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Earth Science - The Japan Times
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href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@300;400;700&display=swap" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'" /> <noscript><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Roboto:wght@300;400;700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/></noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/theme_japantimes/css/general-styles.min.css?v=4.9" defer> </head> <body class=" "> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KR282M" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <input type="hidden" id="APP_URL" value="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/" /> <input id="BASE_URL" type="hidden" value="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/" /> <style> .hidden-body{overflow-y: hidden;} header.not-home-header{margin-bottom: 60px;} header .header-ad{background-color: #F7F7F7;} header .header-ad .tableCenter{min-width:728px;min-height: 90px;display: flex;justify-content: 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sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.3px;color: #333;text-transform: uppercase} div.account-data .icon-arrow_forward_ios{float: right;} div.account-data .user-email{padding: 10px 25px 30px 25px;white-space: nowrap;overflow: hidden;text-overflow: ellipsis;font-family: 'Utopia Std', Georgia, "Hiragino Mincho Pro", "Hiragino Mincho", serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 24px;font-weight: 400;color: #000;text-align: center;} div.account-data .user-label{display:block;margin-top: 5px;font-family: 'Roboto'; font-size: 14px; line-height: 16px;font-weight: 400;color: #000;text-align: center;} div.account-data .packages{padding: 30px 0px 20px 0px;} div.account-data .packages a{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;color: #FFFFFF; background-color: #C8102E;padding: 15px 0px; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 14px;line-height: 17px;font-family:'Pluto Sans Bold', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif ;width: 100%; text-align: center;display: block;} div.account-data .packages a:hover{opacity: 0.6;} sidebar{position: fixed;overflow-y: scroll; -ms-overflow-style: none; scrollbar-width: none;top:0; left:-320px; background-color: #151515;width: 320px;z-index: 203;height:100%; transition: .5s;} sidebar.active{left:0;} sidebar::-webkit-scrollbar {display: none;} #overlay {position: fixed;display: none; width: 100%; height: 100%; top: 0;left: 0;right: 0;bottom: 0;background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.5);z-index: 202; cursor: pointer;} #overlay.active{display: block;} sidebar .logo{padding: 20px 20px 15px 20px;position:fixed;width: 320px;background-color: #151515;z-index: 1;} sidebar .logo img{width:165.33px; height: 23.7px;} sidebar .close-sidebar{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;float: right;width:36px;height: 36px;display: flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;border-radius: 100%;margin-top: -10px;margin-right: -10px;} sidebar .close-sidebar:hover{background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.2);} sidebar .close-sidebar i{font-size: 18px; color: #999999;cursor: 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p.home-delivery{margin-top: 10px;} sidebar .links-section p a{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;text-transform: uppercase;color: #999999;text-decoration: underline;font-family: 'Pluto Sans Regular', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 14px;line-height: 17px;font-weight: 400;} sidebar .links-section p a:hover{color: #FFFFFF;} sidebar .links-section ul{margin: 0px;padding: 0px;} sidebar .links-section ul li{list-style: none;margin-bottom: 5px; background-color: #333333;padding: 10px;cursor: pointer;} sidebar .links-section ul li:hover a{color: #999;} sidebar .links-section ul li a{transition: all 0.3s ease-in-out;text-transform: uppercase;color:#fff;font-family: 'Roboto';font-size: 15px;line-height: 17px; font-weight: 400;display: block;width: 100%;} sidebar .links-section ul li a::before {content: "";width: 6px;height: 6px; border-radius: 50%; margin-right: 8px;display: inline-block; background-color: #C8102E;} sidebar .menu-section{padding: 15px 20px;} sidebar 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opposition lock horns over Japan budget"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/21/453591.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/21/453591.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/21/453591.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/21/453591.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba in parliament on Friday" title="Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba in parliament on Friday" onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/news/japan/" title="JAPAN">JAPAN</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/news/japan/politics/" title="Politics">Politics</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/focus?type=column" title="FOCUS">FOCUS</a> </div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/02/21/japan/politics/political-dogfight-parties-budget/" title="LDP and opposition lock horns over Japan budget">LDP and opposition lock horns over Japan budget</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/02/21/japan/politics/political-dogfight-parties-budget/" title="LDP and opposition lock horns over Japan budget">Mindful of how much the ruling coalition needs their support, Nippon Ishin no Kai and the Democratic Party for the People are digging their heels in.</a></div> </div> <div class="col-md-5 style-two"> <div class="article"> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/news/japan/" title="JAPAN">JAPAN</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/news/japan/politics/" title="Politics">Politics</a> </div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/02/21/japan/politics/ukrainian-ambassador-japan-interview/" title="As Ukraine rift emerges, Kyiv's envoy says Japan must take on bigger global role">As Ukraine rift emerges, Kyiv's envoy says Japan must take on bigger global role</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/02/21/japan/politics/ukrainian-ambassador-japan-interview/" title="As Ukraine rift emerges, Kyiv's envoy says Japan must take on bigger global role">The remarks by Ukrainian Ambassador to Japan Sergiy Korsunsky came amid what appears to be a dramatic reversal in years of U.S. support for Ukraine since Russia's invasion.</a></div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/news/japan/" title="JAPAN">JAPAN</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/news/japan/politics/" title="Politics">Politics</a> </div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/02/21/japan/politics/ishin-hyogo-resignation/" title="Two Ishin lawmakers quit special panel probing Hyogo governor">Two Ishin lawmakers quit special panel probing Hyogo governor</a></div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/02/21/japan/politics/ishin-hyogo-resignation/" title="Two Ishin lawmakers quit special panel probing Hyogo governor">Minoru Kishiguchi and Makoto Masuyama had leaked information from the panel to the leader of the NHK party.</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!--jt-section-articles.blade.php--> <style> .jt-section-articles{border-top: 1px solid #000000;padding-top: 12px;padding-bottom: 12px;} .jt-section-articles .separator{color:#333;font-family: 'Neue Bold';font-size: 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.load-more-btn{border:none;cursor:pointer;color: #FFFFFF; background-color: #C8102E;padding: 10px 15px; text-transform: uppercase; font-size: 14px;line-height: 17px;font-weight: 700;} @media (max-width: 768px){ .jt-section-articles .article-body a{display: none;} .jt-section-articles .article-title a{max-height: unset;overflow: unset;font-size: 18px;line-height: 20px;} .jt-section-articles .article-image .layout-ratio{padding-bottom: 100%;} } </style> <div class="jt-section-articles " data-widget-id="2391"> <div class="articles"> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2024/06/03/earth-science/noto-seismic-swarm-rain-snow/" title="How rain and snow play a role in Noto’s ‘seismic swarm’"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/01/31/449513.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/01/31/449513.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/01/31/449513.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/01/31/449513.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="An earthquake-damaged area in Suzu, Ishikawa Prefecture, in May 2023. The Noto Peninsula has been experiencing an ongoing “seismic swarm” since late 2020." title="An earthquake-damaged area in Suzu, Ishikawa Prefecture, in May 2023. The Noto Peninsula has been experiencing an ongoing “seismic swarm” since late 2020." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="main-info"> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/environment/" title="ENVIRONMENT">ENVIRONMENT</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/environment/earth-science/" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/our-planet?type=column" title="OUR PLANET">OUR PLANET</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Jun 3, 2024</div> </div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2024/06/03/earth-science/noto-seismic-swarm-rain-snow/" title="How rain and snow play a role in Noto’s ‘seismic swarm’">How rain and snow play a role in Noto’s ‘seismic swarm’</a></div> <div class="article-byline"> By <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/author/5612/harvin-bhathal/" title="Harvin Bhathal">Harvin Bhathal</a><br/> </div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2024/06/03/earth-science/noto-seismic-swarm-rain-snow/" title="How rain and snow play a role in Noto’s ‘seismic swarm’">The seismic activity in the region is synchronized with changes in underground pressure, which is influenced by seasonal patterns of precipitation.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2024/04/18/earth-science/cloud-seeding-rainfall-controversial/" title="How cloud seeding boosts rainfall — and why that’s controversial"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/04/18/292957.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/04/18/292957.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/04/18/292957.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2024/04/18/292957.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="An aircraft from the Thai Department of Royal Rainmaking deposits a sodium chloride-based material in an effort to produce rain." title="An aircraft from the Thai Department of Royal Rainmaking deposits a sodium chloride-based material in an effort to produce rain." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="main-info"> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/environment/" title="ENVIRONMENT">ENVIRONMENT</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/environment/earth-science/" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Apr 18, 2024</div> </div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2024/04/18/earth-science/cloud-seeding-rainfall-controversial/" title="How cloud seeding boosts rainfall — and why that’s controversial">How cloud seeding boosts rainfall — and why that’s controversial</a></div> <div class="article-byline"> By <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/author/1092/laura-millan/" title="Laura Millan">Laura Millan</a><br/> </div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2024/04/18/earth-science/cloud-seeding-rainfall-controversial/" title="How cloud seeding boosts rainfall — and why that’s controversial">Developed in the 1940s, cloud seeding can boost rain and snowfall, but the World Meteorological Organization warns we don't know enough about it yet.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details no-image-article"> <div class="main-info"> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/environment/" title="ENVIRONMENT">ENVIRONMENT</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/environment/earth-science/" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/our-planet?type=column" title="OUR PLANET">OUR PLANET</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Feb 4, 2024</div> </div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2024/02/04/earth-science/japan-geography-earthquake-uplift/" title="For Japan, earthquakes are an existential matter">For Japan, earthquakes are an existential matter</a></div> <div class="article-byline"> By <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/author/219/alex-kt-martin/" title="Alex K.T. Martin">Alex K.T. Martin</a><br/> </div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2024/02/04/earth-science/japan-geography-earthquake-uplift/" title="For Japan, earthquakes are an existential matter">The New Year's Day quake was a stark reminder of how Japan has been shaped by rumbling, grinding and often deadly convulsions and volcanic activity.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/11/17/earth-science/climate-net-zero-uncertainty/" title="Amid climate efforts, will net-zero emissions be enough?"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/11/17/263837.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/11/17/263837.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/11/17/263837.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/11/17/263837.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="Cooling towers at a coal-fired power plant in Germany. While surface temperatures might stabilize quickly after reaching net-zero, other shifting parts of the climate are harder to slow once set in motion." title="Cooling towers at a coal-fired power plant in Germany. While surface temperatures might stabilize quickly after reaching net-zero, other shifting parts of the climate are harder to slow once set in motion." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="main-info"> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/environment/" title="ENVIRONMENT">ENVIRONMENT</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/environment/earth-science/" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Nov 17, 2023</div> </div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/11/17/earth-science/climate-net-zero-uncertainty/" title="Amid climate efforts, will net-zero emissions be enough?">Amid climate efforts, will net-zero emissions be enough?</a></div> <div class="article-byline"> By <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/author/5017/sana-pashankar/" title="Sana Pashankar">Sana Pashankar</a> and <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/author/788/eric-roston/" title="Eric Roston">Eric Roston</a><br/> </div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/11/17/earth-science/climate-net-zero-uncertainty/" title="Amid climate efforts, will net-zero emissions be enough?">A new study suggests uncertainty about how climate systems will respond after emissions stabilize is an argument for reducing them as quickly as possible.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/10/27/earth-science/space-solar-energy-beam/" title="Beam solar energy from space? These scientists say yes"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/10/27/259859.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/10/27/259859.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/10/27/259859.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/10/27/259859.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="It’s hard to talk about space-based solar — that is, transmitting the energy — without conjuring images of a death ray. But the team at the California Institute of Technology says the power density of the beam would be comparable to the power density of sunlight." title="It’s hard to talk about space-based solar — that is, transmitting the energy — without conjuring images of a death ray. But the team at the California Institute of Technology says the power density of the beam would be comparable to the power density of sunlight." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="main-info"> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/environment/" title="ENVIRONMENT">ENVIRONMENT</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/environment/earth-science/" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Oct 27, 2023</div> </div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/10/27/earth-science/space-solar-energy-beam/" title="Beam solar energy from space? These scientists say yes">Beam solar energy from space? These scientists say yes</a></div> <div class="article-byline"> By <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/author/835/david-r-baker/" title="David R Baker">David R Baker</a><br/> </div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/10/27/earth-science/space-solar-energy-beam/" title="Beam solar energy from space? These scientists say yes">The hurdles that have grounded space-based solar in the past aren’t merely technical, they’re also financial.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/09/15/earth-science/risky-geoengineering-ban-climate-group/" title="Risky geoengineering should be banned, climate group says"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/09/15/251877.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/09/15/251877.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/09/15/251877.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/09/15/251877.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="object-position:44% 71.428571428572%;" alt="A report by the Climate Overshoot Commission said that potentially dangerous experimental geoengineering methods — including controversial "solar radiation modification" — need to be halted until they have been researched thoroughly." title="A report by the Climate Overshoot Commission said that potentially dangerous experimental geoengineering methods — including controversial "solar radiation modification" — need to be halted until they have been researched thoroughly." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="main-info"> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/environment/" title="ENVIRONMENT">ENVIRONMENT</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/environment/earth-science/" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Sep 15, 2023</div> </div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/09/15/earth-science/risky-geoengineering-ban-climate-group/" title="Risky geoengineering should be banned, climate group says">Risky geoengineering should be banned, climate group says</a></div> <div class="article-byline"> </div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/09/15/earth-science/risky-geoengineering-ban-climate-group/" title="Risky geoengineering should be banned, climate group says">Cutting CO2 emissions is vital, but potentially dangerous geoengineering methods need to be halted until they have been researched thoroughly.</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/09/15/earth-science/volcano-2023-heat/" title="Why is 2023 so hot? A rare Pacific volcano is among the suspects"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/09/15/251860.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/09/15/251860.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/09/15/251860.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2023/09/15/251860.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="object-position:68.5% 63.157894736842%;" alt="Many scientists say more research into volcanoes is vital to gauge how far eruptions can briefly affect the long-term trend of global warming, which is primarily driven by burning fossil fuels." title="Many scientists say more research into volcanoes is vital to gauge how far eruptions can briefly affect the long-term trend of global warming, which is primarily driven by burning fossil fuels." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="article-details "> <div class="main-info"> <div class="article-section"> <a href="/environment/" title="ENVIRONMENT">ENVIRONMENT</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/environment/earth-science/" title="Earth science">Earth science</a> <span class="separator">/</span> <a href="/tag/analysis?type=column" title="ANALYSIS">ANALYSIS</a> </div> <div class="publish-date">Sep 15, 2023</div> </div> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/09/15/earth-science/volcano-2023-heat/" title="Why is 2023 so hot? A rare Pacific volcano is among the suspects">Why is 2023 so hot? A rare Pacific volcano is among the suspects</a></div> <div class="article-byline"> By <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/author/1827/alister-doyle/" title="Alister Doyle">Alister Doyle</a><br/> </div> <div class="article-body"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/environment/2023/09/15/earth-science/volcano-2023-heat/" title="Why is 2023 so hot? A rare Pacific volcano is among the suspects">Greenhouse gas emissions are overwhelmingly to blame, scientists say, but water vapor from the Tonga eruption last year may have played a role too.</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="load-more"> <img src="/theme_japantimes/images/loader.svg" alt="Loader" class="loader hidden" /><br/> <button class="load-more-btn" data-np-sections="["90"]" data-cms-sections="[7]" data-np-subsections="["27"]" data-cms-subsections="[25]" data-limit="7" data-offset="11" data-archive-offset="0">Load more</button> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> $('.load-more-btn').on('click', function(){ $('.load-more .loader').removeClass('hidden'); var np_sections = JSON.stringify($(this).data("np-sections")); var cms_sections = JSON.stringify($(this).data("cms-sections")); var np_subsections = JSON.stringify($(this).data("np-subsections")); var cms_subsections = JSON.stringify($(this).data("cms-subsections")); var limit = $(this).data("limit"); var offset = $(this).data("offset"); 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Her former lawyers claim her documentary includes footage used without the consent of sources." title="Shiori Ito, who won a civil suit over a rape case against a TV reporter, in 2018. Her former lawyers claim her documentary includes footage used without the consent of sources." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2025/02/20/companies/survey-wage-hike-plan/" title="Record percentage of Japanese firms plan wage hikes, survey shows">Record percentage of Japanese firms plan wage hikes, survey shows</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2025/02/20/companies/survey-wage-hike-plan/" title="Record percentage of Japanese firms plan wage hikes, survey shows"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/20/453365.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/20/453365.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/20/453365.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/20/453365.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="" alt="Some 61.9% of over 11,000 surveyed companies intend to pledge pay increases as part of annual wage negotiations culminating in March, according to a survey by Teikoku Databank." title="Some 61.9% of over 11,000 surveyed companies intend to pledge pay increases as part of annual wage negotiations culminating in March, according to a survey by Teikoku Databank." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article"> <div class="article-details "> <div class="article-title"><a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2025/02/21/economy/inflation-speeds-up-january/" title="Japan’s inflation speeds up, keeping BOJ on rate hike path">Japan’s inflation speeds up, keeping BOJ on rate hike path</a></div> </div> <div class="article-image"> <a href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2025/02/21/economy/inflation-speeds-up-january/" title="Japan’s inflation speeds up, keeping BOJ on rate hike path"><div class="layout-ratio"> <picture> <source media="(min-width: 786px)" data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/21/453407.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <source data-srcset="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/21/453407.jpg?v=3.1&w=600&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" type="image/jpg"> <img src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/21/453407.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" class="lazy figure-img img-fluid rounded" data-src="https://cdn4.premiumread.com/?url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/japantimes/uploads/images/2025/02/21/453407.jpg?v=3.1&w=400&q=100&f=jpg&t=1.52" style="object-position:71.5% 32.330827067669%;" alt="A customer visits a store along the Togoshi Ginza shopping street in Tokyo on Jan. 23. Rising fresh food prices contributed to the acceleration in overall inflation in January, as vegetable prices, including cabbage, soared." title="A customer visits a store along the Togoshi Ginza shopping street in Tokyo on Jan. 23. Rising fresh food prices contributed to the acceleration in overall inflation in January, as vegetable prices, including cabbage, soared." onerror="this.src='/theme_japantimes/images/no-image.png';this.removeAttribute('onerror');"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane " id="tab-button-1"> <!--jt-tab-editor-pick.blade.php--> <style> .jt-tab-editor-pick .article-image{width: 28%;padding-left: 8px;} .jt-tab-editor-pick .article-image .layout-ratio{padding-bottom: 100%;;} .jt-tab-editor-pick .article-details{width: 72%;padding-right: 8px;} .jt-tab-editor-pick .article-details.no-image-article{width: 100%;padding-right: 0px;} .jt-tab-editor-pick .article{display: flex; align-items: flex-start;padding-bottom: 12px;padding-top: 12px;border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(217, 217, 217, 0.5);} .jt-tab-editor-pick .article:last-child{border-bottom: none;padding-bottom: 0px;} .jt-tab-editor-pick .article-title{margin-top: 0px;margin-bottom: 12px;} .jt-tab-editor-pick .article-title a{font-family: Utopia Std, Georgia, "Hiragino Mincho Pro", "Hiragino Mincho", serif; 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