CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sock puppet account - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a268c153-b099-4fae-a192-9e45cfaba9c6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sock_puppet_account","wgTitle":"Sock puppet account","wgCurRevisionId":1258360797,"wgRevisionId":1258360797,"wgArticleId":1744341,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users","Use mdy dates from September 2019","Commons category link is locally defined","Internet terminology","Internet trolling","Internet manipulation and propaganda","Deception"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sock_puppet_account", "wgRelevantArticleId":1744341,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Sock_puppetry","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Sock_puppet_account","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q798599", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc" ,"skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg/1200px-Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg/800px-Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg/640px-Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sock puppet account - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sock_puppet_account"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sock_puppet_account"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Sock_puppet_account rootpage-Sock_puppet_account skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sock+puppet+account" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sock+puppet+account" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sock+puppet+account" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sock+puppet+account" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Block_evasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block_evasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Block evasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block_evasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballot_stuffing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballot_stuffing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ballot stuffing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballot_stuffing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strawman_sockpuppet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strawman_sockpuppet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Strawman sockpuppet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strawman_sockpuppet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meatpuppet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meatpuppet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Meatpuppet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meatpuppet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigation_of_sockpuppetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigation_of_sockpuppetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Investigation of sockpuppetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigation_of_sockpuppetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_implications_of_sockpuppetry_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_implications_of_sockpuppetry_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal implications of sockpuppetry in the United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_implications_of_sockpuppetry_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal implications of sockpuppetry in the United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_implications_of_sockpuppetry_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_v._Drew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_v._Drew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>United States v. Drew</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_v._Drew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_v._Golb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_v._Golb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>People v. Golb</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_v._Golb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Directions_for_Young_Adults,_Inc._v._Davis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Directions_for_Young_Adults,_Inc._v._Davis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>New Directions for Young Adults, Inc. v. Davis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Directions_for_Young_Adults,_Inc._v._Davis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_sockpuppetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_sockpuppetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples of sockpuppetry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_sockpuppetry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples of sockpuppetry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_sockpuppetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Business_promotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_promotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Business promotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_promotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_and_film_reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_and_film_reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Book and film reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_and_film_reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blog_commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blog_commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Blog commentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blog_commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politically_oriented" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politically_oriented"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Politically oriented</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politically_oriented-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_sockpuppetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_sockpuppetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Government sockpuppetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_sockpuppetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sock puppet account</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockenpuppe" title="Sockenpuppe – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sockenpuppe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8_(%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA)" title="دمية جورب (إنترنت) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دمية جورب (إنترنت)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="ছক পাপেট একাউণ্ট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছক পাপেট একাউণ্ট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockpuppet" title="Sockpuppet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sockpuppet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockenpuppe_(Netzkultur)" title="Sockenpuppe (Netzkultur) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sockenpuppe (Netzkultur)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4piknukk_(Internet)" title="Käpiknukk (Internet) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Käpiknukk (Internet)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenta_de_usuario_t%C3%ADtere" title="Cuenta de usuario títere – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuenta de usuario títere" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantopupo_(Interreto)" title="Gantopupo (Interreto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gantopupo (Interreto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA)" title="زاپاس (اینترنت) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زاپاس (اینترنت)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faux-nez" title="Faux-nez – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Faux-nez" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monicreque_(Internet)" title="Monicreque (Internet) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monicreque (Internet)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%A4%91_%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95" title="다중 계정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다중 계정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F)" title="कठपुतली (इंटरनेट) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कठपुतली (इंटरनेट)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockpuppet" title="Sockpuppet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sockpuppet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%91_(%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98)" title="בובת גרב (אינטרנט) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בובת גרב (אינטרנט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloon_(internet)" title="Kloon (internet) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kloon (internet)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="حساب عروسه شراب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حساب عروسه شراب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A0_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%A0" title="ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯞꯁꯤꯟꯐꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯦꯛꯀꯥꯎꯟꯠ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯣꯡꯎꯞꯁꯤꯟꯐꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯅꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯦꯛꯀꯥꯎꯟꯠ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokpop_(internet)" title="Sokpop (internet) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sokpop (internet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%BD%9C%E8%87%AA%E6%BC%94_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88)" title="自作自演 (インターネット) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自作自演 (インターネット)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacynka_(informatyka)" title="Pacynka (informatyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pacynka (informatyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockpuppet" title="Sockpuppet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sockpuppet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Виртуал (Интернет) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виртуал (Интернет)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukull_nga_%C3%A7orapja" title="Kukull nga çorapja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kukull nga çorapja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sock_puppet_(internet)" title="Sock puppet (internet) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sock puppet (internet)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockpuppet" title="Sockpuppet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sockpuppet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haamuhenkil%C3%B6" title="Haamuhenkilö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haamuhenkilö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockpuppet_(internet)" title="Sockpuppet (internet) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sockpuppet (internet)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94_(%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95)" title="หุ่นเชิด (อินเทอร์เน็ต) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หุ่นเชิด (อินเทอร์เน็ต)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukla_(internet)" title="Kukla (internet) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kukla (internet)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0i_kho%E1%BA%A3n_r%E1%BB%91i" title="Tài khoản rối – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tài khoản rối" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%94%B2_(%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD)" title="马甲 (网络用语) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马甲 (网络用语)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q798599#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sock_puppet_account" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sock_puppet_account" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sock_puppet_account"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sock_puppet_account&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sock_puppet_account&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sock_puppet_account"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sock_puppet_account&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sock_puppet_account&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sock_puppet_account" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sock_puppet_account" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sock_puppet_account&oldid=1258360797" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sock_puppet_account&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sock_puppet_account&id=1258360797&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSock_puppet_account"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSock_puppet_account"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sock_puppet_account&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sock_puppet_account&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q798599" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until November 19, 2025 at 01:20 UTC, to prevent sock puppets of blocked or banned users from editing it"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sock_puppetry&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sock puppetry">Sock puppetry</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">False online identity used for deception</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">"Sockpuppetry" redirects here. For information about sockpuppetry on Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry">Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sock puppet with eyes in front of a computer keyboard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg/220px-Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg/330px-Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg/440px-Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5124" data-file-height="3843" /></a><figcaption>In Internet terms, sock puppets are online identities used for disguised activity by the operator.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>sock puppet</b> is a false online identity used for deceptive purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term originally referred to a <a href="/wiki/Sock_puppet" title="Sock puppet">hand puppet made from a sock</a>. Sock puppets include online identities created to praise, defend, or support a person or organization,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation" title="Internet manipulation">to manipulate public opinion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to circumvent restrictions such as viewing a social media account that a user is blocked from. Sock puppets are unwelcome in many online communities and forums. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The practice of writing pseudonymous self-reviews began before the Internet. Writers <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a> wrote pseudonymous reviews of their own books,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTamazon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTamazon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> defines the term without reference to the internet, as "a person whose actions are controlled by another; a minion" with a 2000 citation from <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has had a long history of problems with sockpuppetry. On October 21, 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> (WMF) condemned paid advocacy sockpuppeting on Wikipedia and, two days later on October 23, specifically banned <a href="/wiki/Wiki-PR_editing_of_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki-PR editing of Wikipedia">Wiki-PR editing of Wikipedia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August and September 2015, the WMF uncovered another group of sockpuppets known as <a href="/wiki/Orangemoody_editing_of_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangemoody editing of Wikipedia">Orangemoody</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block_evasion">Block evasion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Block evasion" redirects here. For the Wikipedia policy on evading blocks, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Block_evasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Block evasion">Wikipedia:Block evasion</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Block_(Internet)#Evasion" title="Block (Internet)">Block (Internet) § Evasion</a></div> <p>One reason for sockpuppeting is to circumvent a block, ban, or other form of sanction imposed on the person's original account.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballot_stuffing">Ballot stuffing</h3></div> <p>Sockpuppets may be created during an online poll to increase the puppeteer's votes. A related usage is the creation of multiple identities, each supporting the puppeteer's views in an argument, attempting to position the puppeteer as representing majority opinion and sideline opposition voices. In the abstract theory of <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reputation_system" title="Reputation system">reputation systems</a>, this is known as a <a href="/wiki/Sybil_attack" title="Sybil attack">Sybil attack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sockpuppet-like use of deceptive fake identities is used in <a href="/wiki/Stealth_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stealth marketing">stealth marketing</a>. The stealth marketer creates one or more pseudonymous accounts, each claiming to be a different enthusiastic supporter of the sponsor's product, book or ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strawman_sockpuppet">Strawman sockpuppet</h3></div> <p>A <i>strawman sockpuppet</i> (sometimes abbreviated as <i>strawpuppet</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> pseudonym created to make a particular point of view look foolish or unwholesome in order to generate negative sentiment against it. Strawman sockpuppets typically behave in an unintelligent, uninformed, or <a href="/wiki/Bigoted" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigoted">bigoted</a> manner, advancing "<a href="/wiki/Straw_man" title="Straw man">straw man</a>" arguments that their puppeteers can easily refute. The intended effect is to discredit more rational arguments made for the same position.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such sockpuppets behave in a similar manner to <a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">Internet trolls</a>. A particular case is the <a href="/wiki/Internet_troll#Concern_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">concern troll</a>, a false flag pseudonym created by a user whose actual point of view is opposed to that of the sockpuppet. The concern troll posts in web forums devoted to its declared point of view and attempts to sway the group's actions or opinions while claiming to share their goals, but with professed "concerns". The goal is to sow <a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty_and_doubt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear, uncertainty and doubt">fear, uncertainty and doubt</a> (FUD) within the group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meatpuppet">Meatpuppet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Meatpuppet" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Meat_Puppets" title="Meat Puppets">Meat Puppets</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Wikipedia's policy on meatpuppetry, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry#Meatpuppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry">Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry § Meatpuppetry</a>.</div> <p>Some sources have used the term <i>meatpuppet</i> as a synonym for sock puppet,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <i>meatpuppet</i> is more commonly accepted to be an account that is run by a person other than the puppeteer, yet used to accomplish the same goals as a typical sock puppet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigation_of_sockpuppetry">Investigation of sockpuppetry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sockpuppet investigation" redirects here. For Wikipedia's project page on investigating sockpuppets, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations">Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations</a>.</div> <p>A number of techniques have been developed to determine whether accounts are sockpuppets, including comparing the <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a> of suspected sockpuppets and comparative analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Writing_style" title="Writing style">writing style</a> of suspected sockpuppets.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using <a href="/wiki/GeoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GeoIP">GeoIP</a> it is possible to look up the IP addresses and locate them.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_implications_of_sockpuppetry_in_the_United_States"><span class="anchor" id="Legal_implications_of_sockpuppeting_in_the_United_States"></span> Legal implications of sockpuppetry in the United States</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_v._Drew"><i>United States v. Drew</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Drew" title="United States v. Drew">United States v. Drew</a></div> <p>In 2006, Missouri resident Lori Drew created a <a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">MySpace</a> account purporting to be operated by a fictitious 16-year-old boy named Josh Evans. "Josh Evans" began an online relationship with <a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier" title="Suicide of Megan Meier">Megan Meier</a>, a 13-year-old girl who had allegedly been in conflict with Drew's daughter. After "Josh Evans" ended the relationship with Meier, the latter died of suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-Seeendnote_b_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seeendnote_b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, Thomas O'Brien, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorney</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Central District of California">Central District of California</a>, charged Drew, then 49, with four felony counts: one count of conspiracy to violate the <a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a> (CFAA), which prohibits "accessing a computer without authorization via <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">interstate commerce</a>", and three counts of violation of the CFAA, alleging she violated MySpace's terms of service by misrepresenting herself. O'Brien justified his prosecution of the case because MySpace's servers were located in his jurisdiction. The jury convicted Drew of three misdemeanor counts, dismissing one on the grounds prosecutors had failed to demonstrate Drew inflicted emotional distress on Meier.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During sentencing arguments, prosecutors argued for the maximum sentence for the statute: three years in prison and a fine of $300,000. Drew's lawyers argued her use of a false identity did not constitute unauthorized access to MySpace, citing <i>People v. Donell</i>, a 1973 <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_contract" title="Breach of contract">breach of contract</a> dispute, in which a court of appeals ruled "fraudulently induced consent is consent nonetheless."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judge <a href="/wiki/George_H._Wu" title="George H. Wu">George H. Wu</a> dismissed the charges before sentencing.<sup id="cite_ref-urlLori_Drew_cleared_of_MySpace_cyber-bullying_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlLori_Drew_cleared_of_MySpace_cyber-bullying-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_v._Golb"><i>People v. Golb</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/People_v._Golb" title="People v. Golb">People v. Golb</a></div> <p>In 2010, 50-year-old lawyer Raphael Golb was convicted on 30 criminal charges, including <a href="/wiki/Identity_theft" title="Identity theft">identity theft</a>, criminal impersonation, and aggravated harassment, for using multiple sockpuppet accounts to attack and impersonate historians he perceived as rivals of his father, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Golb" title="Norman Golb">Norman Golb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Golb defended his actions as "satirical hoaxes" protected by free-speech rights. He was disbarred and sentenced to six months in prison, but the sentence was reduced to probation on appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Directions_for_Young_Adults,_Inc._v._Davis"><span id="New_Directions_for_Young_Adults.2C_Inc._v._Davis"></span><i>New Directions for Young Adults, Inc. v. Davis</i></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Directions_for_Young_Adults,_Inc._v._Davis" title="New Directions for Young Adults, Inc. v. Davis">New Directions for Young Adults, Inc. v. Davis</a></div> <p>In 2014, a Florida state circuit court held that sock puppetry is <a href="/wiki/Tortious_interference" title="Tortious interference">tortious interference</a> with business relations and awarded injunctive relief against it during the pendency of litigation. The court found that "the act of falsifying multiple identities" is conduct that should be enjoined. It explained that the conduct was wrongful "not because the statements are false or true, but because the conduct of making up names of persons who do not exist to post fake comments by fake people to support Defendants' position tortiously interferes with Plaintiffs' business" and such "conduct is inherently unfair."<sup id="cite_ref-amendment_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amendment-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court, therefore, ordered the defendants to "remove or cause to be removed all postings creating the false impression that more [than one] person are commenting on the program th[an] actually exist." The court also found, however, that the comments of the defendants "which do not create a false impression of fake patients or fake employees, or fake persons connected to program (those posted under their respective names) are protected by The Constitution of the United States of America, First Amendment."<sup id="cite_ref-amendment_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amendment-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_sockpuppetry"><span class="anchor" id="Notable_public_examples"></span> Examples of sockpuppetry</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_promotion">Business promotion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/User_review#Fake_reviews" title="User review">User review § Fake reviews</a></div> <p>In 2007, the CEO of <a href="/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market" title="Whole Foods Market">Whole Foods</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Mackey_(businessman)" title="John Mackey (businessman)">John Mackey</a>, was discovered to have posted as "Rahodeb" on the <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> Finance Message Board, extolling his own company and predicting a dire future for its rival, <a href="/wiki/Wild_Oats_Markets" title="Wild Oats Markets">Wild Oats Markets</a>, while concealing his relationship to both companies. Whole Foods argued that none of Mackey's actions broke the law.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2007_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2007 trial of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Conrad Black</a>, chief executive of <a href="/wiki/Sun-Times_Media_Group" title="Sun-Times Media Group">Hollinger International</a>, prosecutors alleged that he had posted messages on a Yahoo! Finance chat room using the name "nspector", attacking <a href="/wiki/Short_(finance)" title="Short (finance)">short sellers</a> and blaming them for his company's stock performance. Prosecutors provided evidence of these postings in <a href="/wiki/Black_v._United_States" title="Black v. United States">Black's criminal trial</a>, where he was convicted of mail fraud and obstruction. The postings were raised at multiple points in the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2007_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2007-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_and_film_reviews">Book and film reviews</h3></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">amazon.com</a> computer glitch in 2004 revealed the names of many authors who had written pseudonymous reviews of their books. <a href="/wiki/John_Rechy" title="John Rechy">John Rechy</a>, who wrote the best-selling novel <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Night" title="City of Night">City of Night</a></i> (1963), was among the authors unmasked in this way, and was shown to have written numerous five-star reviews of his own work.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTamazon_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTamazon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, historian <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a> was found to have written Amazon reviews under the names "orlando-birkbeck" and "historian", praising his own books and criticizing those of historians <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Polonsky" title="Rachel Polonsky">Rachel Polonsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Robert Service</a>. The two sued Figes and won monetary damages.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a panel discussion at a British Crime Writers Festival in 2012, author <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Leather" title="Stephen Leather">Stephen Leather</a> admitted using pseudonyms to praise his own books, claiming that "everyone does it". He spoke of building a "network of characters", some operated by his friends, who discussed his books and had conversations with him directly.<sup id="cite_ref-UK_Telelgraph_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_Telelgraph-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, after he was pressured by the spy novelist <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Duns" title="Jeremy Duns">Jeremy Duns</a> on Twitter, who had detected possible indications online, UK crime fiction writer <a href="/wiki/R._J._Ellory" title="R. J. Ellory">R.J. Ellory</a> admitted having used a pseudonymous account name to write a positive review for each of his own novels, and additionally a negative review for two other authors.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sock2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sock2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Manning_(fictitious_writer)" title="David Manning (fictitious writer)">David Manning</a> was a fictitious <a href="/wiki/Film_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Film critic">film critic</a>, created by a marketing executive working for <a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony Corporation</a> to give consistently good reviews for releases from Sony subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a>, which could then be quoted in promotional material.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blog_commentary">Blog commentary</h3></div> <p>American reporter <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hiltzik" title="Michael Hiltzik">Michael Hiltzik</a> was temporarily suspended from posting to his blog, "The Golden State", on the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> website after he admitted "posting there, as well as on other sites, under false names." He used the pseudonyms to attack conservatives such as <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hewitt" title="Hugh Hewitt">Hugh Hewitt</a> and L.A. prosecutor Patrick Frey—who eventually exposed him.<sup id="cite_ref-ISpySlate_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISpySlate-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiltzik's blog at the <i>LA Times</i> was the newspaper's first blog. While suspended from blogging, Hiltzik continued to write regularly for the newspaper. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lee_Siegel_(cultural_critic)" title="Lee Siegel (cultural critic)">Lee Siegel</a>, a writer for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i> magazine, was suspended for defending his articles and blog comments under the username "<a href="/wiki/Sprezzatura" title="Sprezzatura">Sprezzatura</a>". In one such comment, "Sprezzatura" defended Siegel's bad reviews of <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Jon Stewart</a>: "Siegel is brave, brilliant and wittier than Stewart will ever be."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politically_oriented">Politically oriented</h3></div> <p>In late November 2020, <a href="/wiki/TYT_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="TYT Network">TYT Network</a> reported an example of a <a href="/wiki/White_male" class="mw-redirect" title="White male">white male</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> voter having a sockpuppet <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> account presented as that of a black <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a> man, criticizing <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and praising Trump while systematically emphasizing his race and sexual orientation. In October 2020, a <a href="/wiki/Clemson_University" title="Clemson University">Clemson University</a> social media researcher identified "more than two dozen of Twitter accounts claiming to be black Trump supporters who gained hundreds of thousands of likes and retweets in a span of just a few days, sparking major doubts about their identities," many using photos of black men from news reports or stock images "including one in which the text 'black man photo' was still watermarked on the image".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_sockpuppetry"><span class="anchor" id="Notable_state_examples"></span> Government sockpuppetry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda" title="State-sponsored Internet propaganda">State-sponsored Internet propaganda</a></div> <p>As an example of <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_sockpuppetry" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored Internet sockpuppetry">state-sponsored Internet sockpuppetry</a>, in 2011, a US company called <a href="/wiki/Ntrepid" title="Ntrepid">Ntrepid</a> was awarded a $2.76 million contract from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">U.S. Central Command</a> for "online persona management" operations<sup id="cite_ref-guard_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to create "fake online personas to influence net conversations and spread U.S. propaganda" in Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Pashto<sup id="cite_ref-guard_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Voice" title="Operation Earnest Voice">Operation Earnest Voice</a>. </p><p>On September 11, 2014, a number of sockpuppet accounts reported an explosion at a chemical plant in Louisiana. The reports came on a range of media, including Twitter and YouTube, but U.S. authorities claimed the entire event to be a hoax. The information was determined by many to have originated with a Russian government-sponsored sockpuppet management office in Saint Petersburg, called the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Research_Agency" title="Internet Research Agency">Internet Research Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia was again implicated by the U.S. intelligence community in 2016 for hiring trolls in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">Institute of Economic Affairs</a> claimed in a 2012 paper that the United Kingdom government and the European Union fund charities that campaign and lobby for causes the government supports. In one example, 73% of responses to a government consultation were the direct result of campaigns by alleged "sockpuppet" organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> <a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons_season_23" title="The Simpsons season 23">twenty-third season</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Lisa_Goes_Gaga" title="Lisa Goes Gaga">Lisa Goes Gaga</a>", Lisa sets up a sock puppet account under the name "Truth Teller" on Springfield Elementary's school blog. She uses it to post positive things about herself in an effort to increase her popularity, after being voted the least popular student in school. She becomes even less popular after her ruse is found out.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catfishing" title="Catfishing">Catfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Internet,_nobody_knows_you%27re_a_dog" title="On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog">On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(sociology)" title="Passing (sociology)">Passing (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation">Reputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shill" title="Shill">Shill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Jorge" title="Team Jorge">Team Jorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twinking" title="Twinking">Twinking/smurfing (video games)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sock+puppet">"Sock puppet Definition & Meaning"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. July 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Sock+puppet+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft.date=2023-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsock%2Bpuppet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneRichtel2007" class="citation news cs1">Stone, Brad; Richtel, Matt (July 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/technology/16blog.html?ex=1342238400&en=9a3424961f9d2163&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">"The Hand That Controls the Sock Puppet Could Get Slapped"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604165857/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/technology/16blog.html?ex=1342238400&en=9a3424961f9d2163&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Hand+That+Controls+the+Sock+Puppet+Could+Get+Slapped&rft.date=2007-07-16&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft.au=Richtel%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F16%2Ftechnology%2F16blog.html%3Fex%3D1342238400%26en%3D9a3424961f9d2163%26ei%3D5088%26partner%3Drssnyt%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsner2013" class="citation web cs1">Elsner, K. (November 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guardianlv.com/2013/11/china-uses-an-army-of-sockpuppets-to-control-public-opinion-and-the-us-will-too/">"China Uses an Army of Sockpuppets to Control Public Opinion – and the US Will Too"</a>. <i>Guardian Liberty Voice</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130145129/https://guardianlv.com/2013/11/china-uses-an-army-of-sockpuppets-to-control-public-opinion-and-the-us-will-too/">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guardian+Liberty+Voice&rft.atitle=China+Uses+an+Army+of+Sockpuppets+to+Control+Public+Opinion+%E2%80%93+and+the+US+Will+Too&rft.date=2013-11-28&rft.aulast=Elsner&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguardianlv.com%2F2013%2F11%2Fchina-uses-an-army-of-sockpuppets-to-control-public-opinion-and-the-us-will-too%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTamazon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTamazon_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTamazon_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amy Harmon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/14/us/amazon-glitch-unmasks-war-of-reviewers.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"Amazon Glitch Unmasks War Of Reviewers"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, February 14, 2004. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140158/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/14/us/amazon-glitch-unmasks-war-of-reviewers.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">Archived</a> March 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PBS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PBS_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225041854/http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/l3_wit_name.html">"Name That Ben"</a>. <i>PBS</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/l3_wit_name.html">the original</a> on February 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=Name+That+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fbenfranklin%2Fl3_wit_name.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-sock_puppet" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=sock+puppet">"sock puppet"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=sock+puppet&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dsock%2Bpuppet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span> The reference cites a 1996 Clinton supporter calling <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> a sock puppet.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Roth2013" class="citation web cs1">Matthew Roth (November 19, 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/11/19/wikimedia-foundation-sends-cease-and-desist-letter-to-wikipr/">"Wikimedia Foundation sends cease and desist letter to WikiPR"</a>. <i>Wikimedia blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609054022/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2013/11/19/wikimedia-foundation-sends-cease-and-desist-letter-to-wikipr/">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+blog&rft.atitle=Wikimedia+Foundation+sends+cease+and+desist+letter+to+WikiPR&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.au=Matthew+Roth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.wikimedia.org%2F2013%2F11%2F19%2Fwikimedia-foundation-sends-cease-and-desist-letter-to-wikipr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDredge2015" class="citation news cs1">Dredge, Stuart (September 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/06/wikipedia-founder-backs-sites-systems-after-extortion-scam">"Wikipedia founder backs site's systems after extortion scam"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205113515/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/06/wikipedia-founder-backs-sites-systems-after-extortion-scam">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+founder+backs+site%27s+systems+after+extortion+scam&rft.date=2015-09-06&rft.aulast=Dredge&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2015%2Fsep%2F06%2Fwikipedia-founder-backs-sites-systems-after-extortion-scam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poland, Bailey: <i>Haters: Harassment, Abuse, and Violence Online</i>, p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouceur2002" class="citation book cs1">Douceur, John R (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peertopeersystem0000iptp/page/251">"The Sybil Attack"</a>. <i>Peer-to-Peer Systems</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 2429. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peertopeersystem0000iptp/page/251">251–60</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-45748-8_24">10.1007/3-540-45748-8_24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44179-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44179-3"><bdi>978-3-540-44179-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sybil+Attack&rft.btitle=Peer-to-Peer+Systems&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=251-60&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-45748-8_24&rft.isbn=978-3-540-44179-3&rft.aulast=Douceur&rft.aufirst=John+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeertopeersystem0000iptp%2Fpage%2F251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweney2008" class="citation news cs1">Sweney, Mark (May 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/organgrinder/2008/may/21/shouldcommercialbloggingbe">"Should stealth marketing be regulated?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308144240/https://www.theguardian.com/media/organgrinder/2008/may/21/shouldcommercialbloggingbe">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Should+stealth+marketing+be+regulated%3F&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft.aulast=Sweney&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2Forgangrinder%2F2008%2Fmay%2F21%2Fshouldcommercialbloggingbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomler, Craig (April 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://govinthelab.com/battle-of-the-sockpuppets-part-of-the-discussion-at-media140-brisbane/">"Battle of the sockpuppets"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321101907/http://govinthelab.com/battle-of-the-sockpuppets-part-of-the-discussion-at-media140-brisbane/">Archived</a> March 21, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Government in the Lab: The Online Magazine for Government and Politics Around the World</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716025003/http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?term=meat+puppet">"meat puppet Definition: TechEncyclopedia from TechWeb"</a>. The Computer Language Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?term=meat+puppet">the original</a> on July 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=meat+puppet+Definition%3A+TechEncyclopedia+from+TechWeb&rft.pub=The+Computer+Language+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techweb.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fdefineterm.jhtml%3Fterm%3Dmeat%2Bpuppet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Read, Brock (October 9, 2006) <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education: The Wired Campus</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/article/1623/attack-of-the-meat-puppets">Attack of the 'Meat Puppets'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208231110/http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/article/1623/attack-of-the-meat-puppets">Archived</a> February 8, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahrens, Frank (October 7, 2006) <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/06/AR2006100601742.html">'Puppets' Emerge as Internet's Effective, and Deceptive, Salesmen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211234203/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/06/AR2006100601742.html">Archived</a> February 11, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,' Page D01</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGent2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Gent, Edd (April 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2127107-sock-puppet-accounts-unmasked-by-the-way-they-write-and-post/">"Sock puppet accounts unmasked by the way they write and post"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214203337/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2127107-sock-puppet-accounts-unmasked-by-the-way-they-write-and-post/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Sock+puppet+accounts+unmasked+by+the+way+they+write+and+post&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft.aulast=Gent&rft.aufirst=Edd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2127107-sock-puppet-accounts-unmasked-by-the-way-they-write-and-post%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasseri" class="citation web cs1">Yasseri, Taha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/policy/wikipedia-sockpuppetry-linking-accounts-to-real-people-is-pure-speculation/">"Wikipedia sockpuppetry: linking accounts to real people is pure speculation | The Policy and Internet Blog"</a>. <i>blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116132803/https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/policy/wikipedia-sockpuppetry-linking-accounts-to-real-people-is-pure-speculation/">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+sockpuppetry%3A+linking+accounts+to+real+people+is+pure+speculation+%7C+The+Policy+and+Internet+Blog&rft.aulast=Yasseri&rft.aufirst=Taha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.oii.ox.ac.uk%2Fpolicy%2Fwikipedia-sockpuppetry-linking-accounts-to-real-people-is-pure-speculation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seeendnote_b-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seeendnote_b_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Drew" title="United States v. Drew">United States v. Drew</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4144102/162/united-states-v-drew/">259 F.R.D. 449</a> (<a href="/wiki/C.D._Cal." class="mw-redirect" title="C.D. Cal.">C.D. Cal.</a> 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStelter2008" class="citation news cs1">Stelter, Brian (November 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/28/us/28internet.html">"Guilty Verdict in Cyberbullying Case Provokes Many Questions Over Online Identity"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Guilty+Verdict+in+Cyberbullying+Case+Provokes+Many+Questions+Over+Online+Identity&rft.date=2008-11-27&rft.aulast=Stelter&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F28%2Fus%2F28internet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTossell2008" class="citation news cs1">Tossell, Ivor (December 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209060005/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20081204.wgtweb05/BNStory/Technology/home">"Cyberbullying verdict turns rule-breakers into criminals"</a>. <i>Globe and Mail</i>. Toronto, Canada: CTVglobemedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20081204.wgtweb05/BNStory/Technology/home">the original</a> on December 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Cyberbullying+verdict+turns+rule-breakers+into+criminals&rft.date=2008-12-04&rft.aulast=Tossell&rft.aufirst=Ivor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FRTGAM.20081204.wgtweb05%2FBNStory%2FTechnology%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2205952/pagenum/all/">"Lori Drew is a meanie"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i>. The Washington Post Company. December 3, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206172559/http://www.slate.com/id/2205952/pagenum/all/">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Lori+Drew+is+a+meanie&rft.date=2008-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2205952%2Fpagenum%2Fall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetter2008" class="citation news cs1">Zetter, Kim (December 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2008/12/lori-drew-attor.html">"Lori Drew Files New Bid for Dismissal on Grounds that MySpace Authorized Access"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired News">Wired News</a></i>. Condé Nast Publishing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426054050/http://blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2008/12/lori-drew-attor.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+News&rft.atitle=Lori+Drew+Files+New+Bid+for+Dismissal+on+Grounds+that+MySpace+Authorized+Access&rft.date=2008-12-15&rft.aulast=Zetter&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.wired.com%2F27bstroke6%2F2008%2F12%2Flori-drew-attor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlLori_Drew_cleared_of_MySpace_cyber-bullying-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlLori_Drew_cleared_of_MySpace_cyber-bullying_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/technology/lori-drew-cleared-of-myspace-cyberbullying-20090703-d6s0.html">"Lori Drew cleared of MySpace cyber-bullying"</a>. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i>. July 3, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307214721/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/lori-drew-cleared-of-myspace-cyberbullying-20090703-d6s0.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Lori+Drew+cleared+of+MySpace+cyber-bullying&rft.date=2009-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Ftechnology%2Flori-drew-cleared-of-myspace-cyberbullying-20090703-d6s0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEligon2010" class="citation news cs1">Eligon, John (November 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/18/dispute-over-dead-sea-scrolls-leads-to-a-jail-sentence/?partner=rss&emc=rss">"Dispute Over Dead Sea Scrolls Leads to a Jail Sentence"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206024442/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/18/dispute-over-dead-sea-scrolls-leads-to-a-jail-sentence/?partner=rss&emc=rss">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dispute+Over+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+Leads+to+a+Jail+Sentence&rft.date=2010-11-18&rft.aulast=Eligon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcityroom.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F18%2Fdispute-over-dead-sea-scrolls-leads-to-a-jail-sentence%2F%3Fpartner%3Drss%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courthousenews.com/case-of-dead-sea-scrolls-online-aliases-ends-with-probation/">"Case of Dead Sea Scrolls, Online Aliases Ends With Probation" (April 16, 2018)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030094920/https://www.courthousenews.com/case-of-dead-sea-scrolls-online-aliases-ends-with-probation/">Archived</a> October 30, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amendment-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amendment_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amendment_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/01/NewDirections.pdf">New Directions for Young Adults, Inc. v. Davis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209015307/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/01/NewDirections.pdf">Archived</a> December 9, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (17th Jud. Cir., Broward Cty. September 26, 2014) (slip op.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT2007-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2007_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2007_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/technology/16blog.html?pagewanted=all">BRAD STONE and MATT RICHTEL, "The Hand That Controls the Sock Puppet Could Get Slapped"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308201538/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/technology/16blog.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> March 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, July 16, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Andrew (July 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/12/business/12foods.html">"Whole Foods Executive Used Alias"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220014036/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/12/business/12foods.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Whole+Foods+Executive+Used+Alias&rft.date=2007-07-16&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F12%2Fbusiness%2F12foods.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Lea and Matthew Taylor <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/apr/23/historian-orlando-figes-amazon-reviews-rivals">"Historian Orlando Figes admits posting Amazon reviews that trashed rivals"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218035700/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/apr/23/historian-orlando-figes-amazon-reviews-rivals">Archived</a> February 18, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, April 23, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-10670407">"Orlando Figes to pay fake Amazon review damages"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308205952/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-10670407">Archived</a> March 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC, July 16, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK_Telelgraph-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UK_Telelgraph_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerridge2012" class="citation news cs1">Kerridge, Jake (September 4, 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/9520374/Are-RJ-Ellorys-faked-reviews-the-tip-of-the-iceberg.html">"Do Consumer Are RJ Ellory's faked reviews the tip of the iceberg?"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/9520374/Are-RJ-Ellorys-faked-reviews-the-tip-of-the-iceberg.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Do+Consumer+Are+RJ+Ellory%27s+faked+reviews+the+tip+of+the+iceberg%3F&rft.date=2012-09-04&rft.aulast=Kerridge&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F9520374%2FAre-RJ-Ellorys-faked-reviews-the-tip-of-the-iceberg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough2012" class="citation news cs1">Hough, Andrew (September 2, 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9515593/RJ-Ellory-detected-crime-writer-who-faked-his-own-glowing-reviews.html">"RJ Ellory: detected, crime writer who faked his own glowing reviews"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/9515593/RJ-Ellory-detected-crime-writer-who-faked-his-own-glowing-reviews.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=RJ+Ellory%3A+detected%2C+crime+writer+who+faked+his+own+glowing+reviews&rft.date=2012-09-02&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fbooknews%2F9515593%2FRJ-Ellory-detected-crime-writer-who-faked-his-own-glowing-reviews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sock2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sock2_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreitfeld2012" class="citation news cs1">Streitfeld, David (September 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/04/his-biggest-fan-was-himself/?smid=pl-share">"His Biggest Fan Was Himself"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130304052512/http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/09/04/his-biggest-fan-was-himself/?smid=pl-share">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=His+Biggest+Fan+Was+Himself&rft.date=2012-09-04&rft.aulast=Streitfeld&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbits.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F09%2F04%2Fhis-biggest-fan-was-himself%2F%3Fsmid%3Dpl-share&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2001" class="citation web cs1">Horn, John (June 2, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010609225327/http://www.msnbc.com/news/581770.asp?cp1=1">"The Reviewer Who Wasn't There"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.com/news/581770.asp?cp1=1">the original</a> on June 9, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2001</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=The+Reviewer+Who+Wasn%27t+There.&rft.date=2001-06-02&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.com%2Fnews%2F581770.asp%3Fcp1%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISpySlate-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISpySlate_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2006" class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Michael (April 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/todays_blogs/2006/04/i_spy_your_ip.html">"I Spy Your IP"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921121931/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/todays_blogs/2006/04/i_spy_your_ip.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=I+Spy+Your+IP&rft.date=2006-04-21&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Ftodays_blogs%2F2006%2F04%2Fi_spy_your_ip.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2006" class="citation news cs1">Howard, Kurtz (April 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/20/AR2006042002375.html">"Los Angeles Times Yanks Columnist's Blog"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125014918/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/20/AR2006042002375.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Los+Angeles+Times+Yanks+Columnist%27s+Blog&rft.date=2006-04-21&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Kurtz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F04%2F20%2FAR2006042002375.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspan2006" class="citation news cs1">Aspan, Maria (September 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/04/technology/04republic.html?ex=1315022400&en=cc629c6ec5d5805d&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">"New Republic Suspends an Editor for Attacks on Blog"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NY_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="NY Times">NY Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309010259/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/04/technology/04republic.html?ex=1315022400&en=cc629c6ec5d5805d&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NY+Times&rft.atitle=New+Republic+Suspends+an+Editor+for+Attacks+on+Blog&rft.date=2006-09-04&rft.aulast=Aspan&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F04%2Ftechnology%2F04republic.html%3Fex%3D1315022400%26en%3Dcc629c6ec5d5805d%26ei%3D5088%26partner%3Drssnyt%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2006" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ana_Marie_Cox" title="Ana Marie Cox">Cox, Ana Marie</a> (December 16, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070113090041/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570701,00.html">"Making Mischief on the Web"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570701,00.html">the original</a> on January 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Making+Mischief+on+the+Web&rft.date=2006-12-16&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Ana+Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1570701%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasparianUygur2020" class="citation web cs1">Kasparian, Ana; Uygur, Cenk (November 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vs-rHSR6_E">"Republican Gets BUSTED On Twitter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. The Young Turks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/9vs-rHSR6_E">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Republican+Gets+BUSTED+On+Twitter&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft.aulast=Kasparian&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft.au=Uygur%2C+Cenk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9vs-rHSR6_E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guard-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guard_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guard_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Fielding and Ian Cobain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/mar/17/us-spy-operation-social-networks">"Revealed: US spy operation that manipulates social media"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>. March 17, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2011. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610152627/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/mar/17/us-spy-operation-social-networks">Archived</a> June 10, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2015" class="citation news cs1">Chen, Adrian (June 2, 2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/magazine/the-agency.html">"The Agency"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200428103405/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/07/magazine/the-agency.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Agency&rft.date=2015-06-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F07%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-agency.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ICA201701"><i>Background to "Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections": The Analytic Process and Cyber Incident Attribution</i></a>, January 6, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Background+to+%22Assessing+Russian+Activities+and+Intentions+in+Recent+US+Elections%22%3A+The+Analytic+Process+and+Cyber+Incident+Attribution&rft.date=2017-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FICA201701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Snowden2012" class="citation web cs1">Christopher Snowden (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/DP_Sock%20Puppets_redesigned.pdf">"Sock Puppets: How the government lobbies itself and why"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEA Discussion Paper. Institute of Economic Affairs. No. 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225093530/http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/DP_Sock%20Puppets_redesigned.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sock+Puppets%3A+How+the+government+lobbies+itself+and+why&rft.series=IEA+Discussion+Paper&rft.pub=Institute+of+Economic+Affairs&rft.date=2012-07&rft.au=Christopher+Snowden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Ffiles%2FDP_Sock%2520Puppets_redesigned.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simpsonswiki.com/wiki/Lisa_Goes_Gaga">"Lisa Goes Gaga"</a>. <i>Wikisimpsons</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikisimpsons&rft.atitle=Lisa+Goes+Gaga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsimpsonswiki.com%2Fwiki%2FLisa_Goes_Gaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASock+puppet+account" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meatpuppet" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:meatpuppet">meatpuppet</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sock_puppets" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sock puppets">Sock puppets</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/S/sock-puppet.html">Sock puppet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jargon_File" title="Jargon File">The Jargon File</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Espionage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Espionage" title="Template:Espionage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Espionage" title="Template talk:Espionage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Espionage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Espionage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Espionage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espionage#Agents_in_espionage" title="Espionage">Agents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_(intelligence)" title="Asset (intelligence)">Assets</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_handling" title="Agent handling">Agent handling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">Agent provocateur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Cover (intelligence gathering)">Cover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covert_agent" title="Covert agent">Agent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">Double agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_agent" title="Field agent">Field agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">Mole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resident_spy" title="Resident spy">Resident spy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeper_agent" title="Sleeper agent">Sleeper agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spymaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Spymaster">Spymaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_assessment" title="Intelligence assessment">Intelligence assessment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_competing_hypotheses" title="Analysis of competing hypotheses">competing hypotheses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices and<br />communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn_notice" title="Burn notice">Burn notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealment_device" title="Concealment device">Concealment device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_listening_device" title="Covert listening device">Covert listening device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutout_(espionage)" title="Cutout (espionage)">Cutout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">Computer and network surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_spying" title="Cyber spying">Cyber spying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_drop" title="Dead drop">Dead drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_ink" title="Invisible ink">Invisible ink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_station" title="Numbers station">Numbers station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_voice_link" title="One-way voice link">One-way voice link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_surveillance" title="Phone surveillance">Phone surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-range_agent_communications" title="Short-range agent communications">Short-range agent communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microdot" title="Microdot">microdot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_tools" title="Surveillance tools">Surveillance tools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tradecraft" title="Tradecraft">Tradecraft</a> and<br />techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_trap" title="Canary trap">Canary trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">Front organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_hangout" title="Limited hangout">Limited hangout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intelligence_activity_abroad" title="Chinese intelligence activity abroad">Chinese intelligence activity abroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Chinese espionage in the United States">Chinese espionage in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_espionage" title="Cold War espionage">Cold War espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_of_spies" title="Recruitment of spies">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Black operation">Black operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_bag_operation" title="Black bag operation">black bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetwork" title="Wetwork">wetwork</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eavesdropping" title="Eavesdropping">Eavesdropping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">SIGINT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_and_signature_intelligence" title="Measurement and signature intelligence">MASINT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">Industrial espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">Interpersonal (HUMINT) intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation" title="Interrogation">interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_house" title="Safe house">safe house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_MINARET" title="Project MINARET">MINARET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_SHAMROCK" title="Project SHAMROCK">SHAMROCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">FVEY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexpionage" title="Sexpionage">Sexpionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sting_operation" title="Sting operation">Sting operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance" title="Global surveillance">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targeted_surveillance" title="Targeted surveillance">Targeted surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sock_puppet_account&oldid=1258360797">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sock_puppet_account&oldid=1258360797</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_terminology" title="Category:Internet terminology">Internet terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_trolling" title="Category:Internet trolling">Internet trolling</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_manipulation_and_propaganda" title="Category:Internet manipulation and propaganda">Internet manipulation and propaganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deception" title="Category:Deception">Deception</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_from_banned_users" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users">Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2019" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2019">Use mdy dates from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons category link is locally defined">Commons category link is locally defined</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 07:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sock_puppet_account&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qzp9h","wgBackendResponseTime":186,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.818","walltime":"1.010","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3126,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":93438,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2233,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":145261,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 902.285 1 -total"," 45.36% 409.258 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.73% 150.963 10 Template:Cite_web"," 10.54% 95.097 17 Template:Cite_news"," 10.34% 93.260 1 Template:Espionage"," 10.08% 90.985 1 Template:Navbox"," 9.28% 83.717 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.08% 81.955 2 Template:Sister_project"," 8.79% 79.344 2 Template:Side_box"," 7.55% 68.111 4 Template:Redirect"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.507","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7064005,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-67nx9","timestamp":"20241122141606","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sock puppet account","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sock_puppet_account","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q798599","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q798599","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-04-15T14:15:23Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T07:35:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0b\/Sock_puppet_and_keyboard.jpg","headline":"online identity used for purposes of deception."}</script> </body> </html>