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In this article, due to lots of real-life and artificial networks are built from series of simple and small groups (components), we discuss some interesting and helpful network-operation to generate more realistic network models. In view of community structure (modular topology), we present a class of sparse network models \(N(t, m)\). At the moment, we capture the fact the \(N(t, 4)\) has not only scale-free feature, which means that the probability that a randomly selected vertex with degree \(k\) decays as a power-law, following \(P(k) \sim k^{-\gamma}\), where \(\gamma\) is the degree exponent, but also small-world property, which indicates that the typical distance between two uniform randomly chosen vertices grows proportionally to logarithm of the order of \(N(t, 4)\), namely, relatively shorter diameter and lower average path length, simultaneously displays higher clustering coefficient. Next, as a new topological parameter correlating to reliability, synchronization capability and diffusion properties of networks, the number of spanning trees over a network is studied in more detail, an exact analytical solution for the number of spanning trees of the \(N(t, 4)\) is obtained. Based on the network-operation, part hub-vertex linking with each other will be helpful for structuring various network models and investigating the rules related with real-life networks.</div> <div class="clear"></div> <br> <div class="citations"><div class="clear"><a href="/?q=rf%3A7544995">Cited in <strong>5</strong> Documents</a></div></div> <div class="classification"> <h3>MSC:</h3> <table><tr> <td> <a class="mono" href="/classification/?q=cc%3A91D30" title="MSC2020">91D30</a> </td> <td class="space"> Social networks; opinion dynamics </td> </tr><tr> <td> <a class="mono" href="/classification/?q=cc%3A90B10" title="MSC2020">90B10</a> </td> <td class="space"> Deterministic network models in operations research </td> </tr></table> </div><div class="keywords"> <h3>Keywords:</h3><a href="/?q=ut%3Anetwork-operation">network-operation</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Ascale-free+feature">scale-free feature</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Asmall-world+property">small-world property</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Anumber+of+spanning+trees">number of spanning trees</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Acommunity+structure">community structure</a>; <a href="/?q=ut%3Anetwork+models">network models</a></div> <!-- Modal used to show zbmath metadata in different output formats--> <div class="modal fade" id="metadataModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">&times;</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title" id="myModalLabel">Cite</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="select-output" class="control-label">Format</label> <select id="select-output" class="form-control" aria-label="Select Metadata format"></select> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="metadataText" class="control-label">Result</label> <textarea class="form-control" id="metadataText" rows="10" style="min-width: 100%;max-width: 100%"></textarea> </div> <div id="metadata-alert" class="alert alert-danger" role="alert" style="display: none;"> <!-- alert for connection errors etc --> </div> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="copyMetadata()">Copy to clipboard</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="functions clearfix"> <div class="function"> <!-- Button trigger metadata modal --> <a type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs pdf" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#metadataModal" data-itemtype="Zbl" data-itemname="Zbl 1499.91076" data-ciurl="/ci/07544995" data-biburl="/bibtex/07544995.bib" data-amsurl="/amsrefs/07544995.bib" data-xmlurl="/xml/07544995.xml" > Cite </a> <a class="btn btn-default btn-xs pdf" data-container="body" type="button" href="/pdf/07544995.pdf" title="Zbl 1499.91076 as PDF">Review PDF</a> </div> <div class="fulltexts"> <span class="fulltext">Full Text:</span> <a class="btn btn-default btn-xs" type="button" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2017.04.135" aria-label="DOI for “The relations between network-operation and topological-property in a scale-free and small-world network with community structure”" title="10.1016/j.physa.2017.04.135">DOI</a> </div> <div class="sfx" style="float: right;"> </div> </div> <div class="references"> <h3>References:</h3> <table><tr> <td>[1]</td> <td class="space">Huberman, B. 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