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Clean air captures attention whereas pollution distracts: evidence from brain activities

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <!-- 使用 https 可周用些设置，实现http的兼容--> <meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="upgrade-insecure-requests" /> <title>Clean air captures attention whereas pollution distracts: evidence from brain activities</title> <!-- 单独添加meta --> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/PDF/10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x" /> <!-- develop 必引内容，不可删除，不可改动 --> <link href="/develop/static/js/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/develop/static/css/css.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/develop/static/js/jqpagination/jqpagination.css" /> <script src="/develop/static/js/jquery/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="/develop/static/js/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/develop/static/js/jquery/jquery.qrcode.min.js"></script> <script src="/develop/static/js/common/common_en.js?20240726"></script> <script language="javascript" src="/js/store.js"></script> <script language="javascript" src="/develop/static/js/common/component_en.js"></script> <script language="javascript" src="/develop/static/js/common/download_en.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/develop/static/js/bootstrap/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,Chrome=1" /> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x"/><!--文章doi--> <meta name="description" content="&lt;p&gt; &lt;List&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt;&lt;/List&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;● We find air pollution distracts attention and reveal the neurocognitive mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Clean air captures more attention and evokes larger N300 amplitudes in all trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Pollution causes lower accuracy and larger P300 wave in attention-holding trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Pollution causes higher accuracy and lower P300 wave in attention-shifting trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Awareness of the adverse impact of air pollution on attention-related performance such as learning and driving is rapidly growing. However, there is still little known about the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. Using an adapted dot-probe task paradigm and event-related potential (ERP) technique, we investigated how visual stimuli of air pollution influence the attentional allocation process. Participants were required to make responses to the onset of a target presented at the left or right visual field. The probable location of the target was forewarned by a cue (pollution or clean air images), appearing at either the target location (attention-holding trials) or the opposite location (attention-shifting trials). Behavioral measures showed that when cued by pollution images, subjects had higher response accuracy in attention-shifting trials. ERP analysis results revealed that after the cue onset, pollution images evoked lower N300 amplitudes, indicating less attention-capturing effects of dirty air. After the target onset, pollution cues were correlated with the higher P300 amplitudes in attention-holding trials but lower amplitudes in attention-shifting trials. It indicates that after visual exposure to air pollution, people need more neurocognitive resources to maintain attention but less effort to shift attention away. The findings provide the first neuroscientific evidence for the distracting effect of air pollution. We conclude with several practical implications and suggest the ERP technique as a promising tool to understand human responses to environmental stressors.&lt;/p&gt;"/> <meta name="keywords" content="Air pollution, Attention, Disengagement, Performance, Event-related potential"/><!--文章关键词列表，用逗号分隔--> <link rel="canonical" href="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x"/><!--文章url--> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://journal.hep.com.cn/favicon.ico" /><!--网站logo图标--> <meta name="robots" content="index"/><!--搜索引擎--> <!--移动端访问--> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=10, user-scalable=0"/><!--设备控制--> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/><!--页面手机号验证--> <!--twitter--> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><!--固定--> <meta name="twitter:description" content="&lt;p&gt; &lt;List&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt;&lt;/List&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;● We find air pollution distracts attention and reveal the neurocognitive mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Clean air captures more attention and evokes larger N300 amplitudes in all trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Pollution causes lower accuracy and larger P300 wave in attention-holding trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Pollution causes higher accuracy and lower P300 wave in attention-shifting trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Awareness of the adverse impact of air pollution on attention-related performance such as learning and driving is rapidly growing. However, there is still little known about the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. Using an adapted dot-probe task paradigm and event-related potential (ERP) technique, we investigated how visual stimuli of air pollution influence the attentional allocation process. Participants were required to make responses to the onset of a target presented at the left or right visual field. The probable location of the target was forewarned by a cue (pollution or clean air images), appearing at either the target location (attention-holding trials) or the opposite location (attention-shifting trials). Behavioral measures showed that when cued by pollution images, subjects had higher response accuracy in attention-shifting trials. ERP analysis results revealed that after the cue onset, pollution images evoked lower N300 amplitudes, indicating less attention-capturing effects of dirty air. After the target onset, pollution cues were correlated with the higher P300 amplitudes in attention-holding trials but lower amplitudes in attention-shifting trials. It indicates that after visual exposure to air pollution, people need more neurocognitive resources to maintain attention but less effort to shift attention away. The findings provide the first neuroscientific evidence for the distracting effect of air pollution. We conclude with several practical implications and suggest the ERP technique as a promising tool to understand human responses to environmental stressors.&lt;/p&gt;" /><!--完整英文摘要--> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese/fileup/2095-2201/PIC/20231218085712.png" /><!--文章图片：如果没有，就不写这行--> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Clean air captures attention whereas pollution distracts: evidence from brain activities" /><!--完整英文题目--> <!--DC元数据--> <meta name="dc.title" content="Clean air captures attention whereas pollution distracts: evidence from brain activities"/><!--完整英文题目--> <meta name="dc.source" content="Frontiers of Environmental Science &amp; Engineering"/><!--完整英文刊名--> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Higher Education Press"/><!--编辑部英文名称--> <meta name="dc.date" content="2024-04-15"/><!--正式出版：刊出日期；最新录用：录用日期--> <meta name="dc.type" content="Research article"/><!--文章类型--> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/><!--语种--> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="Higher Education Press"/><!--年 编辑部名称--> <meta name="dc.description" content="&lt;p&gt; &lt;List&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt;&lt;/List&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;● We find air pollution distracts attention and reveal the neurocognitive mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Clean air captures more attention and evokes larger N300 amplitudes in all trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Pollution causes lower accuracy and larger P300 wave in attention-holding trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Pollution causes higher accuracy and lower P300 wave in attention-shifting trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Awareness of the adverse impact of air pollution on attention-related performance such as learning and driving is rapidly growing. However, there is still little known about the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. Using an adapted dot-probe task paradigm and event-related potential (ERP) technique, we investigated how visual stimuli of air pollution influence the attentional allocation process. Participants were required to make responses to the onset of a target presented at the left or right visual field. The probable location of the target was forewarned by a cue (pollution or clean air images), appearing at either the target location (attention-holding trials) or the opposite location (attention-shifting trials). Behavioral measures showed that when cued by pollution images, subjects had higher response accuracy in attention-shifting trials. ERP analysis results revealed that after the cue onset, pollution images evoked lower N300 amplitudes, indicating less attention-capturing effects of dirty air. After the target onset, pollution cues were correlated with the higher P300 amplitudes in attention-holding trials but lower amplitudes in attention-shifting trials. It indicates that after visual exposure to air pollution, people need more neurocognitive resources to maintain attention but less effort to shift attention away. The findings provide the first neuroscientific evidence for the distracting effect of air pollution. We conclude with several practical implications and suggest the ERP technique as a promising tool to understand human responses to environmental stressors.&lt;/p&gt;"/><!--完整英文摘要--> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x"/><!--文章doi：必须带“doi:”--> <meta name="dc.relation.ispartof" content="Frontiers of Environmental Science &amp; Engineering"/><!-- 期刊名称 --> <meta name="dc.citation.volume" content="18"/> <meta name="dc.citation.issue" content="4"/> <meta name="dc.citation.spage" content="41"/> <meta name="dc.citation.epage" content=""/> <!--以下为英文作者：名前姓后--> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jianxun Yang"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Yunqi Liu"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Berry van den Berg"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Susie Wang"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Lele Chen"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Miaomiao Liu"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jun Bi"/> <!--以下为文章关键词--> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Air pollution"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Attention"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Disengagement"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Performance"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Event-related potential"/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="2095-2201"/><!--期刊印刷版ISSN--> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Frontiers of Environmental Science &amp; Engineering"/><!--完整英文刊名--> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2024-04-15"/><!--正式出版：刊出日期；最新录用：录用日期--> <meta name="prism.section" content="Research article"/><!--文章类型--> <meta name="prism.volume" content="18"> <meta name="prism.number" content="4"><!--期--> <meta name="prism.section" content="RESEARCH ARTICLE"><!--英文栏目--> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="41"/><!--起始页--> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content=""/><!--结束页--> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2024 Higher Education Press"/><!--年 编辑部名称--> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x"/><!--文章URL--> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x"/><!--文章doi：必须带“doi:”--> <!--引用管理器--> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x"/><!--文章HTML页面地址--> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Frontiers of Environmental Science &amp; Engineering"/><!--完整英文刊名--> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Front. Environ. Sci. Eng."/><!--英文刊名缩写--> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Higher Education Press"/><!--出版社英文名称--> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2095-2201"/><!--期刊ISSN--> <meta name="citation_title" content="Clean air captures attention whereas pollution distracts: evidence from brain activities"/><!--文章题目--> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024-04-15"/><!--正式出版：刊出日期；最新录用：录用日期--> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="41"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content=""/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research-article"/><!--文章类型--> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x"/> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="&lt;p&gt; &lt;List&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt;&lt;/List&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;● We find air pollution distracts attention and reveal the neurocognitive mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Clean air captures more attention and evokes larger N300 amplitudes in all trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Pollution causes lower accuracy and larger P300 wave in attention-holding trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Pollution causes higher accuracy and lower P300 wave in attention-shifting trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Awareness of the adverse impact of air pollution on attention-related performance such as learning and driving is rapidly growing. However, there is still little known about the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. Using an adapted dot-probe task paradigm and event-related potential (ERP) technique, we investigated how visual stimuli of air pollution influence the attentional allocation process. Participants were required to make responses to the onset of a target presented at the left or right visual field. The probable location of the target was forewarned by a cue (pollution or clean air images), appearing at either the target location (attention-holding trials) or the opposite location (attention-shifting trials). Behavioral measures showed that when cued by pollution images, subjects had higher response accuracy in attention-shifting trials. ERP analysis results revealed that after the cue onset, pollution images evoked lower N300 amplitudes, indicating less attention-capturing effects of dirty air. After the target onset, pollution cues were correlated with the higher P300 amplitudes in attention-holding trials but lower amplitudes in attention-shifting trials. It indicates that after visual exposure to air pollution, people need more neurocognitive resources to maintain attention but less effort to shift attention away. The findings provide the first neuroscientific evidence for the distracting effect of air pollution. We conclude with several practical implications and suggest the ERP technique as a promising tool to understand human responses to environmental stressors.&lt;/p&gt;"/><!--完整英文摘要--> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Air pollution"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Attention"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Disengagement"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Performance"/> <meta name="citation_keywords" content="Event-related potential"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="18" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/04/15"/><!--正式出版：刊出日期；最新录用：录用日期--> <meta name="citation_date" content="2024/04/15"/><!--正式出版：刊出日期；最新录用：录用日期--> <!--以下为英文作者及其对应单位--> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jianxun Yang"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science &amp;amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yunqi Liu"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing 210008, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Berry van den Berg"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Susie Wang"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;. Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Lele Chen"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt;. School of Education Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Miaomiao Liu"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science &amp;amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jun Bi"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science &amp;amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"/> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/PDF/10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x" /> <!--开放图谱协议--> <meta property="og:url" content="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x"/><!--文章HTML页面地址--> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/><!--固定为 Article--> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Frontiers of Environmental Science &amp; Engineering"/><!--英文刊名--> <meta property="og:title" content="Clean air captures attention whereas pollution distracts: evidence from brain activities"/><!--文章题目--> <meta property="og:description" content="&lt;p&gt; &lt;List&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt;&lt;/List&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;● We find air pollution distracts attention and reveal the neurocognitive mechanisms.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Clean air captures more attention and evokes larger N300 amplitudes in all trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Pollution causes lower accuracy and larger P300 wave in attention-holding trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;ListItem&gt;&lt;ItemContent&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Pollution causes higher accuracy and lower P300 wave in attention-shifting trials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/ItemContent&gt;&lt;/ListItem&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Awareness of the adverse impact of air pollution on attention-related performance such as learning and driving is rapidly growing. However, there is still little known about the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. Using an adapted dot-probe task paradigm and event-related potential (ERP) technique, we investigated how visual stimuli of air pollution influence the attentional allocation process. Participants were required to make responses to the onset of a target presented at the left or right visual field. The probable location of the target was forewarned by a cue (pollution or clean air images), appearing at either the target location (attention-holding trials) or the opposite location (attention-shifting trials). Behavioral measures showed that when cued by pollution images, subjects had higher response accuracy in attention-shifting trials. ERP analysis results revealed that after the cue onset, pollution images evoked lower N300 amplitudes, indicating less attention-capturing effects of dirty air. After the target onset, pollution cues were correlated with the higher P300 amplitudes in attention-holding trials but lower amplitudes in attention-shifting trials. It indicates that after visual exposure to air pollution, people need more neurocognitive resources to maintain attention but less effort to shift attention away. The findings provide the first neuroscientific evidence for the distracting effect of air pollution. We conclude with several practical implications and suggest the ERP technique as a promising tool to understand human responses to environmental stressors.&lt;/p&gt;"/><!--完整英文摘要--> <!-- <meta property="og:image" content=""/> --><!--本期封面图片地址--> <meta name="article_references" content="Jianxun Yang, Yunqi Liu, Berry van den Berg, et al. Clean air captures attention whereas pollution distracts: evidence from brain activities. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.. 2024, 18 (4): 41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/custom/jsp/EN/article/showArticle_jsp/showArticle_en.css" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/develop/static/js/jquery/jquery.nicescroll.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/develop/static/js/jquery/jquery.webui-popover.js"></script> <script src="/develop/static/js/mag-vue/mag-vue.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/develop/jsp/EN/article/showArticle_jsp/showArticle_en.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/remarkable/2.0.1/remarkable.js" async></script> <style> template{ display:none; } .shading_gray2{ background-color:#CCCCCC; } .shading_black{ background-color:#808080; } .circle-border { background-color: #CCCCCC; /* 可选，如果想要看到背景 */ border: 2px solid #fff; /* 边框宽度和颜色 */ border-radius: 50%; /* 将四个角设置为50%，形成圆形 */ padding:3px 8px; } </style> <style type="text/css"> .ai_print{ width: 8px; height: 17px; background: #000; display: inline-block; opacity: 0; animation: ai_toggle 0.6s infinite; } @keyframes ai_toggle { 30% { opacity: 1; } } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function(){ var metaData = {"journal":{"simpleNameCn":"Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering","issn":"2095-2201","nameCn":"Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering","nameEn":"Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering","simpleNameEn":"Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.","url":"https://academic.hep.com.cn/fese"},"hasBodySecLabel":true,"article":{"authorNodesListEn":["liumm@nju.edu.cn","jbi@nju.edu.cn"],"copyright":{"year":"2024","holder":"The Author(s) 2024. This article is published with open access at link.springer.com and journal.hep.com.cn"},"juan":"18","authorEnL":[{"xref":"<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup>","givennames":"Jianxun","surname":"Yang","name":"Jianxun Yang","corresp":false,"zuoZheDiZhiL":["<sup>1</sup>. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","<sup>2</sup>. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"]},{"xref":"<sup>3</sup>","givennames":"Yunqi","surname":"Liu","name":"Yunqi Liu","corresp":false,"zuoZheDiZhiL":["<sup>3</sup>. Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing 210008, China"]},{"xref":"<sup>4</sup>","givennames":"Berry","surname":"van den Berg","name":"Berry van den Berg","corresp":false,"zuoZheDiZhiL":["<sup>4</sup>. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands"]},{"xref":"<sup>5</sup>","givennames":"Susie","surname":"Wang","name":"Susie Wang","corresp":false,"zuoZheDiZhiL":["<sup>5</sup>. Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands"]},{"xref":"<sup>6</sup>","givennames":"Lele","surname":"Chen","name":"Lele Chen","corresp":false,"zuoZheDiZhiL":["<sup>6</sup>. School of Education Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"]},{"xref":"<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup>","givennames":"Miaomiao","surname":"Liu","name":"Miaomiao Liu","corresp":true,"zuoZheDiZhiL":["<sup>1</sup>. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","<sup>2</sup>. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"email":"liumm@nju.edu.cn"},{"xref":"<sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup>","givennames":"Jun","surname":"Bi","name":"Jun Bi","corresp":true,"zuoZheDiZhiL":["<sup>1</sup>. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","<sup>2</sup>. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"],"email":"jbi@nju.edu.cn"}],"ackL":[{"title":"Acknowledgements","content":"<div class=\"main_content_center_left_zhengwen_bao_zhengwen nozuish\">The study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 71921003 and 72222012), the Jiangsu R&amp;D Special Fund for Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality (No. BK20220014), the Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation (No. BK20220125). Dr. Jianxun Yang acknowledges supports from the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talent (No. BX20230159), the Yuxiu Young Scholar Postdoc Fellowship granted by Nanjing University, and Future Earth Early Career Fellowship granted by Future Earth Global Secretariat Hub-China.</div>"},{"title":"Conflict of Interests","content":"<div class=\"main_content_center_left_zhengwen_bao_zhengwen nozuish\">The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</div>"},{"title":"Electronic Supplementary Material","content":"<div class=\"main_content_center_left_zhengwen_bao_zhengwen nozuish\">Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x and is accessible for authorized users.</div>"},{"title":"Open Access","content":"<div class=\"main_content_center_left_zhengwen_bao_zhengwen nozuish\">This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article&#8217;s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article&#8217;s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.</div>"}],"zuoZheDiZhiLEn":["<sup>1</sup>. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","<sup>2</sup>. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China","<sup>3</sup>. Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing 210008, China","<sup>4</sup>. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands","<sup>5</sup>. Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands","<sup>6</sup>. School of Education Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China"],"qi":"4","nian":2024,"keywordEnL":["Air pollution","Attention","Disengagement","Performance","Event-related potential"],"fpage":"41","abstractEn":"<p> <List> <ListItem><ItemContent><p>● We find air pollution distracts attention and reveal the neurocognitive mechanisms.</p></ItemContent></ListItem> <ListItem><ItemContent><p>● Clean air captures more attention and evokes larger N300 amplitudes in all trials.</p></ItemContent></ListItem> <ListItem><ItemContent><p>● Pollution causes lower accuracy and larger P300 wave in attention-holding trials.</p></ItemContent></ListItem> <ListItem><ItemContent><p>● Pollution causes higher accuracy and lower P300 wave in attention-shifting trials.</p></ItemContent></ListItem></List> </p> <p>Awareness of the adverse impact of air pollution on attention-related performance such as learning and driving is rapidly growing. However, there is still little known about the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. Using an adapted dot-probe task paradigm and event-related potential (ERP) technique, we investigated how visual stimuli of air pollution influence the attentional allocation process. Participants were required to make responses to the onset of a target presented at the left or right visual field. The probable location of the target was forewarned by a cue (pollution or clean air images), appearing at either the target location (attention-holding trials) or the opposite location (attention-shifting trials). Behavioral measures showed that when cued by pollution images, subjects had higher response accuracy in attention-shifting trials. ERP analysis results revealed that after the cue onset, pollution images evoked lower N300 amplitudes, indicating less attention-capturing effects of dirty air. After the target onset, pollution cues were correlated with the higher P300 amplitudes in attention-holding trials but lower amplitudes in attention-shifting trials. It indicates that after visual exposure to air pollution, people need more neurocognitive resources to maintain attention but less effort to shift attention away. The findings provide the first neuroscientific evidence for the distracting effect of air pollution. We conclude with several practical implications and suggest the ERP technique as a promising tool to understand human responses to environmental stressors.</p>","articleId":36857,"accepted":"2023-10-18","received":"2023-05-24","refL":[{"citationL":[{"content":"Allen J L, Klocke C, Morris-Schaffer K, Conrad K, Sobolewski M, Cory-Slechta D A. (2017). Cognitive effects of air pollution exposures and potential mechanistic underpinnings. 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mag_ajax_update({ ele_id:'relatedArticles-content', url:mag_currentQikanUrl() + '/EN/article/showRelatedArticles.do', data:{articleId:$("#articleId").val()}, complete:function(){ mag_layer_close(); } }); } } function showMetrics(){ mag_window_location(mag_currentQikanUrl() + '/EN/article/metrics.do?articleId='+$("#articleId").val()); } function piaofuFn(a,eleId){ var content='<table class="main_content_center_left_one_cankaowenxian_tab">'+$("#"+eleId).prop("innerHTML")+'</table>'; piaofu(a,content); } function huoqukuanduimg(){ // } function doDataJsonText(text,jsonData){ var s = text.replace(/&dollar;/g,"<span>&dollar;</span>");; var richHtmlJson = $("#article_richHtmlJson").val(); var nlmDir = richHtmlJson.replace(/\/[^\/]+$/,''); if(jsonData && jsonData.xmlDir){ nlmDir = jsonData.xmlDir; } s = s.replace(/\{\{article\.nlmDir\}\}/g,$("#mag-mainWebUrl").val()+"/"+nlmDir); //引用上标 var arr = s.match(/(\[|\()((\s|\,|;|\-|–|(&#8211;)|(&ndash;)|(&#x2013;)|(<\/?sup>))*<sup><a( [^<>]*)? rid=\"[^<>]*\"( [^<>]*)?>[^<>]+<\/a><\/sup>(\s|\,|;|\-|–|(&#8211;)|(&ndash;)|(&#x2013;)|(<\/?sup>))*)+(\]|\))/g); 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for(var j=0;j<jsonData.article.figList.length;j++){ var fig = jsonData.article.figList[j]; if(fig.magId == magId){ $(this).html(""); $(this).attr("mag-fig-id",fig.id); $(this).attr("class","mag_fig_div main_content_center_left_zhengwen_bao_fig"); var ss = ""; ss += "<div class='mag_fig_img main_content_center_left_zhengwen_bao_fig_img_bap' id='mag_fig_img_"+magId+"'>"; ss += "<img src='"+mag_currentQikanUrl()+"/"+magDir+"/"+fig.thumbnailUrl+"' onmouseover='huoqukuanduimg(this)' onclick='showimg(this)' class='main_content_center_left_zhengwen_bao_fig_img'/>"; ss += "</div>"; var shuomingTitle = ""; var shuomingContent = ''; if(fig.titleCn && fig.titleCn!=''){ shuomingTitle = fig.titleCn; if(fig.titleContentCn && fig.titleContentCn!=''){ shuomingContent += fig.titleContentCn; } } if(shuomingTitle==''){ if(fig.titleEn && fig.titleEn!=''){ shuomingTitle = fig.titleEn; } if(fig.titleContentEn && fig.titleContentEn!=''){ shuomingContent += fig.titleContentEn; } }else{ if(fig.titleEn && fig.titleEn!=''){ shuomingContent += "<p>"+fig.titleEn+"</p>"; } if(fig.titleContentEn && fig.titleContentEn!=''){ shuomingContent += fig.titleContentEn; } } ss += '<div class="mag_main_zhengwen_left_div_img_shuoming main_content_center_left_zhengwen_bao_fig_shuoming"><table class="mag-rich-fig-shuoming-table"><tbody><tr class="mag-rich-fig-shuoming-tr"><td class="mag-rich-fig-shuoming-td"><h5 class="mag_nav_daohang cas_nav_daohang"><strong>'+shuomingTitle+'</strong></h5>'; if(shuomingContent!=''){ ss += shuomingContent; } ss += '</td></tr></tbody></table></div>'; ss += '<p class="new_full_rich_table_shuoming_caozuo"><a href="'+mag_currentQikanUrl()+"/"+magDir+"/"+fig.figUrl+'" target="_blank">Full size</a><span style="color: #c5c6c7;padding: 0px 10px;">|</span><a href="'+mag_currentQikanUrl()+"/"+magDir+"/"+fig.pptUrl+'">PPT slide</a></p>'; $(this).html(ss); break; } } }); //处理表格 $(selector + " .mag_main_table[magid]").each(function(){ var magId = $(this).attr("magid"); for(var i=0;i<jsonData.article.tabList.length;i++){ var tab = jsonData.article.tabList[i]; if(tab.magId == magId){ $(this).html(""); var ss = '<div class="mag_main_table_title">'; ss += '<table class="mag-rich-table-title-tab"><tbody><tr class="mag-rich-table-title-tr"><td class="mag-rich-table-title-td">'; var shuomingTitle = ""; var shuomingContent = ''; if(tab.titleCn && tab.titleCn!=''){ shuomingTitle = tab.titleCn; if(tab.titleContentCn && tab.titleContentCn!=''){ shuomingContent += fig.titleContentCn; } } if(shuomingTitle==''){ if(tab.titleEn && tab.titleEn!=''){ shuomingTitle = tab.titleEn; } if(tab.titleContentEn && tab.titleContentEn!=''){ shuomingContent += tab.titleContentEn; } }else{ if(tab.titleEn && tab.titleEn!=''){ shuomingContent += "<p>"+tab.titleEn+"</p>"; } if(tab.titleContentEn && tab.titleContentEn!=''){ shuomingContent += tab.titleContentEn; } } ss += '<h6 class="mag_nav_daohang" id="25"><strong>'+shuomingTitle+'</strong></h6>'; if(shuomingContent!=''){ ss += shuomingContent; } ss += '</td></tr></tbody></table>'; ss += '</div>'; if(tab.table != ''){ ss += '<div class="table-responsive mag_table_div">'; ss += doDataJsonText(tab.table); ss += '</div>'; } if(tab.footFnList && tab.footFnList.length>0){ ss += '<div class="mag_main_zhengwen_left_div_tab_shuoming"><table class="mag-rich-table-fn-tab">'; for(var j=0;j<tab.footFnList.length;j++){ var fn = tab.footFnList[j]; ss += '<tr><td valign="top">'; if(fn.label && fn.label!=''){ ss += fn.label; } ss += '</td>'; ss += '<td valign="top">'; if(fn.pList && fn.pList.length>0){ for(var k=0;k<fn.pList.length;k++){ ss += fn.pList[k]; } } ss += '</td>'; ss += '</tr>'; } ss += '</table></div>'; } $(this).html(ss); break; } } }); } function clickFigXref(a,figId){ if(figId!=''){ $("[mag-fig-id='"+figId+"']")[0].scrollIntoView(); } } function clickTabXref(a,tabId){ if(tabId!=''){ document.getElementById(tabId).scrollIntoView(); } } function showQuickread(lang){ if(lang=='CN'){ $("#showArticle_quickread_cn").hide(); $("#showArticle_quickread_en").show(); $("#showArticle_quickread_content_cn").show(); $("#showArticle_quickread_content_en").hide(); if(window.newquickreadCn){ window.newquickreadCn = false; 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<!--pc导航导航 End--> <!--头部开始 End--> </div> <div class="main_content"> <div class="main_content_center"> <div class="main_content_center_left"> <div class="main_content_top"> <div class="main_content_center_right_pdf1 shoujihadhjsdj" style="cursor: pointer; width:100%;" onclick="downlaodArticlePdf(36857)"> <img src="/develop/static/imgs/pdf.png" class="main_content_center_right_pdf_img"> <b class="main_content_center_right_pdf_b"> PDF(3807 KB) </b> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-save main_content_center_right_pdf_i"></i> </div> <div class="main_content_top_div"> <a href="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese" class="main_content_top_div_a">Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.</a> <span class="main_content_top_div_span">››</span> <a href="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/article/showTenYearVolumnDetail.do?nian=2024" class="main_content_top_div_a">2024, Vol. 18</a> <span class="main_content_top_div_span">››</span> <a href="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/Y2024/V18/I4" class="main_content_top_div_a">Issue (4)</a> <span class="main_content_top_div_span">: 41.</span> <span class="main_content_top_div_span">DOI:</span> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x" class="main_content_top_div_a">10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x</a> </div> <div class="main_lanmu"> RESEARCH ARTICLE </div> <div class="main_type"> <span id="showArticle_subject_top"></span> RESEARCH ARTICLE </div> <p class="main_content_top_title">Clean air captures attention whereas pollution distracts: evidence from brain activities</p> <div class="main_content_top_btn"> <ul class="main_content_top_btn_ul"> <li> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="richClickAuthor('Jianxun Yang')">Jianxun Yang</a><sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup> <span>,&nbsp;</span> </li> <li> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="richClickAuthor('Yunqi Liu')">Yunqi Liu</a><sup>3</sup> <span>,&nbsp;</span> </li> <li> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="richClickAuthor('Berry van den Berg')">Berry van den Berg</a><sup>4</sup> <span>,&nbsp;</span> </li> <li> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="richClickAuthor('Susie Wang')">Susie Wang</a><sup>5</sup> <span>,&nbsp;</span> </li> <li> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="richClickAuthor('Lele Chen')">Lele Chen</a><sup>6</sup> <span>,&nbsp;</span> </li> <li> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="richClickAuthor('Miaomiao Liu')">Miaomiao Liu</a><sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup><a href="mailto:liumm@nju.edu.cn"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-envelope main_content_top_btn_ul_i"></i></a></sup> <span>,&nbsp;</span> </li> <li> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="richClickAuthor('Jun Bi')">Jun Bi</a><sup>1</sup><sup>,</sup><sup>2</sup><sup><a href="mailto:jbi@nju.edu.cn"> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-envelope main_content_top_btn_ul_i"></i></a></sup> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="Author_contribution"> <b>Author information</b> <span class="Author_contribution_i" onclick="slide_up(this)">+</span> </div> <div class="Author_contribution_content" style="display: none;"> <div style="margin-bottom:10px;"><sup>1</sup>. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China</div> <div style="margin-bottom:10px;"><sup>2</sup>. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science &amp; Technology, Nanjing 210044, China</div> <div style="margin-bottom:10px;"><sup>3</sup>. Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing 210008, China</div> <div style="margin-bottom:10px;"><sup>4</sup>. Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands</div> <div style="margin-bottom:10px;"><sup>5</sup>. Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands</div> <div style="margin-bottom:10px;"><sup>6</sup>. School of Education Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China</div> <div style="margin-bottom:10px;">liumm@nju.edu.cn</div> <div style="margin-bottom:10px;">jbi@nju.edu.cn</div> <div class="Put_it_away" onclick="Author_details_put_away(this)"> Show less </div> </div> <div class="Author_contribution"> <b>History</b> <span class="Author_contribution_i" onclick="slide_up(this)">+</span> </div> <div class="Author_contribution_content" style="display: none;padding: 0px;background: none;"> <table class="new_full_Article_history" style="width: 60%;"> <thead> <tr> <th>Received</th> <th>Revised</th> <th>Accepted</th> <th>Published</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>24 May 2023</td> <td>14 Aug 2023</td> <td>18 Oct 2023</td> <td>15 Apr 2024</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Issue Date</th> <th colspan="3">&nbsp;</th> </tr> <tr> <td>18 Dec 2023</td> <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> <div class="main_content_center_left_one_title yijibiaotidkk"> <h3 class="cas_nav_daohang"><b>Highlights</b></h3> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-minus main_content_center_left_one_title_i" onclick="zhaiyaozhan(this)"></i> </div> <div class="zhaiyaojs"> <div style="margin-bottom:10px;" class="main_content_center_left_zhengwen"> <p> <List> <ListItem><ItemContent></ItemContent></ListItem></List></p><p>● We find air pollution distracts attention and reveal the neurocognitive mechanisms.</p> <ListItem><ItemContent><p>● Clean air captures more attention and evokes larger N300 amplitudes in all trials.</p></ItemContent></ListItem> <ListItem><ItemContent><p>● Pollution causes lower accuracy and larger P300 wave in attention-holding trials.</p></ItemContent></ListItem> <ListItem><ItemContent><p>● Pollution causes higher accuracy and lower P300 wave in attention-shifting trials.</p></ItemContent></ListItem> <p></p> </div> </div> <div class="main_content_center_left_one_title yijibiaotidkk"> <h3 class="cas_nav_daohang"><b>Abstract</b></h3> <i class="glyphicon glyphicon-minus main_content_center_left_one_title_i" onclick="zhaiyaozhan(this)"></i> </div> <div class="zhaiyaojs"> <div style="margin-bottom:10px;" class="main_content_center_left_zhengwen"> <p>Awareness of the adverse impact of air pollution on attention-related performance such as learning and driving is rapidly growing. However, there is still little known about the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms. Using an adapted dot-probe task paradigm and event-related potential (ERP) technique, we investigated how visual stimuli of air pollution influence the attentional allocation process. Participants were required to make responses to the onset of a target presented at the left or right visual field. The probable location of the target was forewarned by a cue (pollution or clean air images), appearing at either the target location (attention-holding trials) or the opposite location (attention-shifting trials). Behavioral measures showed that when cued by pollution images, subjects had higher response accuracy in attention-shifting trials. ERP analysis results revealed that after the cue onset, pollution images evoked lower N300 amplitudes, indicating less attention-capturing effects of dirty air. After the target onset, pollution cues were correlated with the higher P300 amplitudes in attention-holding trials but lower amplitudes in attention-shifting trials. It indicates that after visual exposure to air pollution, people need more neurocognitive resources to maintain attention but less effort to shift attention away. The findings provide the first neuroscientific evidence for the distracting effect of air pollution. We conclude with several practical implications and suggest the ERP technique as a promising tool to understand human responses to environmental stressors.</p> </div> </div> <div class="main_content_center_left_one_title yijibiaotidkk" style="border-bottom:none; padding-bottom:0px;margin-top:15px;"> <h3 class="cas_nav_daohang"><b>Graphical abstract</b></h3> </div> <div class="zhaiyaojs"> <div class="main_content_center_left_abstract"> <img src="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese/fileup/2095-2201/PIC/20231218085712.png" class="main_content_center_left_abstract_img" onclick="showimg1(this)"> </div> </div> <div class="main_content_center_left_one_title yijibiaotidkk" style="border-bottom:none; padding-bottom:0px;margin-top:15px;"> <h3 class="cas_nav_daohang"><b>Keywords</b></h3> </div> <p class="main_content_center_left_zhengwen" style="margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:15px;"> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="richClickKeyword('Air pollution')">Air pollution</a> <span class="main_content_center_left_zhengwen_pie">/</span> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="richClickKeyword('Attention')">Attention</a> <span class="main_content_center_left_zhengwen_pie">/</span> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="richClickKeyword('Disengagement')">Disengagement</a> <span class="main_content_center_left_zhengwen_pie">/</span> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="richClickKeyword('Performance')">Performance</a> <span class="main_content_center_left_zhengwen_pie">/</span> <a href="javascript:;" onclick="richClickKeyword('Event-related potential')">Event-related potential</a> </p> <div class="main_content_center_left_one_title yijibiaotidkk"> <h3 class="cas_nav_daohang"><b>Cite this article</b></h3> <div class="daochu_div"> <p> <a href="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=EndNote&id=36857">EndNote</a> </p> <p> <a href="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=Ris&id=36857">Ris (Procite)</a> </p> <p> <a href="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fese/EN/article/getTxtFile.do?fileType=BibTeX&id=36857">Bibtex</a> </p> </div> <div class="main_content_center_left_one_title_div" onclick="daochu_div(this,event)"> <span class="main_content_center_left_one_title_div_two">Download citation &#x25BE;</span> </div> </div> <div class="main_content_center_left_yinyong"> <div class="main_content_center_left_yinyong_bao"> <div class="main_content_center_left_yinyong_div"> <div> Jianxun Yang<span>, </span> Yunqi Liu<span>, </span> Berry van den Berg<span>, </span> Susie Wang<span>, </span> Lele Chen<span>, </span> Miaomiao Liu<span>, </span> Jun Bi<span>. </span> Clean air captures attention whereas pollution distracts: evidence from brain activities. <i>Front. Environ. Sci. Eng.</i>, 2024, 18(4): 41 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main_content_center_left_caozuo"> <span mag-component-type="previousArticle" mag-articleId="36857"></span> <span mag-component-type="nextArticle" mag-articleId="36857"></span> </div> <div class="main_content_center_left_zhengwen_bao"> <!-- 正文 --> <div id="bodyVue" m-workspace m-if="{{article}} && {{article.body}} && {{article.body.secL.length}}>0" class="main_content_center_left_zhengwen_bao_zw"> <template id="template_secL" m-for-array="{{article.body.secL}}" m-for-val="custom_sec"> <div m-if="{{custom_sec.type}}=='sec' && {{custom_sec.level}}==1" class="main_content_center_left_one_title zhengwem_title yijibiaotidkk"> <h3 class="cas_nav_daohang mag_rich_body_title" level="{{custom_sec.level}}"><b><span class="body_sec_number"></span><span class="body_sec_title">{{custom_sec.title}}</span></b></h3> </div> <div m-if="{{custom_sec.type}}=='sec' && {{custom_sec.level}}>=2" class="main_content_center_left_zhengwen_bao_erji_title main_content_center_left_one_title" style="font-size: 16px;"> <h4 class="cas_nav_daohang mag_rich_body_title" level="{{custom_sec.level}}" style="font-size: 16px;" id="8"><b><span class="body_sec_number"></span><span class="body_sec_title">{{custom_sec.title}}</span></b></h4> </div> <template m-if="{{custom_sec.type}}=='sec'" m-for-array="{{custom_sec.secL}}" m-for-val="custom_sec" m-for-template-ref="template_secL"> </template> {{custom_sec.content}} </template> </div> <div id="no-access-div" style="display:none;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:10px;border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;"> This is a preview of subscription content, contact <a href="mailto:subscribe@hep.com.cn"><u>us</u></a> for subscripton. </div> <!-- 正文-END --> <!-- 文后作者介绍 --> <!-- 参考文献 --> <div class="main_content_center_left_one_title zhengwem_title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"> <h3 class="cas_nav_daohang"><b>References</b></h3> <div class="References_div"> <a href="javascript:;" class="References_div_a" onclick="referenceOrderByType(1)">Publishing order</a> <span class="References_div_span">|</span> <a href="javascript:;" class="References_div_a" onclick="referenceOrderByType(2)">Descend order by publishing year</a> <span class="References_div_span">|</span> <a href="javascript:;" class="References_div_a" onclick="referenceOrderByType(3)">Descend order by cited within</a> </div> </div> <div class="main_content_center_left_one_cankaowenxian"> <div id="mag_rich_ref_tab" class="main_content_center_left_one_cankaowenxian_tab"> <table class="mag_rich_ref_table main_content_center_left_one_cankaowenxian_tab" id="mag_rich_ref_R1" order-1-num="0" order-2-num="0" order-3-num="1"> <tr style="border-bottom:1px dashed #d9d9d9;" class="mag_rich_ref_tr" > <td class="main_content_center_left_one_cankaowenxian_tab_td" valign="top">[1]</td> <td class="main_content_center_left_one_cankaowenxian_tab_td2"> <div class="new_full_rich_cankaowenxian_zuozhe">Allen J L, Klocke C, Morris-Schaffer K, Conrad K, Sobolewski M, Cory-Slechta D A. 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Dr. Jianxun Yang acknowledges supports from the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talent (No. BX20230159), the Yuxiu Young Scholar Postdoc Fellowship granted by Nanjing University, and Future Earth Early Career Fellowship granted by Future Earth Global Secretariat Hub-China.</div> <div class="main_content_center_left_one_title zhengwem_title yijibiaotidkk"> <h3 class="cas_nav_daohang mag_rich_body_title"><b>Conflict of Interests</b></h3> </div> <div class="main_content_center_left_zhengwen_bao_zhengwen nozuish">The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</div> <div class="main_content_center_left_one_title zhengwem_title yijibiaotidkk"> <h3 class="cas_nav_daohang mag_rich_body_title"><b>Electronic Supplementary Material</b></h3> </div> <div class="main_content_center_left_zhengwen_bao_zhengwen nozuish">Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-024-1801-x and is accessible for authorized users.</div> <div class="main_content_center_left_one_title zhengwem_title yijibiaotidkk"> <h3 class="cas_nav_daohang mag_rich_body_title"><b>Open Access</b></h3> </div> <div class="main_content_center_left_zhengwen_bao_zhengwen nozuish">This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. 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