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id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skryť</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Začiatok</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Vznik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vznik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Vznik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vznik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zloženie_a_vlastnosti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zloženie_a_vlastnosti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zloženie a vlastnosti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zloženie_a_vlastnosti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Výskyt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Výskyt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Výskyt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Výskyt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Význam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Význam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Význam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Význam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referencie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iné_projekty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iné_projekty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Iné projekty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iné_projekty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prepnúť obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prepnúť obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spraš</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prejsť na článok v inom jazyku. Je dostupný v 55 jazykoch" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 jazykov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loess" title="Loess – aragónčina" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Loess" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8_%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="راسب طفالي – arabčina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راسب طفالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D1%81_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Лёс (горная парода) – bieloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лёс (горная парода)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bieloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Лёэс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лёэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Льос – bulharčina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Льос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loess" title="Loess – katalánčina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Loess" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spra%C5%A1" title="Spraš – čeština" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spraš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čeština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8ss" title="Løss – dánčina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Løss" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6ss" title="Löss – nemčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Löss" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loess" title="Loess – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Loess" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C5%ADso" title="Leŭso – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leŭso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loess" title="Loess – španielčina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Loess" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španielčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6ss" title="Löss – estónčina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Löss" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loess" title="Loess – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Loess" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA" title="بادرفت – perzština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بادرفت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6ssi" title="Lössi – fínčina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lössi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%93ss" title="Lœss – francúzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lœss" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francúzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6s" title="Lös – severná frízština" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Lös" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="severná frízština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="לס – hebrejčina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="लोयस – hindčina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लोयस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les" title="Les – chorvátčina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Les" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvátčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6sz" title="Lösz – maďarčina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lösz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Լյոս – arménčina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լյոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loess" title="Loess – indonézština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Loess" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonézština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6ss" title="Löss – islandčina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Löss" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6ss" title="Löss – taliančina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Löss" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="taliančina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%9C%9F" title="黄土 – japončina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黄土" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japončina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ლიოსი – gruzínčina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81" title="Лесс – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лесс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%ED%86%A0" title="황토 – kórejčina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="황토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kórejčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweres" title="Gweres – kornčina" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gweres" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D1%81%D1%81" title="Лёсс – kirgizština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лёсс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loess" title="Loess – latinčina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Loess" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6ss" title="Löss – limburčina" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Löss" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liosas" title="Liosas – litovčina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liosas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ലോയസ്സ് – malajálamčina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലോയസ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6ss" title="Löss – dolná saština" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Löss" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="dolná saština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6ss" title="Löss – holandčina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Löss" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8ss" title="Løss – nórčina (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Løss" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nórčina (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8ss" title="Løss – nórčina (bokmal)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Løss" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="nórčina (bokmal)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%93ss" title="Lœss – okcitánčina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lœss" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6%C3%9F" title="Löß – falčtina" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Löß" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="falčtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less" title="Less – poľština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Less" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poľština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loesse" title="Loesse – portugalčina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Loesse" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loess" title="Loess – rumunčina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Loess" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D1%81%D1%81" title="Лёсс – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лёсс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Лес – rusínština" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лес" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puhlica" title="Puhlica – slovinčina" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Puhlica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Лес – srbčina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6ssjord" title="Lössjord – švédčina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lössjord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="லோயஸ் – tamilčina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லோயஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6sler" title="Lösler – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lösler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Лес – ukrajinčina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyoss" title="Lyoss – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lyoss" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%9C%9F" title="黃土 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黃土" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22723#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Upraviť medzijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upraviť odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Menné priestory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spra%C5%A1" title="Zobraziť obsah stránky [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stránka</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskusia:Spra%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskusia o obsahu stránky (stránka neexistuje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Změnit variantu jazyka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">slovenčina</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Zobrazenia"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spra%C5%A1"><span>Čítať</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&veaction=edit" title="Upraviť túto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Upraviť</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&action=edit" title="Upraviť zdrojový kód tejto stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Upraviť zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&action=history" title="Minulé revízie tejto stránky. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zobraziť históriu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje stránky"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Nástroje" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nástroje</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skryť</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Další možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Akcie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spra%C5%A1"><span>Čítať</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&veaction=edit" title="Upraviť túto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Upraviť</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&action=edit" title="Upraviť zdrojový kód tejto stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Upraviť zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&action=history"><span>Zobraziť históriu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Všeobecné </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:%C4%8CoOdkazujeSem/Spra%C5%A1" title="Zoznam všetkých wiki stránok, ktoré sem odkazujú [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Odkazy na túto stránku</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:S%C3%BAvisiacePosledn%C3%A9%C3%9Apravy/Spra%C5%A1" rel="nofollow" title="Posledné úpravy na stránkach, na ktoré odkazuje táto stránka [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Súvisiace úpravy</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=sk" title="Nahranie súborov [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Nahrať súbor</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lneStr%C3%A1nky" title="Zoznam všetkých špeciálnych stránok [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Špeciálne stránky</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&oldid=7673335" title="Trvalý odkaz na túto verziu stránky"><span>Trvalý odkaz</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&action=info" title="Viac informácií o tejto stránke"><span>Informácie o stránke</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Citova%C5%A5&page=Spra%C5%A1&id=7673335&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informácie ako citovať túto stránku"><span>Citovať túto stránku</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpra%25C5%25A1"><span>Získať skrátené URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsk.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpra%25C5%25A1"><span>Stiahnuť QR kód</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tlačiť/exportovať </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Knihy&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Spra%C5%A1"><span>Vytvoriť knihu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:DownloadAsPdf&page=Spra%C5%A1&action=show-download-screen"><span>Stiahnuť ako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&printable=yes" title="Verzia tejto stránky pre tlač [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Verzia pre tlač</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> V iných projektoch </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Loess" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22723" title="Odkaz na prepojenú položku dátového úložiska [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Položka Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje stránky"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhľad"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhľad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">presunúť do postranného panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skryť</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">z Wikipédie, slobodnej encyklopédie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sk" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellspacing="3" align="right" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.5em;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; background-color: #DDC; font-size: 1.5em; padding: 5px;">Spraš<div style="font-size: 95%; font-style: italic; font-style: normal; font-size: 0.7em; margin-top: 5px;"><a href="/wiki/Usaden%C3%A1_hornina" title="Usadená hornina">usadená hornina</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:PP_Sprasova_rokle_u_Zemech_Kralupy_nad_Vltavou_CZ_loess_181.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spraš z rokliny pri Zeměchoch, Kralupy nad Vltavou v Česku."><img alt="Spraš z rokliny pri Zeměchoch, Kralupy nad Vltavou v Česku." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PP_Sprasova_rokle_u_Zemech_Kralupy_nad_Vltavou_CZ_loess_181.jpg/230px-PP_Sprasova_rokle_u_Zemech_Kralupy_nad_Vltavou_CZ_loess_181.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PP_Sprasova_rokle_u_Zemech_Kralupy_nad_Vltavou_CZ_loess_181.jpg/345px-PP_Sprasova_rokle_u_Zemech_Kralupy_nad_Vltavou_CZ_loess_181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/PP_Sprasova_rokle_u_Zemech_Kralupy_nad_Vltavou_CZ_loess_181.jpg/460px-PP_Sprasova_rokle_u_Zemech_Kralupy_nad_Vltavou_CZ_loess_181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span> <br /> <span style="">Spraš z rokliny pri Zeměchoch, Kralupy nad Vltavou v Česku.</span></td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color: #DDC;">Zloženie</th></tr><tr><th style="">Hlavné <a href="/wiki/Miner%C3%A1l" title="Minerál">minerály</a></th><td style=""><a href="/wiki/Kreme%C5%88" title="Kremeň">kremeň</a> prachovej veľkosti, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dlov%C3%A9_miner%C3%A1ly" class="mw-redirect" title="Ílové minerály">ílové minerály</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivce" class="mw-redirect" title="Živce">živce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalcit" title="Kalcit">kalcit</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color: #DDC;">Vlastnosti</th></tr><tr><th style=""><a href="/wiki/Text%C3%BAra_(geol%C3%B3gia)" title="Textúra (geológia)">Textúra</a></th><td style="">aleuritická, masívna</td></tr><tr><th style="">Farba</th><td style="">svetložltá, hnedastá</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" title="Portál, ktorého súčasťou je táto stránka" style="text-align:center; border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="border: solid #aaa 1px; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0ex 1ex; display:inline-table; padding: 0ex 0.05ex; border-style:none; background:transparent;" title="Portál, ktorého súčasťou je táto stránka"> <table style="margin: 0; padding: 0ex"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;margin: 0;border:none;"> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border:none;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Vedy_o_Zemi" title="Portál vied o Zemi"><img alt="Portál vied o Zemi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jordens_inre.svg/18px-Jordens_inre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jordens_inre.svg/27px-Jordens_inre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jordens_inre.svg/36px-Jordens_inre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="833" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Vedy_o_Zemi" title="Portál:Vedy o Zemi">Portál vied o Zemi</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Spraš</b> je nespevnená, masívna <a href="/wiki/Usaden%C3%A1_hornina" title="Usadená hornina">usadená hornina</a> žltej farby, tvorená nadpolovičným obsahom častíc <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">prachovej</a> (aleuritovej) veľkosti. Väčšina spraší vzniká <a href="/wiki/Sediment%C3%A1cia" class="mw-disambig" title="Sedimentácia">usadzovaním</a> vyvievaných sedimentov. Často sa v nich nachádzajú vápnité <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konkr%C3%A9cia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konkrécia (stránka neexistuje)">konkrécie</a> označované ako <i>cicváre</i>, ktoré vznikajú vylúhovaním karbonátov. Spraše majú dôležitú <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B4da" title="Pôda">pôdotvornú</a> úlohu a sú hlavnou materskou horninou <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cernozem" title="Černozem">černozeme</a>. </p><p>Spraše ako prvý definoval <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Ch. Lyell</a>. Porovnával spraše z údolia <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_(rieka)" title="Mississippi (rieka)">Mississippi</a> so sprašami v údolí <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BDn" title="Rýn">Rýna</a>. Pôvodne bol presvedčený, že sú fluviálnym (<a href="/wiki/Rieka" title="Rieka">riečnymi</a>) sedimentami. Až neskôr v roku 1877 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_von_Richthofen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand von Richthofen (stránka neexistuje)">F. von Richthofen</a> poukázal na ich eolický (naviaty) pôvod. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vznik">Vznik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Upraviť sekciu: Vznik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vznik"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sú to najrozšírenejšie, vetrom naviate (eolické) <a href="/wiki/Prach" class="mw-disambig" title="Prach">prachové</a> sedimenty. Glaciálne spraše sa tvorili v <a href="/wiki/Pleistoc%C3%A9n" title="Pleistocén">pleistocénnych</a> ľadových dobách, keď vplyvom suchého a studeného <a href="/wiki/Podnebie_(kl%C3%ADma)" title="Podnebie (klíma)">podnebia</a> prebiehalo silné mrazové zvetrávanie hornín. Pevné horniny sa účinkom mrazu rozpadli až na prach. Vodami topiacich sa ľadovcov boli prachové zvetraliny premiestňované. Stali sa súčasťou glaciofluviálnych sedimentov. Z dolín riek bol jemný prach vyvievaný vetrom a usadzovaný v miestach, kde vietor strácal svoju unášaciu schopnosť (obyčajne v závetrí). Slovenské spraše sa ukladali najmä na miernych svahoch sklonených k V, JV alebo J. Z prachu sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedogen%C3%A9za_(geol%C3%B3gia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedogenéza (geológia) (stránka neexistuje)">pedogenetickýni</a> procesom vytvorila spraš. Spraše sa tvorili i v <a href="/wiki/Mo%C4%8Diar" title="Močiar">močiaroch</a>, resp. v prostredí, kde boli občas zaplavené vodu (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rie%C4%8Dna_niva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riečna niva (stránka neexistuje)">riečne nivy</a>). Sprašová prikrývka sa tvorila počas niekoľkých ľadových dôb (<a href="/wiki/%C4%BDadov%C3%A1_doba" title="Ľadová doba">gláciálov</a>) a <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0tadi%C3%A1l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Štadiál (stránka neexistuje)">štadiálov</a> (studené obdobia počas ľadovej doby oddelené navzájom teplejšími <a href="/wiki/Inter%C5%A1tadi%C3%A1l" title="Interštadiál">interštadiálmi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-mineraly.sk_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mineraly.sk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neglaciálne spraše vznikajú na <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BA%C5%A1%C5%A5" title="Púšť">púštiach</a>, prípadne iných oblastiach postihnutých silnými vetrami, jazerách typu <a href="/wiki/Playa" title="Playa">playa</a> a tiež ukladaním <a href="/wiki/Vulkanick%C3%BD_popol" title="Vulkanický popol">vulkanického popola</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zloženie_a_vlastnosti"><span id="Zlo.C5.BEenie_a_vlastnosti"></span>Zloženie a vlastnosti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Upraviť sekciu: Zloženie a vlastnosti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Zloženie a vlastnosti"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Museo_de_La_Plata_-_Mu%C3%B1edo_de_Loess,_Estructura_sedimentaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Museo_de_La_Plata_-_Mu%C3%B1edo_de_Loess%2C_Estructura_sedimentaria.jpg/220px-Museo_de_La_Plata_-_Mu%C3%B1edo_de_Loess%2C_Estructura_sedimentaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Museo_de_La_Plata_-_Mu%C3%B1edo_de_Loess%2C_Estructura_sedimentaria.jpg/330px-Museo_de_La_Plata_-_Mu%C3%B1edo_de_Loess%2C_Estructura_sedimentaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Museo_de_La_Plata_-_Mu%C3%B1edo_de_Loess%2C_Estructura_sedimentaria.jpg/440px-Museo_de_La_Plata_-_Mu%C3%B1edo_de_Loess%2C_Estructura_sedimentaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="2861" /></a><figcaption>Vápenatá sprašová konkrécia z nemeckého Weinheimu.</figcaption></figure> <p>Spraš predstavuje svetlookrový až svetložltohnedý, mäkký, pórovitý, nevrstevnatý (masívny) sediment. Je typický svojou stĺpcovou odlučnosťou, často vytvára kolmé steny. Za sucha je to mäkká ale súdržná hornina sivožltej až hnedožltej farby. Obsahuje 45-65 % prachových (aleuritických) a piesčitých (psamitických) častíc, ktoré tvorí hlavne kremeň a živce. <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dlov%C3%A9_miner%C3%A1ly" class="mw-redirect" title="Ílové minerály">Ílové minerály</a> tvoria 25-35 % objemu. Kalcit tvorí predovšetkým medzizrnový cement, preto šumí pri skúške so zriedenou <a href="/wiki/HCl" class="mw-redirect" title="HCl">HCl</a>. Musí mať obsah nad 50% častíc s priemerom 0,05 až 0,01 mm<sup id="cite_ref-Encyklopédia_Slovenska_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyklopédia_Slovenska-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, resp. 0,03 až 0,06 mm<sup id="cite_ref-geology.cz_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology.cz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Častice tejto veľkosti možno označiť ako hrubozrnný silt až veľmi jemný piesok. Hrúbka spraší dosahuje až 30 m, na plošinách okolo 5 m. Zo stúpajúcou nadmorskou výškou (asi od 300 m) prechádzajú typické spraše do nevápnitých, často hrubozrnnejších sprašových hlín. Spraše, ako mäkké sedimenty ľahko podliehajú vodnej erózii, preto sú často, najmä na svahoch rozbrázdené.<sup id="cite_ref-mineraly.sk_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mineraly.sk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Niekedy v nich možno nájsť kosti <a href="/wiki/Stavovce" title="Stavovce">stavovcov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulitn%C3%ADky" title="Ulitníky">ulitníky</a> a stopy po ľudskej činnosti. </p><p>Vyluhovaním CaCO<sub>3</sub> z horniny a jeho spätné vyzrážanie má za následok vznik konkrécií nepravidelného tvaru, označovaných aj ako sprašové bábiky alebo cicváre.<sup id="cite_ref-geology.cz_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology.cz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spraše sa z inžiniersko-geologického hľadiska vyznačujú schopnosťou tzv. presadania. Presadavosť spraší je proces, pri ktorom dochádza po ich zvlhčení k <a href="/wiki/Objem" class="mw-disambig" title="Objem">objemovej</a> nestálosti. V extrémnych prípadoch môžu 30 m hrubé polohy spraší po zvlhčení zmenšiť svoju hrúbku až o 2,5 m. Stavby založené na sprašiach preto musia byť chránené pred priesakom vody do podložia, prípadne dimenzované tak aby vydržali nerovnomerné sadanie podložia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Výskyt"><span id="V.C3.BDskyt"></span>Výskyt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Upraviť sekciu: Výskyt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Výskyt"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAbor:Szulim%C3%A1n,_l%C3%B6szbev%C3%A1g%C3%A1s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Szulim%C3%A1n%2C_l%C3%B6szbev%C3%A1g%C3%A1s.jpg/220px-Szulim%C3%A1n%2C_l%C3%B6szbev%C3%A1g%C3%A1s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Szulim%C3%A1n%2C_l%C3%B6szbev%C3%A1g%C3%A1s.jpg/330px-Szulim%C3%A1n%2C_l%C3%B6szbev%C3%A1g%C3%A1s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Szulim%C3%A1n%2C_l%C3%B6szbev%C3%A1g%C3%A1s.jpg/440px-Szulim%C3%A1n%2C_l%C3%B6szbev%C3%A1g%C3%A1s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Odkryv v sprašiach blízko maďarského <a href="/wiki/Szulim%C3%A1n" title="Szulimán">Szulimánu</a>. Spraše bežne tvoria dobré odkryvy, kvôli svojej stĺpcovej odlučnosti.</figcaption></figure> <p>Môžu dosahovať pomerne veľké hrúbky, zriedkavo až stovky metrov. Takéto hrubé polohy spraší sú známe z <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%BDR" class="mw-redirect" title="ČĽR">Číny</a>. Časť z nich nepatrí ku glaciálnym, lebo boli vyvievané z púšte <a href="/wiki/Gobi" title="Gobi">Gobi</a> a iných na severe krajiny, časť však bola erodovaná <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDlt%C3%A1_rieka" title="Žltá rieka">Žltou riekou</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Rovnako hrubé akumulácie spraší sú známe zo <a href="/wiki/Midwest_(USA)" title="Midwest (USA)">Stredozápadu</a> <a href="/wiki/Spojen%C3%A9_%C5%A1t%C3%A1ty" title="Spojené štáty">USA</a> (oblasť <a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%A9_pr%C3%A9rie" title="Veľké prérie">Veľkých prérií</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" class="mw-disambig" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> a <a href="/wiki/Colorado_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t_USA)" title="Colorado (štát USA)">Colorado</a>). Spraše väčšinou tvoria menej hrubé, max. desiatky metrov, avšak pomerne rozsiahle výskyty na desiatkach až stovkách kilometrov štvorcových. Spraše <a href="/wiki/Vulkanizmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulkanizmus">vulkanického</a> pôvodu sú známe z <a href="/wiki/Ekv%C3%A1dor" title="Ekvádor">Ekvádoru</a> a <a href="/wiki/Argent%C3%ADna" title="Argentína">Argentíny</a>. Niektoré spraše z Argentíny vznikli v tropickom prostredí rovnako ako v Brazílii a Uruguayi. Španielske spraše sú typické vysokým obsahom <a href="/wiki/Sadrovec" title="Sadrovec">sadrovca</a>. Neglaciálne spraše boli nájdené aj v <a href="/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lia" class="mw-disambig" title="Austrália">Austrálii</a> a <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrike</a>. </p><p>V <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesko" title="Česko">Česku</a> sú známe z oblasti <a href="/wiki/Znojmo" title="Znojmo">Znojma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brna</a> a <a href="/wiki/Vy%C5%A1kov" title="Vyškov">Vyškova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tvoria podstatnú časť výplne najmladších častí <a href="/wiki/Pan%C3%B3nska_panva" title="Panónska panva">Panónskej panvy</a> v <a href="/wiki/Ma%C4%8Farsko" title="Maďarsko">Maďarsku</a>. </p><p>Na <a href="/wiki/Slovensko" title="Slovensko">Slovensku</a> sa vyskytujú na <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1horie" title="Záhorie">Záhorí</a>, ale hlavne na <a href="/wiki/Trnavsk%C3%A1_pahorkatina" title="Trnavská pahorkatina">Trnavskej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrianska_pahorkatina" title="Nitrianska pahorkatina">Nitrianskej</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDitavsk%C3%A1_pahorkatina" title="Žitavská pahorkatina">Žitavskej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hronsk%C3%A1_pahorkatina" title="Hronská pahorkatina">Hronskej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipe%C4%BEsk%C3%A1_pahorkatina" title="Ipeľská pahorkatina">Ipeľskej pahorkatine</a> a na <a href="/wiki/V%C3%BDchodoslovensk%C3%A1_n%C3%AD%C5%BEina" title="Východoslovenská nížina">Východoslovenskej nížine</a>. Pozdĺž tokov zasahujú do kotlín <a href="/wiki/Ipe%C4%BEsk%C3%A1_kotlina" title="Ipeľská kotlina">Ipeľskej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu%C4%8Deneck%C3%A1_kotlina" class="mw-redirect" title="Lučenecká kotlina">Lučenskej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rimavsk%C3%A1_kotlina" title="Rimavská kotlina">Rimavskej</a> a <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ick%C3%A1_kotlina" title="Košická kotlina">Košickej</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mineraly.sk_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mineraly.sk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Najväčšiu hrúbku okolo 30 m dosahujú spraše v <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ri%C5%A1%C5%88ovsk%C3%A1_depresia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rišňovská depresia (stránka neexistuje)">Rišňovskej depresii</a> pri <a href="/wiki/Alek%C5%A1ince" title="Alekšince">Alekšinciach</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Význam"><span id="V.C3.BDznam"></span>Význam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Upraviť sekciu: Význam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Význam"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spraše na Slovensku vytvárajú vhodný substrát pre tvorbu kvalitných <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B4da" title="Pôda">pôd</a><sup id="cite_ref-geology.cz_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology.cz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Miestami boli alebo sú ťažené ako tehliarska surovina napr. pri <a href="/wiki/Trnava" title="Trnava">Trnave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modra" title="Modra">Modre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitra" title="Nitra">Nitre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levice_(Slovensko)" title="Levice (Slovensko)">Leviciach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nov%C3%A9_Z%C3%A1mky" title="Nové Zámky">Nových Zámkoch</a> a inde<sup id="cite_ref-Encyklopédia_Slovenska_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyklopédia_Slovenska-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencie">Referencie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Upraviť sekciu: Referencie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Referencie"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mineraly.sk-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-mineraly.sk_1-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mineraly.sk_1-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mineraly.sk_1-2"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> <i>Minerály a horniny Slovenska - spraš</i> [online]. mineraly.sk, [cit. 2010-04-05]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224224656/http://www.mineraly.sk/files/hor/spras.htm">Dostupné online.</a> Archivované 2015-12-24 z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mineraly.sk/files/hor/spras.htm">originálu.</a> </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyklopédia_Slovenska-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyklopédia_Slovenska_2-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyklopédia_Slovenska_2-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladár, J. a kolektív, 1981: <i><a href="/wiki/Encyklop%C3%A9dia_Slovenska" title="Encyklopédia Slovenska">Encyklopédia Slovenska. V. zväzok R-S</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/VEDA,_vydavate%C4%BEstvo_Slovenskej_akad%C3%A9mie_vied" title="VEDA, vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied">Veda</a>, Bratislava, s. 573</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geology.cz-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-geology.cz_3-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geology.cz_3-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-geology.cz_3-2"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Petr%C3%A1nek_(geol%C3%B3g)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Petránek (geológ) (stránka neexistuje)">PETRÁNEK, Jan</a>. <i>On-line geologická encyklopedie - spraš</i> [online]. geology.cz, [cit. 2010-04-05]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geology.cz/aplikace/encyklopedie/term.pl?spras">Dostupné online.</a> </cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Šajgajík, J., 1991: <i>Sedimentológia spraší.</i> Mineralia Slovaca, 23, s. 251-254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> <i>Přehled názvů hornin</i> [online]. geologie.estranky.cz, [cit. 2010-04-05]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geologie.estranky.cz/stranka/pnh">Dostupné online.</a> </cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iné_projekty"><span id="In.C3.A9_projekty"></span>Iné projekty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Upraviť sekciu: Iné projekty" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>upraviť</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spra%C5%A1&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Iné projekty"><span>upraviť zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="interProject commons" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Loess" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Loess">Commons</a></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spolupracuj na Commons"><img alt="Spolupracuj na Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Loess" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Loess">Spraš</a></b></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Zdroj: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spraš&oldid=7673335">https://sk.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spraš&oldid=7673335</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0peci%C3%A1lne:Kateg%C3%B3rie" title="Špeciálne:Kategórie">Kategória</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kateg%C3%B3ria:Usaden%C3%A9_horniny" title="Kategória:Usadené horniny">Usadené horniny</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skrytá kategória: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kateg%C3%B3ria:Port%C3%A1l:Vedy_o_Zemi/Zapojen%C3%A9_%C4%8Dl%C3%A1nky" title="Kategória:Portál:Vedy o Zemi/Zapojené články">Portál:Vedy o Zemi/Zapojené články</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Dátum a čas poslednej úpravy tejto stránky: 10. október 2023, 18:37.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text je dostupný za podmienok <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 4.0 Unported</a>; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. 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