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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Javanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Javanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Old Javanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Javanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Javanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Javanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern Javanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Javanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronoun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronoun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Personal pronoun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronoun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Demonstrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Noun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Numeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Verb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Basic vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Registers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialects_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Dialects description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_Javanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_Javanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Standard Javanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_Javanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Javanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Javanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Central Javanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Javanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Javanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Javanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Western Javanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Javanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Javanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Javanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Eastern Javanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Javanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surinamese-Javanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surinamese-Javanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.5</span> <span>Surinamese-Javanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surinamese-Javanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Caledonian_Javanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Caledonian_Javanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.6</span> <span>New Caledonian Javanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Caledonian_Javanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetic_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Phonetic differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Vocabulary differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endangerment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endangerment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Endangerment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endangerment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Javanese language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Jawa" title="Bahsa Jawa – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Jawa" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javaans" title="Javaans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Javaans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जावानीस भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जावानीस भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الجاوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الجاوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জাভা ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাভা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavan%C3%A9s" title="Xavanés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xavanés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yava_dili" title="Yava dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yava dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jawa" title="Basa Jawa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Jawa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জাভাই ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাভাই ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jawa" title="Basa Jawa – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Jawa" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa-g%C3%AD" title="Jawa-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jawa-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jawa" title="Basa Jawa – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Jawa" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ява теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ява теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Яванская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яванская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Habanes" title="Tataramon na Habanes – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Habanes" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Явански език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Явански език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javaeg" title="Javaeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Javaeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan%C3%A8s" title="Javanès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Javanès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Habanes" title="Pinulongang Habanes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Habanes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jav%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Javánština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Javánština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafaneg" title="Jafaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jafaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanesisk_(sprog)" title="Javanesisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Javanesisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanische_Sprache" title="Javanische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Javanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaava_keel" title="Jaava keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaava keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ιαβαϊκή γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιαβαϊκή γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_javan%C3%A9s" title="Idioma javanés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma javanés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_lingvo" title="Java lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Java lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javera" title="Javera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Javera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="زبان جاوه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان جاوه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_bhasa" title="Javanese bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Javanese bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanais" title="Javanais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Javanais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_I%C3%A1ivis" title="An Iáivis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iáivis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_xavanesa" title="Lingua xavanesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua xavanesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa-ng%C3%AE" title="Jawa-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Jawa-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%99%80%EC%96%B4" title="자와어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자와어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ճավայերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճավայերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जावा भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जावा भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanski_jezik" title="Javanski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Javanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Habanes" title="Pagsasao a Habanes – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Habanes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Jawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanesi" title="Javanesi – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Javanesi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%C3%A6%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Явæйаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Явæйаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jav%C3%ADska" title="Javíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Javíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_giavanese" title="Lingua giavanese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua giavanese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94_(%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94)" title="ג'אווה (שפה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'אווה (שפה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jawa" title="Basa Jawa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Jawa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಾವಾದ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾವಾದ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="იავური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იავური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijava" title="Kijava – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kijava" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Ява кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ява кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Iavanica" title="Lingua Iavanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Iavanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Javiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Javiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Javiečių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Javiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_giavaneise" title="Lengua giavaneise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua giavaneise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Јавански јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јавански јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_javaney" title="Fiteny javaney – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny javaney" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ജാവനീസ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാവനീസ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="बासा जावा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बासा जावा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="იავური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იავური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الجاويه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجاويه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="جاوه‌ای – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جاوه‌ای" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa" title="Bahasa Jawa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Jawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Jawa" title="Bahaso Jawa – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Jawa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%C4%81-u%C4%83-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Cuā-uă-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cuā-uă-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျာဗား ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာဗား ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javaans" title="Javaans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Javaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जाभानी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जाभानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जावानिज भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जावानिज भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="ジャワ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャワ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaans_Spriik" title="Jawaans Spriik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jawaans Spriik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanesisk" title="Javanesisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Javanesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanesisk" title="Javanesisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Javanesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan%C3%A9s" title="Javanés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Javanés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_tili" title="Java tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Java tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE" title="ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਜਾਵਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਜਾਵਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="جاوی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جاوی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="جاوايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جاوايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_giavan%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga giavanèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga giavanèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_jawajski" title="Język jawajski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język jawajski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_javanesa" title="Língua javanesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua javanesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_javanez%C4%83" title="Limba javaneză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba javaneză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawa_simi" title="Yawa simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yawa simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Яванский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яванский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Дьааба тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьааба тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱵᱷᱟᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_leid" title="Javanese leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Javanese leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_xhavaneze" title="Gjuha xhavaneze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha xhavaneze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Javanese language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Jafaaniis" title="Af-Jafaaniis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Jafaaniis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زمانی جاوایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی جاوایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Јавански језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јавански језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanski_jezik" title="Javanski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Javanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jawa" title="Basa Jawa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Jawa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaavan_kieli" title="Jaavan kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaavan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanesiska" title="Javanesiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Javanesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Habanes" title="Wikang Habanes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Habanes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF)" title="சாவகம் (மொழி) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாவகம் (மொழி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ява теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ява теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษาชวา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาชวา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D3%A3" title="Забони ҷоваӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони ҷоваӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cava_dili" title="Cava dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cava dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Яванська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яванська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جاوی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاوی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ياۋا تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ياۋا تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Java" title="Tiếng Java – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Java" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E8%AA%9E" title="爪哇語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="爪哇語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E8%AF%AD" title="爪哇语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爪哇语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Java" title="Èdè Java – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Java" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E6%96%87" title="爪哇文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="爪哇文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cawki" title="Cawki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cawki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E8%AA%9E" title="爪哇語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爪哇語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jawa" title="Basa Jawa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Jawa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Jawa" title="Boros Jawa – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Jawa" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Jawa" title="Jaku Jawa – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Jawa" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" 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title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tegal language" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tegali_language" title="Tegali language">Tegali language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Javanese</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: pink;"><span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">basa Jawa</i></span><br /><span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv-Java">ꦧꦱꦗꦮ</span></span><br /><span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv-Arab" dir="rtl">باسا جاوا</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Javanese_script.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Javanese_script.png/220px-Javanese_script.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Javanese_script.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i>Basa Jawa</i> (Javanese language) written in the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="jv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[bɔsɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒɔwɔ]</a></span> <small>(central and eastern dialects)</small><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="jv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[basa<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒawa]</a></span> <small>(western dialects)</small><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="jv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[basə<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒawə]</a></span> <small>(Serangese dialect)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li> <li>• <a href="/wiki/Samin_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Samin people">Samin</a></li> <li>• <a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_people" title="Banyumasan people">Banyumasan</a></li> <li>• <a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a></li></ul> </div><br /><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_people" title="Cirebonese people">Cirebonese</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">68 million (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Javanese</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li>Middle Javanese </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a><br />(Early standard form)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakartan Javanese</a><br />(Modern standard form)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="#Dialects_of_modern_Javanese">Javanese dialects</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_orthography" title="Javanese orthography">Latin script</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a> (co-official with <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Yogyakarta_Special_Region_Regulation_Number_2_of_2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yogyakarta_Special_Region_Regulation_Number_2_of_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Badan_Pengembangan_dan_Pembinaan_Bahasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa">Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=jv">jv</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=214">jav</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Variously:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/jav" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:jav">jav</a></code> – Javanese<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/jvn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:jvn">jvn</a></code> – Caribbean Javanese<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/jas" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:jas">jas</a></code> – New Caledonian Javanese<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/osi" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:osi">osi</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tes" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tes">tes</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/java1253">java1253</a></code>  Javanesic<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/java1254">java1254</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=31-MFM-a">31-MFM-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Javanese_language_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Javanese_language_distribution.png/320px-Javanese_language_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Javanese_language_distribution.png/480px-Javanese_language_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Javanese_language_distribution.png/640px-Javanese_language_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="628" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Dark green: areas where Javanese is the majority language. Light green: where it is a minority language.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/40px-Javanese_ha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/60px-Javanese_ha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Javanese_ha.svg/80px-Javanese_ha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="39" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains letters from the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Javanese" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Javanese characters.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawa_ing_aksara_Jawa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jawa_ing_aksara_Jawa.svg/220px-Jawa_ing_aksara_Jawa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jawa_ing_aksara_Jawa.svg/330px-Jawa_ing_aksara_Jawa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Jawa_ing_aksara_Jawa.svg/440px-Jawa_ing_aksara_Jawa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="44" /></a><figcaption>The word <i>Jawa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>) written in <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="342" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Disa_and_Niken_speaking_Javanese.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Two Javanese speakers, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Javanese</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">JAH</span>-və-<span style="font-size:90%">NEEZ</span></i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">JAV</span>-ə-</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">-⁠<span style="font-size:90%">NEESS</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">basa Jawa</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Jawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Jawa">Javanese script</a>: <span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv-Java">ꦧꦱꦗꦮ</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a>: <span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv-Arab" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">باسا جاوا</span>‎</span></span>, IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="jv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[bɔsɔ d͡ʒɔwɔ]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> language family spoken primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a> from the central and eastern parts of the island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. There are also pockets of Javanese speakers on the northern coast of western Java. It is the native language of more than 68 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Javanese is the largest of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">number of native speakers</a>. It has several regional dialects and a number of clearly distinct status styles.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its closest relatives are the neighboring languages such as <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>. Most speakers of Javanese also speak <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> for official and commercial purposes as well as a means to communicate with non-Javanese-speaking <a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesians</a>. </p><p>There are speakers of Javanese in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (concentrated in the West Coast part of the states of <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. Javanese is also spoken by traditional <a href="/wiki/Javanese_Surinamese" title="Javanese Surinamese">immigrant communities of Javanese descent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, Javanese is an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a>, Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Yogyakarta_Special_Region_Regulation_Number_2_of_2021_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yogyakarta_Special_Region_Regulation_Number_2_of_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Javanese is part of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family, although its precise relationship to other Malayo-Polynesian languages is hard to determine. Using the <a href="/wiki/Lexicostatistical" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicostatistical">lexicostatistical</a> method, <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Dyen" title="Isidore Dyen">Isidore Dyen</a> classified Javanese as part of the "Javo-Sumatra Hesion", which also includes the <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> and "Malayic" languages.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyen196526_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyen196526-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENothofer2009560_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENothofer2009560-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This grouping is also called "Malayo-Javanic" by linguist Berndt Nothofer, who was the first to attempt a reconstruction of it based on only four languages with the best attestation at the time (Javanese, Sundanese, <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENothofer19751_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENothofer19751-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malayo-Javanic has been criticized and rejected by various linguists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust1981_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust1981-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2005a357,_385_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2005a357,_385-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Adelaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Adelaar">Alexander Adelaar</a> does not include Javanese in his proposed <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages" title="Malayo-Sumbawan languages">Malayo-Sumbawan</a> grouping (which also covers <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> languages).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2005a357,_385_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2005a357,_385-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Robert Blust</a> also does not include Javanese in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a> subgroup, which he proposes as an alternative to Malayo-Sumbawan grouping. However, Blust also expresses the possibility that Greater North Borneo languages are closely related to many other western Indonesian languages, including Javanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust201097_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust201097-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blust's suggestion has been further elaborated by Alexander Smith, who includes Javanese in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Indonesian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Indonesian languages">Western Indonesian</a> grouping (which also includes GNB and several other subgroups), which Smith considers as one of Malayo-Polynesian's primary branches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2017443,_453–454_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2017443,_453–454-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, the history of the Javanese language can be divided into two distinct phases: 1) Old Javanese and 2) New Javanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20061_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20061-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Javanese">Old Javanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old Javanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a></div> <p>The earliest attested form of Old Javanese can be found on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukabumi_inscription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukabumi inscription (page does not exist)">Sukabumi inscription</a> at Kediri regency, East Java which dates from 804 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20062_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20062-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 8th and the 15th century, this form of Javanese flourished in the island of Java. Old Javanese is commonly written in the form of verses. This language variety is also called <i>kawi</i> or 'of poets, poetical's, although this term could also be used to refer to the archaic elements of New Javanese literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writing system used to write Old Javanese is a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a> from India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20062_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20062-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost half of the entire vocabularies found in Old Javanese literature are <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> loanwords, although Old Javanese also borrowed terms from other languages in the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20062_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20062-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The form of Old Javanese found in several texts from 14th century onward (mostly written in Bali) is sometimes referred to as "Middle Javanese". Both Old and Middle Javanese written forms have not been widely used in Java since early 16th century. However, Old Javanese works and poetic tradition continue to be preserved in the Javanese-influenced Bali, and the variety is also used for religious purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20068_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20068-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Javanese">Modern Javanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern Javanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Javanese emerged as the main literary form of the language in the 16th century. The change in the literary system happened as Islam started to gain influence in Java.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20061_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20061-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its early form, Modern Javanese literary form was based on the variety spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Pasisir" title="Pasisir">north coast of Java</a>, where Islam had already gained foothold among the local people. Many of the written works in this variety were Islamic in nature, and several of them were translation from works in Malay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005591_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005591-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_abjad" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic abjad">Arabic abjad</a> was also adopted (as <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a>) to write Javanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20061_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20061-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005591_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005591-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mataram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Mataram">Mataram</a> in the 17th century shifted the main literary form of Javanese to be based on the inland variety. This written tradition was preserved by writers of <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, and later became the basis of the modern written standard of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005591_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005591-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another linguistic development associated with the rise of Mataram is the stratification of Javanese into speech levels such as <i>ngoko</i> and <i>krama</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti200611_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti200611-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were unknown in Old Javanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005591_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005591-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti200611_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti200611-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Books in Javanese have been printed since 1830s, at first using the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a>, although the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> started to be used later. Since mid-19th century, Javanese has been used in newspapers and travelogues, and later, also novels, short stories, as well as free verses. Today, it is used in media, ranging from books to TV programs, and the language is also taught at schools in primarily Javanese areas. </p><p>Although Javanese is not a <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>, it has recognized status as a <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a> in the three Indonesian provinces with the biggest concentrations of Javanese people: <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, Yogyakarta, and <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Javanese is designated as the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a> under Yogyakarta Special Region Regulation Number 2 of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Yogyakarta_Special_Region_Regulation_Number_2_of_2021_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yogyakarta_Special_Region_Regulation_Number_2_of_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, Central Java promulgated a similar regulation—Regional Regulation 9/2012<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—but this did not imply an official status for the language. </p><p>Javanese is taught at schools and is used in some <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, both electronically and in print. There is, however, no longer a daily newspaper in Javanese. Javanese-language magazines include <i><a href="/wiki/Panjebar_Semangat" title="Panjebar Semangat">Panjebar Semangat</a></i>, <i>Jaka Lodhang</i>, <i>Jaya Baya</i>, <i>Damar Jati</i>, and <i>Mekar Sari</i>. <i>Damar Jati</i>, a new Javanese language magazine, appeared in 2005 is not published in the Javanese heartlands, but in Jakarta. </p><p>Since 2003, an East Java local television station (<a href="/wiki/JTV_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="JTV (Indonesia)">JTV</a>) has broadcast some of its programmes in the Surabayan (<i>Suroboyoan</i>) dialect, including <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pojok_Kampung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pojok Kampung (page does not exist)">Pojok Kampung</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pojok_Kampung" class="extiw" title="id:Pojok Kampung">id</a>]</span></i> ("Village Corner", main newscast), <i>Kuis RT/RW</i> ("RT/RW Quiz"), and <i>Pojok Perkoro</i> ("Case Corner", a crime newscast). In later broadcasts, JTV offers programmes in the Central Javanese dialect (called by them <i>basa kulonan</i>, "the western language") and Madurese. The speakers of Suroboyoan dialect are well known for being proud of their distinctive dialect and consistently maintain it wherever they go.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a></div> <p>Javanese is spoken throughout Indonesia, neighboring <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> countries, the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, and other countries. The largest populations of speakers are found in the six provinces of Java itself, and in the neighboring Sumatran province of <a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a>. </p><p>The language is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, as well as on the north coast of <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>. It is also spoken elsewhere by the Javanese people in other provinces of Indonesia, who are numerous due to the government-sanctioned transmigration program in the late 20th century, including <a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> provinces. In Suriname, Javanese is spoken among <a href="/wiki/Javanese_Surinamese" title="Javanese Surinamese">descendants of plantation migrants</a> brought by the Dutch during the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Madura, Bali, Lombok, and the Sunda region of West Java, it is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a>. It was the court language in <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a>, until the palace was sacked by the Dutch in the late 18th century. </p><p>Javanese is written with the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese Latin alphabet">Latin script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pegon_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegon alphabet">Arabic script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Molen1993VII–VIII_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Molen1993VII–VIII-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the present day, the Latin script dominates writings, although the Javanese script is still taught as part of the compulsory Javanese language subject in elementary up to high school levels in Yogyakarta, Central and East Java. </p><p>Javanese is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">twenty-second largest language by native speakers</a> and the seventh largest language without official status at the national level. It is spoken or understood by approximately 100 million people. At least 45% of the total population of Indonesia are of Javanese descent or live in an area where Javanese is the dominant language. All seven Indonesian presidents since 1945 have been of Javanese descent.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is therefore not surprising that Javanese has had a deep influence on the development of Indonesian, the national language of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. </p><p>There are three main dialects of the modern language: Central Javanese, Eastern Javanese, and Western Javanese. These three dialects form a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> from northern <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> in the extreme west of Java to <a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi_Regency" title="Banyuwangi Regency">Banyuwangi Regency</a> in the eastern corner of the island. All Javanese dialects are more or less <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>. </p><p>A table showing the number of native speakers in 1980, for the 22 Indonesian provinces (from the total of 27) in which more than 1% of the population spoke Javanese:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Indonesian province</th> <th>% of provincial population</th> <th>Javanese speakers (1980) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> </td> <td align="right">6.7% </td> <td align="right">175,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> </td> <td align="right">21.0% </td> <td align="right">1,757,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a> </td> <td align="right">1.0% </td> <td align="right">56,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a> </td> <td align="right">17.0% </td> <td align="right">245,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a> </td> <td align="right">12.4% </td> <td align="right">573,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a> </td> <td align="right">15.4% </td> <td align="right">118,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a> </td> <td align="right">62.4% </td> <td align="right">2,886,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a> </td> <td align="right">8.5% </td> <td align="right">184,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> </td> <td align="right">3.6% </td> <td align="right">236,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="right">13.3% </td> <td align="right">3,652,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> </td> <td align="right">96.9% </td> <td align="right">24,579,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> </td> <td align="right">97.6% </td> <td align="right">2,683,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> </td> <td align="right">74.5% </td> <td align="right">21,720,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> </td> <td align="right">1.1% </td> <td align="right">28,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a> </td> <td align="right">1.7% </td> <td align="right">41,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Kalimantan" title="Central Kalimantan">Central Kalimantan</a> </td> <td align="right">4.0% </td> <td align="right">38,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Kalimantan" title="South Kalimantan">South Kalimantan</a> </td> <td align="right">4.7% </td> <td align="right">97,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a> </td> <td align="right">10.1% </td> <td align="right">123,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi" title="North Sulawesi">North Sulawesi</a> </td> <td align="right">1.0% </td> <td align="right">20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a> </td> <td align="right">2.9% </td> <td align="right">37,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Sulawesi" title="Southeast Sulawesi">Southeast Sulawesi</a> </td> <td align="right">3.6% </td> <td align="right">34,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maluku_(province)" title="Maluku (province)">Maluku</a> </td> <td align="right">1.1% </td> <td align="right">16,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the 1980 census, Javanese was used daily in approximately 43% of Indonesian households. By this reckoning there were well over 60 million Javanese speakers,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from a national population of 147,490,298.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raden_Segara_(Madurese_in_Javanese_script-published_in_1890)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Raden_Segara_%28Madurese_in_Javanese_script-published_in_1890%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Raden_Segara_%28Madurese_in_Javanese_script-published_in_1890%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Raden_Segara_%28Madurese_in_Javanese_script-published_in_1890%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Raden_Segara_%28Madurese_in_Javanese_script-published_in_1890%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Raden_Segara_%28Madurese_in_Javanese_script-published_in_1890%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Raden_Segara_%28Madurese_in_Javanese_script-published_in_1890%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> in Javanese script</figcaption></figure> <p>In Banten, the descendants of the Central Javanese conquerors who founded the Islamic Sultanate there in the 16th century still speak an archaic form of Javanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPigeaud196710–11_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigeaud196710–11-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the population mainly speaks Sundanese and Indonesian, since this province borders directly on Jakarta.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least one third of the population of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> are of Javanese descent, so they speak Javanese or have knowledge of it. In the province of <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>, many people speak Javanese, especially those living in the areas bordering <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, the cultural homeland of the Javanese. </p><p>Almost a quarter of the population of <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> province are <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> (mostly on the <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Isle of Madura</a>); many Madurese have some knowledge of colloquial Javanese. Since the 19th century, Madurese was also written in the Javanese script.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a>, the Lampungese, make up only 15% of the provincial population. The rest are the so-called "transmigrants", settlers from other parts of Indonesia, many as a result of past government <a href="/wiki/Transmigration_program" title="Transmigration program">transmigration programs</a>. Most of these transmigrants are Javanese who have settled there since the 19th century. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Dutch colony of Surinam</a>), South America, approximately 15% of the population of some 500,000 are of Javanese descent, among whom 75,000 speak Javanese. A local variant evolved: the <i>Tyoro Jowo-Suriname</i> or <i>Suriname Javanese</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phonemes of Modern Standard Javanese as shown below.<sup id="cite_ref-concise_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concise-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ignatius_Suharno_1982_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ignatius_Suharno_1982-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td>    </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td>  </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">closed syllables</a> the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>u<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>o/</span> are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ]</span> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-concise_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concise-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In open syllables, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e<span class="wrap"> </span>o/</span> are also <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ]</span> when the following vowel is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> in an open syllable; otherwise they are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>, or identical (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e...e/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/o...o/</span>). In the standard dialect of Surakarta, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> in word-final open syllables, and in any open penultimate syllable before such an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">stiff voice</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slack_voice" title="Slack voice">slack voice</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">b̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">d̪̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">ɖ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">dʒ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">ɡ̊</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant#Approximants" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Javanese "voiced" phonemes are not in fact <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> but voiceless, with <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy voice</a> on the following vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-concise_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concise-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relevant distinction in <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> of the plosives is described as <a href="/wiki/Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">stiff voice</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Slack_voice" title="Slack voice">slack voice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWL96_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWL96-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ignatius_Suharno_1982_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ignatius_Suharno_1982-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Javanese syllable can have the following <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Structure" title="Syllable">form</a>: CSVC, where C = <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>, S = <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/r/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/l/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/w/</span>, or any <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonant</a>), and V = <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>. As with other Austronesian languages, native Javanese roots consist of two syllables; words consisting of more than three syllables are broken up into groups of disyllabic words for pronunciation. In Modern Javanese, a disyllabic root is of the following type: nCsvVnCsvVC. </p><p>Apart from <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>, Javanese is the only language of Western Indonesia to possess a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">retroflex</a> phonemes.<sup id="cite_ref-concise_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concise-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter sounds are transcribed as "th" and "dh" in the modern Roman script, but previously by the use of an <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">underdot</a>: "ṭ" and "ḍ". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Javanese, like many other Austronesian languages, is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agglutinative">agglutinative</a> language, where base words are modified through extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronoun">Personal pronoun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal pronoun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Javanese has no specific <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronoun</a> to express plural except for <i>kita</i> which was influenced by Indonesian’s first person plural inclusive pronoun. Pronoun pluralization can be ignored or expressed by using phrases such as <i>aku kabèh</i> 'we', <i>awaké dhéwé</i> 'us', <i>dhèwèké kabèh</i> 'them' and so on. Personal pronoun in Javanese, especially for the second and third person, are more often replaced by certain nouns or titles. In addition to the pronoun described in the table below, Javanese still has a variety of other pronoun whose use varies depending on the dialect or level of speech.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2005b_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2005b-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"> <caption>Personal Pronoun<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2005b_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2005b-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Gloss </th> <th colspan="4">Freestanding form </th> <th rowspan="2">Prefix </th> <th rowspan="2">Suffix </th></tr> <tr> <th><i>Ngoko</i> </th> <th><i>Madya</i> </th> <th><i>Krama</i> </th> <th><i>Krama InggilKrama Andhap</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>, <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="First person plural exclusive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL.EXCL</abbr> <p>I </p> </td> <td><i>aku</i> </td> <td>– </td> <td><i>kula</i> </td> <td><i>dalem</i> </td> <td><i>tak</i>-, <i>dak</i>- </td> <td>-<i>ku</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="First person plural inclusive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL.INCL</abbr> </td> <td><i>kita</i> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>, <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr> <p>You </p> </td> <td><i>kowé</i> </td> <td><i>samang</i> </td> <td><i>sampéyan</i> </td> <td><i>panjenengan</i> </td> <td><i>ko</i>-, <i>kok</i>- </td> <td>-<i>mu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>, <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr> <p>He, She, It </p> </td> <td><i>dhèwèké</i> </td> <td>– </td> <td><i>piyambakipun</i> </td> <td><i>panjenengané</i>, <p><i>panjenenganipun</i> </p> </td> <td><i>di</i>- </td> <td>-<i>(n)é</i>, -<i>(n)ipun</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demonstrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"> <caption>Demonstrative </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><b>Proximal</b> </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Distal </th></tr> <tr> <th>neutral </th> <td><i>iki</i>, <i>kiyi</i>, <i>kiyé</i> </td> <td><i>iku</i>, <i>kuwi</i>, <i>kuwé</i> </td> <td>(<i>ika</i>), <i>kaé</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>local </th> <td><i>kéné</i> </td> <td><i>kono</i> </td> <td><i>kana</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>locative </th> <td><i>mréné</i>, <i>réné</i> </td> <td><i>mrono</i>, <i>rono</i> </td> <td><i>mrana</i>, <i>rana</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>modal </th> <td><i>mengkéné</i>, <i>ngéné</i> </td> <td><i>mengkono</i>, <i>ngono</i> </td> <td><i>mengkana</i>, <i>ngana</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>quantitative </th> <td><i>seméné</i>, <i>méné</i> </td> <td><i>semono</i>, <i>mono</i> </td> <td><i>semana</i>, <i>mana</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>temporal </th> <td><i>sepréné</i> </td> <td>– </td> <td><i>seprana</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun">Noun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Noun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numeral">Numeral</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Numeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb">Verb</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Verb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Javanese usually employs <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">SVO</a> word order. However, Old Javanese sometimes had <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">VSO</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–object–subject">VOS</a> word order. Even in Modern Javanese, archaic sentences using VSO structure can still be made. </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>Modern Javanese: "<i>Dhèwèké</i> (S) <i>teka</i> (V) <i>ing</i> (pp.) <i>karaton</i> (O)".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Old Javanese: "<i>Teka</i> (V) <i>ta</i> (part.) <i>sira</i> (S) <i>ri</i> (pp.) <i>-ng</i> (def. art.) <i>kadhatwan</i> (O)".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Both sentences mean: "He (S) comes (V) into (pp.) the (def. art.) palace (O)". In the Old Javanese sentence, the verb is placed at the beginning and is separated by the particle <i>ta</i> from the rest of the sentence. In Modern Javanese the definite article is lost, and definiteness is expressed by other means if necessary. </p><p>Verbs are not inflected for person or number. There is no grammatical <a href="/wiki/Tense_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tense (grammar)">tense</a>; time is expressed by auxiliary words meaning "yesterday", "already", etc. There is a complex system of verb affixes to express differences of status in subject and object. However, in general the structure of Javanese sentences both Old and Modern can be described using the <a href="/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic–comment">topic–comment model</a>, without having to refer to conventional grammatical categories. The <a href="/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic (linguistics)">topic</a> is the head of the sentence; the comment is the modifier. So the example sentence has a simpler description: <i>Dhèwèké</i> = <i>topic</i>; <i>teka</i> = comment; <i>ing karaton</i> = setting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Javanese has many <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> supplementing those from the native Austronesian base. <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> has had a deep and lasting influence. The <i>Old Javanese–English Dictionary</i> contains approximately 25,500 entries, over 12,600 of which are borrowings from Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoetmulder1982IX_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoetmulder1982IX-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a high number is no measure of usage, but it does suggest the extent to which the language adopted Sanskrit words for formal purposes. In a typical Old Javanese literary work about 25% of the vocabulary is from Sanskrit. Many Javanese personal names also have clearly recognisable Sanskrit roots. </p><p>Sanskrit words are still very much in use. Modern speakers may describe Old Javanese and Sanskrit words as <i><a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">kawi</a></i> (roughly meaning "literary"); but <i>kawi</i> words may also be from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> are influential as well; but none of these rivals the position of Sanskrit. </p><p>There are far fewer Arabic loanwords in Javanese than in Malay, and they are usually concerned with <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> religion. Nevertheless, some words have entered the basic vocabulary, such as <i>pikir</i> ("to think", from the Arabic <i>fikr</i>), <i>badan</i> ("body"), <i>mripat</i> ("eye", thought to be derived from the Arabic <i>ma'rifah</i>, meaning "knowledge" or "vision"). However, these Arabic words typically have native Austronesian or Sanskrit alternatives: <i>pikir</i> = <i>galih</i>, <i>idhep</i> (Austronesian) and <i>manah</i>, <i>cipta</i>, or <i>cita</i> (from Sanskrit); <i>badan</i> = <i>awak</i> (Austronesian) and <i>slira</i>, <i>sarira</i>, or <i>angga</i> (from Sanskrit); and <i>mripat</i> = <i>mata</i> (Austronesian) and <i>soca</i> or <i>nétra</i> (from Sanskrit). </p><p>Dutch loanwords usually have the same form and meaning as in Indonesian, with a few exceptions such as: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Javanese </th> <th>Indonesian </th> <th>Dutch </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>pit</i> </td> <td><i>sepeda</i> </td> <td><i>fiets</i> </td> <td>bicycle </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>pit montor</i> </td> <td><i>sepeda motor</i> </td> <td><i>motorfiets</i> </td> <td>motorcycle </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sepur</i> </td> <td><i>kereta api</i> </td> <td><i>spoor</i>, i.e. (rail) track </td> <td>train </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>potelot</i> </td> <td><i>pensil</i> </td> <td><i>potlood</i> </td> <td>pencil </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>bolpen</i> </td> <td><i>bolpoin</i> </td> <td><i>balpen</i> </td> <td>pen </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The word <i>sepur</i> also exists in Indonesian, but there it has preserved the <i>literal</i> Dutch meaning of "railway tracks", while the Javanese word follows Dutch <i>figurative</i> use, and "spoor" (lit. "rail") is used as <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymy</a> for "trein" (lit. "train"). (Compare a similar metonymic use in English: "to travel by rail" may be used for "to travel by train".) </p><p>Malay was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the Indonesian archipelago before the proclamation of Indonesian independence in 1945; and Indonesian, which was based on Malay, is now the official language of Indonesia. As a consequence, there has been an influx of Malay and Indonesian vocabulary into Javanese. Many of these words are concerned with bureaucracy or politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_vocabulary">Basic vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Basic vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th><i>Ngoko</i></th> <th><i>Krama</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>yes</td> <td>iya</td> <td>inggih <i>or</i> nggih<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>no</td> <td>ora</td> <td>mboten </td></tr> <tr> <td>what</td> <td>apa</td> <td>punapa/menapa </td></tr> <tr> <td>who</td> <td>sapa</td> <td>sinten </td></tr> <tr> <td>how</td> <td>kapriyé <i>or</i> kepiyé</td> <td>kados pundi <i>or</i> pripun </td></tr> <tr> <td>why</td> <td>nangapa <i>or</i> ngapa</td> <td>kènging punapa/menapa </td></tr> <tr> <td>eat</td> <td>mangan</td> <td>nedha/dhahar </td></tr> <tr> <td>sleep</td> <td>turu</td> <td>saré </td></tr> <tr> <td>read</td> <td>maca</td> <td>maos </td></tr> <tr> <td>drink</td> <td>ngombé</td> <td>ngunjuk </td></tr> <tr> <td>here</td> <td>ing kéné </td> <td>ing riki <i>or</i> mriki </td></tr> <tr> <td>there</td> <td>ing kana </td> <td>ing rika <i>or</i> mrika </td></tr> <tr> <td>there is (there are)</td> <td>ana</td> <td>wonten </td></tr> <tr> <td>there is no (there are no)</td> <td>ora ana</td> <td>boten wonten </td></tr> <tr> <td>no! <i>or</i> I don't want it!</td> <td>emoh</td> <td>wegah </td></tr> <tr> <td>make a visit for pleasure</td> <td>dolan</td> <td>amèng-amèng </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Javanese_numerals" title="Javanese numerals">Javanese numerals</a></div> <p>[Javanese Ngoko is on the left, and Javanese Krama is on the right.] </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Numeral</th> <th>Javanese script</th> <th>Ngoko</th> <th>Krama</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇꧐꧇</span> </td> <td>nul, das</td> <td>das</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇꧑꧇</span></td> <td>siji</td> <td>setunggal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇꧒꧇</span></td> <td>loro</td> <td>kalih</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇꧓꧇</span></td> <td>telu</td> <td>tiga</td> <td>Krama word is derived from Pali <i>tiga</i>, from Sanskrit <i>trika</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇꧔꧇</span></td> <td>papat</td> <td>sekawan</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇꧕꧇</span></td> <td>lima</td> <td>gangsal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇꧖꧇</span></td> <td>enem</td> <td>enem</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇꧗꧇</span></td> <td>pitu</td> <td>pitu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇꧘꧇</span></td> <td>wolu</td> <td>wolu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇꧙꧇</span></td> <td>sanga</td> <td>sanga</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇꧑꧐꧇</span></td> <td>sapuluh</td> <td>sadasa</td> <td>Krama word is derived from Austronesian prefix <i>sa-</i> "one, a" and Sanskrit word <i>dasa</i> "ten" </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>꧇꧑꧑꧇ </td> <td>sewelas</td> <td>satunggal welas</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>꧇꧒꧐꧇ </td> <td>rong puluh</td> <td>kalih dasa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>꧇꧒꧑꧇ </td> <td>selikur</td> <td>satunggal likur </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>꧇꧒꧒꧇ </td> <td>rong likur</td> <td>kalih likur </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>꧇꧒꧓꧇ </td> <td>telu likur</td> <td>tigang likur </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>꧇꧒꧔꧇ </td> <td>pat likur</td> <td>sakawan likur </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>꧇꧒꧕꧇ </td> <td>selawé</td> <td>salangkung </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>꧇꧒꧖꧇ </td> <td>nem likur</td> <td>enem likur </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>꧇꧒꧗꧇ </td> <td>pitu likur</td> <td>pitung likur </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td>꧇꧒꧘꧇ </td> <td>wolu likur</td> <td>wolung likur </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td>꧇꧒꧙꧇ </td> <td>sangang likur</td> <td>sangang likur </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>꧇꧓꧐꧇ </td> <td>telung puluh</td> <td>tigang dasa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>꧇꧓꧑꧇ </td> <td>telung puluh siji</td> <td>tigang dasa satunggal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>꧇꧔꧐꧇ </td> <td>patang puluh</td> <td>sakawan dasa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td>꧇꧔꧑꧇ </td> <td>patang puluh siji</td> <td>sakawan dasa satunggal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇꧕꧐꧇</span></td> <td>sèket</td> <td>sèket</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>51</td> <td>꧇꧕꧑꧇ </td> <td>sèket siji</td> <td>sèket satunggal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>꧇꧖꧐꧇ </td> <td>sewidak</td> <td>sawidak</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td>꧇꧖꧑꧇ </td> <td>sewidak siji</td> <td>sawidak satunggal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td>꧇꧗꧐꧇ </td> <td>pitung puluh</td> <td>pitung dasa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td>꧇꧘꧐꧇ </td> <td>wolung puluh</td> <td>wolung dasa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td>꧇꧙꧐꧇ </td> <td>sangang puluh</td> <td>sangang dasa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇꧑꧐꧐꧇</span></td> <td>satus</td> <td>satunggal atus</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>200</td> <td>꧇꧒꧐꧐꧇</td> <td>rong atus</td> <td>kalih atus</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">hundreds </th> <td>atusan</td> <td>atusan</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000</td> <td><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇꧑꧐꧐꧐꧇</span></td> <td>sèwu</td> <td>satunggal èwu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>꧇꧒꧐꧐꧐꧇</td> <td>rong èwu</td> <td>kalih èwu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">thousands </th> <td>éwon</td> <td>éwon</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registers">Registers <span class="anchor" id="Registers"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Registers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_met_de_echtgenote_van_kunstschilder_Raden_Saleh_en_een_bediende_Batavia_TMnr_60043601.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_met_de_echtgenote_van_kunstschilder_Raden_Saleh_en_een_bediende_Batavia_TMnr_60043601.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_met_de_echtgenote_van_kunstschilder_Raden_Saleh_en_een_bediende_Batavia_TMnr_60043601.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_met_de_echtgenote_van_kunstschilder_Raden_Saleh_en_een_bediende_Batavia_TMnr_60043601.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_met_de_echtgenote_van_kunstschilder_Raden_Saleh_en_een_bediende_Batavia_TMnr_60043601.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_met_de_echtgenote_van_kunstschilder_Raden_Saleh_en_een_bediende_Batavia_TMnr_60043601.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Studioportret_met_de_echtgenote_van_kunstschilder_Raden_Saleh_en_een_bediende_Batavia_TMnr_60043601.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A Javanese <a href="/wiki/Priyayi" title="Priyayi">noble lady</a> (left) would address her servant with one vocabulary, and be answered with another. (Studio portrait of painter <a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Raden Saleh</a>'s wife and a servant, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">colonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Batavia</a>, 1860–1872.)</figcaption></figure> <p>In common with other Austronesian languages, Javanese is spoken differently depending on the social context. In Austronesian there are often three distinct styles or <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUhlenbeck196457_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUhlenbeck196457-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each employs its own vocabulary, grammatical rules, and even <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a>. In Javanese these styles are called: </p> <ol><li><i>Ngoko</i> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦔꦺꦴꦏꦺꦴ</span>): <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernacular</a> or informal speech, used between friends and close relatives. It is also used by persons of higher status (such as elders, or bosses) addressing those of lower status (young people, or subordinates in the workplace).</li> <li><i>Madya</i> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦩꦢꦾ</span>): Intermediate between <i>ngoko</i> and <i>krama</i>. Strangers on the street would use it, where status differences may be unknown and one wants to be neither too formal nor too informal. The term is from Sanskrit <i>madhya</i> ("middle").<sup id="cite_ref-code_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-code-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Krama</i> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦏꦿꦩ</span>): The polite, high-register, or formal style. It is used between those of the same status when they do not wish to be informal. It is used by persons of lower status to persons of higher status, such as young people to their elders, or subordinates to bosses; and it is the official style for public speeches, announcements, etc. The term is from Sanskrit <i>krama</i> ("in order").<sup id="cite_ref-code_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-code-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>There are also "meta-style" <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorific</a> words, and their converse "humilifics". Speakers use "humble" words concerning themselves, but honorific words concerning anyone of greater age of higher social status. The humilific words are called <i>krama andhap</i>, while the honorifics are called <i><a href="/wiki/Krama_inggil" class="mw-redirect" title="Krama inggil">krama inggil</a></i>. This honorific system is very similar to that of the Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Keigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Keigo">keigo</a></i>, and was likely influenced by it during the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese Empire's occupation of Java in World War II</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Children typically use the <i>ngoko</i> style, but in talking to the parents they must be competent with both <i>krama inggil</i> and <i>krama andhap</i>. </p><p>The most polite word meaning "eat" is <i>dhahar</i>. But it is forbidden to use these most polite words for oneself, except when talking with someone of lower status; and in this case, <i>ngoko</i> style is used. Such most polite words are reserved for addressing people of higher status: </p> <ul><li>Mixed usages <ul><li>(honorific – addressing someone of high status) <i>Bapak kersa dhahar?</i> ("Do you want to eat?"; literally "Does father want to eat?")</li> <li>(reply to a person of lower status, expressing speaker's superiority) <i>Iya, aku kersa dhahar.</i> ("Yes, I want to eat.")</li> <li>(reply to a person of lower status, but without expressing superiority) <i>Iya, aku arep mangan.</i></li> <li>(reply to a person of equal status) <i>Inggih, kula badhé nedha.</i></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The use of these different styles is complicated and requires thorough knowledge of Javanese culture, which adds to the difficulty of Javanese for foreigners. The full system is not usually mastered by most Javanese themselves, who might use only the <i>ngoko</i> and a rudimentary form of the <i>krama</i>. People who can correctly use the different styles are held in high esteem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Pakoe_Boewono_X_soesoehoenan_van_Soerakarta_TMnr_10001886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Pakoe_Boewono_X_soesoehoenan_van_Soerakarta_TMnr_10001886.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Pakoe_Boewono_X_soesoehoenan_van_Soerakarta_TMnr_10001886.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Pakoe_Boewono_X_soesoehoenan_van_Soerakarta_TMnr_10001886.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Pakoe_Boewono_X_soesoehoenan_van_Soerakarta_TMnr_10001886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Pakoe_Boewono_X_soesoehoenan_van_Soerakarta_TMnr_10001886.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_Pakoe_Boewono_X_soesoehoenan_van_Soerakarta_TMnr_10001886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4528" data-file-height="5920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pakubuwono_X" title="Pakubuwono X">Susuhunan Pakubuwono X of Surakarta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a> has been a center of Javanese culture, and its dialect is regarded as the most "refined".</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three main groups of Javanese <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, based on sub-regions: Western Javanese, Central Javanese, and Eastern Javanese. The differences are primarily in pronunciation, but with vocabulary differences also. Javanese dialects are all mutually intelligible. </p><p>A preliminary general classification of Javanese dialects given by the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>'s Department of Linguistics is as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pesisir (Tegalan), Banyumas and Tengger are considered to be among the most conservative dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-Pemalang_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pemalang-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>, Pesisir Lor, <a href="/wiki/Banyumas" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyumas">Banyumas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tengger dialect</a> do not have the vowel raising and vowel harmony features that are innovations of the "standard" Solo and Yogyakarta dialects. </p> <ul><li><b>West Java (Geographically) :</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Central Java (Geographically)</b> : <ul><li>Pesisir Lor dialects<sup id="cite_ref-Pemalang_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pemalang-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tegal_Regency" title="Tegal Regency">Tegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemalang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemalang">Pemalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekalongan" title="Pekalongan">Pekalongan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>/Solo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumas" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyumas">Banyumas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Banyumasan_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banyumasan-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilacap" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilacap">Cilacap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purwokerto" title="Purwokerto">Purwokerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebumen_Regency" title="Kebumen Regency">Kebumen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>East Java (Geographically)</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun" title="Madiun">Madiun</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kediri_Regency" title="Kediri Regency">Kediri</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nganjuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nganjuk">Nganjuk</a><sup id="cite_ref-MadiunKediri_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadiunKediri-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumajang" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumajang">Lumajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tengger</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects_description">Dialects description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dialects description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standard_Javanese">Standard Javanese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Standard Javanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard Javanese is the variety of the Javanese language that was developed at the <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta</a> courts (the heirs to the Mataram Sultanate that once dominated the whole of Java and beyond), based on the Central Javanese dialect, and becomes the basis for the Javanese modern writings. It is marked with the strict usage of two speech levels for politeness, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> level called <i>ngoko</i> and high-register level called <i>krama</i>. Other dialects do not contrast the usage of the speech levels.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Javanese">Central Javanese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Central Javanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central Javanese (<i>Jawa Tengahan</i>) is founded on the speech of <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to a lesser extent of <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>. It is considered the most "refined" of the regional variants, and serves as a model for the standard language. This variant is used throughout eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Special Region of Yogyakarta</a>, and the western part of <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> provinces. There are many lower-level dialects such as <i>Muria</i> and <i>Semarangan</i>, as well as <i>Surakarta</i> and <i>Yogyakarta</i> themselves. Javanese spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Madiun" title="Madiun">Madiun</a> region (along with Javanese spoken in <a href="/wiki/Blitar" title="Blitar">Blitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponorogo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponorogo">Ponorogo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacitan">Pacitan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tulungagung" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulungagung">Tulungagung</a>, and central parts of <a href="/wiki/Kediri_Regency" title="Kediri Regency">Kediri</a>) bears a strong influence of Surakarta Javanese. The variations in Central Java are said to be so plentiful that almost every administrative region (or <i><a href="/wiki/Regency_(Indonesia)" title="Regency (Indonesia)">kabupatèn</a></i>) has its own local slang; but those minor dialects are not seen as distinct by most Javanese speakers. </p> <ol><li><b>Mataram dialect</b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Kewu_Plain" title="Kewu Plain">Kewu</a> dialect</b>, or <b>Standard dialect</b> is spoken commonly in <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaten_Regency" title="Klaten Regency">Klaten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karanganyar_Regency" title="Karanganyar Regency">Karanganyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wonogiri_Regency" title="Wonogiri Regency">Wonogiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukoharjo_Regency" title="Sukoharjo Regency">Sukoharjo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sragen_Regency" title="Sragen Regency">Sragen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boyolali_Regency" title="Boyolali Regency">Boyolali</a>.</li> <li><b>Pekalongan dialect</b> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Pekalongan" title="Pekalongan">Pekalongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pekalongan_Regency" title="Pekalongan Regency">Pekalongan regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batang_Regency" title="Batang Regency">Batang</a> and also in <a href="/wiki/Pemalang_Regency" title="Pemalang Regency">Pemalang</a>.</li> <li><b>Kedu dialect</b> is spoken in the former <a href="/wiki/Kedu_Residency" title="Kedu Residency">Kedu residency</a>, including: <a href="/wiki/Temanggung_Regency" title="Temanggung Regency">Temanggung</a>, eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Kebumen_Regency" title="Kebumen Regency">Kebumen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magelang_Regency" title="Magelang Regency">Magelang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wonosobo_Regency" title="Wonosobo Regency">Wonosobo</a>. <ol><li><b>Bagelen dialect</b> is sub-dialect of Kedu spoken in <a href="/wiki/Purworejo_Regency" title="Purworejo Regency">Purworejo</a>.</li></ol></li> <li><b>Semarang dialect</b> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semarang_Regency" title="Semarang Regency">Semarang regency</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Salatiga" title="Salatiga">Salatiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grobogan" class="mw-redirect" title="Grobogan">Grobogan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demak_Regency" title="Demak Regency">Demak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kendal_Regency" title="Kendal Regency">Kendal</a>.</li> <li><b>Muria (Agung) dialect</b> or <b>Eastern North-Coast dialect</b> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Jepara_Regency" title="Jepara Regency">Jepara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rembang_Regency" title="Rembang Regency">Rembang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kudus_Regency" title="Kudus Regency">Kudus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pati_Regency" title="Pati Regency">Pati</a>, and also in <a href="/wiki/Tuban_Regency" title="Tuban Regency">Tuban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bojonegoro_Regency" title="Bojonegoro Regency">Bojonegoro</a>. <ol><li><b>Blora dialect</b> is sub-dialect of Muria, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Blora_Regency" title="Blora Regency">Blora</a>, the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Grobogan_Regency" title="Grobogan Regency">Grobogan</a>, and the western part of <a href="/wiki/Ngawi_Regency" title="Ngawi Regency">Ngawi</a>.</li></ol></li> <li><b>Madiunan dialect</b> or <b>Mataraman dialect</b> is spoken mainly in western part of <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> province, including <a href="/wiki/Madiun" title="Madiun">Madiun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngawi_Regency" title="Ngawi Regency">Ngawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacitan_Regency" title="Pacitan Regency">Pacitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponorogo_Regency" title="Ponorogo Regency">Ponorogo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magetan_Regency" title="Magetan Regency">Magetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kediri_(city)" title="Kediri (city)">Kediri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nganjuk_Regency" title="Nganjuk Regency">Nganjuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trenggalek_Regency" title="Trenggalek Regency">Trenggalek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulungagung_Regency" title="Tulungagung Regency">Tulungagung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blitar" title="Blitar">Blitar</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Javanese">Western Javanese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Western Javanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western Javanese (<i>Jawa Kulonan</i>), spoken in the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> province and throughout the <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> province (particularly on the north coast), includes dialects that are distinct for their <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> influences. It retains many archaic words and original pronunciation from Old Javanese. </p> <ol><li><b>North <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> dialect</b> (<i>Jawa Sérang</i>) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Serang_Regency" title="Serang Regency">Serang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilegon" title="Cilegon">Cilegon</a>, and the western part of <a href="/wiki/Tangerang_Regency" title="Tangerang Regency">Tangerang regency</a>.</li> <li><b>Cirebon dialect</b> (<i>Cirebonan</i> or <i>basa Cerbon</i>) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Cirebon_Regency" title="Cirebon Regency">Cirebon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indramayu_Regency" title="Indramayu Regency">Indramayu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Losari,_Brebes" title="Losari, Brebes">Losari</a>.</li> <li><b>Tegal dialect</b>, known as <i>Tegalan</i> or <i>dhialèk Pantura</i> (North-Coast dialect), is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tegal_Regency" title="Tegal Regency">Tegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brebes_Regency" title="Brebes Regency">Brebes</a>, and the western part of <a href="/wiki/Pemalang_Regency" title="Pemalang Regency">Pemalang</a> regency.</li> <li><b>Banyumas dialect</b>, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyumasan language">Banyumasan</a></i>, is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Banyumas_Regency" title="Banyumas Regency">Banyumas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cilacap_Regency" title="Cilacap Regency">Cilacap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purbalingga_Regency" title="Purbalingga Regency">Purbalingga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjarnegara_Regency" title="Banjarnegara Regency">Banjarnegara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bumiayu,_Brebes" title="Bumiayu, Brebes">Bumiayu</a>.</li></ol> <p>Some Western Javanese dialects such as Banyumasan dialects and Tegal dialect are sometimes referred to as <i>basa ngapak</i> by other Javanese because of the dialectal pronunciation of word <i>apa</i> (what). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Javanese">Eastern Javanese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Eastern Javanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eastern Javanese (<i>Jawa Wétanan</i>) speakers range from the eastern banks of <a href="/wiki/Brantas_River" title="Brantas River">Brantas River</a> in Kertosono, and from <a href="/wiki/Jombang_Regency" title="Jombang Regency">Jombang</a> to <a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyuwangi">Banyuwangi</a>, comprising the second majority of the <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a> province excluding <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a> island , <a href="/wiki/Situbondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Situbondo">Situbondo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bondowoso" class="mw-redirect" title="Bondowoso">Bondowoso</a>. However, some variant like Pedalungan has been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>. </p><p>The most outlying Eastern Javanese dialect is spoken in Balambangan (or <a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyuwangi">Banyuwangi</a>). It is generally known as <i><a href="/wiki/Osing_language" title="Osing language">basa Using</a></i>. <i>Using</i>, a local negation word, is a cognate of <i>tusing</i> in <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>. </p> <ol><li><b>Arekan dialect</b> is commonly spoken in <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malang_Regency" title="Malang Regency">Malang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gresik_Regency" title="Gresik Regency">Gresik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mojokerto_Regency" title="Mojokerto Regency">Mojokerto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasuruan_Regency" title="Pasuruan Regency">Pasuruan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumajang_Regency" title="Lumajang Regency">Lumajang</a>, central and south-western part of <a href="/wiki/Jember_Regency" title="Jember Regency">Jember</a>, eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Lamongan_Regency" title="Lamongan Regency">Lamongan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo_Regency" title="Sidoarjo Regency">Sidoarjo</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese people</a> also use this dialect as their second language. <ol><li><b>Pasisir Lor Wétan</b> (Northeastern Coast) <b>dialect</b> is spoken in Mojokerto, eastern part of Lamongan, Sidoarjo, Gresik, and Surabaya.</li> <li><b>Malang-Pasuruhan dialect</b> is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Malang_Regency" title="Malang Regency">Malang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasuruan_Regency" title="Pasuruan Regency">Pasuruan</a>.</li> <li><b>Lumajangan dialect</b> is sub-dialect of arekan spoken in most part of <a href="/wiki/Lumajang_Regency" title="Lumajang Regency">Lumajang</a> (except in north-east which base of madurese people's) and also spoken in southwestern part of <a href="/wiki/Jember_Regency" title="Jember Regency">Jember</a> like Kencong, Jombang, Umbulsari, Gumukmas, Puger</li></ol></li> <li><b>Jombang dialect</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tengger dialect</a></b> used by <a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tengger people</a>, which is centered in thirty villages in the isolated Tengger mountains (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Bromo" title="Mount Bromo">Mount Bromo</a>) within the <a href="/wiki/Bromo_Tengger_Semeru_National_Park" title="Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park">Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park</a> in East-Central <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing dialect</a></b> spoken in central part of <a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi_Regency" title="Banyuwangi Regency">Banyuwangi</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surinamese-Javanese">Surinamese-Javanese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Surinamese-Javanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surinamese-Javanese is mainly based on Central Javanese, especially from <a href="/wiki/Kedu_residency" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedu residency">Kedu residency</a>. The number of speakers of Suriname-Javanese in Suriname was estimated at 60,000 as of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-taalunieversum.org_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taalunieversum.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Surinamese-Javanese are bi- or trilingual. According to the 2004 census, Surinamese-Javanese was the first or second language in 11 percent of households. In a 2012 study of multilingualism in Surinamese education by the Dutch Language Union,<sup id="cite_ref-taalunieversum.org_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taalunieversum.org-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3,497 out of 22,643 pupils (15 percent) in primary education indicated Surinamese-Javanese as a language spoken at home. Most of them were living in <a href="/wiki/Wanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanica">Wanica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramaribo_District" title="Paramaribo District">Paramaribo</a> districts. </p><p>Not all immigrants from Indonesia to Suriname were speakers of Javanese. Immigration records show that 90 percent of immigrants were Javanese, with 5 percent Sundanese, 0.5 percent Madurese and 2.5 percent from Batavia. The ethnic composition of this last group was not determinable. Probably Sundanese, Madurese or Malay speaking immigrants were forced to learn Javanese during their stay in Suriname to adapt. In view of the language policies in Netherlands Indies at the time of immigration, it is unlikely the immigrants had knowledge of the Dutch language prior to immigration to Suriname. Dutch today is the official language of Suriname. </p><p>Surinamese Javanese is somewhat different from Indonesian Javanese.<sup id="cite_ref-dbnl.org_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbnl.org-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Villerius_2019_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villerius_2019-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Surinamese-Javanese there is a difference between formal and informal speech. Surinamese-Javanese took many loanwords from languages like Dutch, <a href="/wiki/Sranantongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sranantongo">Sranantongo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarnami" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarnami">Sarnami</a> and Indonesian. The influence of the latter language, which is not spoken in Suriname, can be attributed to the Indonesian embassy and Islamic teachers from Indonesia. Indonesian movies are popular, and usually shown without subtitles on Surinamese-Javanese television channels. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Surinamese-Javanese<sup id="cite_ref-dbnl.org_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbnl.org-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Sranantongo </th> <th>Dutch </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>ngabrah </td> <td>abra </td> <td>over </td> <td>across </td></tr> <tr> <td>bakrah </td> <td>bakra </td> <td>blanke </td> <td>white man </td></tr> <tr> <td>blangkeman </td> <td>blakaman </td> <td>zwarte man </td> <td>black man </td></tr> <tr> <td>pernangsi </td> <td>pernasi </td> <td>plantage </td> <td>plantation </td></tr> <tr> <td>sekaut </td> <td>skowtu </td> <td>schout (politieagent) </td> <td>policeman </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1986, the Surinamese government adopted an official spelling for Surinamese-Javanese.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is seldom used as a written language, however. </p><p>In the 2012 survey, pupils who indicated Surinamese-Javanese as a language spoken at home, reported Dutch (97.9 percent) and Sranantongo (76.9 percent) also being spoken in the household. </p><p>Surinamese-Javanese speaking pupils report high proficiency in speaking and understanding, but very low literacy in the language. They report a low preference for the language in interaction with family members, including their parents, with the exception of their grandparents. Pupils where Surinamese-Javanese is spoken at tend at home to speak Dutch (77 percent) rather than Surinamese-Javanese (12 percent). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Caledonian_Javanese">New Caledonian Javanese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: New Caledonian Javanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As expected, New Caledonian Javanese is somewhat different from Indonesian Javanese. New Caledonian Javanese took many loanwords from French. New Caledonian society, in addition to their mastery of the language according to their ethnicity (<a href="/wiki/New_Caledonian_Javanese" class="mw-redirect" title="New Caledonian Javanese">New Caledonian Javanese</a>), is obliged to be fluent in French that is a medium that is used in all the affairs of the state, economy, and education. French is regarded as a prestigious language because it is the language of the government, an official language in France include New Caledonia, one of the major languages in Europe, and one of the official languages of the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetic_differences">Phonetic differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Phonetic differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phoneme /i/ at closed <a href="/wiki/Ultima_(linguistics)" title="Ultima (linguistics)">ultima</a> is pronounced as [ɪ] in Central Javanese (Surakarta–Yogyakarta dialect), as [i] in Western Javanese (<a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyumasan language">Banyumasan</a> dialect), and as [ɛ] in Eastern Javanese. </p><p>Phoneme /u/ at closed ultima is pronounced as [ʊ] in Central Javanese, as [u] in Western Javanese, and as [ɔ] in Eastern Javanese. </p><p>Phoneme /a/ at closed ultima in Central Javanese is pronounced as [a] and at open ultima as [ɔ]. Regardless of position, it tends toward [a] in Western Javanese and as [ɔ] in Eastern Javanese. </p><p>Western Javanese tends to add a glottal stop at the end of word-final vowels, e.g.: <i>Ana apa?</i> [anaʔ apaʔ] "What happened?", <i>Aja kaya kuwè!</i> [adʒaʔ kajaʔ kuwɛʔ] "Don't be like that!". </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <caption>Dialectal Phonetics </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Orthography </th> <th>Central Javanese (standard) </th> <th>Western Javanese </th> <th>Eastern Javanese </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">/i/</div> </td> <td>getih </td> <td>[g̊ət̪ɪh] </td> <td>[g̊ət̪ih] </td> <td>[g̊ət̪ɛh] </td> <td><i>blood</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">/u/</div> </td> <td>abuh </td> <td>[ab̥ʊh] </td> <td>[ab̥uh] </td> <td>[ab̥ɔh] </td> <td><i>swollen</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">/a/</div> </td> <td>lenga </td> <td>[ləŋɔ] </td> <td>[ləŋa] </td> <td>[ləŋɔ] </td> <td><i>oil</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">/a/</div> </td> <td>kancamu/kancané kowé </td> <td>[kaɲtʃamu] </td> <td>[kaɲtʃanɛ kowɛ] </td> <td>[kɔɲtʃɔmu] </td> <td><i>your friend</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Final consonant devoicing occurs in the standard Central Javanese dialect, but not in Banyumasan. For example, <i>endhog</i> (egg) is pronounced [əɳɖ̥ɔk] in standard Central Javanese, but [əɳɖ̥ɔg] in Banyumasan. The latter is closer to <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Banyumasan_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banyumasan-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary_differences">Vocabulary differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Vocabulary differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vocabulary of standard Javanese is enriched by dialectal words. For example, to get the meaning of "you", Western Javanese speakers say <i>rika</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rikaʔ/</span>, Eastern Javanese use <i>kon</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɔn/</span> or <i>koen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɔən/</span>, and Central Javanese speakers say <i>kowé</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kowe/</span>. Another example is the expression of "how": the Tegal dialect of Western Javanese uses <i>keprimèn</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kəprimen/</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyumasan language">Banyumasan</a> dialect of Western Javanese employs <i>kepriwé</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kəpriwe/</span> or <i>kepribèn</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kəpriben/</span>, Eastern Javanese speakers say <i>ya' apa</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jɔʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔpɔ/</span> – originally meaning "like what" (<i>kaya apa</i> in standard Javanese) or <i>kepiyé</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kəpije/</span> – and Central Javanese speakers say <i>piye</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pije/</span> or <i>kepriyé</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kəprije/</span>. <br /> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" width="75%" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Surakarta (standard) </th> <th>Northern Banten </th> <th>Cirebon-Indramayu </th> <th>Tegal-Brebes </th> <th>Banyumas </th> <th>Surabaya </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>aku </td> <td>kite </td> <td>kita, isun </td> <td>enyong </td> <td>inyong </td> <td>aku, awakku </td> <td>I, me </td></tr> <tr> <td>kowé, sliramu </td> <td>sire </td> <td>sira </td> <td>koen </td> <td>rika, kowè </td> <td>koen, riko, awakmu </td> <td>you </td></tr> <tr> <td>tenan </td> <td>pisan </td> <td>pisan </td> <td>temen </td> <td>temen </td> <td>temenan, temen </td> <td>truly </td></tr> <tr> <td>kepiyé, piyé </td> <td>kepremèn </td> <td>kepribèn, kepriwè </td> <td>keprimèn, pimen </td> <td>kepriwè </td> <td>ya'apa </td> <td>how </td></tr> <tr> <td>ora, ogak </td> <td>ore </td> <td>ora, belih </td> <td>ora, bléh </td> <td>ora </td> <td>gak </td> <td>not </td></tr> <tr> <td>mlebu </td> <td>manjing </td> <td>manjing </td> <td>manjing, mlebu </td> <td>mlebu </td> <td>melbu, menjero </td> <td>to enter </td></tr> <tr> <td>arep </td> <td>arep </td> <td>arep, pan, pen </td> <td>pan </td> <td>arep </td> <td>apé, até, katé </td> <td>will </td></tr> <tr> <td>saka, seka, saking(king) </td> <td>sing </td> <td>sing </td> <td>sing </td> <td>sekang </td> <td>teka </td> <td>from </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Madiun–Kediri dialect has some idiosyncratic vocabulary, such as <i>panggah</i> 'still' (standard Javanese: <i>pancet</i>), <i>lagèk</i> 'progressive modal' (standard Javanese: <i>lagi</i>), and emphatic particles <i>nda</i>, <i>pèh</i>, and <i>lé</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MadiunKediri_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MadiunKediri-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endangerment">Endangerment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Endangerment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several linguists has voiced concerns about the status of Javanese. It is believed that Ngoko Javanese enjoys a stable diglossic status, while Krama Javanese is under more serious threat.<sup id="cite_ref-Vander_Klok_2019_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vander_Klok_2019-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Javanese native speakers has significantly dwindled over the years. In a research in Yogyakarta, it was revealed that a significant number of parents do not transmit Javanese to their children.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Javanese speakers typically acquire Javanese through extrafamilial sources, like friend groups.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Javanese enjoys a large quantity of speaker base, it is not immune from pressures from other languages like Indonesian and English.<sup id="cite_ref-Vander_Klok_2019_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vander_Klok_2019-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Javanese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Javanese language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Javanese_script01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Javanese_script01.jpg/220px-Javanese_script01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Javanese_script01.jpg/330px-Javanese_script01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Javanese_script01.jpg/440px-Javanese_script01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A modern bilingual text in Portuguese and Javanese in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a></div> <p>Javanese has been traditionally written with <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a>. Javanese and the related <a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese script</a> are modern variants of the old <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi script</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic script">Brahmic script</a> introduced to Java along with Hinduism and Buddhism. Kawi is first attested in a legal document from 804 AD. It was widely used in literature and translations from Sanskrit from the 10th century; by the 17th, the script is identified as <i>carakan</i>. </p><p>The Javanese script is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>. Each of the twenty letters represents a syllable with a consonant (or a "zero consonant") and the inherent vowel 'a' that is pronounced as /ɔ/ in open position. Various diacritics placed around the letter indicate a different vowel than [ɔ], a final consonant, or a foreign pronunciation. </p><p>Letters have subscript forms used to transcribe consonant clusters, though the shapes are relatively straightforward, and not as distinct as conjunct forms of <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>. Some letters are only present in <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">old Javanese</a> and became obsolete in modern Javanese. Some of these letters became "capital" forms used in proper names. Punctuation includes a comma; period; a mark that covers the colon, quotations, and indicates numerals; and marks to introduce a chapter, poem, song, or letter. </p><p>However, Javanese can also be written with the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> (known as the <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon script</a>) and today generally uses <a href="/wiki/Javanese_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese Latin alphabet">Latin script</a> instead of Javanese script for practical purposes. A Latin <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> based on Dutch was introduced in 1926, revised in 1972–1973; it has largely supplanted the carakan. The current Latin-based forms: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#efefef" colspan="32"><b><a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">Majuscule forms</a></b> (<b>uppercase</b>) </td></tr> <tr> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">Å</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> </td> <td>Dh</td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8A" title="Ê">E</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">É</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">È</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></i></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> </td> <td>Ng </td> <td>Ny</td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></i></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> </td> <td>Th</td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></i></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></i></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></td> <td width="3%" align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="32" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Minuscule forms</a></b> (<b>lowercase</b>) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">a</td> <td align="center">å</td> <td align="center">b</td> <td align="center">c</td> <td align="center">d </td> <td>dh</td> <td align="center">e</td> <td align="center">é</td> <td align="center">è</td> <td align="center"><i>f</i></td> <td align="center">g</td> <td align="center">h</td> <td align="center">i</td> <td align="center">j</td> <td align="center">k</td> <td align="center">l</td> <td align="center">m</td> <td align="center">n </td> <td>ng </td> <td>ny</td> <td align="center">o</td> <td align="center">p</td> <td align="center"><i>q</i></td> <td align="center">r</td> <td align="center">s</td> <td align="center">t </td> <td>th</td> <td align="center">u</td> <td align="center"><i>v</i></td> <td align="center">w</td> <td align="center"><i>x</i></td> <td align="center">y</td> <td align="center"><i>z</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="32" align="center"><b>IPA</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>a </td> <td>ɔ </td> <td>b̥ </td> <td>tʃ </td> <td>d̪̥ </td> <td>ɖ̥ </td> <td>ə, e </td> <td>e </td> <td>ɛ </td> <td><i>f</i> </td> <td>g̊ </td> <td>h </td> <td>i </td> <td>dʒ̊ </td> <td>k </td> <td>l </td> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ɲ </td> <td>ɔ, o </td> <td>p </td> <td><i>q</i> </td> <td>r </td> <td>s </td> <td>t̪ </td> <td>ʈ </td> <td>u </td> <td><i>v</i> </td> <td>w </td> <td><i>x</i> </td> <td>j </td> <td><i>z</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The italic letters are used in loanwords from European languages and Arabic. </p><p>Javanese script: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#efefef" colspan="20"><b>Base consonant letters</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦲ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦤ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦕ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦫ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦏ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦢ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦠ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦱ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦮ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦭ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦥ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦝ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦗ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦪ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦚ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦩ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦒ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦧ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦛ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦔ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">ha</td> <td align="center">na</td> <td align="center">ca</td> <td align="center">ra</td> <td align="center">ka</td> <td align="center">da</td> <td align="center">ta</td> <td align="center">sa</td> <td align="center">wa</td> <td align="center">la</td> <td align="center">pa</td> <td align="center">dha</td> <td align="center">ja</td> <td align="center">ya</td> <td align="center">nya</td> <td align="center">ma</td> <td align="center">ga</td> <td align="center">ba</td> <td align="center">tha</td> <td align="center">nga </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a sample text in Javanese of Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Javanese Latin:</b><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>"<span title="Javanese-language text"><i lang="jv">Sabén uwong kalairaké kanthi mardikå lan darbé martabat lan hak-hak kang pådhå. Kabèh pinaringan akal lan kalbu sartå kaajab pasrawungan anggoné mêmitran siji lan sijiné kanthi jiwå sumadulur.</i></span>" </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Javanese Carakan (Traditional Script)</b><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>"<span title="Javanese-language text"><span lang="jv">꧋ꦱꦧꦼꦤ꧀ꦲꦸꦮꦺꦴꦁꦏꦭꦲꦶꦫꦏꦺꦏꦤ꧀ꦛꦶꦩꦂꦢꦶꦏꦭꦤ꧀ꦢꦂꦧꦺꦩꦂꦠꦧꦠ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦲꦏ꧀ꦲꦏ꧀ꦏꦁꦥꦝ꧉ ꦏꦧꦺꦃꦥꦶꦤꦫꦶꦔꦤ꧀ꦲꦏꦭ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦏꦭ꧀ꦧꦸꦱꦂꦠꦏꦲꦗꦧ꧀ꦥꦱꦿꦮꦸꦔꦤ꧀ꦲꦁꦒꦺꦴꦤꦺꦩꦼꦩꦶꦠꦿꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦗꦶꦭꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦗꦶꦤꦺꦏꦤ꧀ꦛꦶꦗꦶꦮꦱꦸꦩꦢꦸꦭꦸꦂ꧉</span></span>" </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Javanese <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></b> </th> <td><span style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">«سابَين اووڠ كالايراكي كانڟي مارديکا لان داربَي مرتبة لان حق۲ كاڠ ڤاڎا. كابَيه ڤيناريڠان عقل لان قلبو سارتا كأجاب ڤاسراوڠان اڠڮونَي مميتران سيجي لان سيجيني كانڟي جيوا سومادولور.»</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>Sound sample:</b> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="16" data-mwtitle="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_jav_-_Article_1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/88/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_jav_-_Article_1.ogg/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_jav_-_Article_1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_jav_-_Article_1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>English original:</b> </th> <td>"All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese alphabet">Javanese alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_literature" title="Javanese literature">Javanese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyumasan language">Banyumasan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ras" title="Hans Ras">Hans Ras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Hendrik_Caspar_Kern" title="Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern">Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyen's "Malayic" differs from the modern established concept of <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">"Malayic"</a> (introduced by Alexander Adelaar). Dyen's Malayic includes <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan languages">Malayan</a> (=Malayic in the modern sense).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> has a Javanese father and a Balinese mother, <a href="/wiki/B._J._Habibie" title="B. J. Habibie">Habibie</a> has a father of <a href="/wiki/Gorontalo" title="Gorontalo">Gorontalo</a> descent and a Javanese mother, while <a href="/wiki/Megawati_Sukarnoputri" title="Megawati Sukarnoputri">Megawati</a> is <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>'s daughter through his wife, who is from <a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The data are taken from the census of 1980 as provided by James J. Fox and Peter Gardiner and published by S. A. Wurm and Shiro Hattori, eds. 1983. <i>Language Atlas of the Pacific Area, Part II: (Insular South-East Asia)</i>, Canberra.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1980 this included the now separate Banten province.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The distribution of persons living in Javanese-speaking households in East Java and Lampung requires clarification. For East Java, daily-language percentages are as follows: 74.5 Javanese, 23.0 Madurese, and 2.2 Indonesian. For Lampung, the official percentages are 62.4 Javanese, 16.4 Lampungese and other languages, 10.5 Sundanese, and 9.4 Indonesian. The figures are somewhat outdated for some regions, especially Jakarta; but they remain more or less stable for the rest of Java. In Jakarta the number of Javanese has increased tenfold in the last 25 years. On the other hand, because of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">conflict</a> the number of Javanese in <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> might have decreased. It is also relevant that <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> has separated from West Java province in 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many commuters to Jakarta live in the suburbs in Banten, among them also Javanese speakers. Their exact number is unknown.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The aspirated phonemes of Madurese are not reproduced in writing. The 19th-century scribes apparently overlooked the fact that Javanese script does possess the required characters.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Old Javanese spelling is modified to suit Modern Javanese spelling.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example Pigeaud's dictionary in 1939 is almost exclusively based on Surakarta speech (1939:viii–xiii).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jav">Javanese</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jvn">Caribbean Javanese</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jas">New Caledonian Javanese</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/osi">Osing</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tes">Tenggerese</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yogyakarta_Special_Region_Regulation_Number_2_of_2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yogyakarta_Special_Region_Regulation_Number_2_of_2021_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yogyakarta_Special_Region_Regulation_Number_2_of_2021_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yogyakarta_Special_Region_Regulation_Number_2_of_2021_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/162614/perda-no-2-tahun-2021">Peraturan Daerah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Nomor 2 Tahun 2021 tentang Pemeliharaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Sastra, dan Aksara Jawa</a> (Regional Regulation 2) (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Yogyakarta" title="List of governors of Yogyakarta">Governor of Special Region of Yogyakarta</a>. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Peraturan+Daerah+Daerah+Istimewa+Yogyakarta+Nomor+2+Tahun+2021+tentang+Pemeliharaan+dan+Pengembangan+Bahasa%2C+Sastra%2C+dan+Aksara+Jawa&rft.pub=Governor+of+Special+Region+of+Yogyakarta&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperaturan.bpk.go.id%2FHome%2FDetails%2F162614%2Fperda-no-2-tahun-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Bauer, 2007, <i>The Linguistics Student's Handbook</i>, Edinburgh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Javanese">"Javanese"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Javanese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FJavanese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710134114/http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html"><i>Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia - Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010</i></a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seasia%3A+Good+News+from+Southeast+Asia&rft.atitle=121+Years+of+Javanese+People+in+New+Caledonia&rft.date=2017-12-08&rft.au=Akhyari+Hananto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseasia.co%2F2017%2F12%2F08%2F121-years-of-javanese-people-in-new-caledonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyen196526-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyen196526_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyen1965">Dyen 1965</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENothofer2009560-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENothofer2009560_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNothofer2009">Nothofer 2009</a>, p. 560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENothofer19751-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENothofer19751_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNothofer1975">Nothofer 1975</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust1981-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust1981_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust1981">Blust 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2005a357,_385-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2005a357,_385_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2005a357,_385_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdelaar2005a">Adelaar 2005a</a>, pp. 357, 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgloblin2005590_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOgloblin2005">Ogloblin 2005</a>, p. 590.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust201097-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust201097_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust2010">Blust 2010</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2017443,_453–454-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2017443,_453–454_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2017">Smith 2017</a>, pp. 443, 453–454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20061-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20061_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20061_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20061_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti2006">Wedhawati et al. 2006</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20062-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20062_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20062_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti20062_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti2006">Wedhawati et al. 2006</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li 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Linguistics, and Literature</i>. <b>1</b>: 125–132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceeding+of+Conference+on+English+Language+Teaching%2C+Applied+Linguistics%2C+and+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+Surabaya+Javanese+Dialect+%28Suroboyoan+Dialect%29&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=125-132&rft.date=2021-12-09&rft.aulast=Anwar&rft.aufirst=Luthfiatul+Azizah+Nuril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprosiding.iainponorogo.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fceltall%2Farticle%2Fview%2F561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillerius2016" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villerius, Sophie (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbnl.org/tekst/_oso001201601_01/_oso001201601_01_0019.php">"Het Surinaams-Javaans anno 2016"</a>. <i>Oso</i> (in Dutch). Vol. 35, no. 2. pp. 276–294 – via Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oso&rft.atitle=Het+Surinaams-Javaans+anno+2016&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=276-294&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Villerius&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbnl.org%2Ftekst%2F_oso001201601_01%2F_oso001201601_01_0019.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Molen1993VII–VIII-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Molen1993VII–VIII_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_Molen1993">van der Molen 1993</a>, pp. VII–VIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to James J. Fox and Peter Gardiner (<a href="#CITEREFWurmHattori1983">Wurm & Hattori 1983</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Collins Concise Dictionary Plus</i> (1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigeaud196710–11-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPigeaud196710–11_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPigeaud1967">Pigeaud 1967</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetrowidjojoSetrowidjojo1994" class="citation book cs1">Setrowidjojo, Bartje S.; Setrowidjojo, Ruben T. (1994). <i>Het Surinaams-Javaans = Tyoro Jowo-Suriname</i>. Den Haag: Suara Jawa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-802125-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-802125-1-2"><bdi>90-802125-1-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+Surinaams-Javaans+%3D+Tyoro+Jowo-Suriname&rft.place=Den+Haag&rft.pub=Suara+Jawa&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=90-802125-1-2&rft.aulast=Setrowidjojo&rft.aufirst=Bartje+S.&rft.au=Setrowidjojo%2C+Ruben+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-concise-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-concise_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-concise_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-concise_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-concise_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownOgilvie2008" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&q=%22javanese+phonology%22&pg=PA560"><i>Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080877747" title="Special:BookSources/9780080877747"><bdi>9780080877747</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+encyclopedia+of+languages+of+the+world&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780080877747&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Ogilvie%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC%26q%3D%2522javanese%2Bphonology%2522%26pg%3DPA560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span> Madurese also possesses aspirated phonemes, including at least one aspirated retroflex phoneme.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ignatius_Suharno_1982-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ignatius_Suharno_1982_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ignatius_Suharno_1982_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuharno1982" class="citation book cs1">Suharno, Ignatius (1982). <i>A Descriptive Study of Javanese</i>. Canberra: ANU Asia-Pacific Linguistics / Pacific Linguistics Press. pp. 4–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-D45">10.15144/PL-D45</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F145095">1885/145095</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780858832589" title="Special:BookSources/9780858832589"><bdi>9780858832589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Descriptive+Study+of+Javanese&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=4-6&rft.pub=ANU+Asia-Pacific+Linguistics+%2F+Pacific+Linguistics+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F145095&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-D45&rft.isbn=9780858832589&rft.aulast=Suharno&rft.aufirst=Ignatius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerwitasariKlamerWittemanSchiller2017" class="citation journal cs1">Perwitasari, Arum; Klamer, Marian; Witteman, Jurriaan; Schiller, Niels O. (2017). "Quality of Javanese and Sundanese Vowels". <i>Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F52406">10524/52406</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Southeast+Asian+Linguistics+Society&rft.atitle=Quality+of+Javanese+and+Sundanese+Vowels&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10524%2F52406&rft.aulast=Perwitasari&rft.aufirst=Arum&rft.au=Klamer%2C+Marian&rft.au=Witteman%2C+Jurriaan&rft.au=Schiller%2C+Niels+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOWL96-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOWL96_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyanto2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wedhawati; Nurlina, Wiwin Emi Siti; Setiyanto, Edi (2001). <i>Tata Bahasa Jawa Mutakhir</i> [<i>Latest Javanese Grammar</i>] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-79-685141-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-79-685141-6"><bdi>978-9-79-685141-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tata+Bahasa+Jawa+Mutakhir&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Pusat+Bahasa%2C+Departemen+Pendidikan+Nasional+Indonesia&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9-79-685141-6&rft.au=Wedhawati&rft.au=Nurlina%2C+Wiwin+Emi+Siti&rft.au=Setiyanto%2C+Edi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2014" class="citation book cs1">Robson, Stuart (2014). <i>Javanese Grammar for Students: A Graded Introduction</i>. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Monash University Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781922235374" title="Special:BookSources/9781922235374"><bdi>9781922235374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Javanese+Grammar+for+Students%3A+A+Graded+Introduction&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Monash+University+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781922235374&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2005b-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2005b_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdelaar2005b_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdelaar2005b">Adelaar 2005b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piwulang Basa Jawa Pepak, S.B. Pramono, hal 148, Babad Hanacaraka, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZoetmulder1982IX-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZoetmulder1982IX_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZoetmulder1982">Zoetmulder 1982</a>, p. IX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piwulang Basa Jawa Pepak, S.B. Pramono, hal 148, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUhlenbeck196457-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUhlenbeck196457_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUhlenbeck1964">Uhlenbeck 1964</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-code-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-code_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-code_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolffSoepomo_Poedjosoedarmo1982" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, John U.; Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo (1982). <i>Communicative Codes in Central Java</i>. Cornell Southeast Asia Program. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87727-116-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87727-116-X"><bdi>0-87727-116-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communicative+Codes+in+Central+Java&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cornell+Southeast+Asia+Program&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-87727-116-X&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=John+U.&rft.au=Soepomo+Poedjosoedarmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513144247/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/javanese_dialectology.php">"Jakarta Field Station > Projects > Javanese Dialectology"</a>. <i>MPI EVA Jakarta Field Station</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/javanese_dialectology.php">the original</a> on 13 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPI+EVA+Jakarta+Field+Station&rft.atitle=Jakarta+Field+Station+%3E+Projects+%3E+Javanese+Dialectology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flingweb.eva.mpg.de%2Fjakarta%2Fjavanese_dialectology.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pemalang-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pemalang_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pemalang_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131142/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/pemalangan.php">"Jakarta Field Station > Projects > Javanese Dialectology > Pemalangan Dialect (Pesisir Lor)"</a>. <i>MPI EVA Jakarta Field Station</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/pemalangan.php">the original</a> on 14 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPI+EVA+Jakarta+Field+Station&rft.atitle=Jakarta+Field+Station+%3E+Projects+%3E+Javanese+Dialectology+%3E+Pemalangan+Dialect+%28Pesisir+Lor%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flingweb.eva.mpg.de%2Fjakarta%2Fpemalangan.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConners2010" class="citation web cs1">Conners, Thomas J. (26 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514132258/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/docs/Standard_vs_Peripheral_Javanese_Dialects,_Thomas_Conners.pdf">"Standard vs. Peripheral Javanese Dialects: The Lexical Evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/docs/Standard_vs_Peripheral_Javanese_Dialects,_Thomas_Conners.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+vs.+Peripheral+Javanese+Dialects%3A+The+Lexical+Evidence&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft.aulast=Conners&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flingweb.eva.mpg.de%2Fjakarta%2Fdocs%2FStandard_vs_Peripheral_Javanese_Dialects%2C_Thomas_Conners.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banyumasan-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banyumasan_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banyumasan_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131132/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/banyumas.php">"Jakarta Field Station > Projects > Javanese Dialectology > Documentation of Banyumasan"</a>. <i>MPI EVA Jakarta Field Station</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/banyumas.php">the original</a> on 14 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPI+EVA+Jakarta+Field+Station&rft.atitle=Jakarta+Field+Station+%3E+Projects+%3E+Javanese+Dialectology+%3E+Documentation+of+Banyumasan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flingweb.eva.mpg.de%2Fjakarta%2Fbanyumas.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MadiunKediri-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MadiunKediri_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadiunKediri_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131153/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/madiun.php">"Jakarta Field Station > Projects > Javanese Dialectology > Madiun – Kediri Dialect"</a>. <i>MPI EVA Jakarta Field Station</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/madiun.php">the original</a> on 14 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MPI+EVA+Jakarta+Field+Station&rft.atitle=Jakarta+Field+Station+%3E+Projects+%3E+Javanese+Dialectology+%3E+Madiun+%E2%80%93+Kediri+Dialect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flingweb.eva.mpg.de%2Fjakarta%2Fmadiun.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514131202/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/osing.php">"Jakarta Field Station > Projects > Javanese Dialectology > Osing Dialect"</a>. <i>MPI EVA Jakarta Field Station</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unicode.org/udhr/d/udhr_jav_java.html">the original</a> on 8 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OHCHR&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+-+Javanese+%28Javanese%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funicode.org%2Fudhr%2Fd%2Fudhr_jav_java.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaar2005a" class="citation journal cs1">Adelaar, Karl Alexander (2005a). "Malayo-Sumbawan". <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>44</b> (2). University of Hawai'i Press: 356–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2005.0027">10.1353/ol.2005.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246237112">246237112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Malayo-Sumbawan&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=356-388&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.2005.0027&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246237112%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=Karl+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaar2005b" class="citation book cs1">Adelaar, Karl Alexander, ed. (2005b). <i>The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar</i>. Routledge language family series. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1286-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1286-1"><bdi>978-0-7007-1286-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+languages+of+Asia+and+Madagascar&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+language+family+series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1286-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Blust, Robert</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003492">"The reconstruction of proto-Malayo-Javanic: an appreciation"</a>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>137</b> (4): 456–459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003492">10.1163/22134379-90003492</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27863392">27863392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=The+reconstruction+of+proto-Malayo-Javanic%3A+an+appreciation&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=456-459&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27863392%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22134379-90003492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust2010" class="citation journal cs1">Blust, Robert (2010). "The Greater North Borneo Hypothesis". <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>49</b> (1). University of Hawai'i Press: 44–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.0.0060">10.1353/ol.0.0060</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40783586">40783586</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145459318">145459318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Greater+North+Borneo+Hypothesis&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-118&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145459318%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40783586%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.0.0060&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyen1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Dyen" title="Isidore Dyen">Dyen, Isidore</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GGOCAAAAIAAJ"><i>A lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages</i></a>. Baltimore: Waverly Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+lexicostatistical+classification+of+the+Austronesian+languages&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Waverly+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Dyen&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGGOCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNothofer1975" class="citation book cs1">Nothofer, Berndt (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reconstructionof0000noth"><i>The reconstruction of Proto-Malayo-Javanic</i></a></span>. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Vol. 73. Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9024717728" title="Special:BookSources/9024717728"><bdi>9024717728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+reconstruction+of+Proto-Malayo-Javanic&rft.place=Den+Haag&rft.series=Verhandelingen+van+het+Koninklijk+Instituut+voor+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9024717728&rft.aulast=Nothofer&rft.aufirst=Berndt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freconstructionof0000noth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNothofer2009" class="citation book cs1">Nothofer, Berndt (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA560">"Javanese"</a>. In Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (eds.). <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i>. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 560–561. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080877747" title="Special:BookSources/9780080877747"><bdi>9780080877747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Javanese&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=560-561&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780080877747&rft.aulast=Nothofer&rft.aufirst=Berndt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC%26pg%3DPA560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgloblin2005" class="citation book cs1">Ogloblin, Alexander K. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAShwSYLbUYC&pg=PA590">"Javanese"</a>. In K. Alexander Adelaar; Nikolaus Himmelmann (eds.). <i>The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar</i>. London dan New York: Routledge. pp. 590–624. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700712861" title="Special:BookSources/9780700712861"><bdi>9780700712861</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Javanese&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+Languages+of+Asia+and+Madagascar&rft.place=London+dan+New+York&rft.pages=590-624&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780700712861&rft.aulast=Ogloblin&rft.aufirst=Alexander+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBAShwSYLbUYC%26pg%3DPA590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigeaud1967" class="citation book cs1">Pigeaud, Theodore Gauthier Th (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnwNAQAAIAAJ"><i>Literature of Java</i></a>. Nijoff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature+of+Java&rft.pub=Nijoff&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Pigeaud&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Gauthier+Th&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAnwNAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>56</b> (2). University of Hawai'i Press: 435–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2017.0021">10.1353/ol.2017.0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149377092">149377092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Western+Malayo-Polynesian+Problem&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=435-490&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.2017.0021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149377092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Alexander+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne1961" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Elinor C. (1961). <i>Beginning Javanese</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Javanese&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Elinor+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Molen1993" class="citation book cs1">van der Molen, W. (1993). <i>Javaans schrift</i>. Leiden: Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-73084-09-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-73084-09-1"><bdi>90-73084-09-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Javaans+schrift&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Vakgroep+Talen+en+Culturen+van+Zuidoost-Azi%C3%AB+en+Oceani%C3%AB&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=90-73084-09-1&rft.aulast=van+der+Molen&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhlenbeck1964" class="citation cs2">Uhlenbeck, E. M (1964), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/34741014"><i>A critical survey of studies on the languages of Java and Madura</i></a>, Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands), Martinus Nijhoff<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+critical+survey+of+studies+on+the+languages+of+Java+and+Madura&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Uhlenbeck&rft.aufirst=E.+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F34741014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedhawatiNurlinaSetiyantoSukesti2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wedhawati; Nurlina, W. E. S.; Setiyanto, E.; Sukesti, R.; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GgUSxxXw0JIC"><i>Tata bahasa Jawa mutakhir</i></a> [<i>A contemporary grammar of Javanese</i>] (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: <a href="/wiki/Kanisius" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanisius">Kanisius</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789792110371" title="Special:BookSources/9789792110371"><bdi>9789792110371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tata+bahasa+Jawa+mutakhir&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pub=Kanisius&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789792110371&rft.au=Wedhawati&rft.au=Nurlina%2C+W.+E.+S.&rft.au=Setiyanto%2C+E.&rft.au=Sukesti%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGgUSxxXw0JIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurmHattori1983" class="citation book cs1">Wurm, S. A.; <a href="/wiki/Shiro_Hattori" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiro Hattori">Hattori, Shiro</a>, eds. (1983). <i>Language Atlas of the Pacific Area, Part II: (Insular South-east Asia)</i>. Canberra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Atlas+of+the+Pacific+Area%2C+Part+II%3A+%28Insular+South-east+Asia%29&rft.place=Canberra&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoetmulder1982" class="citation book cs1">Zoetmulder, P. J. (1982). <i>Old Javanese–English Dictionary</i>. 's-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-6178-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-6178-6"><bdi>90-247-6178-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Javanese%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.place=%27s-Gravenhage&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=90-247-6178-6&rft.aulast=Zoetmulder&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErrington,_James_Joseph1991" class="citation cs2">Errington, James Joseph (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/18619052"><i>Language and social change in Java : linguistic reflexes of modernization in a traditional royal polity</i></a>, Ohio University, Center for International Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+social+change+in+Java+%3A+linguistic+reflexes+of+modernization+in+a+traditional+royal+polity&rft.pub=Ohio+University%2C+Center+for+International+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Errington%2C+James+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F18619052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErrington,_James_Joseph1998" class="citation cs2">Errington, James Joseph (1998), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shiftinglanguage0000erri"><i>Shifting languages : interaction and identity in Javanese Indonesia</i></a></span>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63448-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63448-9"><bdi>978-0-521-63448-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shifting+languages+%3A+interaction+and+identity+in+Javanese+Indonesia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63448-9&rft.au=Errington%2C+James+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshiftinglanguage0000erri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne,_Elinor_Clark1963" class="citation cs2">Horne, Elinor Clark (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/14133823"><i>Intermediate Javanese</i></a>, Yale University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intermediate+Javanese&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Horne%2C+Elinor+Clark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F14133823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne,_Elinor_Clark1974" class="citation cs2">Horne, Elinor Clark (1974), <i>Javanese-English dictionary</i>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01689-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01689-5"><bdi>978-0-300-01689-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Javanese-English+dictionary&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-300-01689-5&rft.au=Horne%2C+Elinor+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeler,_Ward1984" class="citation cs2">Keeler, Ward (1984), <i>Javanese, a cultural approach</i>, Ohio University Center for International Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-121-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-121-9"><bdi>978-0-89680-121-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Javanese%2C+a+cultural+approach&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Center+for+International+Studies&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-89680-121-9&rft.au=Keeler%2C+Ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson,_S._O._(Stuart_Owen)Wibisono,_Singgih2002" class="citation cs2">Robson, S. O. (Stuart Owen); Wibisono, Singgih (2002), <i>Javanese English dictionary</i>, Periplus Editions (HK) ; North Clarendon, VT : Tuttle Pub, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0000-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7946-0000-6"><bdi>978-0-7946-0000-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Javanese+English+dictionary&rft.pub=Periplus+Editions+%28HK%29+%3B+North+Clarendon%2C+VT+%3A+Tuttle+Pub&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7946-0000-6&rft.au=Robson%2C+S.+O.+%28Stuart+Owen%29&rft.au=Wibisono%2C+Singgih&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson,_S._O._(Stuart_Owen)Monash_University._Monash_Asia_Institute2002" class="citation cs2">Robson, S. O. (Stuart Owen); Monash University. Monash Asia Institute (2002), <i>Javanese grammar for students</i> (Rev. ed.), Monash Asia Institute, Monash University, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876924-12-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876924-12-6"><bdi>978-1-876924-12-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Javanese+grammar+for+students&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Monash+Asia+Institute%2C+Monash+University&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-876924-12-6&rft.au=Robson%2C+S.+O.+%28Stuart+Owen%29&rft.au=Monash+University.+Monash+Asia+Institute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson,_S._O._(Stuart_Owen)Monash_University._Centre_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies1991" class="citation cs2">Robson, S. O. (Stuart Owen); Monash University. Centre of Southeast Asian Studies (1991), <i>Patterns of variation in colloquial Javanese</i>, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7326-0263-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7326-0263-5"><bdi>978-0-7326-0263-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patterns+of+variation+in+colloquial+Javanese&rft.pub=Centre+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies%2C+Monash+University&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7326-0263-5&rft.au=Robson%2C+S.+O.+%28Stuart+Owen%29&rft.au=Monash+University.+Centre+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel,_James_T1986" class="citation cs2">Siegel, James T (1986), <i>Solo in the new order : language and hierarchy in an Indonesian city</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00085-5"><bdi>978-0-691-00085-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solo+in+the+new+order+%3A+language+and+hierarchy+in+an+Indonesian+city&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00085-5&rft.au=Siegel%2C+James+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhlenbeck,_E._MKoninklijk_Instituut_voor_Taal-,_Land-_en_Volkenkunde_(Netherlands)1978" class="citation cs2">Uhlenbeck, E. M; Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands) (1978), <i>Studies in Javanese morphology</i>, Martinus Nijhoff, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-2162-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-2162-7"><bdi>978-90-247-2162-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Javanese+morphology&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-90-247-2162-7&rft.au=Uhlenbeck%2C+E.+M&rft.au=Koninklijk+Instituut+voor+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde+%28Netherlands%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="jv:"> Javanese edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Javanese_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Javanese Swadesh list">Appendix:Javanese Swadesh list</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Javanese_phrasebook#Q33549" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Javanese phrasebook">Javanese</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233451/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/isloj.php">International Symposium on The Languages of Java</a> (archived 2 December 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050209094141/http://home.planet.nl/~koeso002/articles/Javanese%2BSuriname.htm">Javanese in Suriname strive to preserve origins <i>Jakarta Post</i> article</a> (archived 9 February 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/javanese.htm">Javanese Writing System</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10106/6120">Javanese Phonation Types, Consonants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/oldjava/">Old Javanese inscriptions</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Javanese_language" title="Template:Javanese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Javanese_language" title="Template talk:Javanese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Javanese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Javanese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Javanese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Javanese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Javanese_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Javanese language (page does not exist)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Script</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Middle_Javanese">Middle Javanese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern Javanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Carakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Javanese Latin alphabet">Latin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varieties_of_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varieties of Javanese (page does not exist)">Notable variant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Standardized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_language#Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Standard_Javanese">Modern Standard Javanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regional dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arekan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arekan dialect (page does not exist)">Arekan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malangan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malangan dialect (page does not exist)">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surabayan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surabayan dialect (page does not exist)">Surabaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantenese dialect">Bantenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect" title="Banyumasan dialect">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirebon_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cirebon dialect (page does not exist)">Cirebon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mataraman_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mataraman dialect (page does not exist)">Mataraman</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madiunan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madiunan dialect (page does not exist)">Madiunan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semarangan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semarangan dialect (page does not exist)">Semarangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surakarta_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surakarta dialect (page does not exist)">Surakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yogyakarta_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogyakarta dialect (page does not exist)">Yogyakarta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonian_Javanese" class="mw-redirect" title="New Caledonian Javanese">New Caledonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Javanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Surinamese Javanese">Surinamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_literature" title="Javanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_numerals" title="Javanese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javanese_Language_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javanese Language Congress (page does not exist)">Javanese Language Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_historical_texts" title="Javanese historical texts">Javanese historical texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_poetry" title="Javanese poetry">Javanese poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krama_Inggil" title="Krama Inggil">Krama Inggil</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Letters_of_the_Aksara_Jawa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Aksara Jawa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Nglegena</i><br />consonants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha_(Javanese)" title="Ha (Javanese)">Ha</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦲ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_(Javanese)" title="Na (Javanese)">Na</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦤ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca_(Javanese)" title="Ca (Javanese)">Ca</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦕ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra_(Javanese)" title="Ra (Javanese)">Ra</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦫ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(Javanese)" title="Ka (Javanese)">Ka</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦏ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_(Javanese)" title="Da (Javanese)">Da</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦢ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_(Javanese)" title="Ta (Javanese)">Ta</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦠ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_(Javanese)" title="Sa (Javanese)">Sa</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦱ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(Javanese)" title="Wa (Javanese)">Wa</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦮ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_(Javanese)" title="La (Javanese)">La</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦭ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_(Javanese)" title="Pa (Javanese)">Pa</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦥ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dha_(Javanese)" title="Dha (Javanese)">Dha</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦢ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja_(Javanese)" title="Ja (Javanese)">Ja</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦗ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya_(Javanese)" title="Ya (Javanese)">Ya</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦪ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nya_(Javanese)" title="Nya (Javanese)">Nya</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦚ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_(Javanese)" title="Ma (Javanese)">Ma</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦩ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga_(Javanese)" title="Ga (Javanese)">Ga</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦒ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_(Javanese)" title="Ba (Javanese)">Ba</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦧ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tha_(Javanese)" title="Tha (Javanese)">Tha</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦛ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nga_(Javanese)" title="Nga (Javanese)">Nga</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦔ</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Murda</i><br />consonants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_murda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka murda (page does not exist)">Ka murda</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦑ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ga_murda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ga murda (page does not exist)">Ga murda</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦓ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Na_murda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Na murda (page does not exist)">Na murda</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦟ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta_murda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ta murda (page does not exist)">Ta murda</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦡ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa_murda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pa murda (page does not exist)">Pa murda</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦦ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba_murda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ba murda (page does not exist)">Ba murda</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦨ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa_murda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sa murda (page does not exist)">Sa murda</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦯ</span>)</li> <li>Seldom used: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ca_murda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ca murda (page does not exist)">Ca murda</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦖ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nya_murda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nya murda (page does not exist)">Nya murda</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦘ</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extended<br />consonants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Often used: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa_cerek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pa cerek (page does not exist)">Pa cerek</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦉ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nga_lelet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nga lelet (page does not exist)">Nga lelet</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦊ</span>)</li> <li>Seldom used: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nga_lelet_Raswadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nga lelet Raswadi (page does not exist)">Nga lelet Raswadi</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦋ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ra_agung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ra agung (page does not exist)">Ra agung</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦬ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka_sasak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ka sasak (page does not exist)">Ka sasak</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦐ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ja_mahaprana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ja mahaprana (page does not exist)">Ja mahaprana</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦙ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tha_mahaprana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tha mahaprana (page does not exist)">Tha mahaprana</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦜ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dha_mahaprana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dha mahaprana (page does not exist)">Dha mahaprana</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦞ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Da_mahaprana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Da mahaprana (page does not exist)">Da mahaprana</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦣ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sa_mahaprana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sa mahaprana (page does not exist)">Sa mahaprana</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦰ</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Final and Medial<br />Consonants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecak (page does not exist)">Cecak</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦁ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Layar_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Layar (Javanese) (page does not exist)">Layar</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦂ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wignyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wignyan (page does not exist)">Wignyan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦃ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cakra_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cakra (Javanese) (page does not exist)">Cakra</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦿ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cakra_keret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cakra keret (page does not exist)">Cakra keret</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦽ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengkal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengkal (page does not exist)">Pengkal</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦾ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangkon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangkon (page does not exist)">Pangkon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧀</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vowels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulu_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wulu language (page does not exist)">Wulu</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦶ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suku_language" title="Suku language">Suku</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦸ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pepet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pepet (page does not exist)">Pepet</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦼ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taling" class="mw-redirect" title="Taling">Taling</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦺ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarung" title="Tarung">Tarung</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦴ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolong" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolong">Tolong</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦵ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dirga_mure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dirga mure (page does not exist)">Dirga mure</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦻ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wulu_melik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wulu melik (page does not exist)">Wulu melik</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦷ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_mendut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku mendut (page does not exist)">Suku mendut</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦹ</span>)</li> <li>Foreign: <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A (Javanese) (page does not exist)">A</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦄ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=I_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I (Javanese) (page does not exist)">I</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦆ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U (Javanese) (page does not exist)">U</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦈ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E (Javanese) (page does not exist)">E</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦌ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ai_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ai (Javanese) (page does not exist)">Ai</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦍ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O (Javanese) (page does not exist)">O</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦎ</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Numbers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=0_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="0 (Javanese) (page does not exist)">0</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧐</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1 (Javanese) (page does not exist)">1</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧑</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2 (Javanese) (page does not exist)">2</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧒</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3 (Javanese) (page does not exist)">3</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧓</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4 (Javanese) (page does not exist)">4</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧔</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5 (Javanese) (page does not exist)">5</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧕</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6 (Javanese) (page does not exist)">6</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧖</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7 (Javanese) (page does not exist)">7</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧗</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8 (Javanese) (page does not exist)">8</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧘</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9_(Javanese)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9 (Javanese) (page does not exist)">9</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧙</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_pangkat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada pangkat (page does not exist)">Pada pangkat</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧇</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punctuations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_lingsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada lingsa (page does not exist)">Pada lingsa</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧈</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_lungsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada lungsi (page does not exist)">Pada lungsi</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧉</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_adeg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada adeg (page does not exist)">Pada adeg</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧊</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_adeg-adeg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada adeg-adeg (page does not exist)">Pada adeg-adeg</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧋</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_piseleh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada piseleh (page does not exist)">Pada piseleh</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧌</span> and <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧍</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_luhur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada luhur (page does not exist)">Pada luhur</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧅</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_madya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada madya (page does not exist)">Pada madya</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧄</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_andhap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada andhap (page does not exist)">Pada andhap</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧃</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_tirta_tumetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada tirta tumetes (page does not exist)">Pada tirta tumetes</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧞</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_isen-isen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada isen-isen (page does not exist)">Pada isen-isen</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧟</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pada_windu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pada windu (page does not exist)">Pada windu</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧆</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangrangkep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangrangkep (page does not exist)">Pangrangkep</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꧏ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecak_telu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecak telu (page does not exist)">Cecak telu</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꦳</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panyangga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panyangga (page does not exist)">Panyangga</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">ꦀ</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rerenggan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rerenggan (page does not exist)">Rerenggan</a> (<span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧁</span> and <span class="script-javanese" style="font-family: ' Noto Sans Javanese'">꧂</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Indonesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Template:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Indonesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Western Malayo-Polynesian languages">Western Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></span></b> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_slang" title="Indonesian slang">Slang</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages" title="Malayo-Sumbawan languages">Malayo-Sumbawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bakongan_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bakongan language (page does not exist)">Bakongan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Anambas-Natuna Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacan_Malay" title="Bacan Malay">Bacan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Aga_Balinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Aga Balinese (page does not exist)">Bali Aga</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida_Balinese" title="Nusa Penida Balinese">Nusa Penida</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batubara_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batubara Malay (page does not exist)">Batubara Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belitung_Malay" title="Belitung Malay">Belitung Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu_language" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malay" title="Berau Malay">Berau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Besemah_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Besemah language (page does not exist)">Besemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukit_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bukit language (page does not exist)">Bukit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col/Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deli_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deli Malay (page does not exist)">Deli Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Enim language">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_language" title="Haji language">Haji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mualang_language" title="Mualang language">Mualang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Seberuang_language" title="Seberuang language">Seberuang</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Jaring Halus Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangean_language" title="Kangean language">Kangean</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapuas_Hulu_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapuas Hulu Malay (page does not exist)">Kapuas Hulu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayong_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayong Malay (page does not exist)">Kayong Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketapang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketapang Malay (page does not exist)">Ketapang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotawaringin_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotawaringin Malay (page does not exist)">Kotawaringin Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kualuh_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kualuh Malay (page does not exist)">Kualuh Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutainese_language" title="Kutainese language">Kutainese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kota_Bangun_Kutainese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kota Bangun Kutainese (page does not exist)">Kota Bangun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenggarong_Kutainese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenggarong Kutainese (page does not exist)">Tenggarong</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landak_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landak Malay (page does not exist)">Landak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay (page does not exist)">Langkat Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Loncong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sapudi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapudi language (page does not exist)">Sapudi</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jamee_language" title="Jamee language">Jamee </a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampar_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampar language (page does not exist)">Kampar</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuantan_language_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuantan language (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Kuantan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mukomuko_language" title="Mukomuko language">Mukomuko</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pesisir_language" title="Pesisir language">Pesisir</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melawi_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melawi Malay (page does not exist)">Melawi Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mempawah_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mempawah Malay (page does not exist)">Mempawah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Musi</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lematang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lematang language">Lematang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palembang_language" title="Palembang language">Palembang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Penesak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Penesak language">Penesak</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penukal_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penukal language (page does not exist)">Penukal</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rawas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawas language">Rawas</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogan language">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palu_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palu Malay (page does not exist)">Palu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panai_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panai Malay (page does not exist)">Panai Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Malay">Riau Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal_Riau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coastal Riau Malay (page does not exist)">Coastal Riau</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangaraian_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangaraian Malay (page does not exist)">Pangaraian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rokan_Hilir_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rokan Hilir Malay (page does not exist)">Rokan Hilir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siak_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siak Malay (page does not exist)">Siak</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tembilahan_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tembilahan Malay (page does not exist)">Tembilahan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sambas_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sambas Malay (page does not exist)">Sambas Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanggau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanggau Malay (page does not exist)">Sanggau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekadau_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekadau Malay (page does not exist)">Sekadau Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay (page does not exist)">Serdang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semende_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semende language (page does not exist)">Semende</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sintang_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sintang Malay (page does not exist)">Sintang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_language" title="Sumbawa language">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Banten_Sundanese" title="Banten Sundanese">Bantenese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brebes_Sundanese" title="Brebes Sundanese">Brebes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Priangan_Sundanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Priangan Sundanese">Priangan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamiang_Malay" title="Tamiang Malay">Tamiang Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Javanesic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Javanese <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arekan_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arekan Javanese (page does not exist)">Arekan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect" title="Banyumasan dialect">Banyumasan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirebonese language">Cirebonese</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indramayu_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indramayu Javanese (page does not exist)">Indramayu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serang_Javanese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serang Javanese (page does not exist)">Serang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andio_language" title="Andio language">Andio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bada_language" title="Bada language">Bada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahonsuai_language" title="Bahonsuai language">Bahonsuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaesang_language" title="Balaesang language">Balaesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balantak_language" title="Balantak language">Balantak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banggai_language" title="Banggai language">Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batui_language" title="Batui language">Batui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behoa_language" title="Behoa language">Behoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boano_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Boano language (Sulawesi)">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobongko_language" title="Bobongko language">Bobongko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_language" title="Bonerate language">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_language" title="Bungku language">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busoa_language" title="Busoa language">Busoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampelas_language" title="Dampelas language">Dampelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dondo_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dondo language (Austronesian)">Dondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalao_language" title="Kalao language">Kalao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaili_language" title="Kaili language">Kaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimbulawa_language" title="Kaimbulawa language">Kaimbulawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaru_language" title="Kamaru language">Kamaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodeoha_language" title="Kodeoha language">Kodeoha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulisusu_language" title="Kulisusu language">Kulisusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbewaha_language" title="Kumbewaha language">Kumbewaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasalimu_language" title="Lasalimu language">Lasalimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiyolo_language" title="Laiyolo language">Laiyolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauje_language" title="Lauje language">Lauje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liabuku_language" title="Liabuku language">Liabuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbelala_language" title="Mbelala language">Mbelala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moronene_language" title="Moronene language">Moronene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Bawah_language" title="Mori Bawah language">Mori Bawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mori_Atas_language" title="Mori Atas language">Mori Atas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moma_language" title="Moma language">Moma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napu_language" title="Napu language">Napu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padoe_language" title="Padoe language">Padoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancana_language" title="Pancana language">Pancana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendau_language" title="Pendau language">Pendau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahambuu_language" title="Rahambuu language">Rahambuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampi_language" title="Rampi language">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan_language" title="Saluan language">Saluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarudu_language" title="Sarudu language">Sarudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoa_language" title="Sedoa language">Sedoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_language" title="Pamona language">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taje_language" title="Taje language">Taje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajio_language" title="Tajio language">Tajio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Tukang Besi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolaki_language" title="Tolaki language">Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomadino_language" title="Tomadino language">Tomadino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoiyo_language" title="Topoiyo language">Topoiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini_language" title="Tomini language">Tomini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoli_language" title="Totoli language">Totoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_language" title="Uma language">Uma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waru_language" title="Waru language">Waru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawonii_language" title="Wawonii language">Wawonii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolio_language" title="Wolio language">Wolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotu_language" title="Wotu language">Wotu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayuagung_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayuagung language (page does not exist)">Kayuagung</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–<br />Barrier Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Alas_language" title="Alas language">Alas</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Angkola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Angkola language">Angkola</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Dairi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak Dairi language">Dairi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Karo_language" title="Batak Karo language">Karo</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language" title="Batak Simalungun language">Simalungun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_language" title="Enggano language">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikule_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikule language">Sikule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralle-Tabulahan_language" title="Aralle-Tabulahan language">Aralle-Tabulahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambam_language" title="Bambam language">Bambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentong_language" title="Bentong language">Bentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budong-Budong_language" title="Budong-Budong language">Budong-Budong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campalagian_language" title="Campalagian language">Campalagian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Konjo_language" title="Coastal Konjo language">Coastal Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakka_language" title="Dakka language">Dakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duri_language" title="Duri language">Duri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embaloh_language" title="Embaloh language">Embaloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrekang_language" title="Enrekang language">Enrekang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Konjo_language" title="Highland Konjo language">Highland Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalumpang_language" title="Kalumpang language">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemolang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemolang language">Lemolang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiwa_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Maiwa language (Sulawesi)">Maiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malimpung_language" title="Malimpung language">Malimpung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_language" title="Mamasa language">Mamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuju_language" title="Mamuju language">Mamuju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandar_language" title="Mandar language">Mandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panasuan_language" title="Panasuan language">Panasuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannei_language" title="Pannei language">Pannei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selayar_language" title="Selayar language">Selayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seko_Padang_language" title="Seko Padang language">Seko Padang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seko_Tengah_language" title="Seko Tengah language">Seko Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tae%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae’ language">Tae’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talondo%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Talondo’ language">Talondo’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Indonesia)" title="Taman language (Indonesia)">Taman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toraja-Sa%E2%80%99dan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja-Sa’dan language">Toraja-Sa’dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulumanda%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulumanda’ language">Ulumanda’</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampanang_language" title="Ampanang language">Ampanang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_language" title="Bakumpai language">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajaw language">Bajaw </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deyah_language" title="Deyah language">Deyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohin_language" title="Kohin language">Kohin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_language" title="Lawangan language">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_Malang_language" title="Dusun Malang language">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_language" title="Ngaju language">Ngaju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_language" title="Ot Danum language">Ot Danum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siang_language" title="Siang language">Ot Siang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjung_language" title="Tunjung language">Tunjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_Witu_language" title="Dusun Witu language">Witu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paku_language_(Indonesia)" title="Paku language (Indonesia)">Pakau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aoheng_language" title="Aoheng language">Aoheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aput_language" title="Aput language">Aput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovongan_language" title="Hovongan language">Hovongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language" title="Krio Dayak language">Krio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modang_language" title="Modang language">Modang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merah_language" title="Punan Merah language">Punan Merah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segai_language" title="Segai language">Segai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakati%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakati’ language">Bakati’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar_Sadong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukar Sadong language">Bukar Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembayan_language" title="Kembayan language">Kembayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lara%CA%BC_language" title="Laraʼ language">Laraʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyadu%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyadu’ language">Nyadu’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejangese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejangese language">Rejangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribun_language" title="Ribun language">Ribun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanggau_language" title="Sanggau language">Sanggau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language" title="Sara Bakati' language">Sara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semandang_language" title="Semandang language">Semandang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beginci_language" title="Beginci language">Beginci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerai_language" title="Gerai language">Gerai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukat_language" title="Bukat language">Bukat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_languages" title="Kenyah languages">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murut</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Merap_language" title="Punan Merap language">Punan Merap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Tubu_language" title="Punan Tubu language">Punan Tubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajau_Basap_language" title="Sajau Basap language">Sajau</a></li> <li>Tidung <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Burusu_language" title="Burusu language">Burusu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages" title="Gorontalo–Mongondow languages">Gorontalo-Mongondow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bintauna_language" title="Bintauna language">Bintauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolango_language" title="Bolango language">Bolango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolak_language" title="Lolak language">Lolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponosakan_language" title="Ponosakan language">Ponosakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwawa_language" title="Suwawa language">Suwawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tombulu_language" title="Tombulu language">Tombulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondano_language" title="Tondano language">Tondano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsawang_language" title="Tonsawang language">Tonsawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsea_language" title="Tonsea language">Tonsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central–Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barakai_language" title="Barakai language">Barakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batuley_language" title="Batuley language">Batuley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobel_language" title="Dobel language">Dobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karey_language" title="Karey language">Karey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koba_language" title="Koba language">Koba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_language" title="Kola language">Kola-Kompane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_language" title="Lola language">Lola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorang_language" title="Lorang language">Lorang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manombai_language" title="Manombai language">Manombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariri_language" title="Mariri language">Mariri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarangan_language" title="Tarangan language">Tarangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujir_language" title="Ujir language">Ujir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alune_language" title="Alune language">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amahai_language" title="Amahai language">Amahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_language" title="Ambelau language">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asilulu_language" title="Asilulu language">Asilulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_language_(Maluku)" title="Banda language (Maluku)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bati_language_(Indonesia)" title="Bati language (Indonesia)">Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benggoi_language" title="Benggoi language">Benggoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boano_language_(Maluku)" title="Boano language (Maluku)">Boano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobot_language" title="Bobot language">Bobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_language" title="Buru language">Buru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geser_language" title="Geser language">Geser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruku_language" title="Haruku language">Haruku</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hulaliu_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hulaliu language (page does not exist)">Hulaliu</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kailolo_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kailolo language (page does not exist)">Kailolo</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelauw_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelauw language (page does not exist)">Pelauw</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rohomoni-Kabauw_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rohomoni-Kabauw language (page does not exist)">Rohomoni-Kabauw</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitu_language" title="Hitu language">Hitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoti_language" title="Hoti language">Hoti</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaulu_language" title="Huaulu language">Huaulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukumina_language" title="Hukumina language">Hukumina</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulung_language" title="Hulung language">Hulung</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaibobo_language" title="Kaibobo language">Kaibobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarian_language" title="Kamarian language">Kamarian</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_language" title="Kayeli language">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowiai_language" title="Kowiai language">Kowiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laha_language_(Indonesia)" title="Laha language (Indonesia)">Laha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakasihu_language" title="Wakasihu language">Larike-Wakasihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latu_language" title="Latu language">Latu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liana-Seti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liana-Seti language">Liana-Seti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisabata-Nuniali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisabata-Nuniali language">Lisabata-Nuniali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_language" title="Lisela language">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loun_language" title="Loun language">Loun</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhu_language" title="Luhu language">Luhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangole_language" title="Mangole language">Mangole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipa_language" title="Manipa language">Manipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_language" title="Manusela language">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiwang_language" title="Masiwang language">Masiwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naka%27ela_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naka'ela language">Naka'ela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_language" title="Nuaulu language">Nuaulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Laut_language" title="Nusa Laut language">Nusa Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulohi_language" title="Paulohi language">Paulohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salas_language" title="Salas language">Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleman_language" title="Saleman language">Saleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparua_language" title="Saparua language">Saparua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seit-Kaitetu_language" title="Seit-Kaitetu language">Seit-Kaitetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepa-Teluti_language" title="Sepa-Teluti language">Sepa-Teluti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sula_language" title="Sula language">Sula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliabo_language" title="Taliabo language">Taliabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teor-Kur_language" title="Teor-Kur language">Teor-Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulehu_language" title="Tulehu language">Tulehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watubela_language" title="Watubela language">Watubela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_language" title="Wemale language">Wemale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalahatan_language" title="Yalahatan language">Yalahatan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alorese_language" title="Alorese language">Alorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedang_language" title="Kedang language">Kedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_language" title="Lamaholot language">Lamaholot</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Adonara_language" title="Adonara language">Adonara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ile_Ape_language" title="Ile Ape language">Ile Ape</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lamalera_language" title="Lamalera language">Lamalera</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lamatuka_language" title="Lamatuka language">Lamatuka</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Levuka_language" title="Levuka language">Levuka</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lewo_Eleng_language" title="Lewo Eleng language">Lewo Eleng</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"> <a href="/wiki/Lewotobi_language" title="Lewotobi language">Lewotobi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lembata language">South Lembata</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/West_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Lembata language">West Lembata</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sika language">Sika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">Halmahera-<br />Cenderawasih</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambel_language" title="Ambel language">Ambel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arguni_language" title="Arguni language">Arguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_language" title="As language">As</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedoanas_language" title="Bedoanas language">Bedoanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_language" title="Biga language">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busami_language" title="Busami language">Busami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erokwanas_language" title="Erokwanas language">Erokwanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gane_language" title="Gane language">Gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Irarutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iresim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iresim language">Iresim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuri_language_(Austronesian)" title="Kuri language (Austronesian)">Kuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language_(Indonesia)" title="Maba language (Indonesia)">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maden_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maden language">Maden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matbat_language" title="Matbat language">Matbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Austronesian)" title="Mor language (Austronesian)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_language" title="Patani language">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">Pom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba_language" title="Taba language">Taba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamesa_language" title="Wamesa language">Wamesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandamen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woi_language" title="Woi language">Woi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeretuar_language" title="Yeretuar language">Yeretuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeresiam_language" title="Yeresiam language">Yeresiam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kei-Tanimbar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kei-Tanimbar languages">Kei-Tanimbar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fordata_language" title="Fordata language">Fordata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_language" title="Kei language">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Onin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekar_language" title="Sekar language">Sekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruangnirin_language" title="Uruangnirin language">Uruangnirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamdena_language" title="Yamdena language">Yamdena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mapia_language" title="Mapia language">Mapia</a> †</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_language" title="Selaru language">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seluwasan_language" title="Seluwasan language">Seluwasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anakalangu_language" title="Anakalangu language">Anakalangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baliledo_language" title="Baliledo language">Baliledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhao_language" title="Dhao language">Dhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ende_language_(Indonesia)" title="Ende language (Indonesia)">Ende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaura language">Gaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawu_language" title="Hawu language">Hawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambera_language" title="Kambera language">Kambera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9o_language" title="Kéo language">Kéo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodi_language" title="Kodi language">Kodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_language" title="Komodo language">Komodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamboya_language" title="Lamboya language">Lamboya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lio_language" title="Lio language">Lio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamboru_language" title="Mamboru language">Mamboru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarainese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manggarainese language">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage language">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngadha_language" title="Ngadha language">Ngadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palu%27e_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palu'e language">Palu'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondok_language" title="Pondok language">Pondok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajong_language" title="Rajong language">Rajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembong_language" title="Rembong language">Rembong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riung_language" title="Riung language">Riung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongga_language" title="Rongga language">Rongga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="So'a language">So'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepo%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepo' language">Kepo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wae_Rana_language" title="Wae Rana language">Wae Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanukaka_language" title="Wanukaka language">Wanukaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wejewa_language" title="Wejewa language">Wejewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Babar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor–Babar languages">Timor–Babar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarasi_language" title="Amarasi language">Amarasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekais language">Bekais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilba_language" title="Bilba language">Bilba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dai language (Austronesian)">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawera-Daweloor_language" title="Dawera-Daweloor language">Dawera-Daweloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dela-Oenale_language" title="Dela-Oenale language">Dela-Oenale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengka_language" title="Dengka language">Dengka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Damar_language" title="East Damar language">East Damar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emplawas_language" title="Emplawas language">Emplawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galoli_language" title="Galoli language">Galoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_language" title="Helong language">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imroing_language" title="Imroing language">Imroing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_language" title="Kemak language">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kisar_language" title="Kisar language">Kisar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_language" title="Leti language">Leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lole_language" title="Lole language">Lole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luang_language" title="Luang language">Luang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masela_language" title="Masela language">Masela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nila_language" title="Nila language">Nila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Babar_language" title="North Babar language">North Babar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringgou_language" title="Ringgou language">Ringgou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romang_language" title="Romang language">Romang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serili_language" title="Serili language">Serili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serua_language" title="Serua language">Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Babar_language" title="Southeast Babar language">Southeast Babar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tela%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tela'a language">Tela'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termanu_language" title="Termanu language">Termanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te%27un_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Te'un language">Te'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tii_language" title="Tii language">Tii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uab_Meto_language" title="Uab Meto language">Uab Meto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Damar_language" title="West Damar language">West Damar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welaun_language" title="Welaun language">Welaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetarese_language" title="Wetarese language">Wetar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anus_language" title="Anus language">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggo_language" title="Bonggo language">Bonggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayupulau_language" title="Kayupulau language">Kayupulau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liki_language" title="Liki language">Liki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masimasi_language" title="Masimasi language">Masimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormu_language" title="Ormu language">Ormu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podena_language" title="Podena language">Podena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Kaptiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobei_language" title="Sobei language">Sobei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpia_language" title="Tarpia language">Tarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_language" title="Tobati language">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakde_language" title="Wakde language">Wakde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamna_language" title="Yamna language">Yamna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Papuan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galela_language" title="Galela language">Galela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamkonora_language" title="Gamkonora language">Gamkonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kao_language" title="Kao language">Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loloda_language" title="Loloda language">Loloda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modole_language" title="Modole language">Modole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagu_language" title="Pagu language">Pagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahu_language" title="Sahu language">Sahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaru_language" title="Tabaru language">Tabaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore_language" title="Tidore language">Tidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_language" title="Tobelo language">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Togutil language">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waioli_language" title="Waioli language">Waioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Makian_language" title="West Makian language">West Makian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Alor%E2%80%93Pantar_languages" title="Timor–Alor–Pantar languages">Timor–Alor–Pantar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_language" title="Abui language">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adang_language" title="Adang language">Adang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagar_language" title="Blagar language">Blagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaera_language" title="Kaera language">Kaera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafoa_language" title="Kafoa language">Kafoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamang language">Kamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klon_language" title="Klon language">Klon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(Indonesia)" title="Kui language (Indonesia)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_language" title="Kula language">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedebang_language" title="Nedebang language">Nedebang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirata_language" title="Oirata language">Oirata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retta_language" title="Retta language">Retta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawila_language" title="Sawila language">Sawila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teiwa_language" title="Teiwa language">Teiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wersing_language" title="Wersing language">Wersing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pantar_language" title="Western Pantar language">Western Pantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woisika_language" title="Woisika language">Woisika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asmat%E2%80%93Mombum_languages" title="Asmat–Mombum languages">Asmat–Mombum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buruwai_language" title="Buruwai language">Buruwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarina_Coast_Asmat_language" title="Casuarina Coast Asmat language">Casuarina Coast Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asmat_language" title="Central Asmat language">Central Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asmat_language" title="North Asmat language">North Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citak_language" title="Citak language">Citak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mombum_language" title="Mombum language">Mombum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamberau_language" title="Kamberau language">Kamberau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamoro_language" title="Kamoro language">Kamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneraw_language" title="Koneraw language">Koneraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sempan_language" title="Sempan language">Sempan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="West Bird's Head languages">West Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalabra_language" title="Kalabra language">Kalabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwani_language" title="Kuwani language">Kuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moi_language" title="Moi language">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraid_language" title="Moraid language">Moraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seget_language" title="Seget language">Seget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_language" title="Tehit language">Tehit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Bird%27s_Head_languages" title="South Bird's Head languages">South Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arandai_languages" title="Arandai languages">Arandai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombano_language" title="Dombano language">Dombano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duriankari_language" title="Duriankari language">Duriankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanwatan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanwatan language">Inanwatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaburi_language" title="Kaburi language">Kaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kais_language" title="Kais language">Kais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemberano_language" title="Kemberano language">Kemberano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_language" title="Kokoda language">Kokoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konda_language_(Papuan)" title="Konda language (Papuan)">Konda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovojab_language" title="Kovojab language">Kovojab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puragi_language" title="Puragi language">Puragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahadian_language" title="Yahadian language">Yahadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bird%27s_Head_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bird's Head languages">East Bird's Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatam_language" title="Hatam language">Hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansim_language" title="Mansim language">Mansim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyah_language" title="Meyah language">Meyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskona_language" title="Moskona language">Moskona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sougb_language" title="Sougb language">Sougb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bomberai_languages" title="West Bomberai languages">West Bomberai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baham_language" title="Baham language">Baham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karas language">Karas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani languages">Dani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_Dani_language" title="Grand Valley Dani language">Grand Valley Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hupla_language" title="Hupla language">Hupla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_language" title="Nduga language">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggem_language" title="Nggem language">Nggem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silimo_language" title="Silimo language">Silimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walak_language" title="Walak language">Walak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wano_language" title="Wano language">Wano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Dani_language" title="Western Dani language">Western Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_language" title="Yali language">Yali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paniai_Lakes_languages" title="Paniai Lakes languages">Paniai Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Auye language">Auye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(Papuan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dao language (Papuan)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_language" title="Ekari language">Ekari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_language" title="Moni language">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_language" title="Wolani language">Wolani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digul_River_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Digul River languages">Digul River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghu_language" title="Aghu language">Aghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awbono_language" title="Awbono language">Awbono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayono_language" title="Bayono language">Bayono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densar_language" title="Densar language">Densar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edera_River_Awyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Edera River Awyu">Edera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jair language">Jair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_language" title="Kombai language">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komyandaret_language" title="Komyandaret language">Komyandaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_language" title="Korowai language">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandobo_language" title="Mandobo language">Mandobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisa_language" title="Pisa language">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Papuan)" title="Sawi language (Papuan)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiaxa_language" title="Shiaxa language">Shiaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsaukambo_language" title="Tsaukambo language">Tsaukambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wambon_language" title="Wambon language">Wambon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airoran_language" title="Airoran language">Airoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagusa_language" title="Bagusa language">Bagusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berik_language" title="Berik language">Berik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaf_language" title="Betaf language">Betaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerif_language" title="Bonerif language">Bonerif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabe_language" title="Dabe language">Dabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dineor_language" title="Dineor language">Dineor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwas_language" title="Edwas language">Edwas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresi_language" title="Gresi language">Gresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isirawa_language" title="Isirawa language">Isirawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itik_language" title="Itik language">Itik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapori_language" title="Kapori language">Kapori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauwera_language" title="Kauwera language">Kauwera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keijar_language" title="Keijar language">Keijar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemtuik_language" title="Kemtuik language">Kemtuik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerba_language" title="Kwerba language">Kwerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerba_Mamberamo_language" title="Kwerba Mamberamo language">Kwerba Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwesten_language" title="Kwesten language">Kwesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwinsu_language" title="Kwinsu language">Kwinsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mander_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mander language">Mander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massep_language" title="Massep language">Massep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekwei_language" title="Mekwei language">Mekwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlap_language" title="Mlap language">Mlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namblong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namblong language">Namblong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimboran_language" title="Nimboran language">Nimboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orya_language" title="Orya language">Orya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sause_language" title="Sause language">Sause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarokena_language" title="Samarokena language">Samarokena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimuris_language" title="Trimuris language">Trimuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitou_language" title="Vitou language">Vitou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awera_language" title="Awera language">Awera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biritai_language" title="Biritai language">Biritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doutai_language" title="Doutai language">Doutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvle_language" title="Duvle language">Duvle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritai_language" title="Eritai language">Eritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_language" title="Fayu language">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Foau language">Foau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iau_language" title="Iau language">Iau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiy_language" title="Kaiy language">Kaiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keuw_language" title="Keuw language">Keuw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirikiri_language" title="Kirikiri language">Kirikiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwerisa_language" title="Kwerisa language">Kwerisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obokuitai_language" title="Obokuitai language">Obokuitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papasena_language" title="Papasena language">Papasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasawa_language" title="Rasawa language">Rasawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaritai_language" title="Sikaritai language">Sikaritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tause_language" title="Tause language">Tause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taworta_language" title="Taworta language">Taworta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waritai_language" title="Waritai language">Waritai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Cenderawasih_Bay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cenderawasih Bay languages">East Cenderawasih Bay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baropasi_language" title="Baropasi language">Baropasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_language" title="Bauzi language">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burate_language" title="Burate language">Burate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisa_language" title="Demisa language">Demisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofei_language" title="Kofei language">Kofei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa-Anasi_language" title="Nisa-Anasi language">Nisa-Anasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauri_language" title="Sauri language">Sauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefaro_language" title="Tefaro language">Tefaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggare_language" title="Tunggare language">Tunggare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woria_language" title="Woria language">Woria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saweru_language" title="Saweru language">Saweru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_language" title="Yawa language">Yawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demta_language" title="Demta language">Demta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafri_language" title="Nafri language">Nafri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentani_language" title="Sentani language">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabla_language" title="Tabla language">Tabla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burumakok_language" title="Burumakok language">Burumakok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiwol_language" title="Faiwol language">Faiwol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwur_language" title="Iwur language">Iwur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopka_language" title="Kopka language">Kopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyu_language" title="Muyu language">Muyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakai_language" title="Nakai language">Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalum_language" title="Ngalum language">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninggerum_language" title="Ninggerum language">Ninggerum </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangko_language" title="Tangko language">Tangko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifal_language" title="Tifal language">Tifal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonggom_language" title="Yonggom language">Yonggom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Momuna%E2%80%93Mek_languages" title="Momuna–Mek languages">Momuna–Mek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eipo_language" title="Eipo language">Eipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath_language" title="Goliath language">Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketengban_language" title="Ketengban language">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosarek_language" title="Kosarek language">Kosarek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korupun_language" title="Korupun language">Korupun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalca_language" title="Nalca language">Nalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipsan_language" title="Nipsan language">Nipsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somahai_language" title="Somahai language">Somahai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skou_language" title="Skou language">Skou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Pauwasi_languages" title="South Pauwasi languages">South Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biksi-Yetfa_language" title="Biksi-Yetfa language">Biksi-Yetfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kembra_language" title="Kembra language">Kembra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimki_language" title="Kimki language">Kimki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki_language" title="Lepki language">Lepki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murkim_language" title="Murkim language">Murkim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Pauwasi_languages" title="East Pauwasi languages">East Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emem_language" title="Emem language">Emem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorop_language" title="Zorop language">Zorop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Pauwasi_languages" title="West Pauwasi languages">West Pauwasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namla_language" title="Namla language">Namla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebi_language" title="Tebi language">Tebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofanma_language" title="Tofanma language">Tofanma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towei_language" title="Towei language">Towei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usku_language" title="Usku language">Usku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaure_language" title="Kaure language">Kaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosare_language" title="Kosare language">Kosare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marind%E2%80%93Yaqai_languages" title="Marind–Yaqai languages">Marind–Yaqai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipim_language" title="Bipim language">Bipim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_language" title="Marind language">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqay_language" title="Yaqay language">Yaqay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelmek_language" title="Yelmek language">Yelmek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_languages" title="Kayagar languages">Kayagar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atohwaim_language" title="Atohwaim language">Atohwaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayagar_language" title="Kayagar language">Kayagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagario_language" title="Tamagario language">Tamagario</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awyi_language" title="Awyi language">Awyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elseng_language" title="Elseng language">Elseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taikat_language" title="Taikat language">Taikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manem_language" title="Manem language">Manem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowanda_language" title="Sowanda language">Sowanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viid_language" title="Viid language">Viid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waris_language" title="Waris language">Waris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dera_language" title="Dera language">Dera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_language" title="Mairasi language">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_language" title="Mer language">Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semimi_language" title="Semimi language">Semimi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kolopom_languages" title="Kolopom languages">Kolopom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimaghama_language" title="Kimaghama language">Kimaghama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morori_language" title="Morori language">Morori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndom_language" title="Ndom language">Ndom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riantana_language" title="Riantana language">Riantana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngkolmpu_Kanum_language" title="Ngkolmpu Kanum language">Ngkolmpu Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rema_language" title="Rema language">Rema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smerki_language" title="Smerki language">Smerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamer_language" title="Tamer language">Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_language" title="Yei language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warembori_language" title="Warembori language">Warembori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_language" title="Yoke language">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amung language">Amung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dem_language" title="Dem language">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanum language">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momina language">Momina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_language_(Papuan)" title="Mor language (Papuan)">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Papuan)" title="Pyu language (Papuan)">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumuri_language" title="Sumuri language">Sumuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhunduni_languages" title="Uhunduni languages">Uhunduni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin language">Pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Malay-based_creoles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay-based creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alor_Malay" title="Alor Malay">Alor Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda Malay">Banda Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese Malay">Balinese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorap_language" title="Gorap language">Gorap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorontalo_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorontalo Malay (page does not exist)">Gorontalo Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupang_Malay" title="Kupang Malay">Kupang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larantuka_Malay" title="Larantuka Malay">Larantuka Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassar Malay">Makassar Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maumere_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maumere Malay (page does not exist)">Maumere Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sula_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sula Malay (page does not exist)">Sula Malay</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Pulo_language" title="Orang Pulo language">Orang Pulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Malay" title="Papuan Malay">Papuan Malay</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Serui_Malay" title="Serui Malay">Serui Malay</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Peranakan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surabayan_Peranakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surabayan Peranakan (page does not exist)">Surabayan</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other creoles and pidgins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidau_Creole_Portuguese" title="Bidau Creole Portuguese">Bidau Creole Portuguese</a> †</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flores_Creole_Portuguese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flores Creole Portuguese (page does not exist)">Flores Creole Portuguese</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Javindo language">Javindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardijker language">Mardijker</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Pidgin Iha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Pidgin Onin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugis_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugis language">Portugis</a> †</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tansi_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tansi language (page does not exist)">Tansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Pidgin Tukang Besi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainanese language">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien Chinese">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Riau_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Hokkien">Riau</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Hinghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic languages">Arabic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Arabic" title="Indonesian Arabic">Indonesian Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_Arabic" title="Hadhrami Arabic">Hadhrami Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign languages">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian Sign Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>† indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages of Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Malaysian_English_differences" title="British and Malaysian English differences">comparison with British English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Families</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai-Kadai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Natives</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duano%CA%BC_language" title="Duanoʼ language">Duanoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Mos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reman_Malay" title="Reman Malay">Reman Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau language">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian/Kedayan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukar%E2%80%93Sadong_language" title="Bukar–Sadong language">Bukar–Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Kadazan dialect">Coastal Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana%CA%BC_language" title="Ganaʼ language">Ganaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Punan Bah-Biau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma%CA%BC_Lasan_language" title="Umaʼ Lasan language">Umaʼ Lasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoshan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaoshan Min">Chaoshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian<br />archipelago</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarese_language" title="Banjarese language">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_language" title="Bawean language">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)#Dialect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Chetty_creole_language" title="Malay Chetty creole language">Chetty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed & Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak" title="Bahasa Rojak">Rojak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_Malaysia" title="Esperanto in Malaysia">Esperanto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigrants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Indonesian_and_Standard_Malay" title="Comparison of Indonesian and Standard Malay">comparison with Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Extinct languages</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Nearly extinct languages</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Netherlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template:Languages of the Netherlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Template talk:Languages of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Netherlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Netherlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Languages of the Netherlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (national)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Netherlands" title="English in the Netherlands">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Limburgish language">Limburgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_New_Caledonia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Template:Languages of New Caledonia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Template talk:Languages of New Caledonia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of New Caledonia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_New_Caledonia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Languages of New Caledonia">Languages of New Caledonia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="NewCaledonian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonian_languages" title="New Caledonian languages">New<br />Caledonian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caac_language" title="Caac language">Caac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8muh%C3%AE_language" title="Cèmuhî language">Cèmuhî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fw%C3%A2i_language" title="Fwâi language">Fwâi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveke_language" title="Haveke language">Haveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaai_language" title="Iaai language">Iaai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawe_language" title="Jawe language">Jawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumak_language" title="Kumak language">Kumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_language" title="Nemi language">Nemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%A2layu_language" title="Nyâlayu language">Nyâlayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pije_language" title="Pije language">Pije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwaamei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwaamei language">Pwaamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwapw%C3%A2_language" title="Pwapwâ language">Pwapwâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamale_language" title="Vamale language">Vamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanga_language" title="Yuanga language">Yuanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%A2_language" title="Arhâ language">Arhâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%B6_language" title="Arhö language">Arhö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndrumbea_language" title="Ndrumbea language">Ndrumbea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neku_language" title="Neku language">Neku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A8%C3%A8_language" title="Numèè language">Numèè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orowe_language" title="Orowe language">Orowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zire_language" title="Zire language">Sîchë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AEr%C3%AE_language" title="Tîrî language">Tîrî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2c%C3%B9%C3%B9" title="Xârâcùù">Xârâcùù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2gur%C3%A8_language" title="Xârâgurè language">Xârâgurè</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haeke_language" title="Haeke language">Haeke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Uvean_language" title="West Uvean language">West Uvean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-indigenous<br />language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Javanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Singapore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Template:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Singapore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Johor-Riau Malay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages#Singapore_Bazaar_Malay" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Bazaar Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Creole Malay">Chitty Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Henghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Hokchew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_languages_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian languages in Singapore">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Indonesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_language" title="Angkola language">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Baweanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singaporean Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Languages of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Template talk:Languages of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages of Sri Lanka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan English</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Malay_language" title="Sri Lanka Malay language">Sri Lankan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Portuguese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole">Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan sign languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formerly spoken and extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceylon_Creole_Dutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceylon Creole Dutch (page does not exist)">Ceylon Creole Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodiya_dialect" title="Rodiya dialect">Rodiya</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup><i>Recognized as a "link" language</i> <sup>2</sup><i>a liturgical language</i> <sup>3</sup><i>a dialect of Sinhala</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Suriname" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Suriname" title="Template:Languages of Suriname"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Suriname" title="Template talk:Languages of Suriname"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Suriname" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Suriname"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Suriname" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Suriname">Languages of Suriname</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndyuka_language" title="Ndyuka language">Aukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwinti_language" title="Kwinti language">Kwinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saramaccan_language" title="Saramaccan language">Saramaccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sranan_Tongo" title="Sranan Tongo">Sranan Tongo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akurio_language" title="Akurio language">Akurio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawak_language" title="Arawak language">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawayana_language" title="Mawayana language">Mawayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikiana_language" title="Sikiana language">Sikiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiriy%C3%B3_language" title="Tiriyó language">Trió</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiwai_language" title="Waiwai language">Waiwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayana_language" title="Wayana language">Wayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_languages" title="Template talk:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sumatran*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages" title="Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages">Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">South Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Barito*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>North Borneo * <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages" title="Melanau–Kajang languages">Melanau–Kajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li>Malayo–Chamic *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages" title="Bungku–Tolaki languages">Bungku–Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna%E2%80%93Buton_languages" title="Muna–Buton languages">Muna–Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan%E2%80%93Banggai_languages" title="Saluan–Banggai languages">Saluan–Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini%E2%80%93Tolitoli_languages" title="Tomini–Tolitoli languages">Tomini–Tolitoli</a>*</li> <li>Kaili–Wolio*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_languages" title="Makassar languages">Makassar</a></li> <li>Seko–Badaic*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Sulawesi_languages" title="Northern South Sulawesi languages">Northern South Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei–Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a></li> <li>Kowiai?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat%E2%80%93South_Halmahera_languages" title="Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">St. Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast Solomonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso-Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vanuatu <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South</a></li></ul></li> <li>Loyalties–New Caledonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33549#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120210-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574986">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="javánština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph508969&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000324577&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531506305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&oldid=1259123202">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javanese_language&oldid=1259123202</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Javanese_language" title="Category:Javanese language">Javanese language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_attested_from_the_9th_century" title="Category:Languages attested from the 9th century">Languages attested from the 9th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Category:Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agglutinative_languages" title="Category:Agglutinative languages">Agglutinative languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Languages of Indonesia">Languages of Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Languages of Malaysia">Languages of Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Suriname" title="Category:Languages of Suriname">Languages of Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_languages" 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href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_April_2021" title="Category:Use American English from April 2021">Use American English from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2021">Use dmy dates from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Javanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Javanese-language text">Articles containing Javanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Javanese_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Javanese IPA">Pages with Javanese IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language articles with Linguasphere 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