5%A8" title="마이트너륨"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="다름슈타튬, 110 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%A6%84%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%ED%8A%AC" title="다름슈타튬"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="뢴트게늄, 111 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A2%B4%ED%8A%B8%EA%B2%8C%EB%8A%84" title="뢴트게늄"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="코페르니슘, 112 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%BD%94%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%98" title="코페르니슘"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="니호늄, 113 (other metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%88%ED%98%B8%EB%8A%84" title="니호늄"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="플레로븀, 114 (other metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%A1%9C%EB%B8%80" title="플레로븀"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="모스코븀, 115 (other metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%EB%B8%80" title="모스코븀"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="리버모륨, 116 (other metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%84%EB%AA%A8%EB%A5%A8" title="리버모륨"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="테네신, 117 (halogen)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%A0" title="테네신"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="오가네손, 118 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EA%B0%80%EB%84%A4%EC%86%90" title="오가네손"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" class="wikitable" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="알칼리 금속"><span class="nowrap">알칼리</span> <span class="nowrap">금속</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC_%ED%86%A0%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="알칼리 토금속"><span class="nowrap">알칼리</span> <span class="nowrap">토금속</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%9E%80%ED%83%80%EB%84%98%EC%A1%B1" title="란타넘족">란타넘족</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%85%ED%8B%B0%EB%8A%84%EC%A1%B1" title="악티늄족">악티늄족</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9D%B4_%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="전이 금속"><span class="nowrap">전이</span> <span class="nowrap">금속</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;">기타 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="금속">금속</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%80%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="준금속">준금속</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a0ffa0;">기타 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D" title="비금속">비금속</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffff99;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%A0%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%A0" title="할로젠">할로젠</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%99%9C%EC%84%B1_%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="비활성 기체"><span class="nowrap">비활성</span> <span class="nowrap">기체</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36429174"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="기후_변화" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311309"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94" title="틀:기후 변화"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:기후 변화 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94" title="특수:문서편집/틀:기후 변화"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="기후_변화" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94" class="mw-redirect" title="기후 변화">기후 변화</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="총괄" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">총괄</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%98%84%EB%8C%80_%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94%EC%9D%98_%EC%9B%90%EC%9D%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="현대 기후 변화의 원인">현대 기후 변화의 원인</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94%EC%9D%98_%EC%98%81%ED%96%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="기후 변화의 영향">기후 변화의 영향</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94_%EC%99%84%ED%99%94" class="mw-redirect" title="기후 변화 완화">기후 변화 완화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94_%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="기후 변화 적응">기후 변화 적응</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EC%99%80_%EC%A7%80%EC%97%AD%EB%B3%84_%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="분류:국가와 지역별 기후 변화 (없는 문서)">국가와 지역별 기후 변화</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="원인" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">원인</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">총괄<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%98%84%EB%8C%80_%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94%EC%9D%98_%EC%9B%90%EC%9D%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="현대 기후 변화의 원인">현대 기후 변화의 원인</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B7%B9%EB%8B%A8%EC%A0%81_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%9B%90%EC%9D%B8_%EA%B7%9C%EB%AA%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="극단적 사건의 원인 규명 (없는 문서)">극단적 사건의 원인 규명</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EC%8B%A4_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="온실 효과">온실 효과</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94%EC%9D%98_%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%95%A9%EC%9D%98" class="mw-redirect" title="기후 변화의 과학적 합의">기후 변화의 과학적 합의</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">요인</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EC%8B%A4_%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="온실 기체">온실 기체</a> <ul><li><a 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="역사" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">역사</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94_%ED%95%99%EA%B3%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="기후 변화 학계의 역사">기후 변화 학계의 역사</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94_%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85%EA%B3%BC_%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="기후 변화 정책과 정치의 역사 (없는 문서)">기후 변화 정책과 정치의 역사</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%B0%98%ED%85%8C_%EC%95%84%EB%A0%88%EB%8B%88%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="스반테 아레니우스">스반테 아레니우스</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%95%B8%EC%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="제임스 핸슨 (없는 문서)">제임스 핸슨</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="기후 공학">기후 공학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0_%EA%B8%B0%EB%B0%98_%ED%95%B4%EA%B2%B0%EC%B1%85" class="mw-redirect" title="자연 기반 해결책">자연 기반 해결책</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%88%EC%82%B0%EB%A6%BC%ED%99%94%EC%99%80_%EC%82%B0%EB%A6%BC_%EB%B2%8C%EC%B1%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%A9%EC%B6%9C%EB%9F%89_%EA%B0%90%EC%86%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="탈산림화와 산림 벌채의 방출량 감소 (없는 문서)">탈산림화와 산림 벌채의 방출량 감소</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%A6%BC" title="재조림">재조림</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="배경과_이론" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">배경과 이론</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">측정</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%B8%EA%B3%B5%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1_%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84_%EC%B8%A1%EC%A0%95%EB%B2%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="인공위성 온도 측정법 (없는 문서)">인공위성 온도 측정법</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">이론</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%82%AC%EC%9C%A8" title="반사율">반사율</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%ED%9D%A1%EC%88%98%EC%9B%90" class="mw-redirect" title="탄소 흡수원">탄소 흡수원</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%EB%8F%99_%EB%B0%8F_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94" title="기후 변동 및 변화">기후 변동 및 변화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%AF%BC%EA%B0%90%EB%8F%84" title="기후 민감도">기후 민감도</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%84_%EA%B0%95%EC%A0%9C%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="구름 강제력 (없는 문서)">구름 강제력</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AA%A8%EB%A3%A8%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%84_%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84_%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%95_%EA%B0%80%EC%84%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="모루구름 온도 고정 가설 (없는 문서)">모루구름 온도 고정 가설</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B0%80%EC%84%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="이리스 가설 (없는 문서)">이리스 가설</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94_%ED%94%BC%EB%93%9C%EB%B0%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="기후 변화 피드백 (없는 문서)">피드백</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EC%88%98%EC%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="지구 에너지 수지">지구 에너지 수지</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%ED%9A%A8%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84" title="유효온도">유효온도</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%EC%98%A8%EB%82%9C%ED%99%94_%EC%A7%80%EC%88%98" title="지구 온난화 지수">지구 온난화 지수</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%A8%EC%8B%A4_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC%EA%B0%80_%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94%EC%97%90_%EB%AF%B8%EC%B9%98%EB%8A%94_%EC%98%88%EC%8B%9C_%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="온실 효과가 기후 변화에 미치는 예시 모델 (없는 문서)">온실 효과가 기후 변화에 미치는 예시 모델</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%EC%82%AC_%EA%B0%95%EC%A0%9C%EB%A0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="복사 강제력">복사 강제력</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.25em">연구</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84%ED%95%99" title="고기후학">고기후학</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A0%ED%8F%AD%ED%92%8D%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="고폭풍학 (없는 문서)">고폭풍학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="기후 모델">기후 모델</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="목록 문서"><img alt="목록 문서" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94_%EC%9A%A9%EC%96%B4%EC%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="기후 변화 용어집 (없는 문서)">용어집</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="목록 문서"><img alt="목록 문서" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B8%B0%ED%9B%84_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94_%EA%B4%80%EB%A0%A8_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C_%EC%83%89%EC%9D%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="기후 변화 관련 문서 색인 (없는 문서)">색인</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="분류"><img alt="분류" 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aria-labelledby="전거_통제_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=위키데이터에서_편집하기&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;위키데이터에서_편집하기" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="전거_통제_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=위키데이터에서_편집하기&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;위키데이터에서_편집하기" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%A0%84%EA%B1%B0_%ED%86%B5%EC%A0%9C" title="위키백과:전거 통제">전거 통제</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623#identifiers" title="위키데이터에서 편집하기"><img alt="위키데이터에서 편집하기" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">국가</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526055">스페인</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976417k">프랑스</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11976417k">BnF 데이터</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4164538-8">독일</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283488605171">이스라엘</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85020090">미국</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000084767&P_CON_LNG=ENG">라트비아</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572686">일본</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><abbr title="uhlík"><a 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