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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Beverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cooking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Storing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_brands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_brands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable brands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_brands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vermouth</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="فرموت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرموت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verm%C3%BA" title="Vermú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vermú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Вермут – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вермут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Вэрмут – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэрмут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Вермут – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вермут" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermut" title="Vermut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vermut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Вермут – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вермут" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermut" title="Vermut – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vermut" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vermouth" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wermut_(Getr%C3%A4nk)" title="Wermut (Getränk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wermut (Getränk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermut" title="Vermut – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vermut" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84" title="Βερμούτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βερμούτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verm%C3%BA" title="Vermú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vermú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermuto" title="Vermuto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vermuto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermut" title="Bermut – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bermut" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ورموت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورموت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vermouth" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADon_morm%C3%B3nta" title="Fíon mormónta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fíon mormónta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verm%C3%BA" title="Vermú – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vermú" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%AC%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="베르무트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베르무트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermuto" title="Vermuto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vermuto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vermouth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermut" title="Vermut – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vermut" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermut" title="Vermut – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vermut" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%98" title="ורמוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ורמוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vermouth" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ვერმუტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვერმუტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinum_absinthites" title="Vinum absinthites – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vinum absinthites" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wermut" title="Wermut – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wermut" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermutas" title="Vermutas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vermutas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermut" title="Vermut – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vermut" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Вермут – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вермут" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="فرموت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرموت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermout" title="Vermout – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vermout" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ベルモット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルモット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermut" title="Vermut – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vermut" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vermouth" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wermut" title="Wermut – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wermut" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermute" title="Vermute – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vermute" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermut" title="Vermut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vermut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Вермут – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вермут" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermuti" title="Vermuti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vermuti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vermouth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verm%C3%BAt" title="Vermút – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vermút" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermut" title="Vermut – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vermut" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Вермут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вермут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermutti" title="Vermutti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vermutti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vermouth" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermut" title="Vermut – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vermut" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Вермут – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вермут" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermouth" title="Vermouth – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vermouth" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9C%AB" title="威末 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威末" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermut" title="Vermut – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vermut" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Alcoholic beverage</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Wermuth" title="Wermuth">Wermuth</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_bottles_of_vermouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Four_bottles_of_vermouth.jpg/250px-Four_bottles_of_vermouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Four_bottles_of_vermouth.jpg/330px-Four_bottles_of_vermouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Four_bottles_of_vermouth.jpg/500px-Four_bottles_of_vermouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2529" /></a><figcaption>Four bottles of Vermouth: Fot-Li and Yzaguirre, red Vermouths from Spain; Punt e Mes, red Vermouth from Italy; and Dolin, dry Vermouth from France</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Vermouth</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;">UK also</span> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɜː/: r-less 'ur' in 'nurse'">ɜː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesGimson1977_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesGimson1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oed_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Aromatized_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatized wine">aromatized</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">fortified wine</a>, flavored with various <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanicals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">barks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>) and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">colored</a>. The modern versions of the beverage were first produced in the mid to late 18th century in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While vermouth was traditionally used for medicinal purposes, it was later served as an <a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_and_digestif" title="Apéritif and digestif">apéritif</a>, with fashionable cafés in Turin serving it to guests around the clock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th century, it became popular with bartenders as a key ingredient for <a href="/wiki/Cocktail" title="Cocktail">cocktails</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-patterson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patterson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Martini_(cocktail)" title="Martini (cocktail)">martini</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_(cocktail)" title="Manhattan (cocktail)">Manhattan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_(cocktail)" title="Rob Roy (cocktail)">Rob Roy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Negroni" title="Negroni">Negroni</a>. In addition to being consumed as an apéritif or cocktail ingredient, vermouth is sometimes used as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">white wine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cooking_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooking wine">cooking</a>. </p><p>Historically, there have been two main types of vermouth: sweet and dry.<sup id="cite_ref-boyd_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyd-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responding to demand and competition, vermouth manufacturers have created additional styles, including extra-dry white, sweet white (blanc or bianco), red (rosso), amber and rosé.<sup id="cite_ref-styles_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-styles-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vermouth is produced by starting with a base of neutral grape wine or unfermented wine <a href="/wiki/Must" title="Must">must</a>. Each manufacturer adds additional <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a> and a proprietary mixture of dry ingredients, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_herb" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic herb">aromatic herbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">barks</a>, to the base wine, base wine plus spirit, or spirit only – which may be redistilled before adding to the wine or unfermented wine must. After the wine is aromatized and fortified, the vermouth is sweetened with either cane sugar or caramelized sugar, depending on the style.<sup id="cite_ref-boston_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boston-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian and French companies produce most of the vermouth consumed throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in 2022 an Australian company won a gold medal for its extra-dry vermouth at the World Vermouth Awards in London.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Further, a Canadian company was a double winner in 2023, the first producer outside Europe to be judged "best" for both the dry and semi-sweet categories.<sup id="cite_ref-kloster_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kloster-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taste_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taste-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_history">Etymology and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermouth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vermouth_Bottles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vermouth_Bottles.jpg/250px-Vermouth_Bottles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vermouth_Bottles.jpg/330px-Vermouth_Bottles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vermouth_Bottles.jpg/500px-Vermouth_Bottles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A collection of vermouth and <a href="/wiki/Quinquina" title="Quinquina">quinquina</a> bottles, including <a href="/wiki/Noilly_Prat" title="Noilly Prat">Noilly Prat</a> Extra Dry, <a href="/wiki/Lillet" title="Lillet">Lillet</a> Blanc, Dolin Rouge, and <a href="/wiki/Martini_%26_Rossi" title="Martini & Rossi">Martini & Rossi</a> Rosso</figcaption></figure> <p>Consumption of wines fortified with herbs or roots is believed to have begun in China at least as early as the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> dynasties (1250–1000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-ijo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ijo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extra ingredients were added to wine to make it a medicinal drink. Medicinal drinks made by the alcoholic fermentation of herbs and sugars are mentioned in early Indian texts on medicine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeulenbeldBrill1971_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeulenbeldBrill1971-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this does not imply that European vermouths originated from ancient Chinese and Indian drinks. Recipes for infusing white wine date back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> from around 400 BC. A popular ingredient was <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_absinthium" title="Artemisia absinthium">wormwood</a>, based on the belief that it was effective at treating stomach disorders and <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal parasite">intestinal parasites</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was commonly used in Hungary at least since the 15th century with different species of artemisia plants like mugwort or wormwood and other spices like mustard seeds, horseradish, elfdock, etc. Wormwood is called "üröm" or "irem" in Hungarian hence the drink is called "ürmös" (wormwoodish) or "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boraszportal.hu/borlexikon/ü-urmos-bor-190">ürmösbor</a>" (wormwoodish wine). In the 16th century, it was used with imported spices too like cinnamon, clove, etc. It was well known for healing stomach and digestion problems.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "vermouth" is the French pronunciation of the German word <i>Wermut</i> for wormwood that has been used as an ingredient in the drink over its history. Fortified wines containing wormwood as a principal ingredient existed in Germany around the 16th century. At about this time, an Italian merchant named D'Alessio began producing a similar product in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> as a "wormwood wine". D'Alessio's version of the libation contained other botanical ingredients in addition to wormwood. Competing brands developed shortly thereafter in eastern and southeastern France, containing their own proprietary mix of ingredients, including herbs, roots, bark, and spices.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998496_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998496-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998349_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998349-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-17th century, the drink was being consumed in England under the name "vermouth" which has been the common name for the beverage until the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998496_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998496-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998349_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998349-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, two distinct versions of vermouth became established, one pale, dry, and bitter, and the other red and sweeter. Merchant <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Benedetto_Carpano" title="Antonio Benedetto Carpano">Antonio Benedetto Carpano</a> introduced the first sweet vermouth in 1786 in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy. The drink reportedly quickly became popular with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">royal court of Turin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mt_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1800 to 1813, the first pale, dry<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998349_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998349-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vermouth was produced in France by Joseph Noilly.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998349_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998349-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all pale vermouths produced over time have been dry, and not all red vermouths have been sweet.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of vermouth as a medicinal liquor waned by the end of the 18th century, but its use as an <a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif" class="mw-redirect" title="Apéritif">apéritif</a> increased in Italy and France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 19th century, vermouth was being used in cocktails.<sup id="cite_ref-patterson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patterson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bartenders found that it was an ideal mixer for many cocktails, including the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_(cocktail)" title="Manhattan (cocktail)">Manhattan</a> (beginning around 1880) and the precursors to the <a href="/wiki/Martini_(cocktail)" title="Martini (cocktail)">martini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tdb1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdb1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the popular Vermouth cocktail, first appearing in 1868,<sup id="cite_ref-tdb2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tdb2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisted of chilled vermouth and a twist of lemon peel with the occasional addition of small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Bitters" title="Bitters">bitters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maraschino" title="Maraschino">maraschino</a>. The popularity of vermouth-heavy cocktails in America, often using twice as much vermouth as gin or whiskey, continued through the 1880s and 1890s. Although the amount of vermouth used in cocktail recipes had somewhat declined, it has recently been experiencing a rise as a favorite among a new breed of bartenders,<sup id="cite_ref-im1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-im1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a key ingredient in many cocktails.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-435s_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-435s-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233514072">.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers{counter-reset:rowNumber}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tr::before{content:"";display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right;vertical-align:inherit}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-left tr::before{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-center tr::before{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header):not(.static-row-numbers-norank)::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header):not(.static-row-numbers-norank)::before{counter-increment:rowNumber;content:counter(rowNumber)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers thead tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{content:"No.";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers thead tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{content:"#";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border:0 solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:#aaaaaa}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:#c8ccd1}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:rgba(84,89,93,.3)}.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before{border:0 inset #202122}.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable):not(.mw-datatable) tr::before{border-color:#000000}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tr::before{border:0 solid #c8ccd1}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-left-width:1px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable thead tr:first-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{border-top-width:1px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:last-child::before,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tfoot tr:last-child::before{border-bottom-width:1px}}</style><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrader2009120,_129_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrader2009120,_129-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998231,_235–236_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998231,_235–236-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vermouth gained popularity in the 1950s with help from the martini, which was being marketed by liquor companies. Product placement and celebrity endorsements from personalities such as <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart" title="Humphrey Bogart">Humphrey Bogart</a> helped to increase the martini's profile. However, the most successful advertiser of the martini was the fictional character <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)" title="James Bond (literary character)">James Bond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tcm_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcm-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of vermouth in the United States and Great Britain declined after the mid-20th century but was still used in those countries in many classic cocktails such as the Manhattan, albeit in smaller amounts. The drink is more popular in other parts of Europe (such as Italy, France, and Spain, where it is often consumed by itself as an apéritif). It is also very popular in Argentina, where—due to major Italian immigration during the late 19th and early 20th centuries—it is more than a drink: it is a cultural tradition among families, at the table and afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even such international brands as <a href="/wiki/Cinzano" title="Cinzano">Cinzano</a> have Argentinian-only products like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cinzanosegundo.com.ar/">Cinzano Segundo</a>, made with local grapes. </p><p>In the years since 2013, there has been renewed interest in vermouth in the US. Artisanal makers have created new brands of vermouth which do not seek to imitate European styles, and vermouth has been a fast-growing category within the wine trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord2015166-69_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord2015166-69-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production,_ingredients,_and_flavors"><span id="Production.2C_ingredients.2C_and_flavors"></span>Production, ingredients, and flavors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermouth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production, ingredients, and flavors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several wine grapes, including <a href="/wiki/Clairette_blanche" title="Clairette blanche">Clairette blanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piquepoul" title="Piquepoul">Piquepoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bianchetta_Trevigiana" title="Bianchetta Trevigiana">Bianchetta Trevigiana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a>, are generally used as the base ingredients for vermouths. From these grapes, a low-alcohol <a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">white wine</a> is produced by vermouth manufacturers. The wine may be aged for a short while before the addition of other ingredients. For sweet vermouths, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar syrup">sugar syrup</a> is added before the wine is fortified with extra alcohol. The added alcohol is usually a neutral <a href="/wiki/Grape_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape spirit">grape spirit</a>, but may also come from vegetable sources such as <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>. The wine is then placed in large barrels or tanks to which the dry ingredients have already been added. The mixture is stirred at intervals until the dry ingredients have been absorbed and the drink is ready for bottling. Red vermouths can derive their color from botanicals, added red wine, or sometimes from <a href="/wiki/Caramel_color" title="Caramel color">caramel color</a>. Rose-colored vermouth uses red and white wines as its base.<sup id="cite_ref-tgwt_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tgwt-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most vermouths are bottled at between 16% and 18% <a href="/wiki/ABV" class="mw-redirect" title="ABV">ABV</a>, as compared with the 9–14% ABV of most unfortified wines.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998499_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998499-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bettridge_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bettridge-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spice ingredients often used in vermouths include <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">citrus peel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">marjoram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamomile" title="Chamomile">chamomile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis" title="Hyssopus officinalis">hyssop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Labdanum" title="Labdanum">labdanum</a>. The prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_absinthium" title="Artemisia absinthium">wormwood</a> as a drink ingredient in the early 20th century in some countries sharply reduced its use in vermouth, but small amounts of the herb are still sometimes included in <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisan</a> products.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vermouth brand recipes vary, with most manufacturers marketing their own unique flavor and version of the beverage.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998497_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998497-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vermouth manufacturers keep their recipes for the drink secret.<sup id="cite_ref-mt_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweet vermouths usually contain 10–15% sugar. The sugar content in dry vermouths generally does not exceed 4%. Dry vermouths usually are lighter in body than sweet vermouths.<sup id="cite_ref-mt_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to pale and red vermouths, there exist golden and rosé versions, but these are not as internationally popular. The region of <a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a> in France has received an <a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">appellation d'origine contrôlée</a> for its vermouths, which is where the blanc style originated and also includes a strawberry-flavored version called Chambéryzette.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998498–499_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998498–499-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ward_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ward-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lillet" title="Lillet">Lillet</a>, St. Raphael, and <a href="/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a> are fortified wines similar to vermouth, but are usually considered separate products.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998498–499_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998498–499-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-viera_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viera-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two predominant styles of vermouth – the red, Italian rosso and the dry, white vermouth from France – were created and commercialized more than two centuries ago.<sup id="cite_ref-im2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-im2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Italian vermouth" is often used to refer to red-colored, mildly bitter, and slightly sweet vermouths. These types of vermouths have also been called "rosso".<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The label "French vermouth" generally refers to pale, dry vermouths that are more bitter than sweet vermouths. The extra bitterness is often obtained by using <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a> or bitter orange peel in the drink recipe.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blanc or Bianco is a name given to a type of pale, sweeter vermouth.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Stuart Walton and Brian Glover, vermouth "is as far removed from the natural produce of the vine as it is possible for a fortified wine to get."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998496_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998496-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermouth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beverage">Beverage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermouth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vermouth is a common cocktail ingredient, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Martini_(cocktail)" title="Martini (cocktail)">martinis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_(cocktail)" title="Manhattan (cocktail)">Manhattans</a>. When vermouth is drunk by itself it is normally consumed as an <a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif" class="mw-redirect" title="Apéritif">apéritif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vermouth is used as an ingredient in many different cocktails, as people found it beneficial for lowering the alcohol content of cocktails with strong spirits as their base, for providing a pleasant herbal flavor and aroma, and for accentuating the flavors in the base liquor. As previously stated, vermouth is an ingredient in the martini, one of the most popular and well-known cocktails. At first, martinis used sweet vermouth.<sup id="cite_ref-patterson_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patterson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1904, however, drier French vermouths began to be used in the cocktail. The term "dry martini" originally meant using drier vermouth as a mixer, not using less vermouth, as in the modern definition.<sup id="cite_ref-bettridge_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bettridge-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998496,_499_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998496,_499-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrader2009120_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrader2009120-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cole_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Tyler_Herbst" title="Sharon Tyler Herbst">Sharon Tyler Herbst</a>'s book, <i>The Ultimate A-To-Z Bar Guide</i>, lists 112 cocktails using dry vermouth and 82 containing sweet vermouth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998378–380_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998378–380-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cocktails using either dry or sweet vermouth or both include the <a href="/wiki/Americano_(cocktail)" title="Americano (cocktail)">Americano</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst199862–63_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst199862–63-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bronx_(cocktail)" title="Bronx (cocktail)">Bronx</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrader2009129_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrader2009129-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gibson_(cocktail)" title="Gibson (cocktail)">Gibson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst199862–63_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst199862–63-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malecon_(cocktail)" title="Malecon (cocktail)">Malecon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEscalante191523_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEscalante191523-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_(cocktail)" title="Manhattan (cocktail)">Manhattan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrader2009129_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrader2009129-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Negroni" title="Negroni">Negroni</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrader2009123_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrader2009123-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_(cocktail)" title="Rob Roy (cocktail)">Rob Roy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998291_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998291-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_(cocktail)" title="Rose (cocktail)">Rose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998293_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998293-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations of cocktail recipes using equal portions of dry and sweet vermouths are called <i>perfect</i>, as in a <i>Perfect Manhattan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998349_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerbstHerbst1998349-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooking">Cooking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermouth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cooking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While vermouth can be used as a substitute for white wine in food recipes,<sup id="cite_ref-ward_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ward-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because it is more flavorful than wine, it may be overwhelming when used in certain dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-hp1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hp1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The herbs in dry vermouth make it an attractive ingredient in sauces for fish dishes or as a marinade for other meats, including pork and chicken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998499_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998499-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cicero_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cicero-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mh_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mh-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storing">Storing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermouth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Storing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because vermouth is fortified, an opened bottle will not sour as quickly as white wine. Opened vermouth, however, will gradually deteriorate over time. <a href="/wiki/Gourmet" title="Gourmet">Gourmets</a> recommend that opened bottles of vermouth be consumed within one to three months and should be kept refrigerated to slow <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bettridge_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bettridge-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_brands">Notable brands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermouth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable brands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Benedetto_Carpano" title="Antonio Benedetto Carpano">Carpano</a> family originated several notable brands of vermouth, including <a href="/wiki/Punt_e_Mes" title="Punt e Mes">Punt e Mes</a>, a deep red vermouth with sweet and bitter flavors, and the Antica Formula brand, a bitter, fuller-flavored version of vermouth.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distillerie <a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Branca" title="Fratelli Branca">Fratelli Branca</a> of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> bought 50% of the Giuseppe B. Carpano company in 1982 and acquired the company outright in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-carpano_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carpano-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gancia" title="Gancia">Gancia</a>, Drapò Vermouth, Delmistero, 9diDANTE and <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cocchi_Spumanti" title="Giulio Cocchi Spumanti">Cocchi</a> are other Italian producers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vermouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vermouth.jpg/120px-Vermouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Vermouth.jpg/250px-Vermouth.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>A bottle of Noilly Prat vermouth</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cinzano" title="Cinzano">Cinzano</a> family began production in 1757 in Turin. Their Bianco product is sweet, pale vermouth.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998497–498_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998497–498-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dollin_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dollin (company) (page does not exist)">Dolin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolin" class="extiw" title="fr:Dolin">fr</a>]</span> vermouth from <a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a>, France, has been made since 1815. Their product lineup carries both a traditional dry, two different kinds of sweet (red and blanco), and a strawberry (chamberyzette).<sup id="cite_ref-dolin_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dolin-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dolin is recognized as creating the blanc style.<sup id="cite_ref-pd_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pd-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martini_%26_Rossi" title="Martini & Rossi">Martini & Rossi</a>, the top-selling international brand of vermouth, started in 1863 in Turin and produces both dry and sweet vermouths, but is mostly known for its Rosso.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998496,_498_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998496,_498-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cinzano and Martini & Rossi also produce rosé vermouths, which are mainly distributed in Italy and France.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bettridge_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bettridge-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Noilly_Prat" title="Noilly Prat">Noilly Prat</a>, based in southern France, is primarily known for its dry, pale vermouths, but also produces a sweeter version. The company was founded by Joseph Noilly in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Esquimalt Vermouth & Apéritifs,<sup id="cite_ref-EWine_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWine-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>, Canada, is the first producer outside Europe to win two gold medals at London’s 2023 World Vermouth Awards.<sup id="cite_ref-worlds_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worlds-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the blind tasting competition, they were judged best for both Dry Vermouth,<sup id="cite_ref-dry_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dry-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also for Semi-Sweet Vermouth<sup id="cite_ref-sweet_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweet-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (for its Rosso). A year after the company began production, Esquimalt Vermouth & Apéritifs won a gold medal at the 2020 San Francisco World Spirits Competition. The following year, 2021, they were awarded three double gold medals for their dry vermouth, the semisweet Rosso, and their Kina-Rouge.<sup id="cite_ref-SanF_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanF-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermouth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermouth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesGimson1977-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesGimson1977_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesGimson1977">Jones & Gimson 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120707200447/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/vermouth">"Vermouth"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/vermouth">the original</a> on 7 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Vermouth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fvermouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownMiller2011_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrownMiller2011">Brown & Miller 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patterson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patterson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patterson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patterson_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatterson" class="citation magazine cs1">Patterson, Troy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/life/drink/features/2013/martini_madness/the_martinez_cocktail_and_the_evolution_of_the_sweet_martini_martini_madness.html">"Martini Madness"</a>. <i>Slate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Recipes%3A+Roast+Pork+with+Vermouth+and+Olives+and+Bishop%27s+Bread&rft.date=2010-01-05&rft.aulast=Cicero&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseattletimes.nwsource.com%2Fhtml%2Ffoodwine%2F2010707899_web06porkroast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mh-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mh_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Dinner in minutes: Roasted chicken flavored with sage and vermouth". <i>Miami Herald</i>. 24 April 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Dinner+in+minutes%3A+Roasted+chicken+flavored+with+sage+and+vermouth&rft.date=2002-04-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carpano-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carpano_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320113254/http://www.carpano.com/en/the-story/">"The Story: Vermouth Carpano – The Italian Vermouth since 1876"</a>. <i>Carpano</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carpano.com/en/the-story">the original</a> on 20 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carpano&rft.atitle=The+Story%3A+Vermouth+Carpano+%E2%80%93+The+Italian+Vermouth+since+1876&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carpano.com%2Fen%2Fthe-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998497–498-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998497–498_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaltonGlover1998">Walton & Glover 1998</a>, pp. 497–498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dolin-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dolin_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dolin.fr/gb/vermouts_dolin.html">"Dolin vermouths"</a>. <i>dolin.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dolin.fr&rft.atitle=Dolin+vermouths&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dolin.fr%2Fgb%2Fvermouts_dolin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pd-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pd_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://punchdrink.com/articles/vermouth-boom-told-by-three-iconic-brands-cocchi-dolin-miro/">"Vermouth boom"</a>. <i>punchdrinks.com</i>. 15 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=punchdrinks.com&rft.atitle=Vermouth+boom&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpunchdrink.com%2Farticles%2Fvermouth-boom-told-by-three-iconic-brands-cocchi-dolin-miro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998496,_498-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaltonGlover1998496,_498_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaltonGlover1998">Walton & Glover 1998</a>, pp. 496, 498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EWine-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EWine_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621025353/https://esquimaltwine.ca/">"Weird Wine, for Wonderful People"</a>. <i>Esquimalt</i>. Esquimalt Wine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esquimaltwine.ca">the original</a> on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Esquimalt&rft.atitle=Weird+Wine%2C+for+Wonderful+People&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesquimaltwine.ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worlds-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-worlds_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621024004/https://www.worldvermouthawards.com/">"World Vermouth Awards"</a>. <i>The World Drinks Awards</i>. Paragraph Publishing Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldvermouthawards.com">the original</a> on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Drinks+Awards&rft.atitle=World+Vermouth+Awards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvermouthawards.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dry-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dry_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621034044/https://www.worldvermouthawards.com/winner-vermouth/worlds-best-dry-vermouth-44758-world-vermouth-awards-2023">"World's Best Dry Vermouth"</a>. <i>The World Drinks Awards</i>. Paragraph Publishing Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldvermouthawards.com/winner-vermouth/vermouth/2023/worlds-best-dry-vermouth-44758-world-vermouth-awards-2023">the original</a> on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Drinks+Awards&rft.atitle=World%27s+Best+Dry+Vermouth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvermouthawards.com%2Fwinner-vermouth%2Fvermouth%2F2023%2Fworlds-best-dry-vermouth-44758-world-vermouth-awards-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sweet-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sweet_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621032117/https://www.worldvermouthawards.com/winner-Vermouth/vermouth/2023/worlds-best-semi-sweet-vermouth-44761-world-vermouth-awards-2023">"World's Best Semi-Sweet Vermouth"</a>. <i>The World Drinks Awards</i>. Paragraph Publishing Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldvermouthawards.com/winner-Vermouth/vermouth/2023/worlds-best-semi-sweet-vermouth-44761-world-vermouth-awards-2023">the original</a> on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Drinks+Awards&rft.atitle=World%27s+Best+Semi-Sweet+Vermouth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldvermouthawards.com%2Fwinner-Vermouth%2Fvermouth%2F2023%2Fworlds-best-semi-sweet-vermouth-44761-world-vermouth-awards-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SanF-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SanF_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfspiritscomp.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/2021-sfwsc-website-results-updated.pdf">"2021 San Francisco World Spirits Competition Results"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>San Francisco World Spirits Competition</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+World+Spirits+Competition&rft.atitle=2021+San+Francisco+World+Spirits+Competition+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfspiritscomp.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F05%2F2021-sfwsc-website-results-updated.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermouth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownMiller2011" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Jared; Miller, Anistatia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pj9REBvTV3cC"><i>The Mixellany Guide to Vermouth & Other Aperitifs</i></a>. Mixellany Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907434-29-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907434-29-7"><bdi>978-1-907434-29-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mixellany+Guide+to+Vermouth+%26+Other+Aperitifs&rft.pub=Mixellany+Limited&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-907434-29-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anistatia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpj9REBvTV3cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEscalante1915" class="citation book cs1">Escalante, John (1915). <i>Manual del Cantinero</i>. Havana: Modern Imprint.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+del+Cantinero&rft.place=Havana&rft.pub=Modern+Imprint&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Escalante&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFord2015" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Adam (2015). <i>Vermouth: The Revival of the Spirit That Created American's Cocktail Culture</i>. Woodstock, VT: <a href="/wiki/Countryman_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Countryman Press">Countryman Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58157-296-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58157-296-4"><bdi>978-1-58157-296-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vermouth%3A+The+Revival+of+the+Spirit+That+Created+American%27s+Cocktail+Culture&rft.place=Woodstock%2C+VT&rft.pub=Countryman+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-58157-296-4&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbstHerbst1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Tyler_Herbst" title="Sharon Tyler Herbst">Herbst, Sharon Tyler</a>; Herbst, Ron (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultimateatozbarg0000herb"><i>The Ultimate A-To-Z Bar Guide</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Broadway_Books" title="Broadway Books">Broadway Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-0197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-0197-0"><bdi>978-0-7679-0197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+A-To-Z+Bar+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-0197-0&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=Sharon+Tyler&rft.au=Herbst%2C+Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fultimateatozbarg0000herb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonesGimson1977" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Daniel; Gimson, A. C. (1977). <i>Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary</i> (14 ed.). London: J. M. Dent & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyman%27s+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.edition=14&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Gimson%2C+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrader2009" class="citation book cs1">Krader, Kate, ed. (2009). <i>Cocktails '09</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Food_%26_Wine" title="Food & Wine">Food & Wine Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Express_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="American Express Publishing">American Express Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60320-811-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60320-811-6"><bdi>978-1-60320-811-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cocktails+%2709&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Food+%26+Wine+Books%2C+American+Express+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60320-811-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeulenbeldBrill1971" class="citation book cs1">Meulenbeld, G. J.; Brill, E. J. (1971). <i>The Madhavanidana and its Chief Commentary</i>. Leiden. p. 441.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Madhavanidana+and+its+Chief+Commentary&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Leiden&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Meulenbeld&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rft.au=Brill%2C+E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2012" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Jancis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/795857065"><i>Wine Grapes: A Complete Guide to 1,368 Vine Varieties, Including Their Origins and Flavours</i></a>. Julia Harding, Jose Vouillamoz. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-446-2"><bdi>978-1-84614-446-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/795857065">795857065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wine+Grapes%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+1%2C368+Vine+Varieties%2C+Including+Their+Origins+and+Flavours&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F795857065&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-446-2&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jancis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F795857065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaltonGlover1998" class="citation book cs1">Walton, Stuart; Glover, Brian (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultimateencyclop0000walt"><i>The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Wine, Beer, Spirits & Liqueurs</i></a></span>. London: Lorenz Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7548-0334-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7548-0334-8"><bdi>978-0-7548-0334-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Encyclopedia+of+Wine%2C+Beer%2C+Spirits+%26+Liqueurs&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lorenz+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7548-0334-8&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Glover%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fultimateencyclop0000walt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermouth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmerine1974" class="citation book cs1">Amerine, Maynard Andrew (1974). <i>Vermouth: An Annotated Bibliography</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> (System), Division of Agricultural Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931876-20-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931876-20-2"><bdi>978-0-931876-20-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vermouth%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.pub=University+of+California+%28System%29%2C+Division+of+Agricultural+Sciences&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-931876-20-2&rft.aulast=Amerine&rft.aufirst=Maynard+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRizzo1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rizzo, Francesco (1955). <i>La fabbricazione del vermouth</i> (in Italian). Edizioni Agricole.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+fabbricazione+del+vermouth&rft.pub=Edizioni+Agricole&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Rizzo&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrucchi1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strucchi, Arnaldo (1907). <i>Il vermouth di Torino: monografia, con 18 incisioni e 12 tavole fototipiche</i> (in Italian). Tip. e Litografia C. Cassone.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+vermouth+di+Torino%3A+monografia%2C+con+18+incisioni+e+12+tavole+fototipiche&rft.pub=Tip.+e+Litografia+C.+Cassone&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Strucchi&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVermouth" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/12px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/16px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/12px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/16px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alcoholic_beverages58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Template talk:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic_drinks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alcoholic drinks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alcoholic_beverages58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_and_production58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History and production</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alcoholic beverages">History of alcoholic beverages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_beer" title="History of beer">History of beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bordeaux_wine" title="History of Bordeaux wine">History of Bordeaux wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chianti" title="History of Chianti">History of Chianti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rioja_wine" title="History of Rioja wine">History of Rioja wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sherry" title="History of Sherry">History of Sherry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol industry">Alcohol industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub_gin" title="Bathtub gin">Bathtub gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">Brewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">Brewery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malting" title="Malting">Malting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautering" title="Lautering">Lautering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wort" title="Wort">Wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation" title="Ethanol fermentation">Fermentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple syrup">Simple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fermented_drinks_by_ingredients58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink#Fermented_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Fermented drinks</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">Cider</a></li></ul></li> <li>Banana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_beer" title="Banana beer">Banana beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_wine" title="Banana wine">Banana wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bignay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignay_wine" title="Bignay wine">Bignay wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bokbunja <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokbunja-ju" title="Bokbunja-ju">Bokbunja-ju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_wine" title="Marsala wine">Marsala wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistelle">Mistelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscatel_de_Set%C3%BAbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscatel de Setúbal">Moscatel de Setúbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosé wine">Rosé wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">Sherry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Java plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duhat_wine" title="Duhat wine">Duhat wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longan_wine" title="Longan wine">Longan wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lychee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lychee_wine" title="Lychee wine">Lychee wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perry" title="Perry">Perry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pineapple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepache" title="Tepache">Tepache</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plum_jerkum" title="Plum jerkum">Plum jerkum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pomegranate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimon (wine)">Rimon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prickly pear <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonche" title="Colonche">Colonche</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditum" title="Conditum">Conditum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubonnet" title="Dubonnet">Dubonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocras" title="Hippocras">Hippocras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabol" title="Jabol">Jabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabidh" title="Nabidh">Nabidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruno" title="Pruno">Pruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangria" title="Sangria">Sangria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_wine" title="Barley wine">Barley wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corn <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mageu" title="Mageu">Mageu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozol" title="Pozol">Pozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejuino" title="Tejuino">Tejuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesg%C3%BCino" title="Tesgüino">Tesgüino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Millet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oshikundu" title="Oshikundu">Oshikundu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongba" title="Tongba">Tongba</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agkud" title="Agkud">Agkud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazake" title="Amazake">Amazake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_(drink)" title="Apo (drink)">Apo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beopju" title="Beopju">Beopju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brem" title="Brem">Brem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choujiu" title="Choujiu">Choujiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuak" title="Chuak">Chuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansul" title="Dansul">Dansul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwaha-ju" title="Gwaha-ju">Gwaha-ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariya" title="Hariya">Hariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makgeolli" title="Makgeolli">Makgeolli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Mijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirin" title="Mirin">Mirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasi" title="Pangasi">Pangasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_wine" title="Rice wine">Rice wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u_c%E1%BA%A7n" title="Rượu cần">Rượu cần</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">Sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sato_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sato (beverage)">Sato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_wine" title="Shaoxing wine">Shaoxing wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonti_(rice_drink)" title="Sonti (rice drink)">Sonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapuy" title="Tapuy">Tapuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zu_(beverage)" title="Zu (beverage)">Zu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kvass" title="Kvass">Kvass</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pendh%C4%81" title="Pendhā">Pendhā</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale" title="Ale">Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">Boza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjiu" title="Huangjiu">Huangjiu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agave americana</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">Pulque</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahalina" title="Bahalina">Bahalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuak">Tuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuba (wine)">Tubâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuhak">Tuhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunggang">Tunggang</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">Kumis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ginger <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_wine" title="Ginger wine">Ginger wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Galangal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_(wine)" title="Bais (wine)">Bais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byais" title="Byais">Byais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabarawan" title="Kabarawan">Kabarawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">Mead</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kilju" title="Kilju">Kilju</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basi" title="Basi">Basi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intus" title="Intus">Intus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palek" title="Palek">Palek</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_tea" title="Fermented tea">Fermented tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombucha" title="Kombucha">Kombucha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauim" title="Cauim">Cauim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicha" title="Chicha">Chicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakari" title="Parakari">Parakari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibwatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibwatu">Ibwatu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liquors_by_ingredients58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">Liquors</a> by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applejack_(drink)" title="Applejack (drink)">Applejack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvados" title="Calvados">Calvados</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cashew apple <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feni_(liquor)" title="Feni (liquor)">Feni</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirsch" title="Kirsch">Kirschwasser</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araqi_(drink)" title="Araqi (drink)">Araqi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fig <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boukha" title="Boukha">Boukha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Grape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(brandy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armagnac (brandy)">Armagnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac" title="Cognac">Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisco" title="Pisco">Pisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slivovitz" title="Slivovitz">Slivovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%9Auic%C4%83" title="Țuică">Țuică</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">Pomace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacha_(brandy)" title="Chacha (brandy)">Chacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa">Grappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomace_brandy" title="Pomace brandy">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orujo" title="Orujo">Orujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsikoudia" title="Tsikoudia">Tsikoudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsipouro" title="Tsipouro">Tsipouro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivania" title="Zivania">Zivania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandy" title="Brandy">Brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">Eau de vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geist_(liquor)" title="Geist (liquor)">Geist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbeergeist" title="Himbeergeist">Himbeergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marillenschnaps" title="Marillenschnaps">Marillenschnaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalewka" title="Nalewka">Nalewka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghi_(drink)" title="Oghi (drink)">Oghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1linka" title="Pálinka">Pálinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Rakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnaps" class="mw-redirect" title="Schnaps">Schnaps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cereals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barley <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierbrand" title="Bierbrand">Bierbrand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Buckwheat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_whisky" title="Buckwheat whisky">Buckwheat whisky</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maize <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">Bourbon whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_whiskey" title="Corn whiskey">Corn whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_whiskey" title="Tennessee whiskey">Tennessee whiskey</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awamori" title="Awamori">Awamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheongju_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheongju (wine)">Cheongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholai" title="Cholai">Cholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao-Lao" title="Lao-Lao">Lao-Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihing" title="Lihing">Lihing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixiang_Baijiu" title="Mixiang Baijiu">Mixiang Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shochu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochu">Shochu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rye <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korn_(liquor)" title="Korn (liquor)">Korn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye_whiskey" title="Rye whiskey">Rye whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starka" title="Starka">Starka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sorghum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaoliang_liquor" title="Kaoliang liquor">Kaoliang liquor</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Multiple grains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(drink)" title="Ara (drink)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_whiskey" title="American whiskey">American whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baijiu" title="Baijiu">Baijiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_whisky" title="Canadian whisky">Canadian whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">Whisky</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">Agave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal" title="Mezcal">Mezcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">Tequila</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut and other palms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">Arrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laksoy" title="Laksoy">Laksoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambanog" title="Lambanog">Lambanog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotol" title="Sotol">Sotol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dairy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhi" title="Arkhi">Arkhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane or molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">Cachaça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairin" title="Clairin">Clairin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_daru" title="Desi daru">Desi daru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaro_(drink)" title="Guaro (drink)">Guaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seco_Herrerano" title="Seco Herrerano">Seco Herrerano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulai" title="Sulai">Sulai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sura_(alcoholic_drink)" title="Sura (alcoholic drink)">Sura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharra" title="Tharra">Tharra</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various starches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguardiente" title="Aguardiente">Aguardiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Akvavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_(drink)" title="Bangla (drink)">Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Horilka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">Shōchū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">Vodka</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Liqueurs_and_infused_distilled_drinks_by_ingredients58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liqueur" title="Liqueur">Liqueurs</a> and infused distilled drinks by ingredients</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Almond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaretto" title="Amaretto">Amaretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_Noyaux" title="Crème de Noyaux">Crème de Noyaux</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absinthe" title="Absinthe">Absinthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisado" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado">Anisado</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisado_Mallorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisado Mallorca">Anisado Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisette" title="Anisette">Anisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierbas" title="Hierbas">Hierbas</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierbas_de_Mallorca" title="Hierbas de Mallorca">Hierbas de Mallorca</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">Mastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">Ouzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca" title="Sambuca">Sambuca</a></li></ul></li> <li>Beer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bierlik%C3%B6r" title="Bierlikör">Bierlikör</a></li></ul></li> <li>Blackthorn shrub <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cherry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Heering" title="Cherry Heering">Cherry Heering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraschino" title="Maraschino">Maraschino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chili peppers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horilka" title="Horilka">Pertsivka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chocolate <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate_liqueur" title="Chocolate liqueur">Chocolate liqueur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cinnamon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentura" title="Tentura">Tentura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakka" title="Lakka">Lakka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coconut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malibu_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Malibu Rum">Malibu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coffee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cream <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cream_liqueur" title="Cream liqueur">Cream liqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Irish cream</a></li></ul></li> <li>Egg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocaat" title="Advocaat">Advocaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hazelnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frangelico" title="Frangelico">Frangelico</a></li></ul></li> <li>Herbs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvavit" title="Akvavit">Aquavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine" title="Bénédictine">Bénédictine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenniv%C3%ADn" title="Brennivín">Brennivín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_menthe" title="Crème de menthe">Crème de menthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxa" title="Metaxa">Metaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicum" title="Unicum">Unicum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Honey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenjäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drambuie" title="Drambuie">Drambuie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glayva" title="Glayva">Glayva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Irish Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupnik" title="Krupnik">Krupnik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Juniper <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borovi%C4%8Dka" title="Borovička">Borovička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">Gin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">Jenever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mammee apple flower <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_cr%C3%A9ole" class="mw-redirect" title="Eau créole">Eau créole</a></li></ul></li> <li>Orange <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cointreau" title="Cointreau">Cointreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_(liqueur)" title="Curaçao (liqueur)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Marnier" title="Grand Marnier">Grand Marnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sec" title="Triple sec">Triple sec</a></li></ul></li> <li>Star anise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">Pastis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassolino" title="Sassolino">Sassolino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sugarcane/molasses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charanda" title="Charanda">Charanda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vanilla <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licor_43" title="Licor 43">Licor 43</a></li></ul></li> <li>Various fruits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campari" title="Campari">Campari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedratine" title="Cedratine">Cedratine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_banane" title="Crème de banane">Crème de banane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me_de_cassis" title="Crème de cassis">Crème de cassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoncello" title="Limoncello">Limoncello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schnapps" title="Schnapps">Schnapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloe_gin" title="Sloe gin">Sloe gin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Walnut <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nocino" title="Nocino">Nocino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="List of alcoholic drinks">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1204" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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