CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Winfield Scott - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1c2d4d8f-51a3-490f-aba7-5d75ec364dc8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Winfield_Scott","wgTitle":"Winfield Scott","wgCurRevisionId":1259002223,"wgRevisionId":1259002223,"wgArticleId":61403,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Harv and Sfn no-target errors","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from November 2020","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from July 2024","CS1: long volume value","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with Internet Archive links", "Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","1786 births","1866 deaths","19th-century American politicians","American duellists","American military personnel of the Mexican–American War","American people of Scottish descent","American people of English descent","American people of the Black Hawk War","United States Army personnel of the Seminole Wars","Burials at West Point Cemetery","Candidates in the 1840 United States presidential election","Candidates in the 1848 United States presidential election","Candidates in the 1852 United States presidential election","College of William \u0026 Mary alumni","Commanding Generals of the United States Army","Congressional Gold Medal recipients","Members of the Aztec Club of 1847","New Jersey Whigs","People from Dinwiddie County, Virginia","People from West Point, New York","People of the Utah War","Southern Unionists in the American Civil War","Union army generals", "United States Army personnel of the War of 1812","United States Army personnel who were court-martialed","Virginia militia","War of 1812 prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom","Whig Party (United States) presidential nominees","Trail of Tears perpetrators"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Winfield_Scott","wgRelevantArticleId":61403,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q354759","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript": "ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1526"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1017"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862_crop.jpg/640px-Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="814"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Winfield Scott - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Winfield_Scott rootpage-Winfield_Scott skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Winfield+Scott" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Winfield+Scott" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Winfield+Scott" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Winfield+Scott" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career,_1807–1815" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career,_1807–1815"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career, 1807–1815</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_career,_1807–1815-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early career, 1807–1815 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_career,_1807–1815-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_years_in_the_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_years_in_the_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First years in the army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_years_in_the_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>War of 1812</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-career,_1815–1841" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-career,_1815–1841"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mid-career, 1815–1841</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mid-career,_1815–1841-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mid-career, 1815–1841 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mid-career,_1815–1841-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-war_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Post-war years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_Hawk_War_and_Nullification_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_Hawk_War_and_Nullification_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Black Hawk War and Nullification Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_Hawk_War_and_Nullification_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Indian Removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tensions_with_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tensions_with_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Tensions with the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tensions_with_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1840" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1840"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Presidential election of 1840</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1840-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commanding_General,_1841–1861" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commanding_General,_1841–1861"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Commanding General, 1841–1861</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commanding_General,_1841–1861-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commanding General, 1841–1861 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commanding_General,_1841–1861-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Service_under_Tyler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_under_Tyler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Service under Tyler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_under_Tyler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexican–American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican–American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mexican–American War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican–American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Early war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_of_Central_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_of_Central_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Invasion of Central Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_of_Central_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Mexico City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taylor_and_Fillmore_administrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taylor_and_Fillmore_administrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Taylor and Fillmore administrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taylor_and_Fillmore_administrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1852" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1852"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Presidential election of 1852</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1852-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pierce_and_Buchanan_administrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pierce_and_Buchanan_administrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Pierce and Buchanan administrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pierce_and_Buchanan_administrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lincoln_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lincoln_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Lincoln administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lincoln_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement,_consultations,_writings,_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement,_consultations,_writings,_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Retirement, consultations, writings, and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement,_consultations,_writings,_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Historical reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dates of rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle General references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_and_journal_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_and_journal_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Internet and journal sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_and_journal_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Winfield Scott</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA" title="وينفيلد سكوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وينفيلد سكوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="وینفیلد اسکات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وینفیلد اسکات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="وینفیلد اسکات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وینفیلد اسکات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%88%ED%95%84%EB%93%9C_%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%A7" title="윈필드 스콧 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윈필드 스콧" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98" title="וינפילד סקוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וינפילד סקוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="უინფილდ სკოტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უინფილდ სკოტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinf%C4%ABlds_Skots" title="Vinfīlds Skots – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vinfīlds Skots" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ウィンフィールド・スコット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィンフィールド・スコット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott_(1786%E2%80%931866)" title="Winfield Scott (1786–1866) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Winfield Scott (1786–1866)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Скотт, Уинфилд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скотт, Уинфилд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Винфилд Скот – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Винфилд Скот" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Winfield Scott" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Вінфілд Скотт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вінфілд Скотт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9" title="温菲尔德·斯科特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="温菲尔德·斯科特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q354759#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Winfield_Scott" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Winfield_Scott" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Winfield_Scott" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&oldid=1259002223" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Winfield_Scott&id=1259002223&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWinfield_Scott"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWinfield_Scott"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Winfield_Scott&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Winfield_Scott" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q354759" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States Army general (1786–1866)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Winfield Scott (disambiguation)">Winfield Scott (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Grand Old Man of the Army" redirects here. For the British general, see <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stransham" title="Anthony Stransham">Anthony Stransham</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Winfield Scott</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks,_1862_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862_crop.jpg/220px-Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862_crop.jpg/330px-Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862_crop.jpg/440px-Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="998" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Scott in uniform, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1862</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General of the U.S. Army</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 5, 1841 – November 1, 1861</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_(general)" title="Alexander Macomb (general)">Alexander Macomb</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1786-06-13</span>)</span>June 13, 1786<br /><a href="/wiki/Dinwiddie_County,_Virginia" title="Dinwiddie County, Virginia">Dinwiddie County, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 29, 1866<span style="display:none">(1866-05-29)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/West_Point_Cemetery" title="West Point Cemetery">West Point Cemetery</a> in West Point, New York</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Maria DeHart Mayo</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1817)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William and Mary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> (2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winfield_scott_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winfield Scott's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Winfield_scott_signature.svg/128px-Winfield_scott_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Winfield_scott_signature.svg/192px-Winfield_scott_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Winfield_scott_signature.svg/256px-Winfield_scott_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nicknames</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>"Old Fuss and Feathers"</li> <li>"The Grand Old Man of the Army"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Militia">Virginia Militia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1807 (Militia)</li> <li>1808–1861 (U.S. Army)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">Brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>1st Brigade, Left Division, Army of the North</li> <li>Division of the North</li> <li>Eastern Department</li> <li>Eastern Division</li> <li>Commanding General of the United States Army</li> <li>Army of Mexico</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair">Chesapeake–Leopard affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Battle of Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">Battle of Fort George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Iroquois" title="Battle of Point Iroquois">Battle of Point Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Battle of Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">Capture of Fort Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Battle of Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Battle of Lundy's Lane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War_of_1836" title="Creek War of 1836">Creek War of 1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_War" title="Patriot War">Patriot War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroostook_War" title="Aroostook War">Aroostook War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">Siege of Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo" title="Battle of Cerro Gordo">Battle of Cerro Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Battle of Contreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Battle of Churubusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">Battle for Mexico City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1859)" title="Pig War (1859)">Pig War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Winfield Scott</b> (June 13, 1786 – May 29, 1866) was an American military commander and political candidate. He served as Commanding General of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> from 1841 to 1861, and was a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, and the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Scott was the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>'s presidential nominee in the <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 election</a> but was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>. He was known as <b>Old Fuss and Feathers</b> for his insistence on proper military etiquette and the <b>Grand Old Man of the Army</b> for his many years of service. </p><p>Scott was born near <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg, Virginia</a>, in 1786. After training as a lawyer and brief militia service, he joined the army in 1808 as a captain of the light artillery. In the War of 1812, Scott served on the <a href="/wiki/British_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="British Canada">Canadian</a> front, taking part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Battle of Queenston Heights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">Battle of Fort George</a>, and was promoted to brigadier general in early 1814. He served with distinction in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Battle of Chippawa</a> but was badly wounded in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Battle of Lundy's Lane</a>. After the conclusion of the war, Scott was assigned to command army forces in a district containing much of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>, and he and his family made their home near New York City. During the 1830s, Scott negotiated an end to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>, took part in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Creek_War_of_1836" title="Creek War of 1836">Creek War of 1836</a>, and presided over the <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">forced removal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>. Scott also helped to avert war with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, defusing tensions arising from the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_War" title="Patriot War">Patriot War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aroostook_War" title="Aroostook War">Aroostook War</a>. </p><p>In 1841, Scott became the <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General of the United States Army</a>, beating out his rival <a href="/wiki/Edmund_P._Gaines" title="Edmund P. Gaines">Edmund P. Gaines</a> for the position. After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> in 1846, Scott was relegated to an administrative role, but in 1847 he led a campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">capturing</a> the port city of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>, he defeated Mexican General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a>'s armies at the Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo" title="Battle of Cerro Gordo">Cerro Gordo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Contreras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Churubusco</a>. He then <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">captured Mexico City</a>, after which he maintained order in the Mexican capital and indirectly helped envoy <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Trist" title="Nicholas Trist">Nicholas Trist</a> negotiate the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>, which brought an end to the war. </p><p>Scott unsuccessfully sought the Whig presidential nomination three times, in 1840, 1844, and 1848. He won it in <a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">1852</a>, when the party was in danger of dying off. The Whigs were severely divided over the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, and Democrat Franklin Pierce won a decisive victory over his former commander. Nonetheless, Scott remained popular among the public. In 1855, he received a <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> promotion to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">lieutenant general</a>, becoming the first U.S. Army officer to hold that rank since <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. In 1859, he peacefully solved the <a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1859)" title="Pig War (1859)">Pig War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a>, ending the last in a long series of British-American border conflicts. Despite being a Virginia native, Scott stayed loyal to the Union when the Civil War broke out and served as an essential adviser to President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> during the opening stages of the war. He developed a strategy known as the <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a> but retired in late 1861 after Lincoln increasingly relied on General <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> for military advice and leadership. In retirement, he lived in <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point, New York</a>, where he died on May 29, 1866. </p><p>Contemporaries highly regarded Scott's military talent, and historians generally consider him one of the most accomplished generals in U.S. history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Winfield_Scott.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Winfield_Scott.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Winfield_Scott.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Winfield_Scott.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Winfield_Scott.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Winfield_Scott.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Winfield_Scott.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Scott used this <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">bookplate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Hobbies_magazine''139_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Hobbies_magazine''139-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been incorporated into the heraldry of various units of the U.S. Army, including the <a href="/wiki/1st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="1st Engineer Battalion (United States)">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/7th_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)" title="7th Engineer Battalion (United States)">7th</a> Engineer Battalions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinCapelotti1993108–109_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinCapelotti1993108–109-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Scott was born on June 13, 1786, the fifth child of Ann (Mason) Scott and William Scott, a planter, veteran of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, and officer in the <a href="/wiki/Dinwiddie_County,_Virginia" title="Dinwiddie County, Virginia">Dinwiddie County</a> militia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18941–2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18941–2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, the Scott family resided at Laurel Hill, a plantation near <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower19991–2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower19991–2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthwick1998219_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthwick1998219-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ann Mason Scott was the daughter of Daniel Mason and Elizabeth Winfield, and Scott's parents chose his maternal grandmother's surname for his first name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18941_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18941-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott's paternal grandfather, James Scott, had migrated from <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> after the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Edward Stuart</a>'s forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden" title="Battle of Culloden">Battle of Culloden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott's father died when Scott was six years old; his mother did not remarry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin20032_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin20032-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She raised Scott, his older brother James, and their sisters Mary, Rebecca, Elizabeth, and Martha until her death in 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19988_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19988-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Scott's family held considerable wealth, most of the family fortune went to James, who inherited the plantation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthwick1998220_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthwick1998220-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At six feet, five inches tall and 230 pounds, with a hardy constitution, in his prime Scott was a physically large and imposing figure.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scott's education included attendance at schools run by James Hargrave and James Ogilvie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdoin_College1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowdoin_College1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1805, Scott began attending the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a>, but he soon left to <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">study law</a> in the office of attorney David Robinson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdoin_College1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowdoin_College1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His contemporaries in Robinson's office included <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruffin" title="Thomas Ruffin">Thomas Ruffin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18944_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18944-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While apprenticing under Robinson, Scott attended the trial of <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>, who had been accused of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> for his role in events now known as the <a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">Burr conspiracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright189456_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright189456-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the trial, Scott developed a negative opinion of the <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer of the United States Army</a>, General <a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a>, as the result of Wilkinson's efforts to minimize his complicity in Burr's actions by providing forged evidence and false, self-serving testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18948–10_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18948–10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scott was <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">admitted to the bar</a> in 1806, and practiced in <a href="/wiki/Dinwiddie,_Virginia" title="Dinwiddie, Virginia">Dinwiddie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1807, Scott gained his initial military experience as a <a href="/wiki/Corporal#United_States" title="Corporal">corporal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Militia">Virginia Militia</a>, serving amid the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair"><i>Chesapeake–Leopard</i> affair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18946_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18946-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott led a detachment that captured eight <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> sailors who had attempted to land to purchase provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18946_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18946-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virginia authorities did not approve of this action, fearing it might spark a wider conflict, and they soon ordered the release of the prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18946_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18946-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, Scott attempted to establish a legal practice in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> but was unable to obtain a law license because he did not meet the state's one-year residency requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18947–9_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18947–9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career,_1807–1815"><span id="Early_career.2C_1807.E2.80.931815"></span>Early career, 1807–1815</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career, 1807–1815"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_years_in_the_army">First years in the army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First years in the army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins of the War of 1812</a></div> <p>In early 1808, President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> asked Congress to authorize an expansion of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> after the British announced an escalation of their naval blockade of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, thereby threatening American shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott convinced U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">William Branch Giles</a>, a family friend, to help him obtain a commission in the newly expanded army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower19999–10_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower19999–10-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1808, shortly before his twenty-second birthday, Scott was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">captain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Light_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Light artillery">light artillery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18947_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18947-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tasked with recruiting a <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a>, he raised his troops from the Petersburg and <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> areas, then traveled with his unit to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> to join their <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18947_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18947-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott was deeply disturbed by what he viewed as the unprofessionalism of the army, which at the time consisted of just 2,700 officers and men.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later wrote that "the old officers had, very generally, sunk into either sloth, ignorance, or habits of intemperate drinking."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199913–14_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199913–14-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He soon clashed with his commander, General <a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a>, over Wilkinson's refusal to follow the orders of Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a> to remove troops from an unhealthy bivouac site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18947_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18947-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilkinson owned the site, and while the poor location caused several illnesses and deaths among his soldiers, Wilkinson refused to relocate them because he personally profited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18947_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18947-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, staying near New Orleans enabled Wilkinson to pursue his private business interests and continue the courtship of Celestine Trudeau, whom he later married.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199813–14_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199813–14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scott briefly resigned his commission over his dissatisfaction with Wilkinson, but before his resignation had been accepted, he withdrew it and returned to the army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199917–18_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199917–18-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1810, Scott was convicted in a court-martial, partly for making disrespectful comments about Wilkinson's integrity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199918–19_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199918–19-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and partly because of a $50 shortage in the $400 account he had been provided to conduct recruiting duty in Virginia after being commissioned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18949–10_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18949–10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning the money, the court-martial members concluded that Scott had not been intentionally dishonest but had failed to keep accurate records.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright189410_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright189410-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His commission was suspended for one year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199918–19_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199918–19-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the trial, Scott fought a duel with William Upshaw, an army medical officer and Wilkinson friend Scott blamed for initiating the court-martial. Each fired at the other, but both emerged unharmed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199919_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199919-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the duel, Scott returned to Virginia, where he spent the year studying military tactics and strategy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18947_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18947-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and practicing law in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Watkins_Leigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Watkins Leigh">Benjamin Watkins Leigh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199920–21_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199920–21-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Wilkinson was removed from command for insubordination and was succeeded by General <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_I" title="Wade Hampton I">Wade Hampton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199916–17_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199916–17-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rousing reception Scott received from his army peers as he began his suspension led him to believe that most officers approved of his anti-Wilkinson comments, at least tacitly; their high opinion of him, coupled with Leigh's counsel to remain in the army, convinced Scott to resume his military career once his suspension had been served.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199920–21_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199920–21-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rejoined the army in <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a>, where one of his first duties was to serve as a judge advocate (prosecutor) in the court-martial of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Humphrey_Cushing" title="Thomas Humphrey Cushing">Thomas Humphrey Cushing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199922–23_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199922–23-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War of 1812"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_Genl._Winfield_Scott_-_Wood_pinxt._;_Edwin_sc._LCCN2012645312_(cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Major_Genl._Winfield_Scott_-_Wood_pinxt._%3B_Edwin_sc._LCCN2012645312_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-200px-Major_Genl._Winfield_Scott_-_Wood_pinxt._%3B_Edwin_sc._LCCN2012645312_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Major_Genl._Winfield_Scott_-_Wood_pinxt._%3B_Edwin_sc._LCCN2012645312_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Major_Genl._Winfield_Scott_-_Wood_pinxt._%3B_Edwin_sc._LCCN2012645312_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Major_Genl._Winfield_Scott_-_Wood_pinxt._%3B_Edwin_sc._LCCN2012645312_%28cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-400px-Major_Genl._Winfield_Scott_-_Wood_pinxt._%3B_Edwin_sc._LCCN2012645312_%28cropped%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption>Print of Major General Scott by <a href="/wiki/David_Edwin" title="David Edwin">David Edwin</a>, 1814<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo_American_War_1812_Locations_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Anglo_American_War_1812_Locations_map-en.svg/325px-Anglo_American_War_1812_Locations_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Anglo_American_War_1812_Locations_map-en.svg/488px-Anglo_American_War_1812_Locations_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Anglo_American_War_1812_Locations_map-en.svg/650px-Anglo_American_War_1812_Locations_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the northern theater of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency of James Madison</a></div> <p>During the early 19th century, relationships between Britain and the United States continued to deteriorate due to a variety of factors, including the British <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">impressment</a> of American citizens alleged to be <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> deserters and Britain's support to <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> who were resisting U.S. colonization in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1812, the U.S. Congress <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" title="Declaration of war by the United States">declared war</a> on Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199923–25_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199923–25-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the declaration of war, Scott was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a> and assigned as second-in-command of the 2nd Artillery Regiment, serving under <a href="/wiki/George_Izard" title="George Izard">George Izard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Izard continued to lead recruitment efforts, Scott led two companies north to join General <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">Stephen Van Rensselaer</a>'s militia force, which was preparing for an invasion of <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">the Canadas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199927–28_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199927–28-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> made the invasion the central part of his administration's war strategy in 1812, as he sought to capture <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> and thereby take control of the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> and cut off <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>. The invasion would begin with an attack on the town of <a href="/wiki/Queenston,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenston, Ontario">Queenston</a>, which was just across the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lewiston_(village),_New_York" title="Lewiston (village), New York">Lewiston, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199930–31_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199930–31-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1812, Van Rensselaer's force attacked a British force in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Battle of Queenston Heights</a>. Scott led an artillery bombardment that supported an American crossing of the Niagara River, and he took overall command of U.S. forces at Queenston after Colonel <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Van_Rensselaer" title="Solomon Van Rensselaer">Solomon Van Rensselaer</a> was badly wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199937–39_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199937–39-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after Scott took command, a British column under <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hale_Sheaffe" title="Roger Hale Sheaffe">Roger Hale Sheaffe</a> arrived. Sheaffe's numerically superior force compelled an American retreat, ultimately forcing Scott to surrender to the British after reinforcements from the militia failed to materialize.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199939–41_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199939–41-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>, Scott was treated hospitably by the British, although two <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a> leaders nearly killed him while he was in British custody.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199942–43_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199942–43-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of a prisoner exchange, Scott was released in late November; upon his return to the United States, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a> and appointed to command the 2nd Artillery Regiment. He also became the chief of staff to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a>, who was the senior general of the army and personally led operations against Canada in the area around Lake Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199946,_51–54_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199946,_51–54-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dearborn assigned Scott to lead <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">an attack</a> against <a href="/wiki/Fort_George,_Ontario" title="Fort George, Ontario">Fort George</a>, which commanded a strategic position on the Niagara River. With help from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> elements commanded by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Chauncey" title="Isaac Chauncey">Isaac Chauncey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry" title="Oliver Hazard Perry">Oliver Hazard Perry</a>, he led U.S. troops to land behind the fort, forcing its surrender. Scott was widely praised for his conduct in the battle, although he was personally disappointed that the bulk of the British garrison escaped capture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199955–59_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199955–59-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of another campaign to capture Montreal, Scott forced the British to withdraw from Hoople Creek in November 1813. Despite this success, the campaign fell apart after the American defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Battle of Crysler's Farm</a> and after Wilkinson (who had taken command of the front in August) and Hampton failed to cooperate on a strategy to take Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199966–71_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199966–71-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the failure of the campaign, President Madison and Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong Jr.</a> relieved Wilkinson<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some other senior officers of their battlefield commands. They were replaced with younger officers such as Scott, Izard, and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Brown_(general)" title="Jacob Brown (general)">Jacob Brown</a>. In early 1814, Scott was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was assigned to lead a regiment under Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199972–76_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199972–76-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-1814, Scott took part in another invasion of Canada, which began with a crossing of the Niagara River under Brown's command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199978–80_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199978–80-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott was instrumental in the American success at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Battle of Chippawa</a>, which took place on July 5, 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeltoe2013127_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeltoe2013127-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the battle was regarded as inconclusive from the strategic point of view because the British force remained intact after the battle,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin200346_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin200346-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was seen as a significant moral victory. The battle was "the first real success attained by American troops against British regulars."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199985_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199985-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Winfield_Scott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/General_Winfield_Scott.jpg/220px-General_Winfield_Scott.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/General_Winfield_Scott.jpg/330px-General_Winfield_Scott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/General_Winfield_Scott.jpg/440px-General_Winfield_Scott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Scott by <a href="/wiki/William_Rush_(sculptor)" title="William Rush (sculptor)">William Rush</a>, c. 1814</figcaption></figure> <p>Later, in July 1814, a scouting expedition led by Scott was ambushed, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Battle of Lundy's Lane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199988–90_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199988–90-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott's brigade was decimated after British troops led by General <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Drummond" title="Gordon Drummond">Gordon Drummond</a> arrived as reinforcements, and he was placed in the reserve in the second phase of the battle. Scott was later severely wounded while seeking a place to commit his reserve forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199990–93_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199990–93-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed that Brown's decision to refrain from fully committing his strength at the outset of this battle resulted in the destruction of Scott's brigade and many unnecessary deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle ended inconclusively after Brown ordered his army to withdraw, effectively bringing an end to the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199993–94_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199993–94-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott spent the following months convalescing under the supervision of military doctors and physician <a href="/wiki/Philip_Syng_Physick" title="Philip Syng Physick">Philip Syng Physick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199996–98_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199996–98-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scott's performance at the Battle of Chippawa had earned him national recognition. He was promoted to the <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> and awarded a <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199996–98_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199996–98-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1814, Scott was appointed commander of American forces in Maryland and northern Virginia, taking command in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199998–100_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199998–100-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The War of 1812 came to an effective end in February 1815, after news of the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a> (which had been signed in December 1814) reached the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999103–105_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999103–105-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1815, Scott was admitted to the Pennsylvania <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a> as an honorary member in recognition of his service in the War of 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott's Society of the Cincinnati insignia, made by silversmiths Thomas Fletcher and Sidney Gardiner of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, was a one-of-a-kind, solid gold eagle measuring nearly three inches in height. It is one of the most unique military society insignias ever produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no known portraits or photographs of Scott wearing the insignia, which is now in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-Myers_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myers-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs._Winfield_Scott,_by_Asher_Brown_Durand,_MET_DP254451.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mrs._Winfield_Scott%2C_by_Asher_Brown_Durand%2C_MET_DP254451.jpg/220px-Mrs._Winfield_Scott%2C_by_Asher_Brown_Durand%2C_MET_DP254451.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mrs._Winfield_Scott%2C_by_Asher_Brown_Durand%2C_MET_DP254451.jpg/330px-Mrs._Winfield_Scott%2C_by_Asher_Brown_Durand%2C_MET_DP254451.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mrs._Winfield_Scott%2C_by_Asher_Brown_Durand%2C_MET_DP254451.jpg/440px-Mrs._Winfield_Scott%2C_by_Asher_Brown_Durand%2C_MET_DP254451.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="3869" /></a><figcaption>Maria DeHart Mayo (1789–1862), portrait by <a href="/wiki/Asher_Brown_Durand" title="Asher Brown Durand">Asher Durand</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1817, Scott married Maria DeHart Mayo (1789–1862).<sup id="cite_ref-FklAL_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FklAL-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the daughter of Abigail (<a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> DeHart) Mayo and Colonel John Mayo, a wealthy engineer and businessman who came from a distinguished family in Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999109_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999109-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott and his family lived in <a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethtown, New Jersey">Elizabethtown, New Jersey</a> for most of the next thirty years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999110_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999110-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the late 1830s, Maria spent much of her time in Europe because of a bronchial condition, and she died in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999402_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999402-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were the parents of seven children, five daughters and two sons:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2015344_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2015344-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin200370_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin200370-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Maria Mayo Scott (1818–1833), who died as a teenager.<sup id="cite_ref-Norfleet_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norfleet-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>John Mayo Scott (1819–1820), who died young.<sup id="cite_ref-Norfleet_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norfleet-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Virginia Scott (1821–1845), who became Sister Mary Emanuel of the <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Visitation_Monastery" title="Georgetown Visitation Monastery">Georgetown convent of Visitation nuns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray1882_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray1882-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lathrop1894_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lathrop1894-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Edward Winfield Scott (1823–1827), who died young.<sup id="cite_ref-Norfleet_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norfleet-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cornelia Winfield Scott (1825–1885), who married Colonel <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_Scott" title="Henry Lee Scott">Henry Lee Scott</a> (1814–1886) (no relation), Winfield Scott's <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Inspector_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Office of the Inspector General of the United States Army">Inspector General of the Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moseley2009_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moseley2009-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adeline Camilla Scott (1831–1882), who married Goold Hoyt (1818–1883), a New York City businessman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1998241_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1998241-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Marcella Scott (1834–1909), who married <a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_MacTavish" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Carroll MacTavish">Charles Carroll MacTavish</a> (1818–1868), the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Caton_(merchant)" title="Richard Caton (merchant)">Richard Caton</a> and a member of Maryland's prominent <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_political_families_(C)#The_Carrolls" title="List of United States political families (C)">Carroll family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wake2012_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wake2012-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mid-career,_1815–1841"><span id="Mid-career.2C_1815.E2.80.931841"></span>Mid-career, 1815–1841</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mid-career, 1815–1841"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_years">Post-war years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">Presidency of James Monroe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">Presidency of John Quincy Adams</a></div> <p>With the conclusion of the War of 1812, Scott served on a board charged with demobilizing the army and determining who would continue to serve in the officer corps. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and Brown were selected as the army's two major generals, while <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_(general)" title="Alexander Macomb (general)">Alexander Macomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_P._Gaines" title="Edmund P. Gaines">Edmund P. Gaines</a>, Scott, and <a href="/wiki/Eleazer_Wheelock_Ripley" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazer Wheelock Ripley">Eleazer Wheelock Ripley</a> would serve as the army's four brigadier generals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999103–105_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999103–105-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson became commander of the army's Southern Division, Brown became commander of the army's Northern Division, and the brigadier generals were assigned leadership of departments within the divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999110_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999110-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott obtained a leave of absence to study warfare in Europe, though to his disappointment, he reached Europe only after <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s final defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999105–107_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999105–107-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return to the United States in May 1816, he was assigned to command army forces in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>. He made his headquarters in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and became part of the city's social life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999108–110_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999108–110-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned the nickname "Old Fuss and Feathers" for his insistence on proper military bearing, courtesy, appearance, and discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999184_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999184-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1835, Scott wrote <i>Infantry Tactics, Or, Rules for the Exercise and Maneuvre of the United States Infantry</i>, a three-volume work that served as the standard drill manual for the United States Army until 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Civil_War_-_Pre-War_Tactical_Doctrine"_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Civil_War_-_Pre-War_Tactical_Doctrine"-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scott developed a rivalry with Jackson after Jackson took offense to a comment Scott had made at a private dinner in New York, though they later reconciled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999112–115,_118_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999112–115,_118-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also continued a bitter feud with Gaines that centered over which of them had seniority, as both hoped to eventually succeed the ailing Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999119–120_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999119–120-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1821, Congress reorganized the army, leaving Brown as the sole major general and Scott and Gaines as the only brigadier generals; Macomb accepted demotion to colonel and appointment as the chief of engineers, while Ripley and Jackson both left the army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999117–118_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999117–118-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Brown died in 1828, President <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> passed over Scott and Gaines due to their feuding, instead appointing Macomb. Scott was outraged and asked to be relieved of his commission, but ultimately backed down.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999121–123_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999121–123-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Hawk_War_and_Nullification_Crisis">Black Hawk War and Nullification Crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Black Hawk War and Nullification Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Presidency of Andrew Jackson</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General-Winfield-Scott-(1786-1866)1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/General-Winfield-Scott-%281786-1866%291835.jpg/200px-General-Winfield-Scott-%281786-1866%291835.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/General-Winfield-Scott-%281786-1866%291835.jpg/300px-General-Winfield-Scott-%281786-1866%291835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/General-Winfield-Scott-%281786-1866%291835.jpg/400px-General-Winfield-Scott-%281786-1866%291835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Winfield Scott age of 49, 1835 portrait by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1832, President Andrew Jackson ordered Scott to <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> to take command of a conflict known as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999125–127_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999125–127-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Scott arrived in Illinois, the conflict had come to a close with the army's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe" title="Battle of Bad Axe">Battle of Bad Axe</a>. Scott and Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Illinois_politician)" title="John Reynolds (Illinois politician)">John Reynolds</a> concluded the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Purchase" title="Black Hawk Purchase">Black Hawk Purchase</a> with Chief <a href="/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Keokuk (Sauk leader)">Keokuk</a> and other Native American leaders, opening up much of present-day <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> to settlement by whites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999128–132_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999128–132-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in 1832, Jackson placed Scott in charge of army preparations for a potential conflict arising from the <a href="/wiki/Nullification_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullification Crisis">Nullification Crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999133–135_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999133–135-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott traveled to <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, the center of the nullification movement, where he strengthened federal forts but also sought to cultivate public opinion away from <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a>. Ultimately, the crisis ended in early 1833 with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">Tariff of 1833</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999136–139_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999136–139-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Removal">Indian Removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indian Removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trails_of_Tears_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Trails_of_Tears_en.png/330px-Trails_of_Tears_en.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Trails_of_Tears_en.png/495px-Trails_of_Tears_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Trails_of_Tears_en.png/660px-Trails_of_Tears_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1547" /></a><figcaption>Routes of Southern removals</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></div> <p>President Jackson launched a policy of <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a>, forcing Native Americans to move west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. Some Native Americans moved peacefully, but others resisted, including many <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a>. In December 1835, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a> broke out after the <a href="/wiki/Dade_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Dade massacre">Dade massacre</a>, in which a group of Seminoles ambushed and massacred a U.S. Army company in <a href="/wiki/Central_Florida" title="Central Florida">Central Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999146–147_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999146–147-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Jackson ordered Scott to take command of operations against the Seminoles personally, and the officer arrived in Florida by February 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999150–152_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999150–152-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several months of inconclusive campaigning, Scott was ordered to the border of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> to put down a <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a> uprising known as the <a href="/wiki/Creek_War_of_1836" title="Creek War of 1836">Creek War of 1836</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999159–161_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999159–161-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American forces under Scott, General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jesup" title="Thomas Jesup">Thomas Jesup</a>, and Alabama Governor <a href="/wiki/Clement_Comer_Clay" title="Clement Comer Clay">Clement Comer Clay</a> quickly defeated the Muscogee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999164–165_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999164–165-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some subordinates and civilians criticized Scott's actions in the campaigns against the Seminole and the Muscogee, and President Jackson convened a Court of Inquiry that investigated Scott and Gaines.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court cleared Scott of misconduct; still, it reprimanded him for his language criticizing Gaines in official communications.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court was critical of Gaines' actions during the campaign, though it did not accuse him of misconduct or incompetence.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also criticized the language he used to defend himself publicly and to the court.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999172–174_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999172–174-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>, a personal friend of Scott's, assumed the presidency in 1837, and Van Buren continued Jackson's Indian removal policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999176,_185_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999176,_185-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1838, Van Buren placed Scott in command of the removal of <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> people from the Southeastern United States. Some of Scott's associates tried to dissuade Scott from what they viewed as an immoral mission, but Scott accepted his orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999184–185_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999184–185-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After almost all of the Cherokee refused to relocate voluntarily, Scott made careful plans to ensure that his soldiers forcibly but humanely relocated the Cherokee. Nonetheless, the Cherokee endured abuse from Scott's soldiers; one account described soldiers driving the Cherokee "like cattle, through rivers, allowing them no time to take off their shoes and stockings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999187,_190–191_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999187,_190–191-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-1838, Scott agreed to Chief <a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Cherokee_chief)" title="John Ross (Cherokee chief)">John Ross</a>'s plan to let the Cherokee lead a movement west, and he awarded a contract to the Cherokee Council to complete the removal. Scott was strongly criticized by many Southerners, including Jackson, for awarding the contract to Ross rather than continuing the removal under his own auspices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999192–193_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999192–193-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott accompanied one Cherokee group as an observer, traveling with them from <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Tennessee" title="Athens, Tennessee">Athens, Tennessee</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, where he was ordered to the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999193–194_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999193–194-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tensions_with_the_United_Kingdom">Tensions with the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tensions with the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 1837, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Patriot_War" title="Patriot War">Patriot War</a>" broke out along the Canadian border when some Americans sought to support the <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</a> in Canada. Tensions escalated after the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_affair" title="Caroline affair">Caroline affair</a>, in which Canadian forces burned a steamboat that had delivered supplies to rebel forces. President Van Buren dispatched Scott to <a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">western New York</a> to prevent unauthorized border crossings and war between the United States and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999177–179_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999177–179-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still popular in the area due to his service in the War of 1812, Scott issued public appeals, asking Americans to refrain from supporting the Canadian rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999181–183_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999181–183-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1838, a new crisis known as the <a href="/wiki/Aroostook_War" title="Aroostook War">Aroostook War</a> broke out over a dispute regarding the border between <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and Canada, which had not been conclusively settled in previous treaties between Britain and the United States. Scott was tasked with preventing the conflict from escalating into a war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999196–197_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999196–197-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After winning the support of Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Fairfield" title="John Fairfield">John Fairfield</a> and other Maine leaders, Scott negotiated a truce with <a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Harvey (British Army officer)">John Harvey</a>, who commanded British forces in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999200–202_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999200–202-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election_of_1840">Presidential election of 1840</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Presidential election of 1840"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1839WhigPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1839WhigPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png/290px-1839WhigPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1839WhigPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png/435px-1839WhigPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1839WhigPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png/580px-1839WhigPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption>Scott (purple) won three states on the first ballot of the <a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839 Whig National Convention</a>, but the convention nominated <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> for president.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-1830s, Scott joined the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>, which opponents of President Jackson established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999141_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999141-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott's success in preventing war with Canada under Van Buren confirmed his popularity with the broad public, and in early 1839, newspapers began to mention him as a candidate for the presidential nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839 Whig National Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999202–203_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999202–203-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the convention in December 1839, party leader <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> and 1836 presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> had emerged as the two front-runners, but Scott loomed as a potential compromise candidate if the convention deadlocked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007571–572_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007571–572-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several ballots, the convention nominated Harrison for president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999206–207_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999206–207-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harrison went on to defeat Van Buren in the <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 presidential election</a>, but he died just one month into his term and was succeeded by Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commanding_General,_1841–1861"><span id="Commanding_General.2C_1841.E2.80.931861"></span>Commanding General, 1841–1861</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Commanding General, 1841–1861"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_under_Tyler">Service under Tyler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Service under Tyler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">Presidency of John Tyler</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winfield_Scott_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Winfield_Scott_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.JPG/200px-Winfield_Scott_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Winfield_Scott_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.JPG/300px-Winfield_Scott_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Winfield_Scott_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.JPG/400px-Winfield_Scott_-_National_Portrait_Gallery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4069" data-file-height="4828" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Scott by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walter_Weir" title="Robert Walter Weir">Robert Walter Weir</a>, 1855</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 25, 1841, Macomb died, and Scott and Gaines were still the two most obvious choices for the position of <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General of the United States Army</a>. Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> recommended Scott, and President Tyler approved; Scott was also promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to biographer <a href="/wiki/John_Eisenhower" title="John Eisenhower">John Eisenhower</a>, the office of commanding general had, since its establishment in 1821, been an "innocuous and artificial office ... its occupant had been given little control over the staff, and even worse, his advice was seldom sought by his civilian superiors." Macomb had largely been outside the chain of command, and senior commanders like Gaines, Scott, and Quartermaster General Thomas Jesup reported directly to the Secretary of War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999208–209_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999208–209-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Scott's efforts to invigorate the office, he enjoyed little influence with President Tyler, who quickly became alienated from most of the Whig Party after taking office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999209–210_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999209–210-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Whigs, including <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a> of Pennsylvania, favored Scott as the Whig candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 presidential election</a>. Still, Clay quickly emerged as the prohibitive front-runner for the Whig nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999211–213_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999211–213-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay won the 1844 Whig nomination, but he was defeated in the general election by Democrat <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>. Polk's campaign centered on his support for the <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>, which had gained independence from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> in 1836. After Polk won the election, Congress passed legislation enabling the annexation of Texas, and Texas achieved statehood in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999213–215_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999213–215-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican–American_War"><span id="Mexican.E2.80.93American_War"></span>Mexican–American War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mexican–American War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Presidency of James K. Polk</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_war">Early war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_(without_Scott%27s_Campaign)-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg/350px-Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg/525px-Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg/700px-Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>Overview map of the war</figcaption></figure> <p>Polk and Scott had never liked one another, and their distrust deepened after Polk became president, partly due to Scott's affiliation with the Whig Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999218–219_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999218–219-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polk came into office with two primary foreign policy goals: the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>, which was under joint American and British rule, and the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, a Mexican province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009131–132_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009131–132-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States nearly went to war with Britain over Oregon, but the two powers ultimately agreed to <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">partition</a> Oregon Country at the 49th parallel north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009170–171,_266–267_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009170–171,_266–267-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> broke out in April 1846 after U.S. forces under the command of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> clashed with Mexican forces north of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> in a region claimed by both Mexico and Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009244–245_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009244–245-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999220_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999220-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polk, Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a>, and Scott agreed on a strategy in which the U.S. would capture <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a> and then pursue a favorable peace settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009256–257_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009256–257-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Taylor led the army in Northern Mexico, Scott presided over the expansion of the army, ensuring that new soldiers were properly supplied and organized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999223–225_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999223–225-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invasion_of_Central_Mexico">Invasion of Central Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Invasion of Central Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winfield_Scott_on_horseback.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Winfield_Scott_on_horseback.jpg/275px-Winfield_Scott_on_horseback.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Winfield_Scott_on_horseback.jpg/413px-Winfield_Scott_on_horseback.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Winfield_Scott_on_horseback.jpg/550px-Winfield_Scott_on_horseback.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="2116" /></a><figcaption>Allegorical depiction of Winfield Scott on horseback during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo" title="Battle of Cerro Gordo">Battle of Cerro Gordo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Taylor won several victories against the Mexican army, but Polk eventually concluded that merely occupying Northern Mexico would not compel Mexico to surrender. Scott drew up an invasion plan that would begin with a naval assault on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> and end with the capture of <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. With Congress unwilling to establish the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">lieutenant general</a> for Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Thomas Hart Benton</a>, Polk reluctantly turned to Scott to command the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999229–230,_235_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999229–230,_235-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those who joined the campaign were several officers who would later distinguish themselves in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, including Major <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a>, Captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, and Lieutenants <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999238–239,_303,_385_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999238–239,_303,_385-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Scott prepared the invasion, Taylor inflicted what the U.S. characterized as a crushing defeat on the army of Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buena_Vista" title="Battle of Buena Vista">Battle of Buena Vista</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999236_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999236-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the encounter known in Mexico as the Battle of La Angostura, Santa Anna brought U.S. forces to near collapse, capturing cannons and flags, and returned to Mexico City, leaving U.S. forces on the field.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santa Anna left to put down <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Polkos" title="Revolt of the Polkos">a minor insurrection</a>, and recruited a new army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999247–249_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999247–249-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biographer John Eisenhower said the invasion of Mexico through Veracruz was "up to that time the most ambitious amphibious expedition in human history."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999233_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999233-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The operation commenced on March 9, 1847, with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">Siege of Veracruz</a>, a joint army-navy operation led by Scott and Commodore <a href="/wiki/David_Conner_(naval_officer)" title="David Conner (naval officer)">David Conner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After safely landing his 12,000-man army, Scott encircled Veracruz and began bombarding it; the Mexican garrison surrendered on March 27.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999239–244_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999239–244-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking to avoid a rising by the divided Mexicans against the American invasion, Scott placed a priority on winning the cooperation of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. Among other initiatives designed to show respect for church property and officials, he ordered his men to salute Catholic priests on the streets of Veracruz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999245–246,_260–261,_265_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999245–246,_260–261,_265-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After securing supplies and wagons, Scott's army began the march toward <a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a>, a city on the way to Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999246–249_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999246–249-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Polk dispatched <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Trist" title="Nicholas Trist">Nicholas Trist</a>, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>'s chief clerk, to negotiate a peace treaty with Mexican leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009358–359_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009358–359-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though they initially feuded, Scott and Trist eventually developed a strong working relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999266–267_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999266–267-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-April, Scott's force met Santa Anna's army at Cerro Gordo, near Xalapa. Santa Anna had established a solid defensive position, but he left his left flank undefended on the assumption that dense trees made the area impassable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999250–252_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999250–252-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott decided to attack Santa Anna's position on two fronts, sending a force led by <a href="/wiki/David_E._Twiggs" title="David E. Twiggs">David E. Twiggs</a> against Santa Anna's left flank, while another force, led by <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Pillow" class="mw-redirect" title="Gideon Pillow">Gideon Pillow</a>, would attack Santa Anna's artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999252–254_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999252–254-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo" title="Battle of Cerro Gordo">Battle of Cerro Gordo</a>, Pillow's force was largely ineffective, but Twiggs and Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_S._Harney" title="William S. Harney">William S. Harney</a> captured the key Mexican position of El Telegrafo in hand-to-hand fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999254–256_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999254–256-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexican resistance collapsed after the capture of El Telegrafo; Santa Anna escaped the battlefield and returned to Mexico City, but Scott's force captured about 3,000 Mexican soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999256–258_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999256–258-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the battle, Scott continued to press toward Mexico City, cutting him and his army off from his supply base at Veracruz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999260–261_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999260–261-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico_City">Mexico City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mexico City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_Genl._Winfield_Scott_U_S_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Major_Genl._Winfield_Scott_U_S_Army.jpg/220px-Major_Genl._Winfield_Scott_U_S_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Major_Genl._Winfield_Scott_U_S_Army.jpg/330px-Major_Genl._Winfield_Scott_U_S_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Major_Genl._Winfield_Scott_U_S_Army.jpg/440px-Major_Genl._Winfield_Scott_U_S_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Major General Scott, 1847</figcaption></figure> <p>Scott's force arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</a> in August 1847, by which time Santa Anna had formed an army of approximately 25,000 men. Because Mexico City lacked walls and was essentially indefensible, Santa Anna sought to defeat Scott in a pitched battle, choosing to mount a defense near the Churubusco River several miles south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999270–275_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999270–275-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Battle of Contreras</a> began on the afternoon of August 19, when the Mexican army under General <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Valencia" title="Gabriel Valencia">Gabriel Valencia</a> attacked and pushed back an American detachment charged with building a road.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999278–279_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999278–279-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early morning of the following day, an American force led by General <a href="/wiki/Persifor_Frazer_Smith" title="Persifor Frazer Smith">Persifor Frazer Smith</a> surprised and decimated Valencia's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999281–282_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999281–282-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News of the defeat at Contreras caused a panic among the rest of Santa Anna's army, and Scott immediately pressed the attack, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Battle of Churubusco</a>. Despite the strong defense by the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Battalion" title="Saint Patrick's Battalion">Saint Patrick's Battalion</a> and some other units, Scott's force quickly defeated the demoralized Mexican army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999282–284_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999282–284-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the battle, Santa Anna negotiated a truce with Scott, and the Mexican foreign minister notified Trist that they were ready to begin negotiations to end the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009383–384_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009383–384-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the presence of Scott's army just outside of Mexico City, the Mexican and American delegations remained far apart on terms; Mexico was only willing to yield portions of Alta California and refused to accept the Rio Grande as its northern border.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009384–385_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009384–385-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While negotiations continued, Scott faced a difficult issue in the disposition of 72 members of Saint Patrick's Battalion who had deserted from the U.S. Army and were captured while fighting for Mexico. All 72 were court-martialed and sentenced to death. Under pressure from some Mexican leaders and personally feeling that the death penalty was an unjust punishment for some defendants, Scott spared 20, but the rest were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999287–288,_297_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999287–288,_297-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early September, negotiations between Trist and the Mexican government broke down, and Scott exercised his right to end the truce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999288–289_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999288–289-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">Battle for Mexico City</a>, Scott launched an attack from the west of the city, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">capturing</a> the critical fortress of <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec" title="Chapultepec">Chapultepec</a> on September 13.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999291–296_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999291–296-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santa Anna retreated from the city after the fall of Chapultepec, and Scott accepted the surrender of the remaining Mexican forces early on the 14th.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999297–299_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999297–299-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unrest broke out in the days following the capture of Mexico City, but with the cooperation of civil leaders and the Catholic Church, Scott and the army restored order in the city by the end of the month. Peace negotiations between Trist and the Mexican government resumed, and Scott did all he could to support the talks, ceasing all further offensive operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999300–301_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999300–301-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As military commander of Mexico City, Scott was held in high esteem by Mexican civil and American authorities alike, primarily owing to the fairness with which he treated Mexican citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChichetto20074_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChichetto20074-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1847, Trist received orders to return to Washington. Scott received orders to continue the military campaign against Mexico; Polk had grown frustrated at the slow pace of negotiations. With the support of Scott and Mexican president <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña">Manuel de la Peña y Peña</a>, Trist defied his orders and continued the negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999304–305_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999304–305-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trist and the Mexican negotiators concluded the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on February 2, 1848; it was ratified by the U.S. Senate the following month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999306–307_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999306–307-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1847, Scott arrested Pillow and two other officers after they wrote letters to American newspapers that were critical of Scott. In response, Polk ordered the release of the three officers and removed Scott from command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999311–314_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999311–314-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon founding the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Club_of_1847" title="Aztec Club of 1847">Aztec Club of 1847</a>, a military society of officers who served in Mexico during the war, Scott was elected as one of only two honorary members of the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taylor_and_Fillmore_administrations">Taylor and Fillmore administrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Taylor and Fillmore administrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Zachary_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Zachary Taylor">Presidency of Zachary Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">Presidency of Millard Fillmore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1848WhigPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1848WhigPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png/220px-1848WhigPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1848WhigPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png/330px-1848WhigPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/1848WhigPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png/440px-1848WhigPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption>Scott (purple) received a significant amount of support on the first ballot of the <a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">1848 Whig National Convention</a>, but the convention nominated <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> for president.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scott was again a contender for the Whig presidential nomination in the <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 election</a>. Clay, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, and General Zachary Taylor were also candidates for the nomination. As in 1840, Whigs were looking for a non-ideological war hero to be their candidate. Scott's main appeal was to anti-slavery "conscience Whigs", who were dismayed by the fact that two of the leading contenders, Clay and Taylor, were enslavers. Ultimately, however, the delegates passed on Scott for a second time, nominating Taylor on the fourth ballot. Many anti-<a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> Whigs then defected to support the nominee of the <a href="/wiki/Free-Soil_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-Soil Party">Free-Soil Party</a>, former President Martin Van Buren. Taylor went on to win the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-cDbYx_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cDbYx-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winfield_Scott_1849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Winfield_Scott_1849.jpg/199px-Winfield_Scott_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Winfield_Scott_1849.jpg/299px-Winfield_Scott_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Winfield_Scott_1849.jpg/398px-Winfield_Scott_1849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="3589" /></a><figcaption>1849 daguerreotype of Scott</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, Scott returned to his administrative duties as the army's senior general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999321–322_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999321–322-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress became engaged in a divisive debate over the status of slavery in the territories, and Scott joined with Whig leaders Henry Clay and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> in advocating for the passage of what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>. Meanwhile, Taylor died of an illness in July 1850 and was succeeded by Vice President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999322–324_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999322–324-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Compromise of 1850 and the enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a> badly divided the country as a whole and the Whig Party in particular. Northerners strongly objected to the stringent provisions of the act, while Southerners complained bitterly about any perceived slackness in enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988208–213_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988208–213-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Scott's support for the Compromise of 1850, he became the chosen candidate of <a href="/wiki/William_Seward" class="mw-redirect" title="William Seward">William Seward</a>, a leading Northern Whig who objected to the Compromise of 1850 partly because of the fugitive slave act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999324–325_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999324–325-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election_of_1852">Presidential election of 1852</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Presidential election of 1852"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scott_vs_Pierce_campaign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Scott_vs_Pierce_campaign.jpg/220px-Scott_vs_Pierce_campaign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Scott_vs_Pierce_campaign.jpg/330px-Scott_vs_Pierce_campaign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Scott_vs_Pierce_campaign.jpg/440px-Scott_vs_Pierce_campaign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption><i>The Game-cock & the Goose</i>, an 1852 Whig cartoon favoring Winfield Scott</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1852.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ElectoralCollege1852.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1852.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ElectoralCollege1852.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1852.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ElectoralCollege1852.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1852.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Democrat <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> defeated Whig Winfield Scott in the 1852 election.</figcaption></figure> <p>By <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">early 1852</a>, the three leading candidates for the Whig presidential nomination were Scott, who anti-Compromise Northern Whigs backed; President Fillmore, the first choice of most Southern Whigs; and Secretary of State Webster, whose support was concentrated in New England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999325–327_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999325–327-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">1852 Whig National Convention</a> convened on June 16, and Southern delegates won approval of a <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">party platform</a> endorsing the Compromise of 1850 as a final settlement of the slavery question.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988244–247_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988244–247-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the convention's first presidential ballot, Fillmore received 133 of the necessary 147 votes, while Scott won 131 and Webster won 29. After the 46th ballot still failed to produce a presidential nominee, the delegates voted to adjourn until the following Monday. Over the weekend, Fillmore and Webster supporters conducted unsuccessful negotiations to unite behind one candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988244–247_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988244–247-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 48th ballot, Webster delegates began to defect to Scott, and the general gained the nomination on the 53rd ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988244–247_167-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988244–247-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fillmore accepted his defeat with equanimity and endorsed Scott, but many Northern Whigs were dismayed when Scott publicly endorsed the party's pro-Compromise platform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999327–328_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999327–328-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the party's effort to appeal to southerners by nominating <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William Alexander Graham</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> for vice president, many Southern Whigs, including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Alexander H. Stephens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Toombs" title="Robert Toombs">Robert Toombs</a>, refused to support Scott.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson118_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson118-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 Democratic National Convention</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">dark horse</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>, a Northerner sympathetic to the Southern view on slavery who had served under Scott as a brigadier general during the Mexican War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988237–239,_244_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988237–239,_244-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pierce had resigned from the U.S. Senate in 1842, and had briefly held only the minor office of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorney</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Hampshire#U.S._Attorney_for_New_Hampshire" title="United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire">District of New Hampshire</a> since then, but emerged as a compromise candidate partly because he served under Scott in the Mexican–American War.<sup id="cite_ref-l9Tkf_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l9Tkf-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democrats attacked Scott for various incidents from his long public career, including his court-martial in 1809 and the hanging of members of the Saint Patrick's Battalion during the Mexican–American War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999328–329_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999328–329-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott proved to be a poor candidate who lacked popular appeal and suffered the worst defeat in Whig history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt1999754–755_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt1999754–755-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the South, distrust and apathy toward Scott led many Southern Whigs to vote for Pierce or to sit out the election, and in the North, many anti-slavery Whigs voted for <a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt1999758–761_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt1999758–761-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott won just four states and 44 percent of the popular vote, while Pierce won just under 51 percent of the popular vote and a large majority of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral vote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988246–247_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988246–247-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pierce_and_Buchanan_administrations">Pierce and Buchanan administrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pierce and Buchanan administrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Presidency of Franklin Pierce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Presidency of James Buchanan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></div> <p>After the 1852 election, Scott continued his duties as the army's senior officer. He maintained cordial relations with President Pierce but frequently clashed with Pierce's Secretary of War, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, over issues like travel expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999331–332_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999331–332-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his defeat in the 1852 presidential election, Scott remained broadly popular, and on Pierce's recommendation, in 1855, Congress passed a resolution promoting Scott to brevet lieutenant general.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999331–333_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999331–333-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12Aj5_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12Aj5-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_generals_in_the_United_States_Army_before_1960" title="List of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960">first</a> U.S. Army officer since <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> to hold the rank.<sup id="cite_ref-ltgen_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ltgen-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also earned the appellation of the "Grand Old Man of the Army" for his long career.<sup id="cite_ref-8dv1j_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8dv1j-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The passage of the 1854 <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> and the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">violent confrontations</a> between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas exacerbated sectional tensions and split both major parties. Pierce was denied re-nomination in favor of James Buchanan, while the Whig Party collapsed. In the <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 presidential election</a>, Buchanan defeated <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> of the anti-slavery <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and former President Fillmore, the candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativist</a> <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999334–337_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999334–337-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sectional tensions continued to escalate after the Supreme Court handed down its decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i>. Buchanan proved incapable of healing sectional divides, and some leading Southerners became increasingly vocal in their desire to secede from the union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999337–338_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999337–338-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859, Buchanan assigned Scott to lead a mission to settle a dispute with Britain over the ownership of the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Islands" title="San Juan Islands">San Juan Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>. Scott reached an agreement with British official <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(governor)" title="James Douglas (governor)">James Douglas</a> to reduce military forces on the islands, thereby resolving the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Pig_War_(1859)" title="Pig War (1859)">Pig War</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999338–341_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999338–341-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential election</a>, the Republicans nominated <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, while the Democrats split along sectional lines, with Northern Democrats supporting Senator <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> and Southern Democrats supporting Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a>. Lincoln won the election, taking just 44 percent of the popular vote but winning a majority of the electoral vote due to his support in the North despite his name not being on the ballot in many Southern States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999345–346_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999345–346-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing the possibility of imminent secession, Scott advised Buchanan and Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John B. Floyd</a> to reinforce federal forts in the South. He was initially ignored, but Scott gained new influence within the administration after Floyd was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Joseph Holt</a> in mid-December. With assistance from Holt and newly appointed Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah S. Black</a>, Scott convinced Buchanan to reinforce or resupply Washington, D.C., <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> (near Charleston, South Carolina), and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pickens" title="Fort Pickens">Fort Pickens</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola, Florida</a>). Meanwhile, several Southern states seceded, formed the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, and chose <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> as president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999346–350_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999346–350-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because Scott was from Virginia, Lincoln sent an envoy, Thomas S. Mather, to ask whether Scott would remain loyal to the United States and keep order during <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln's inauguration</a>. Scott responded to Mather, "I shall consider myself responsible for [Lincoln's] safety. If necessary, I shall plant cannon at both ends of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a>, and if any of the Maryland or Virginia gentlemen who have become so threatening and troublesome show their heads or even venture to raise a finger, I shall blow them to hell."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999349–352_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999349–352-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott helped ensure that Lincoln arrived in Washington safely and ensured the security of Lincoln's inauguration, which ultimately was conducted without a major incident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999352–355_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999352–355-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lincoln_administration">Lincoln administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lincoln administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Presidency of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg/220px-Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg/330px-Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg/440px-Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6648" data-file-height="5160" /></a><figcaption>1861 Currier & Ives engraving of Winfield Scott and other Union generals, indicative of the Northern sentiment toward him and others in 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time Lincoln assumed office, seven states had declared their secession and had seized federal property within their bounds. Still, the United States retained control of the military installations at Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson200813_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson200813-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott advised evacuating the forts because an attempted re-supply would inflame tensions with the South, and Confederate shore batteries made re-supply impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999358–361_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999358–361-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln rejected the advice and chose to re-supply the forts; although Scott accepted the orders, his resistance to the re-supply mission, along with poor health, undermined his status within the administration. Nonetheless, he remained a critical military adviser and administrator.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999360–363,_381_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999360–363,_381-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 12, Confederate forces began an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">attack</a> on Fort Sumter, forcing its surrender the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999366–367_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999366–367-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 15, Lincoln declared that a state of rebellion existed and <a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">called up tens of thousands of militiamen</a>. On the advice of Scott, Lincoln offered Robert E. Lee command of the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> forces, but Lee ultimately chose to serve the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009408–417_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009408–417-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scott-anaconda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Scott-anaconda.jpg/220px-Scott-anaconda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Scott-anaconda.jpg/330px-Scott-anaconda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Scott-anaconda.jpg/440px-Scott-anaconda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5248" data-file-height="4382" /></a><figcaption>1861 characterized map of Scott's "Anaconda Plan" to squeeze the South</figcaption></figure> <p>Scott took charge of molding Union military personnel into a cohesive fighting force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999379,_384_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999379,_384-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln rejected Scott's proposal to build up the regular army,<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the administration would largely <a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers#American_Civil_War" title="United States Volunteers">rely on volunteers</a> to fight the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999382–383_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999382–383-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott developed a strategy, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a>, that called for the capture of the Mississippi River and a blockade of Southern ports. By cutting off the eastern states of the Confederacy, Scott hoped to force the surrender of Confederate forces with a minimal loss of life on both sides. Scott's plan was leaked to the public and was derided by most Northern newspapers, which tended to favor an immediate assault on the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999385–387_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999385–387-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Scott was too old for battlefield command, Lincoln selected General <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a>, an officer whom Scott saw as unimaginative and inexperienced, to lead the main Union army in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">eastern theater</a> of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999387–388_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999387–388-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Scott counseled that the army needed more time to train, Lincoln ordered an offensive against the Confederate capital of Richmond. Irvin McDowell led a force of 30,000 men south, where he met the Confederate Army at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a>. The Confederate army dealt the Union a major defeat, ending any hope of a quick end to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009429–435_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009429–435-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McDowell took the brunt of public vituperation for the defeat at Bull Run, but Scott, who had helped plan the battle, also received criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999388–392_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999388–392-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln replaced McDowell with McClellan, and the president began meeting with McClellan without Scott in attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999393–394_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999393–394-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frustrated with his diminished standing, Scott submitted his resignation in October 1861. Though Scott favored General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Henry Halleck</a> as his successor, Lincoln made McClellan the army's senior officer instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999393–398_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999393–398-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement,_consultations,_writings,_and_death"><span id="Retirement.2C_consultations.2C_writings.2C_and_death"></span>Retirement, consultations, writings, and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Retirement, consultations, writings, and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks,_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862.jpg/200px-Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862.jpg/300px-Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862.jpg/400px-Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Scott in 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>Scott grew very heavy in his last years of service and could not mount a horse or walk more than a few paces without stopping to rest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilkenat20_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilkenat20-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was often in ill health, and suffered from <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">dropsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">rheumatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">vertigo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilkenat20_204-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilkenat20-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After retiring, he traveled to Europe with his daughter, Cornelia, and her husband, H. L. Scott. In <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, he worked with <a href="/wiki/Thurlow_Weed" title="Thurlow Weed">Thurlow Weed</a> to aid American consul <a href="/wiki/John_Bigelow" title="John Bigelow">John Bigelow</a> in defusing the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a>, a diplomatic incident with Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999400–401_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999400–401-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his return from Europe in December 1861, he lived alone in New York City and at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point, New York</a>, where he wrote his memoirs and closely followed the ongoing civil war. </p><p>On June 23–24, 1862, President Lincoln made an unannounced visit to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a>, where he spent five hours consulting with Scott regarding the handling of the Civil War and the staffing of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After McClellan's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a>, Lincoln accepted Scott's advice and appointed General Halleck as the army's senior general. In 1864, Scott sent a copy of his newly published memoirs to <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, who had succeeded Halleck as the lead Union general. The copy that Scott sent was inscribed "from the oldest to the greatest general."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999402–404_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999402–404-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a strategy similar to Scott's Anaconda Plan, Grant led the Union to victory, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> <a href="/wiki/Conclusion_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Conclusion of the American Civil War">surrendered</a> in April 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-malanga_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malanga-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 4, 1865, Scott was elected as a Companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States</a> and was assigned insignia number 27.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is one of the few individuals who belonged to the three most senior military societies of the United States – the Society of the Cincinnati, the Aztec Club of 1847 and the Loyal Legion. </p><p>Scott died at West Point on May 29, 1866, at age 79.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthwick1998220_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthwick1998220-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> ordered the flags flown at half-staff to honor Scott. Scott's funeral was attended by many of the leading Union generals, including Grant, <a href="/wiki/George_G._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Meade">George G. Meade</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Thomas">George H. Thomas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">John Schofield</a>. He is buried at the <a href="/wiki/West_Point_Cemetery" title="West Point Cemetery">West Point Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999404–405_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999404–405-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historical reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?102268-1/agent-destiny"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with John Eisenhower on <i>Agent of Destiny</i>, April 19, 1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Winfield_Scott_statue_(45726769).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/General_Winfield_Scott_statue_%2845726769%29.jpg/130px-General_Winfield_Scott_statue_%2845726769%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/General_Winfield_Scott_statue_%2845726769%29.jpg/195px-General_Winfield_Scott_statue_%2845726769%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/General_Winfield_Scott_statue_%2845726769%29.jpg/260px-General_Winfield_Scott_statue_%2845726769%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="1626" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brevet_Lt._General_Winfield_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Brevet Lt. General Winfield Scott">Statue of Winfield Scott</a> on <a href="/wiki/Scott_Circle" title="Scott Circle">Scott Circle</a> in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scott holds the record for the greatest length of active service as a general in the U.S. Army,<sup id="cite_ref-malanga_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malanga-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the longest tenure as the army's chief officer. Steven Malanga of <i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i> writes that "Scott was one of America’s greatest generals ... but he had the misfortune to serve in two conflicts—the War of 1812 and the controversial Mexican-American War—bracketed by the far more significant American Revolution and Civil War."<sup id="cite_ref-4PNmt_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4PNmt-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer John Eisenhower writes that Scott "was an astonishing man" who was the country's "most prominent general" between the retirement of Andrew Jackson in 1821 and the onset of the Civil War in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999xiii_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999xiii-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> proclaimed Scott "the greatest living general" after his capture of Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19981_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19981-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert E. Lee wrote, "the great cause of our success [in Mexico] was in our leader [Scott]".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999315_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999315-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians Scott Kaufman and John A. Soares Jr. write that Scott was "an able diplomat who proved crucial in helping avert war between Britain and the United States in period after the War of 1812."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmanSoares200658_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanSoares200658-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Crosby" title="Fanny Crosby">Fanny Crosby</a>, the hymn writer, recalled that Scott's "gentle manner did not indicate a hero of so many battles; yet there was strength beneath the exterior appearance and a heart of iron within his breast. But from him I learned that the warrior only it is, who can fully appreciate the blessing of peace."<sup id="cite_ref-7TErp_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7TErp-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his reputation as a tactician and strategist, Scott was also noteworthy for his concern about the welfare of his subordinates, as demonstrated by his willingness to risk his career in the dispute with Wilkinson over the Louisiana bivouac site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199813–14_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199813–14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another example, when <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> broke out among his soldiers while they were aboard the ship during the Black Hawk campaign and the ship's surgeon was incapacitated by the disease, Scott had the doctor tutor him in treatment and risked his health by tending to the sick troops himself.<sup id="cite_ref-XTEwe_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XTEwe-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scott was the recipient of several <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degrees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> from the College of New Jersey (now <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>) in 1814, a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D.) from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1850, and an LL.D. from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winfield_Scott44_1870_issue-24c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Winfield_Scott44_1870_issue-24c.jpg/130px-Winfield_Scott44_1870_issue-24c.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Winfield_Scott44_1870_issue-24c.jpg/195px-Winfield_Scott44_1870_issue-24c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Winfield_Scott44_1870_issue-24c.jpg/260px-Winfield_Scott44_1870_issue-24c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption>First Winfield Scott stamp, issue of 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>Scott has been memorialized in numerous ways. Various counties are named for him, including <a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Iowa" title="Scott County, Iowa">Scott County, Iowa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Kansas" title="Scott County, Kansas">Scott County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Virginia" title="Scott County, Virginia">Scott County, Virginia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-mlNaU_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mlNaU-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Minnesota" title="Scott County, Minnesota">Scott County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Tennessee" title="Scott County, Tennessee">Scott County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. Communities named for Scott include <a href="/wiki/Winfield,_Illinois" title="Winfield, Illinois">Winfield</a>, Illinois; <a href="/wiki/Winfield,_Indiana" title="Winfield, Indiana">Winfield</a>, Indiana; <a href="/wiki/Winfield,_Iowa" title="Winfield, Iowa">Winfield</a>, Iowa; <a href="/wiki/Winfield,_Alabama" title="Winfield, Alabama">Winfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Winfield,_Tennessee" title="Winfield, Tennessee">Winfield</a>, Tennessee; <a href="/wiki/Fort_Scott,_Kansas" title="Fort Scott, Kansas">Fort Scott</a>, Kansas; and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Depot,_West_Virginia" title="Scott Depot, West Virginia">Scott Depot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winfield,_West_Virginia" title="Winfield, West Virginia">Winfield</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-lxtym_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lxtym-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Virginia. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Point_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Point National Historic Site">Fort Winfield Scott</a> at the Presidio of San Francisco was part of the coastal defenses of San Francisco Bay from 1861 to 1970, and is now a part of the Fort Point National Historic Site.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other things named for Scott include <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winfield_Scott" title="Lake Winfield Scott">Lake Winfield Scott</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Scott_(Oklahoma)" title="Mount Scott (Oklahoma)">Mount Scott</a> in Oklahoma, and the <a href="/wiki/Scott%27s_oriole" title="Scott's oriole">Scott's oriole</a>, a bird.<sup id="cite_ref-5MJvB_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5MJvB-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Brevet_Lt._General_Winfield_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Brevet Lt. General Winfield Scott">statue of Scott</a> stands at <a href="/wiki/Scott_Circle" title="Scott Circle">Scott Circle</a> in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott was honored by having his likeness depicted on a U.S. postage stamp.<sup id="cite_ref-4w49M_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4w49M-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CdVn2_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CdVn2-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-k235B_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k235B-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamer</a> named <i><a href="/wiki/SS_Winfield_Scott" title="SS Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></i> launched in 1850, and a <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">tugboat</a> in service in the 21st century is named <i><a href="/wiki/MG_Winfield_Scott_(LT-805)" class="mw-redirect" title="MG Winfield Scott (LT-805)">Winfield Scott</a></i>. Scott is the namesake of various people, including officers Union General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_S._Featherston" title="Winfield S. Featherston">Winfield Scott Featherston</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Schley" title="Winfield Scott Schley">Winfield Scott Schley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Army Civil Affairs Association views General Scott as the "Father of <a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_affairs_in_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="History of civil affairs in the United States Armed Forces">Civil Affairs</a>" and the regimental award medallions bear his name.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/General_Winfield_Scott_House" title="General Winfield Scott House">General Winfield Scott House</a>, his home in New York City from 1853–1855, was named a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott's papers are held by the <a href="/wiki/William_L._Clements_Library" title="William L. Clements Library">William L. Clements Library</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-D28QV_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D28QV-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dates of rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his career, which ended with his retirement on November 1, 1861, Scott was promoted from captain to brevet lieutenant general.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effective dates of his promotions were:<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_234-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Insignia</th> <th>Rank</th> <th>Component</th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a></td> <td>May 3, 1808 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png/75px-Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png/113px-Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png/150px-Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>July 6, 1812 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png/75px-Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png/113px-Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png/150px-Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>March 12, 1813 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>March 9, 1814 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">Brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>July 25, 1814 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>June 25, 1841 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_lt_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Union_army_lt_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_lt_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Union_army_lt_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_lt_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Union_army_lt_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_lt_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td>Brevet <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a></td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>March 29, 1847 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_lt_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Union_army_lt_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_lt_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Union_army_lt_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_lt_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Union_army_lt_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_lt_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td>Brevet <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a></td> <td>Regular Army (retired list)</td> <td>November 1, 1861 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scott's fame and political career led to publishing various works, including almanacs with titles such as <i>Scott & Taylor Almanac</i> or <i>General Taylor Almanac</i> plus multiple musical compositions. In 1848, Boston publisher Hall produced the <i>Scott & Taylor Almanac</i> to capitalize on the name recognition of the Mexican–American War's two most famous generals<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other almanacs including an 1853 almanac with the title of <i>The Gen. Scott Almanac</i> were published as campaign literature<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1852, Huestis and Couzans of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> published <i>Scott and Graham Melodies</i>, a book of songs used during the 1852 presidential campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another book of songs used by Whig campaigners in 1852, <i>The Scott Songster</i>, was published by Edwards & Goshorn of <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1861, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Glover_(composer)" title="Stephen Glover (composer)">Stephen Glover</a> created an instrumental music piece in Scott's honor titled <i>General Scott's Grand Review March</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Actor Roy Gordon portrayed Scott in the 1953 film <i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Pacific_(film)" title="Kansas Pacific (film)">Kansas Pacific</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Greenstreet" title="Sydney Greenstreet">Sydney Greenstreet</a> played Scott in the 1941 film <i>They Died with their Boots On.</i><sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott was played by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bergin" title="Patrick Bergin">Patrick Bergin</a> in the 1999 film <i><a href="/wiki/One_Man%27s_Hero" title="One Man's Hero">One Man's Hero</a></i>, a drama about the Mexican–American War's <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Battalion" title="Saint Patrick's Battalion">Saint Patrick's Battalion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scott is mentioned in "Hour of the Wolf", a Season 6 episode of the <i><a href="/wiki/Outlander_(TV_series)" title="Outlander (TV series)">Outlander</a></i> TV series.<sup id="cite_ref-Darwish_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwish-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a scene set during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Fraser_(character)" title="Jamie Fraser (character)">Jamie</a> asks what will be the fate of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-Darwish_245-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwish-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brianna_Randall" class="mw-redirect" title="Brianna Randall">Brianna</a>, who has traveled back in time from the 1960s, tells Jamie about the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a> and Scott's role in it.<sup id="cite_ref-Darwish_245-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwish-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_generals_in_the_United_States_Regular_Army_before_1_July_1920" title="List of major generals in the United States Regular Army before 1 July 1920">List of major generals in the United States Regular Army before 1 July 1920</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson was exonerated in a subsequent court-martial but was honorably discharged from the U.S. Army. He later published an autobiography that was strongly critical of Scott. In 1854, a French historian conclusively proved that Wilkinson had been an agent of the Spanish government while serving as governor of the Louisiana Territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999111_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999111-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott became the youngest general officer in the army at the time of his promotion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199976_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199976-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott was awarded a second Congressional Gold Medal for his service during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ztyxh_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ztyxh-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dispute arose over whether regular or brevet promotions took priority. Gaines argued for regular commissions because Scott and Gaines were both officially promoted to colonel on March 12, 1813, and brigadier general on March 9, 1814. Gaines's name appeared before Scott's on those orders, making him senior to Scott. Scott argued for brevets because he received his brevet promotion to major general on July 25, 1814, three weeks earlier than Gaines's August 15 brevet, making Scott senior to Gaines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999200–200_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999200–200-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During the balloting, Clay and Scott played cards with Whig politicians <a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Evans_(American_politician)" title="George Evans (American politician)">George Evans</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Astor_House" title="Astor House">Astor House</a> hotel in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. When the group received word of Harrison's victory, Clay blamed his loss on Scott and struck him, with the blow landing on the shoulder, which had been wounded during Scott's participation in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Battle of Lundy's Lane</a>. Afterward, Clay had to be physically removed from the hotel room. Scott then sent Crittenden to Clay with Scott's challenge for a duel, but Crittenden reconciled them by convincing Clay to apologize.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999205–206_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999205–206-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaines remained on active duty, but was increasingly marginalized. He commanded various districts and departments until he died in 1849.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During the siege, Conner, who was due for retirement, was replaced by Commodore <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew C. Perry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999242_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999242-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico ceded Alta California and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a> and recognized the Rio Grande as the southern border of the United States. In return, the United States paid Mexico $15 million. Along with the 1854 <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a>, it set the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999307_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999307-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Washington and Scott were the only U.S. Army officers to hold the rank of lieutenant general, although Washington held the rank as a permanent, rather than brevet, appointment. In 1864, Ulysses S. Grant was promoted to lieutenant general.<sup id="cite_ref-ltgen_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ltgen-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">John Schofield</a> would also hold the rank of lieutenant general.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The regular army consisted of just 17,000 men at the start of the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999381_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999381-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Hobbies_magazine''139-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Hobbies_magazine''139_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobbies_magazine"><i>Hobbies magazine</i></a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinCapelotti1993108–109-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinCapelotti1993108–109_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinCapelotti1993">Stein & Capelotti 1993</a>, pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18941–2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18941–2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1894">Wright 1894</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower19991–2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower19991–2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthwick1998219-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthwick1998219_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthwick1998">Southwick 1998</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18941-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18941_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1894">Wright 1894</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBowdoin_College" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.bowdoin.edu/arch/mss/ooh-pdf/M91b41f056">"Winfield Scott for Nelson's Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>library.bowdoin.edu</i>. Brunswick, ME: Bowdoin College Library. July 1906. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.bowdoin.edu&rft.atitle=Winfield+Scott+for+Nelson%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1906-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.bowdoin.edu%2Farch%2Fmss%2Fooh-pdf%2FM91b41f056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin20032-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin20032_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeskin2003">Peskin 2003</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19988-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19988_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1998">Johnson 1998</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthwick1998220-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthwick1998220_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthwick1998220_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthwick1998">Southwick 1998</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1976" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Richard Lyon (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01E8AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Winfield+Scott+stood+six+feet+,+five+inches+tall+and+weighed+230+pounds+.+His+physical+strength+was+considerable%22"><i>Dinwiddie County, Carrefour of the Commonwealth: A History</i></a>. Dinwiddie, VA: Dinwiddie County Board of Supervisors. p. 120 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dinwiddie+County%2C+Carrefour+of+the+Commonwealth%3A+A+History&rft.place=Dinwiddie%2C+VA&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Dinwiddie+County+Board+of+Supervisors&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01E8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Winfield%2BScott%2Bstood%2Bsix%2Bfeet%2B%2C%2Bfive%2Binches%2Btall%2Band%2Bweighed%2B230%2Bpounds%2B.%2BHis%2Bphysical%2Bstrength%2Bwas%2Bconsiderable%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowdoin_College1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdoin_College1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowdoin_College1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowdoin_College">Bowdoin College</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18944-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18944_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1894">Wright 1894</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright189456-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright189456_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1894">Wright 1894</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18948–10-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18948–10_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1894">Wright 1894</a>, pp. 8–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2009" class="citation web cs1">Fisher, Bernard (April 5, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=17668">"Scott's Law Office"</a>. <i>Historical Marker Database</i>. Powell, OH: J. J. Prats<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Marker+Database&rft.atitle=Scott%27s+Law+Office&rft.date=2009-04-05&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmdb.org%2Fm.asp%3Fm%3D17668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18946-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18946_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18946_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18946_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1894">Wright 1894</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18947–9-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18947–9_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1894">Wright 1894</a>, pp. 7–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/embargo-1807">"Embargo of 1807"</a>. <i>Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia</i>. Charlottesville: Monticello and the University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+Jefferson+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Embargo+of+1807&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fsite%2Fresearch-and-collections%2Fembargo-1807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddell2010" class="citation book cs1">Waddell, Steve R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gwlXf8oAqUQC&pg=PA25"><i>United States Army Logistics: From the American Revolution to 9/11</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-5455-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-5455-7"><bdi>978-0-3133-5455-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Army+Logistics%3A+From+the+American+Revolution+to+9%2F11&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=ABC+CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-5455-7&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=Steve+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgwlXf8oAqUQC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower19999–10-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower19999–10_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18947-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18947_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18947_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18947_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18947_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18947_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1894">Wright 1894</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiss2012" class="citation web cs1">Heiss, Robert L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=history_theses">"The Professionalization of the American Army through the War of 1812"</a>. <i>Buffalostate.edu</i>. Buffalo: State University of New York College at Buffalo. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buffalostate.edu&rft.atitle=The+Professionalization+of+the+American+Army+through+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Heiss&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.buffalostate.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1009%26context%3Dhistory_theses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199913–14-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199913–14_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson199813–14-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199813–14_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson199813–14_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1998">Johnson 1998</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199917–18-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199917–18_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199918–19-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199918–19_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199918–19_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright18949–10-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright18949–10_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1894">Wright 1894</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright189410-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright189410_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1894">Wright 1894</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199919-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199919_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199920–21-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199920–21_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199920–21_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199916–17-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199916–17_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199922–23-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199922–23_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2012645312/">"Major Genl. Winfield Scott / Wood pinxt. ; Edwin sc"</a>. <i>Library of Congress, Washington, D.C</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.atitle=Major+Genl.+Winfield+Scott+%2F+Wood+pinxt.+%3B+Edwin+sc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F2012645312%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/war-of-1812/war-of-1812">"War of 1812"</a>. <i>History.com</i>. New York: A&E Television Networks. October 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=War+of+1812&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fwar-of-1812%2Fwar-of-1812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199923–25-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199923–25_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 23–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/winfield-scott-war-1812">"Winfield Scott in the War of 1812"</a>. <i>Battlefields.org</i>. Washington, DC: American Battlefield Trust. July 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Battlefields.org&rft.atitle=Winfield+Scott+in+the+War+of+1812&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefields.org%2Flearn%2Farticles%2Fwinfield-scott-war-1812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199927–28-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199927–28_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199930–31-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199930–31_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199937–39-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199937–39_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 37–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199939–41-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199939–41_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 39–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199942–43-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199942–43_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199946,_51–54-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199946,_51–54_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 46, 51–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199955–59-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199955–59_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 55–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199966–71-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199966–71_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 66–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999111-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999111_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199976-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199976_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199972–76-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199972–76_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 72–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199978–80-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199978–80_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 78–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeltoe2013127-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeltoe2013127_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeltoe2013">Feltoe 2013</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin200346-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin200346_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeskin2003">Peskin 2003</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199985-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199985_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199988–90-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199988–90_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 88–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199990–93-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199990–93_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 90–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerton1988" class="citation book cs1">Berton, Pierre (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDqeAhVO9zcC&q=%22Scott%27s+badly+mauled+force+is+the+only+reserve+he+has%22"><i>Flames Across the Border, 1813–1814</i></a>. London: Penguin Books. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1401-0888-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1401-0888-0"><bdi>978-0-1401-0888-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flames+Across+the+Border%2C+1813%E2%80%931814&rft.place=London&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-1401-0888-0&rft.aulast=Berton&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDqeAhVO9zcC%26q%3D%2522Scott%2527s%2Bbadly%2Bmauled%2Bforce%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bonly%2Breserve%2Bhe%2Bhas%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199993–94-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199993–94_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199996–98-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199996–98_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199996–98_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 96–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ztyxh-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ztyxh_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2013" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZVQcZpic-8C&pg=PA1009"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War</i></a>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 1009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-853-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-853-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-853-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Mexican-American+War&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=1009&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-853-8&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZVQcZpic-8C%26pg%3DPA1009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199998–100-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower199998–100_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 98–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999103–105-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999103–105_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999103–105_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 103–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1929" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, William Sturgis (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89062859970&view=2up&seq=144&q1=winfield"><i>Members of the Society of the Cincinnati: Original, Hereditary and Honorary</i></a>. New York: Tobias A. Wright, Inc. p. 132 – via <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Members+of+the+Society+of+the+Cincinnati%3A+Original%2C+Hereditary+and+Honorary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Tobias+A.+Wright%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=William+Sturgis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dwu.89062859970%26view%3D2up%26seq%3D144%26q1%3Dwinfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myers-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myers_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myers_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers1998" class="citation book cs1">Myers, Minor Jr. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL471111M/The_insignia_of_the_Society_of_the_Cincinnati"><i>The Insignia of the Society of the Cincinnati</i></a>. Washington, DC: Society of the Cincinnati. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006FCN3Q">B0006FCN3Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL471111M">471111M</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Insignia+of+the+Society+of+the+Cincinnati&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Society+of+the+Cincinnati&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL471111M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006FCN3Q%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Minor+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL471111M%2FThe_insignia_of_the_Society_of_the_Cincinnati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FklAL-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FklAL_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n674/mode/1up"><i>Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862</i></a>. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1863. p. 667.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+annual+cyclopaedia+and+register+of+important+events+of+the+year%3A+1862&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=667&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2F1862appletonsan02newyuoft%23page%2Fn674%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999109-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999109_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999110-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999110_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999110_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999402-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999402_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2015344-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2015344_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2015">Scott 2015</a>, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin200370-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin200370_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeskin2003">Peskin 2003</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norfleet-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norfleet_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norfleet_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norfleet_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorfleet1942" class="citation book cs1">Norfleet, Fillmore (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bzEkAAAAMAAJ&q=%22edward+winfield+(1823-1827)%22"><i>Saint-Mémin in Virginia: Portraits and Biographies</i></a>. Richmond, VA: Dietz Press. p. 190 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint-M%C3%A9min+in+Virginia%3A+Portraits+and+Biographies&rft.place=Richmond%2C+VA&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Dietz+Press&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Norfleet&rft.aufirst=Fillmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbzEkAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522edward%2Bwinfield%2B%281823-1827%29%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray1882-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murray1882_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1882" class="citation book cs1">Murray, John O'Kane (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_11216"><i>The Catholic Pioneers of America</i></a> (New, revised ed.). Philadelphia: H. L. Kilner. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_11216/page/n453">423</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665112164" title="Special:BookSources/9780665112164"><bdi>9780665112164</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Pioneers+of+America&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=423&rft.edition=New%2C+revised&rft.pub=H.+L.+Kilner&rft.date=1882&rft.isbn=9780665112164&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=John+O%27Kane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_11216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lathrop1894-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lathrop1894_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLathropLathrop1894" class="citation book cs1">Lathrop, George Parsons; Lathrop, Rose Hawthorne (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SYYuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377"><i>A Story of Courage: Annals of the Georgetown Convent of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary</i></a>. Riverside Press. p. 377<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Story+of+Courage%3A+Annals+of+the+Georgetown+Convent+of+the+Visitation+of+the+Blessed+Virgin+Mary&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=Riverside+Press&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Lathrop&rft.aufirst=George+Parsons&rft.au=Lathrop%2C+Rose+Hawthorne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYYuAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moseley2009-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moseley2009_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseleyClark2009" class="citation book cs1">Moseley, Edward H.; Clark, Paul C. Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwarcOVfA14C&pg=PA247"><i>The A to Z of the United States–Mexican War</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810870246" title="Special:BookSources/9780810870246"><bdi>9780810870246</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+United+States%E2%80%93Mexican+War&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780810870246&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Paul+C.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwarcOVfA14C%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1998241-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1998241_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1998">Johnson 1998</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wake2012-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wake2012_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWake2012" class="citation book cs1">Wake, Jehanne (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vIQ4J28Tn8C&pg=PA3"><i>Sisters of Fortune: America's Caton Sisters at Home and Abroad</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451607635" title="Special:BookSources/9781451607635"><bdi>9781451607635</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sisters+of+Fortune%3A+America%27s+Caton+Sisters+at+Home+and+Abroad&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781451607635&rft.aulast=Wake&rft.aufirst=Jehanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vIQ4J28Tn8C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999105–107-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999105–107_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 105–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999108–110-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999108–110_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 108–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999184-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999184_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Civil_War_-_Pre-War_Tactical_Doctrine"-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Civil_War_-_Pre-War_Tactical_Doctrine"_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF"Civil_War_-_Pre-War_Tactical_Doctrine"">"Civil War - Pre-War Tactical Doctrine"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999112–115,_118-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999112–115,_118_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 112–115, 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999119–120-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999119–120_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999200–200-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999200–200_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 200–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999117–118-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999117–118_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 117–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999121–123-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999121–123_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 121–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999125–127-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999125–127_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 125–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999128–132-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999128–132_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 128–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999133–135-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999133–135_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 133–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999136–139-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999136–139_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 136–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999146–147-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999146–147_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999150–152-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999150–152_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 150–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999159–161-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999159–161_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 159–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999164–165-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999164–165_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-proceedings-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proceedings_96-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Army_Adjutant_General1836" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Army Adjutant General (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t9n29zm4v&view=1up&seq=5"><i>Proceedings of the Military Court of Inquiry, in the Case of Major General Scott and Major General Gaines</i></a>. 24th Congress, 2d Session; 224. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of War. pp. 732–734 – via <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Military+Court+of+Inquiry%2C+in+the+Case+of+Major+General+Scott+and+Major+General+Gaines&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=24th+Congress%2C+2d+Session%3B+224&rft.pages=732-734&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+War&rft.date=1836&rft.au=U.S.+Army+Adjutant+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dloc.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft9n29zm4v%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999172–174-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999172–174_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 172–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999176,_185-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999176,_185_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 176, 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999184–185-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999184–185_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 184–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999187,_190–191-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999187,_190–191_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 187, 190–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999192–193-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999192–193_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 192–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999193–194-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999193–194_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999177–179-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999177–179_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 177–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999181–183-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999181–183_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 181–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999196–197-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999196–197_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999200–202-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999200–202_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 200–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999141-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999141_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999202–203-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999202–203_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2007571–572-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2007571–572_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2007">Howe 2007</a>, pp. 571–572.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999206–207-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999206–207_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999205–206-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999205–206_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999208–209-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999208–209_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 208–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999209–210-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999209–210_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999211–213-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999211–213_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 211–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999213–215-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999213–215_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 213–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999218–219-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999218–219_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 218–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009131–132-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009131–132_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2009">Merry 2009</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009170–171,_266–267-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009170–171,_266–267_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2009">Merry 2009</a>, pp. 170–171, 266–267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009244–245-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009244–245_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2009">Merry 2009</a>, pp. 244–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999220-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999220_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009256–257-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009256–257_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2009">Merry 2009</a>, pp. 256–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999223–225-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999223–225_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 223–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999229–230,_235-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999229–230,_235_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 229–230, 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999238–239,_303,_385-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999238–239,_303,_385_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 238–239, 303, 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999236-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999236_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Wagenen, Michael Scott. <i>Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S. Mexican-War</i>. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 2012 p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999247–249-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999247–249_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 247–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999233-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999233_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999242-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999242_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999239–244-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999239–244_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 239–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999245–246,_260–261,_265-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999245–246,_260–261,_265_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 245–246, 260–261, 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999246–249-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999246–249_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 246–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009358–359-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009358–359_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2009">Merry 2009</a>, pp. 358–359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999266–267-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999266–267_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 266–267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999250–252-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999250–252_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 250–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999252–254-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999252–254_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 252–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999254–256-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999254–256_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 254–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999256–258-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999256–258_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 256–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999260–261-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999260–261_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 260–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999270–275-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999270–275_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 270–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999278–279-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999278–279_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 278–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999281–282-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999281–282_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 281–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999282–284-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999282–284_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 282–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009383–384-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009383–384_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2009">Merry 2009</a>, pp. 383–384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry2009384–385-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry2009384–385_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry2009">Merry 2009</a>, pp. 384–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999287–288,_297-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999287–288,_297_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 287–288, 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999288–289-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999288–289_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 288–289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999291–296-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999291–296_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 291–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999297–299-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999297–299_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 297–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999300–301-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999300–301_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 300–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChichetto20074-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChichetto20074_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChichetto2007">Chichetto 2007</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999304–305-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999304–305_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 304–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999307-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999307_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999306–307-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999306–307_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 306–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999311–314-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999311–314_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 311–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAztec_Club_of_18471896" class="citation book cs1">Aztec Club of 1847 (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t8nc6m95v&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021"><i>The Constitution of the Aztec Club of 1847 and List of Members</i></a>. Washington, DC: Judd & Deitweiler. p. 7 – via <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Aztec+Club+of+1847+and+List+of+Members&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Judd+%26+Deitweiler&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Aztec+Club+of+1847&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dloc.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft8nc6m95v%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D5%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cDbYx-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cDbYx_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroy2016" class="citation web cs1">Troy, Gil (June 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/06/history-campaign-politics-zachary-taylor-killed-whigs-political-party-213935">"How an Outsider President Killed a Party"</a>. Politico<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+an+Outsider+President+Killed+a+Party&rft.pub=Politico&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft.aulast=Troy&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2016%2F06%2Fhistory-campaign-politics-zachary-taylor-killed-whigs-political-party-213935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999321–322-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999321–322_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 321–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999322–324-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999322–324_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 322–324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988208–213-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988208–213_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1988">Smith 1988</a>, pp. 208–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999324–325-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999324–325_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 324–325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999325–327-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999325–327_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 325–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988244–247-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988244–247_167-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988244–247_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988244–247_167-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1988">Smith 1988</a>, pp. 244–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999327–328-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999327–328_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 327–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson118-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson118_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson">McPherson</a>, p. 118. failed verification<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcPherson (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988237–239,_244-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988237–239,_244_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1988">Smith 1988</a>, pp. 237–239, 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l9Tkf-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l9Tkf_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2016" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Jean H. (October 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/pierce/campaigns-and-elections">"Franklin Pierce: Campaigns and Elections"</a>. <i>Miller Center: US</i>. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miller+Center%3A+US&rft.atitle=Franklin+Pierce%3A+Campaigns+and+Elections&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Jean+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fpierce%2Fcampaigns-and-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999328–329-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999328–329_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 328–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt1999754–755-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt1999754–755_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolt1999">Holt 1999</a>, pp. 754–755.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolt1999758–761-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolt1999758–761_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolt1999">Holt 1999</a>, pp. 758–761.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1988246–247-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1988246–247_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1988">Smith 1988</a>, pp. 246–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999331–332-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999331–332_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 331–332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999331–333-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999331–333_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 331–333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12Aj5-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12Aj5_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson, James D.</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dUQzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA305"><i>A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents</i></a>. Vol. V. Washington, DC: Bureau of National Literature and Art. pp. 305–306.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Compilation+of+the+Messages+and+Papers+of+the+Presidents&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=305-306&rft.pub=Bureau+of+National+Literature+and+Art&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdUQzAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ltgen-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ltgen_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ltgen_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2017" class="citation news cs1">Glass, Andrew (March 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2017/03/lincoln-promotes-grant-as-top-civil-war-general-march-10-1864-235790">"Lincoln promotes Grant as top Civil War general, March 10, 1864"</a>. Politico<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lincoln+promotes+Grant+as+top+Civil+War+general%2C+March+10%2C+1864&rft.date=2017-03-10&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2017%2F03%2Flincoln-promotes-grant-as-top-civil-war-general-march-10-1864-235790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8dv1j-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8dv1j_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/people/winfield-scott.htm">"Winfield Scott"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winfield+Scott&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fpeople%2Fwinfield-scott.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999334–337-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999334–337_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 334–337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999337–338-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999337–338_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 337–338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999338–341-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999338–341_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 338–341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999345–346-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999345–346_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 345–346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999346–350-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999346–350_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 346–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999349–352-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999349–352_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 349–352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999352–355-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999352–355_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 352–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson200813-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson200813_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPherson2008">McPherson 2008</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999358–361-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999358–361_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 358–361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999360–363,_381-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999360–363,_381_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 360–363, 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999366–367-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999366–367_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 366–367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009408–417-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009408–417_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2009">White 2009</a>, pp. 408–417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999379,_384-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999379,_384_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 379, 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999381-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999381_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999382–383-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999382–383_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 382–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999385–387-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999385–387_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 385–387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999387–388-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999387–388_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 387–388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009429–435-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2009429–435_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2009">White 2009</a>, pp. 429–435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999388–392-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999388–392_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 388–392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999393–394-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999393–394_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 393–394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999393–398-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999393–398_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 393–398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilkenat20-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilkenat20_204-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilkenat20_204-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilkenat">Silkenat</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999400–401-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999400–401_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 400–401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=102390793/">"The President at West Point"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York. June 26, 1862. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523163528/https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=102390793/">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2022</span> – via Newspapers.com. <q>the President and Gen. Scott spent several hours in discussing the state of military affairs, the doings and misdoings of certain Generals, the desirability of continuing the existing Departmental divisions, the necessity of further enlistments, the prospect of the armies of the Potomac and of the Virginia valleys . . . .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+President+at+West+Point&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1862-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F%3Fclipping_id%3D102390793%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=102386846/">"The President at West Point"</a>. <i>Brooklyn Evening Star</i>. New York. Copy from N.Y. Express. June 25, 1862. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523165456/https://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=102386846/">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2022</span> – via Newspapers.com. <q>they were in earnest conversation for five hours</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Evening+Star&rft.atitle=The+President+at+West+Point&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1862-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F%3Fclipping_id%3D102386846%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999402–404-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999402–404_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 402–404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malanga-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malanga_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malanga_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/prsf/learn/historyculture/winfield-scott.htm">"Winfield Scott"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winfield+Scott&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fprsf%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fwinfield-scott.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1882" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, John P., Recorder (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3cVAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Register of the Commandery of the State of Pennsylvania</i></a>. Philadelphia, PA: Collins, Printer. p. 7 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Register+of+the+Commandery+of+the+State+of+Pennsylvania&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Collins%2C+Printer&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=John+P.%2C+Recorder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3cVAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999404–405-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999404–405_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, pp. 404–405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4PNmt-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4PNmt_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalanga2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Malanga, Steven (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city-journal.org/html/war-hero-new-york-forgot-13612.html">"The War Hero New York Forgot"</a>. <i>City Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+Journal&rft.atitle=The+War+Hero+New+York+Forgot&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Malanga&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-journal.org%2Fhtml%2Fwar-hero-new-york-forgot-13612.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999xiii-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999xiii_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19981-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19981_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1998">Johnson 1998</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999315-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1999315_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1999">Eisenhower 1999</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmanSoares200658-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmanSoares200658_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmanSoares2006">Kaufman & Soares 2006</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7TErp-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7TErp_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fanny J. Crosby: An Autobiography</i> (<a href="/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts" title="Peabody, Massachusetts">Peabody, Massachusetts</a>: Hendrickson Publishers Marketing, 2013 printing), p. 88, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-281-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59856-281-1">978-1-59856-281-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-XTEwe-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-XTEwe_218-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamey1885" class="citation book cs1">Ramey, Sanford (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingsofbattlefie00rameuoft"><i>Kings of the Battle-field</i></a>. Philadelphia, PA: Aetna Publishing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingsofbattlefie00rameuoft/page/356">356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+of+the+Battle-field&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Aetna+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Ramey&rft.aufirst=Sanford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingsofbattlefie00rameuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_219-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_219-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWNOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA471"><i>Quinquennial Catalogue of the Officers and Graduates of Harvard University, 1636–1900</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. 1900. p. 471 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quinquennial+Catalogue+of+the+Officers+and+Graduates+of+Harvard+University%2C+1636%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWNOAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mlNaU-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mlNaU_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States</i> by Henry Gannett</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lxtym-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lxtym_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny1945" class="citation book cs1">Kenny, Hamill (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015009099824;view=1up;seq=709;size=125"><i>West Virginia Place Names: Their Origin and Meaning, Including the Nomenclature of the Streams and Mountains</i></a>. Piedmont, WV: The Place Name Press. p. 685.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Virginia+Place+Names%3A+Their+Origin+and+Meaning%2C+Including+the+Nomenclature+of+the+Streams+and+Mountains&rft.place=Piedmont%2C+WV&rft.pages=685&rft.pub=The+Place+Name+Press&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Hamill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015009099824%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D709%3Bsize%3D125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_ChappellJustin_M._Ruhge2016" class="citation web cs1">Gordon Chappell; Justin M. Ruhge (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militarymuseum.org/FtScott.html">"Historic California Posts, Camps, Stations and Airfields: Fort Winfield Scott"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+California+Posts%2C+Camps%2C+Stations+and+Airfields%3A+Fort+Winfield+Scott&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Gordon+Chappell&rft.au=Justin+M.+Ruhge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitarymuseum.org%2FFtScott.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5MJvB-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5MJvB_223-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/F/FO038.html">Fort Sill</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723041519/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/F/FO038.html">Archived</a> July 23, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Digital.library.okstate.edu. Retrieved on August 17, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicsites.dcpreservation.org/items/show/536">"Winfield Scott Statue"</a>. <i>DC Historic Sites</i>. Washington, DC: DC Preservation League<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DC+Historic+Sites&rft.atitle=Winfield+Scott+Statue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricsites.dcpreservation.org%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4w49M-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4w49M_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson-Scott 1937 stamp, 3c, Quantities issued: 93.8 million issued; Scotts US Stamp Catalogue, Quantities Issued.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CdVn2-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CdVn2_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scotts US Stamp Catalogue (The <i>Scotts US Stamp Catalogue</i> and <i>Winfield Scott</i> have no association.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k235B-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k235B_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&mode=1&tid=2029286">Smithsonian National Postal Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan1998" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, David M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ubSem4UEn9AC"><i>Winfield Scott Hancock: A Soldier's Life</i></a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2532-1058-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2532-1058-6"><bdi>978-0-2532-1058-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winfield+Scott+Hancock%3A+A+Soldier%27s+Life&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-2532-1058-6&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DubSem4UEn9AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2017" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Randy (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3NcvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT81"><i>Mississippi'S Civil War Generals</i></a>. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5462-0172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5462-0172-4"><bdi>978-1-5462-0172-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mississippi%27S+Civil+War+Generals&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=81-82&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5462-0172-4&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3NcvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wEkFzIWjdn4C&pg=PA435"><i>U.S. Leadership in Wartime: Clashes, Controversy, and Compromise</i></a>. Vol. I. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO. p. 435. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5988-4172-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5988-4172-5"><bdi>978-1-5988-4172-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Leadership+in+Wartime%3A+Clashes%2C+Controversy%2C+and+Compromise&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=435&rft.pub=ABC+CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-5988-4172-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwEkFzIWjdn4C%26pg%3DPA435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilaffairsassoc.org/winfield-scott-medallions">"Winfield Scott Medallions"</a>. <i>Civil Affairs Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Affairs+Association&rft.atitle=Winfield+Scott+Medallions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilaffairsassoc.org%2Fwinfield-scott-medallions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1975/04/01/76344578.html?pageNumber=38">"Winfield Scott's Home Designated Landmark"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. New York. April 1, 1975. p. 38 – via <a href="/wiki/TimesMachine" class="mw-redirect" title="TimesMachine">TimesMachine</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Winfield+Scott%27s+Home+Designated+Landmark&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1975-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1975%2F04%2F01%2F76344578.html%3FpageNumber%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D28QV-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D28QV_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clements.umich.edu/Webguides/Arlenes/S/Scott.html">William L. Clements Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028160156/http://www.clements.umich.edu/Webguides/Arlenes/S/Scott.html">Archived</a> October 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson_234-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson_234-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1902" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, John P. (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s1kvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Register of the Commandery of the State of Pennsylvania, April 15, 1865-September 1, 1902</i></a>. Philadelphia, PA: Pennsylvania Commandery, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. p. 5 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Register+of+the+Commandery+of+the+State+of+Pennsylvania%2C+April+15%2C+1865-September+1%2C+1902&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+Commandery%2C+Military+Order+of+the+Loyal+Legion+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds1kvAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford_University" class="citation book cs1">Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/10351179"><i>The Scott & Taylor Almanac</i></a>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/866855372">866855372</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scott+%26+Taylor+Almanac&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F866855372&rft.au=Stanford+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearchworks.stanford.edu%2Fview%2F10351179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lincolncollection.org/collection/materials/item/?mat=385&page=593&item=91663&view=gallery&pagesize=48">"The Gen. Scott almanac, for the year 1853"</a>. King & Baird. 1852<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2024</span> – via Lincoln Collection.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gen.+Scott+almanac%2C+for+the+year+1853&rft.pub=King+%26+Baird&rft.date=1852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincolncollection.org%2Fcollection%2Fmaterials%2Fitem%2F%3Fmat%3D385%26page%3D593%26item%3D91663%26view%3Dgallery%26pagesize%3D48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genscottalmanacf00phil/mode/2up">"The Gen. Scott almanac, for the year 1853"</a>. King & Baird. 1852<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gen.+Scott+almanac%2C+for+the+year+1853&rft.pub=King+%26+Baird&rft.date=1852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenscottalmanacf00phil%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabin1891" class="citation book cs1">Sabin, Richard (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MMQRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159"><i>Bibliotheca Americana: A Dictionary of Books Relating to America</i></a>. Vol. XIX. New York: Sabin. p. 159 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+Americana%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Books+Relating+to+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Sabin&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Sabin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMMQRAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford_University" class="citation web cs1">Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9648831">"The Scott songster"</a>. <i>SearchWorks Catalog</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Libraries. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/795889971">795889971</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SearchWorks+Catalog&rft.atitle=The+Scott+songster&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F795889971&rft.au=Stanford+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearchworks.stanford.edu%2Fview%2F9648831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf1WAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA214">"Fortnightly Bulletin of New Music"</a>. <i>The Musical Review and Musical World</i>. New York: Mason Brothers. August 31, 1861. p. 214 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Review+and+Musical+World&rft.atitle=Fortnightly+Bulletin+of+New+Music&rft.pages=214&rft.date=1861-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQf1WAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrew2001" class="citation book cs1">Crew, Danny O. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aapGAAAAMAAJ&q=stephen+glover+%22scott%27s+grand+review+march%22"><i>Presidential Sheet Music: An Illustrated Catalogue of Published Music Associated with the American Presidency and Those who Sought the Office</i></a>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. p. 617. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0928-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0928-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-0928-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Sheet+Music%3A+An+Illustrated+Catalogue+of+Published+Music+Associated+with+the+American+Presidency+and+Those+who+Sought+the+Office&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=617&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0928-0&rft.aulast=Crew&rft.aufirst=Danny+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaapGAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dstephen%2Bglover%2B%2522scott%2527s%2Bgrand%2Breview%2Bmarch%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/26800/kansas-pacific#credits">"Credits: Kansas Pacific (1953)"</a>. <i>TCM.com</i>. Atlanta, GA: Turner Classic Movies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TCM.com&rft.atitle=Credits%3A+Kansas+Pacific+%281953%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Ftcmdb%2Ftitle%2F26800%2Fkansas-pacific%23credits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/92817/they-died-with-their-boots-on#credits">"They Died With Their Boots On"</a>. <i>Turner Classic Movies</i>. New York: WarnerMedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turner+Classic+Movies&rft.atitle=They+Died+With+Their+Boots+On&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Ftcmdb%2Ftitle%2F92817%2Fthey-died-with-their-boots-on%23credits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks1999" class="citation news cs1">Parks, Louis B. (September 24, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chron.com/entertainment/movies/article/One-Man-s-Hero-1984417.php">"One Man's Hero"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i>. Houston, TX.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=One+Man%27s+Hero&rft.date=1999-09-24&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=Louis+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2Farticle%2FOne-Man-s-Hero-1984417.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwish-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darwish_245-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darwish_245-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darwish_245-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwish2022" class="citation news cs1">Darwish, Meaghan (March 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvinsider.com/1038013/outlander-season-6-episode-4-hour-of-the-wolf/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Outlander': Ian's Story Comes to Light in 'Hour of the Wolf' (Recap)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TV_Insider" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Insider">TV Insider</a></i>. New York: TVGM Holdings, LLC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TV+Insider&rft.atitle=%27Outlander%27%3A+Ian%27s+Story+Comes+to+Light+in+%27Hour+of+the+Wolf%27+%28Recap%29&rft.date=2022-03-27&rft.aulast=Darwish&rft.aufirst=Meaghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvinsider.com%2F1038013%2Foutlander-season-6-episode-4-hour-of-the-wolf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bell, William Gardner (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commandinggenera00wash_3"><i>Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775–2013</i></a></span>. Center of Military History, United States Army. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-072376-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-072376-6"><bdi>978-0-16-072376-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanding+Generals+and+Chiefs+of+Staff+1775%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-16-072376-6&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=William+Gardner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommandinggenera00wash_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenhower1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Eisenhower" title="John Eisenhower">Eisenhower, John S. D.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkVCQmU9nfYC&pg=PA1"><i>Agent of Destiny: The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3128-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-3128-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agent+of+Destiny%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+General+Winfield+Scott&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3128-3&rft.aulast=Eisenhower&rft.aufirst=John+S.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvkVCQmU9nfYC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeltoe2013" class="citation book cs1">Feltoe, Richard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QcfB0h0rPJ8C&pg=PA127"><i>The Tide of War: The 1814 Invasions of Upper Canada</i></a>. Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-1411-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-1411-3"><bdi>978-1-4597-1411-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tide+of+War%3A+The+1814+Invasions+of+Upper+Canada&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-1411-3&rft.aulast=Feltoe&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQcfB0h0rPJ8C%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1999" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Michael F. (1999). <i>The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199772032" title="Special:BookSources/9780199772032"><bdi>9780199772032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+American+Whig+Party%3A+Jacksonian+Politics+and+the+Onset+of+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780199772032&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2007" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whathathgodwroug00howe"><i>What Hath God Wrought: the Transformation of America, 1815–1848</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195078947" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195078947"><bdi>978-0195078947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought%3A+the+Transformation+of+America%2C+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0195078947&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhathathgodwroug00howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1998" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Timothy D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lut2AAAAMAAJ"><i>Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory</i></a>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0914-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0914-7"><bdi>978-0-7006-0914-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winfield+Scott%3A+The+Quest+for+Military+Glory&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0914-7&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Timothy+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlut2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbies_magazine" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lightner, Otto C.; Reeder, Pearl Ann (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5UfhAAAAMAAJ&q=%22winfield+scott%22+%22crescents%22+%22bookplate%22"><i>Hobbies magazine</i></a>. Vol. 76, Issues 7-12. Lightner Publishing Company. p. 139. <q>This Coat-of-Arms is also described as found on the bookplate of Lieutenant General Winfield Scott of Virginia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hobbies+magazine&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Lightner+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Lightner&rft.aufirst=Otto+C.&rft.au=Reeder%2C+Pearl+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5UfhAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522winfield%2Bscott%2522%2B%2522crescents%2522%2B%2522bookplate%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">McPherson, James (2003). <i>The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974390-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974390-2"><bdi>978-0-19-974390-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974390-2&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2008" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triedbywarabraha00mcph"><i>Tried By War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-191-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-191-2"><bdi>978-1-59420-191-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tried+By+War%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+as+Commander+in+Chief&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-191-2&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriedbywarabraha00mcph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerry2009" class="citation book cs1">Merry, Robert W. (2009). <a href="/wiki/A_Country_of_Vast_Designs" title="A Country of Vast Designs"><i>A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9743-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9743-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-9743-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Country+of+Vast+Designs%3A+James+K.+Polk%2C+the+Mexican+War%2C+and+the+Conquest+of+the+American+Continent&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-9743-1&rft.aulast=Merry&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeskin2003" class="citation book cs1">Peskin, Allan (2003). <i>Winfield Scott and the Profession of Arms</i>. Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873387743" title="Special:BookSources/9780873387743"><bdi>9780873387743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winfield+Scott+and+the+Profession+of+Arms&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780873387743&rft.aulast=Peskin&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1988" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Elbert B. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700603626"><i>The Presidencies of Zachary Taylor & Millard Fillmore</i></a>. The American Presidency. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0362-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0362-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-0362-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidencies+of+Zachary+Taylor+%26+Millard+Fillmore&rft.series=The+American+Presidency&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0362-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Elbert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780700603626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilkenat" class="citation book cs1">Silkenat, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHWKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20"><i>Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War</i></a>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-4973-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-4973-3"><bdi>978-1-4696-4973-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raising+the+White+Flag%3A+How+Surrender+Defined+the+American+Civil+War&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-4973-3&rft.aulast=Silkenat&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnHWKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthwick1998" class="citation book cs1">Southwick, Leslie (1998). <i>Presidential Also-Rans and Running Mates, 1788 through 1996</i> (Second ed.). McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0310-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0310-1"><bdi>0-7864-0310-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Also-Rans+and+Running+Mates%2C+1788+through+1996&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7864-0310-1&rft.aulast=Southwick&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinCapelotti1993" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Barry Jason; Capelotti, Peter Joseph (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=99fh34SJWr8C&pg=PA108"><i>U.S. Army Heraldic Crests: A Complete Illustrated History of Authorized Distinctive Unit Insignia</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-963-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-963-8"><bdi>978-0-87249-963-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Army+Heraldic+Crests%3A+A+Complete+Illustrated+History+of+Authorized+Distinctive+Unit+Insignia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-963-8&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Barry+Jason&rft.au=Capelotti%2C+Peter+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D99fh34SJWr8C%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2009" class="citation book cs1">White, Ronald C. Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781400064991"><i>A. Lincoln: A Biography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6499-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6499-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-6499-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A.+Lincoln%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6499-1&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ronald+C.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781400064991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1894" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Marcus Joseph (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PT7P-oUqapgC"><i>Great Commanders: General Scott</i></a>. D. Appleton and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PT7P-oUqapgC/page/n21">1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Commanders%3A+General+Scott&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Marcus+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_PT7P-oUqapgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_and_journal_sources">Internet and journal sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Internet and journal sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChichetto2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chichetto, James (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combat.ws/S3/BAKISSUE/CMBT05N4/GENSCOTT.HTM">"General Winfield Scott's Policy of Pacification in the Mexican American War of 1846–1848"</a>. <i>Combat Literary Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Combat+Literary+Journal&rft.atitle=General+Winfield+Scott%27s+Policy+of+Pacification+in+the+Mexican+American+War+of+1846%E2%80%931848&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Chichetto&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.combat.ws%2FS3%2FBAKISSUE%2FCMBT05N4%2FGENSCOTT.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmanSoares2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kaufman, Scott; Soares, John A. Jr. (2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Sagacious Beyond Praise'? Winfield Scott and Anglo-American-Canadian Border Diplomacy, 1837–1860". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 57–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2006.00538.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00538.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24915035">24915035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=%27Sagacious+Beyond+Praise%27%3F+Winfield+Scott+and+Anglo-American-Canadian+Border+Diplomacy%2C+1837%E2%80%931860&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-82&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2006.00538.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24915035%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Soares%2C+John+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Civil_War_-_Pre-War_Tactical_Doctrine"" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/civil_war-tactics.htm">"Civil War - Pre-War Tactical Doctrine"</a>. <i>Global Security.org</i>. Alexandria, VA: John Pike<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Prior to 1855, the most influential tactical guide was General Winfield Scott's three-volume work, Infantry Tactics (1835), based on French tactical models of the Napoleonic Wars.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Security.org&rft.atitle=Civil+War+-+Pre-War+Tactical+Doctrine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fops%2Fcivil_war-tactics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2015" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Winfield (2015) [1864]. Johnson, Timothy D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srHNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA344"><i>Memoirs of Lieut.-General Winfield Scott</i></a>. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62190-198-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62190-198-3"><bdi>978-1-62190-198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Lieut.-General+Winfield+Scott&rft.place=Knoxville%2C+TN&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62190-198-3&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Winfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrHNCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGienapp1984" class="citation journal cs1">Gienapp, William E. (1984). "The Whig Party, the Compromise of 1850, and the Nomination of Winfield Scott". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 399–415. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2755010">2755010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Whig+Party%2C+the+Compromise+of+1850%2C+and+the+Nomination+of+Winfield+Scott&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=399-415&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2755010%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gienapp&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1835" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Scott, Winfield (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPEVAAAAYAAJ"><i>Infantry Tactics; or, Rules for the Exercise and Manoeuvres of the United States' Infantry</i></a>. Vol. I: <i>Schools of the Soldier and Company</i>. New York: George Dearborn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infantry+Tactics%3B+or%2C+Rules+for+the+Exercise+and+Manoeuvres+of+the+United+States%27+Infantry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=George+Dearborn&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Winfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvPEVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B_MVAAAAYAAJ">Vol. II</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B_MVAAAAYAAJ">Vol. III</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Timothy (2007). "A Most Anomalous Affair: Gideon Pillow and Winfield Scott in the Mexico City Campaign". <i>Tennessee Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 2–19. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42627996">42627996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+Most+Anomalous+Affair%3A+Gideon+Pillow+and+Winfield+Scott+in+the+Mexico+City+Campaign&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-19&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42627996%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarhome.com/scottbio.htm">"Civil War Biographies: Winfield Scott"</a>. The Home of The American Civil War<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+War+Biographies%3A+Winfield+Scott&rft.pub=The+Home+of+The+American+Civil+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwarhome.com%2Fscottbio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Winfield_Scott" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Scott%2C%20Winfield%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Winfield%20Scott%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Scott%2C%20Winfield%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Winfield%20Scott%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Winfield%20Scott%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Scott%2C%20Winfield%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Winfield%20Scott%22%29%20OR%20%28%221786-1866%22%20AND%20Scott%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Winfield Scott</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/15662">Portrait of General Winfield Scott (1786–1866)</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">University of Michigan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scott, Winfield"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Scott,_Winfield">"Scott, Winfield" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scott%2C+Winfield&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinfield+Scott" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_(general)" title="Alexander Macomb (general)">Alexander Macomb</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General of the United States Army</a> </b><br />1841–1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Endorsed</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Republican_and_Whig_Parties" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Whig Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Whig Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Whig Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Republican_and_Whig_Parties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Parties</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_American_National_Convention" title="1856 American National Convention">1856 American National Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_Constitutional_Union_Convention" title="1860 Constitutional Union Convention">1860 Constitutional Union Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Northern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)">Opposition Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">Presidency of John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">Presidency of William Henry Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">Presidency of John Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">Presidency of Zachary Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">Presidency of Millard Fillmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_National_Republican_and_Whig_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States National Republican and Whig Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_National_Republican_National_Convention" title="1831 National Republican National Convention">1831 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">Sergeant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839 (Harrisburg)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">1848 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Z. Taylor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scott</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Whig_National_Convention" title="1856 Whig National Convention">1856 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Donelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />Speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">J. Taylor</a> (1825–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a> (1839–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John White (Kentucky politician)">White</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a> (1847–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a> (1856–1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">John M. Clayton</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a> (1852–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Walter Forward</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John C. Spencer</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">George M. Bibb</a> (1844–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">William M. Meredith</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Thomas Corwin</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">James Barbour</a> (1825–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">Peter B. Porter</a> (1828–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John C. Spencer</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">James M. Porter</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Crawford" title="George W. Crawford">George W. Crawford</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Magill_Conrad" title="Charles Magill Conrad">Charles M. Conrad</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(attorney_general)" title="William Wirt (attorney general)">William Wirt</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_(lawyer)" title="John Nelson (lawyer)">John Nelson</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Reverdy Johnson</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Samuel L. Southard</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Badger" title="George Edmund Badger">George E. Badger</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ballard_Preston" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ballard Preston">William B. Preston</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Kennedy" title="John P. Kennedy">John P. Kennedy</a> (1852–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean_Thompson_McKennan" title="Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan">Thomas M. T. McKennan</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hugh_Holmes_Stuart" title="Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart">Alexander H. H. Stuart</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_of_1812" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War_of_1812" title="Template:War of 1812"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War_of_1812" title="Template talk:War of 1812"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War_of_1812" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War of 1812"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_1812" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Origins</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>Involvement</li><li>Leaders</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair"><i>Chesapeake</i>–<i>Leopard</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_in_Council_(1807)" title="Orders in Council (1807)">Orders in Council (1807)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Intercourse_Act_(1809)" title="Non-Intercourse Act (1809)">Non-Intercourse Act (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macon%27s_Bill_Number_2" title="Macon's Bill Number 2">Macon's Bill Number 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_letters" title="Henry letters">Henry letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_hawk" title="War hawk">War hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_1756" title="Rule of 1756">Rule of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe%E2%80%93Pinkney_Treaty" title="Monroe–Pinkney Treaty">Monroe–Pinkney Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Belt_affair" title="Little Belt affair"><i>Little Belt</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Spencer_Perceval" title="Assassination of Spencer Perceval">Assassination of Spencer Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_Kingdom" title="United States declaration of war on the United Kingdom">Declaration of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters and<br /><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812_campaigns" title="War of 1812 campaigns">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Western theater of the War of 1812">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_campaign" title="Chesapeake campaign">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812#Gulf_Coast" title="War of 1812">Gulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_War_of_1812_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of War of 1812 battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Spur's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Frenchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Chateauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Illinois Territory in the War of 1812">Illinois Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">Indiana Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Kentucky in the War of 1812">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Ohio in the War of 1812">Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brock" title="Isaac Brock">Isaac Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pakenham" title="Edward Pakenham">Edward Pakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ross_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Ross (British Army officer)">Robert Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Liverpool</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Results of the War of 1812">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_(United_States)" title="The Eighth (United States)">The Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Secord_Legacy_Trail" title="Laura Secord Legacy Trail">Laura Secord Legacy Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Society_of_the_War_of_1812" title="General Society of the War of 1812">General Society of the War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veteran_Corps_of_Artillery" title="Veteran Corps of Artillery">Military Society of the War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_of_United_States_Daughters_of_1812" title="National Society of United States Daughters of 1812">United States Daughters of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_War_of_1812_Bicentennial" title="List of War of 1812 Bicentennial">War of 1812 Bicentennial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Bibliography of the War of 1812">Bibliography</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bold_Canadian" title="The Bold Canadian">The Bold Canadian</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_of_Kentucky" title="The Hunters of Kentucky">The Hunters of Kentucky</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_Britain" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain">Opposition in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States">Opposition in the United States</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Timeline of the War of 1812">Timeline of the War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" title="Category:War of 1812">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:War of 1812"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Hawk_War_of_1832" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Template:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Template talk:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Hawk_War_of_1832" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War of 1832</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Native people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/British_Band" title="British Band">British Band</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Black Hawk (Sauk leader)">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checokalako" title="Checokalako">Checokalako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapope" title="Neapope">Neapope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamisseu" title="Pamisseu">Pamisseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towaunonne" title="Towaunonne">Towaunonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabokieshiek" title="Wabokieshiek">Wabokieshiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Dakota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wapasha_II" title="Wapasha II">Wapasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waukon_Decorah" title="Waukon Decorah">Waukon Decorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Oshkosh" title="Chief Oshkosh">Oshkosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Potawatomi people">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Caldwell" title="Billy Caldwell">Billy Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbona" title="Shabbona">Shabbona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waubonsie" title="Waubonsie">Waubonsie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Keokuk (Sauk leader)">Keokuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapello_(chief)" title="Wapello (chief)">Wapello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">U.S. people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Atkinson_(soldier)" title="Henry Atkinson (soldier)">Henry Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Brady_(general)" title="Hugh Brady (general)">Hugh Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">Militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Giles_Adams" title="John Giles Adams">John Giles Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Alexander" title="Milton Alexander">Milton Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bailey_(militia_officer)" title="David Bailey (militia officer)">David Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Brigham" title="Ebenezer Brigham">Ebenezer Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dement" title="John Dement">John Dement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dodge" title="Henry Dodge">Henry Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Hamilton" title="William S. Hamilton">William S. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Henry" title="James D. Henry">James D. Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Posey_(general)" title="Alexander Posey (general)">Alexander Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Rountree" title="John H. Rountree">John H. Rountree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Stillman" title="Isaiah Stillman">Isaiah Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Stephenson" title="James W. Stephenson">James W. Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside" title="Samuel Whiteside">Samuel Whiteside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Davenport" title="George Davenport">George Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gratiot" title="Henry Gratiot">Henry Gratiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_LeClaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine LeClaire">Antoine LeClaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Street" title="Joseph M. Street">Joseph M. Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_St._Vrain" title="Felix St. Vrain">Felix St. Vrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Throckmorton" title="Joseph Throckmorton">Joseph Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satterlee_Clark" title="Satterlee Clark">Satterlee Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apple_River_Fort" title="Apple River Fort">Apple River Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois" title="Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois">Buffalo Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dixon%27s_Ferry" title="Dixon's Ferry">Dixon's Ferry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Armstrong_(Illinois)" title="Fort Armstrong (Illinois)">Fort Armstrong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Beggs" title="Fort Beggs">Fort Beggs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galena,_Illinois" title="Galena, Illinois">Galena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_(Fox_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Creek (Fox River)">Indian Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Kellogg's Grove">Kellogg's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plum_River" title="Plum River">Plum River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Saukenuk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Stillman Creek (Illinois)">Stillman Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman%27s_Run_Battle_Site" title="Stillman's Run Battle Site">Stillman's Run Battle Site</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waddams_Grove,_Illinois" title="Waddams Grove, Illinois">Waddams Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Yellow Creek (Illinois)">Yellow Creek</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Axe_River" title="Bad Axe River">Bad Axe River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mounds_Fort" title="Blue Mounds Fort">Blue Mounds Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Crawford" title="Fort Crawford">Fort Crawford</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Defiance (Wisconsin)">Fort Defiance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hamilton_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Hamilton (Wisconsin)">Fort Hamilton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Jackson (Wisconsin)">Fort Jackson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Koshkonong" title="Fort Koshkonong">Fort Koshkonong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Union (Wisconsin)">Fort Union</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gratiot%27s_Grove_(Wisconsin)" title="Gratiot's Grove (Wisconsin)">Gratiot's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Wisconsin" title="Helena, Wisconsin">Helena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wiota,_Wisconsin" title="Wiota, Wisconsin">Hamilton's Diggings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pecatonica_River" title="Pecatonica River">Pecatonica River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Wisconsin" title="Roxbury, Wisconsin">Roxbury</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa,_Wisconsin" title="Sinsinawa, Wisconsin">Sinsinawa Mound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Grove,_Wisconsin" title="Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin">Soldiers Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victory,_Wisconsin" title="Victory, Wisconsin">Victory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Heights_Battlefield" title="Wisconsin Heights Battlefield">Wisconsin Heights Battlefield</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_attacks_of_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War">Minor engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush" title="Buffalo Grove ambush">Buffalo Grove ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_River_raid" title="Plum River raid">Plum River raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_massacre" title="Indian Creek massacre">Indian Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre">St. Vrain massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds" title="Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds">Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre" title="Spafford Farm massacre">Spafford Farm massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove" title="Battle of Waddams Grove">Battle of Waddams Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Battle of Kellogg's Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Ament%27s_Cabin" title="Attack at Ament's Cabin">Attack at Ament's Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apple_River_Fort" title="Battle of Apple River Fort">Battle of Apple River Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa_Mound_raid" title="Sinsinawa Mound raid">Sinsinawa Mound raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights" title="Battle of Wisconsin Heights">Battle of Wisconsin Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe" title="Battle of Bad Axe">Battle of Bad Axe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Purchase" title="Black Hawk Purchase">Black Hawk Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Tree" title="Black Hawk Tree">Black Hawk Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk%27s_Reserve" title="Keokuk's Reserve">Keokuk's Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)" title="Treaty of St. Louis (1804)">Treaty of St. Louis (1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrior_(steamboat)" title="Warrior (steamboat)">Warrior</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_United_States_Army" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Template:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Template talk:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_United_States_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer /<br /> Commanding General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doughty" title="John Doughty">Doughty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harmar" title="Josiah Harmar">Harmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Brown_(general)" title="Jacob Brown (general)">J. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_(general)" title="Alexander Macomb (general)">Macomb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">W. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Miles</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army"><img alt="Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army"><img alt="Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baldwin_Marks_Young" title="Samuel Baldwin Marks Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bates" title="John C. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Bell" title="J. Franklin Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Wotherspoon" title="William Wallace Wotherspoon">Wotherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Scott" title="Hugh L. Scott">H. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasker_H._Bliss" title="Tasker H. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_C._March" title="Peyton C. March">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hines" title="John L. Hines">Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pelot_Summerall" title="Charles Pelot Summerall">Summerall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malin_Craig" title="Malin Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lemnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Decker" title="George Decker">Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Wheeler" title="Earle Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Keith_Johnson" title="Harold Keith Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Palmer_Jr." title="Bruce Palmer Jr.">B. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand" title="Frederick C. Weyand">Weyand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_W._Rogers" title="Bernard W. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Meyer" title="Edward C. Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wickham_Jr." title="John A. Wickham Jr.">Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Vuono" title="Carl E. Vuono">Vuono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Sullivan" title="Gordon R. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Reimer" title="Dennis Reimer">Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Shinseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schoomaker" title="Peter Schoomaker">Schoomaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey_Jr." title="George W. Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dempsey" title="Martin Dempsey">Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_T._Odierno" title="Raymond T. Odierno">Odierno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Milley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McConville" title="James C. McConville">McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_George" title="Randy George">George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Vice Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_H._Haislip" title="Wade H. Haislip">Haislip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Hull" title="John E. Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Bolte" title="Charles L. Bolte">Bolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williston_B._Palmer" title="Williston B. Palmer">W. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lemnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Decker" title="George Decker">Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_D._Eddleman" title="Clyde D. Eddleman">Eddleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barksdale_Hamlett" title="Barksdale Hamlett">Hamlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Haines_Jr." title="Ralph E. Haines Jr.">Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Palmer_Jr." title="Bruce Palmer Jr.">B. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand" title="Frederick C. Weyand">Weyand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_T._Kerwin_Jr." title="Walter T. Kerwin Jr.">Kerwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kroesen" title="Frederick Kroesen">Kroesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Vessey_Jr." title="John William Vessey Jr.">Vessey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wickham_Jr." title="John A. Wickham Jr.">Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_R._Thurman" title="Maxwell R. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Brown_Jr." title="Arthur E. Brown Jr.">A. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._RisCassi" title="Robert W. RisCassi">RisCassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Sullivan" title="Gordon R. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Reimer" title="Dennis Reimer">Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Binford_Peay_III" title="J. H. Binford Peay III">Peay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Tilelli_Jr." title="John H. Tilelli Jr.">Tilelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_H._Griffith" title="Ronald H. Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Crouch" title="William W. Crouch">Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Shinseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Keane" title="Jack Keane">Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey_Jr." title="George W. Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Cody" title="Richard A. Cody">Cody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Chiarelli" title="Peter W. Chiarelli">Chiarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Campbell_(general)" title="John F. Campbell (general)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Allyn" title="Daniel B. Allyn">Allyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McConville" title="James C. McConville">McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Martin" title="Joseph M. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_George" title="Randy George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Mingus" title="James J. Mingus">Mingus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mayors_of_Mexico_City_15px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_Government_of_the_Mexican_Federal_District" title="Template:Heads of Government of the Mexican Federal District"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_Government_of_the_Mexican_Federal_District" title="Template talk:Heads of Government of the Mexican Federal District"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_Government_of_the_Mexican_Federal_District" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of Government of the Mexican Federal District"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mayors_of_Mexico_City_15px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Mexico_City" title="List of mayors of Mexico City">Mayors of Mexico City</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico_City,_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="1118" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1824–1917" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1824–1917</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Mexico_(1823%E2%80%9324)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–24)">Before the formal declaration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melchor_M%C3%BAzquiz" title="Melchor Múzquiz">Melchor Múzquiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%B3mez_Pedraza" title="Manuel Gómez Pedraza">Manuel Gómez Pedraza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the <a href="/wiki/United_Mexican_States_(1824%E2%80%931864)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mexican States (1824–1864)">Federal District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jose_Mar%C3%ADa_Mendivil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jose María Mendivil (page does not exist)">Jose María Mendivil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Elizalde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Manuel de Elizalde (page does not exist)">Juan Manuel de Elizalde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Molinos_del_Campo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Molinos del Campo (page does not exist)">Francisco Molinos del Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Manuel_de_Elizalde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Manuel de Elizalde (page does not exist)">Juan Manuel de Elizalde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Esteva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Ignacio Esteva (page does not exist)">José Ignacio Esteva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Tornel" title="José María Tornel">José María Tornel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Esteva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Ignacio Esteva (page does not exist)">José Ignacio Esteva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_of_F._Lebrija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustine of F. Lebrija (page does not exist)">Augustine of F. Lebrija</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Cervantes_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel Cervantes (politician) (page does not exist)">Miguel Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Fagoaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Fagoaga (page does not exist)">Francisco Fagoaga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacio_Mart%C3%ADnez_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacio Martínez (politician) (page does not exist)">Ignacio Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José Joaquín de Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacio_Mart%C3%ADnez_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacio Martínez (politician) (page does not exist)">Ignacio Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Esteva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Ignacio Esteva (page does not exist)">José Ignacio Esteva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Tornel" title="José María Tornel">José María Tornel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Ray%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Rayón (page does not exist)">Ramón Rayón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_G%C3%B3mez_de_la_Cortina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Gómez de la Cortina (page does not exist)">José Gómez de la Cortina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Madrid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Fernández Madrid (page does not exist)">Manuel Fernández Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Garc%C3%ADa_Conde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco García Conde (page does not exist)">Francisco García Conde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_G._Vieyra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis G. Vieyra (page does not exist)">Luis G. Vieyra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the <a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Department of Mexico</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_Vicente_Eguia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agustín Vicente Eguia (page does not exist)">Agustín Vicente Eguia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Icaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José María Icaza (page does not exist)">José María Icaza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Fernando_de_Peredo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Fernando de Peredo (page does not exist)">José Fernando de Peredo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_G._Vieyra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis G. Vieyra (page does not exist)">Luis G. Vieyra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Calder%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel González Calderón (page does not exist)">Miguel González Calderón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_G._Vieyra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis G. Vieyra (page does not exist)">Luis G. Vieyra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Barrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José María Barrera (page does not exist)">José María Barrera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_G._Vieyra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis G. Vieyra (page does not exist)">Luis G. Vieyra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_O._Zarate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis O. Zarate (page does not exist)">Francis O. Zarate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_G._Vieyra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis G. Vieyra (page does not exist)">Luis G. Vieyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Canalizo" title="Valentín Canalizo">Valentín Canalizo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Rinc%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Rincón (page does not exist)">Manuel Rincón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacio_Incl%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacio Inclán (page does not exist)">Ignacio Inclán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the Federal District<br />(<a href="/wiki/United_Mexican_States_(1824%E2%80%931864)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mexican States (1824–1864)">reinstatement</a>)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Guadalupe_Covarrubias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Guadalupe Covarrubias (page does not exist)">José Guadalupe Covarrubias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicente_Romero_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicente Romero (politician) (page does not exist)">Vicente Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Baz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan José Baz (page does not exist)">Juan José Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jose_Ramon_Malo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jose Ramon Malo (page does not exist)">Jose Ramon Malo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the City Council of Mexico<br />(<a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">U.S. Invasion</a>)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Reyes_Veramendi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Reyes Veramendi (page does not exist)">Manuel Reyes Veramendi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Ju%C3%A1rez_Iriarte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Juárez Iriarte (page does not exist)">Francisco Juárez Iriarte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_M._Flores_y_Ter%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John M. Flores y Terán (page does not exist)">John M. Flores y Terán</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Malo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Ramón Malo (page does not exist)">José Ramón Malo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Head of the Federal District <br />(American)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">William Orlando Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Kearny" title="Stephen W. Kearny">Stephen W. Kearny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the Federal District <br />(<a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">second reinstatement</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Torr%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Torrín (page does not exist)">Pedro Torrín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Azcarate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel Azcarate (page does not exist)">Miguel Azcarate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_D%C3%ADaz_Bonilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Díaz Bonilla (page does not exist)">Antonio Díaz Bonilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Baz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan José Baz (page does not exist)">Juan José Baz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the Federal District <br />(<a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitution_of_the_United_Mexican_States_of_1857" title="Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857">Constitution of 1857</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustine_Alcerreca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustine Alcerreca (page does not exist)">Augustine Alcerreca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Fern%C3%A1ndez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justin Fernández (page does not exist)">Justin Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Baz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan José Baz (page does not exist)">Juan José Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anastasio_Parrodi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anastasio Parrodi (page does not exist)">Anastasio Parrodi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81ngel_Fr%C3%ADas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ángel Frías (page does not exist)">Ángel Frías</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José María González de Mendoza (page does not exist)">José María González de Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_S._Aramberri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph S. Aramberri (page does not exist)">Joseph S. Aramberri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Terreros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Terreros (page does not exist)">Manuel Terreros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponciano_Arriaga" title="Ponciano Arriaga">Ponciano Arriaga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José María González de Mendoza (page does not exist)">José María González de Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_J._of_the_Heron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John J. of the Heron (page does not exist)">John J. of the Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_H._Mateos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John H. Mateos (page does not exist)">John H. Mateos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquin_Mayor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquin Mayor (page does not exist)">Joaquin Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Ramos_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Ramos (politician) (page does not exist)">Manuel Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Maria_Azcarate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel Maria Azcarate (page does not exist)">Miguel Maria Azcarate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Garcia_Aguirre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Garcia Aguirre (page does not exist)">Manuel Garcia Aguirre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the Department of Mexico <br />(<a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_D%C3%ADaz_de_la_Vega" title="Rómulo Díaz de la Vega">Rómulo Díaz de la Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_G._Casanova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis G. Casanova (page does not exist)">Francis G. Casanova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the Department of Mexico <br />(<a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Empire</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_del_Villar_Bocanegra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José del Villar Bocanegra (page does not exist)">José del Villar Bocanegra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Campero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Campero (page does not exist)">Manuel Campero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariano_Icaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariano Icaza (page does not exist)">Mariano Icaza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_O%27Hora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas O'Hora (page does not exist)">Thomas O'Hora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the Federal District <br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Restored Republic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Baz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan José Baz (page does not exist)">Juan José Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_H._Velez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis H. Velez (page does not exist)">Francis H. Velez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Paz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Paz (page does not exist)">Francisco Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabino_Bustamante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabino Bustamante (page does not exist)">Gabino Bustamante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Chavero" title="Alfredo Chavero">Alfredo Chavero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Castro_(Mexican_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José María Castro (Mexican politician) (page does not exist)">José María Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiburcio_Montiel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiburcio Montiel (page does not exist)">Tiburcio Montiel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_A._P%C3%A9rez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquín A. Pérez (page does not exist)">Joaquín A. Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protasio_G._Tagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Protasio G. Tagle">Protasio G. Tagle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_del_Rio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agustín del Rio (page does not exist)">Agustín del Rio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Crisostomo_Bonilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Crisostomo Bonilla">Juan Crisostomo Bonilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_C._Curiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis C. Curiel">Luis C. Curiel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Pacheco_Villalobos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Pacheco Villalobos (page does not exist)">Carlos Pacheco Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Fernández (politician) (page does not exist)">Ramón Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Rivas_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Rivas (politician) (page does not exist)">Carlos Rivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ceballos_(Mexican_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="José Ceballos (Mexican politician)">José Ceballos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Dom%C3%ADnguez_(Mexican_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Domínguez (Mexican politician) (page does not exist)">Manuel Domínguez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Terreros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Terreros (page does not exist)">Manuel Terreros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Rinc%C3%B3n_Gallardo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Rincón Gallardo (page does not exist)">Pedro Rincón Gallardo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicol%C3%A1s_Island_and_Bustamante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolás Island and Bustamante (page does not exist)">Nicolás Island and Bustamante</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Rebollar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael Rebollar (page does not exist)">Rafael Rebollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_de_Landa_y_Escand%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillermo de Landa y Escandón">Guillermo de Landa y Escandón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Corral" title="Ramón Corral">Ramón Corral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_de_Landa_y_Escand%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillermo de Landa y Escandón">Guillermo de Landa y Escandón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Garc%C3%ADa_Cuellar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel García Cuellar (page does not exist)">Samuel García Cuellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the Federal District <br />(<a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Madero Revolution</a>)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Garc%C3%ADa_Granados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberto García Granados (page does not exist)">Alberto García Granados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacio_Rivero_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacio Rivero (politician) (page does not exist)">Ignacio Rivero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federico_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federico González Garza (page does not exist)">Federico González Garza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the Federal District <br />(<a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Government of Victoriano Huerta</a>)<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Yarza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberto Yarza (page does not exist)">Alberto Yarza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Garc%C3%ADa_Cuellar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel García Cuellar (page does not exist)">Samuel García Cuellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Corona" title="Ramón Corona">Ramón Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Iturbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Iturbide (page does not exist)">Eduardo Iturbide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the Federal District <br />(<a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Constitutionalist Revolution</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Robles_Dom%C3%ADnguez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfredo Robles Domínguez (page does not exist)">Alfredo Robles Domínguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriberto_Jara_Corona" title="Heriberto Jara Corona">Heriberto Jara Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Guti%C3%A9rrez_R.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Gutiérrez R. (page does not exist)">Juan Gutiérrez R.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the Federal District <br />(<a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Conventional Government</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicente_Navarro_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicente Navarro (politician) (page does not exist)">Vicente Navarro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Chao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Chao (page does not exist)">Manuel Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vito_Alessio_Robles" title="Vito Alessio Robles">Vito Alessio Robles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magana_Cerda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magana Cerda (page does not exist)">Magana Cerda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governor of <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Constitutional Government</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9sar_L%C3%B3pez_de_Lara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="César López de Lara (page does not exist)">César López de Lara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1917–present" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1917–present</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the Federal District <br />(<a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Constitution of 1917</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonzalo_de_la_Mata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonzalo de la Mata (page does not exist)">Gonzalo de la Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A9sar_L%C3%B3pez_de_Lara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="César López de Lara (page does not exist)">César López de Lara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the Federal District <br />(<a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza"><i>Carrancistas</i></a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Breceda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfredo Breceda (page does not exist)">Alfredo Breceda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnulfo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnulfo González (politician) (page does not exist)">Arnulfo González</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Breceda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfredo Breceda (page does not exist)">Alfredo Breceda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benito_Flores&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benito Flores (page does not exist)">Benito Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Rueda_Magro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Rueda Magro (page does not exist)">Manuel Rueda Magro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of the Federal District <br />(<a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Obregón</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_G%C3%B3mez_Noriega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Gómez Noriega (page does not exist)">Manuel Gómez Noriega</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celestino_Gasca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celestino Gasca (page does not exist)">Celestino Gasca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Prieto_Laurens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Prieto Laurens (page does not exist)">Jorge Prieto Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Ross (page does not exist)">Ramón Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abel Rodríguez (politician) (page does not exist)">Abel Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Ross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Ross (page does not exist)">Ramón Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Serrano_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Serrano (politician) (page does not exist)">Francisco Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primo_Villa_Michel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primo Villa Michel (page does not exist)">Primo Villa Michel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heads of the Federal District Department <br />(<a href="/wiki/Regency_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency (government)">Regents</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Puig_Casauranc" title="José Manuel Puig Casauranc">José Manuel Puig Casauranc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cris%C3%B3foro_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisóforo Ibáñez (page does not exist)">Crisóforo Ibáñez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamberto_Hern%C3%A1ndez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamberto Hernández (page does not exist)">Lamberto Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Romero_Courtade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique Romero Courtade (page does not exist)">Enrique Romero Courtade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_Hernandez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenzo Hernandez (page does not exist)">Lorenzo Hernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Estrada_Cajigal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicente Estrada Cajigal">Vicente Estrada Cajigal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Padilla_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Padilla (politician) (page does not exist)">Manuel Padilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_G._Cabral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John G. Cabral (page does not exist)">John G. Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aar%C3%B3n_S%C3%A1enz_Garza" title="Aarón Sáenz Garza">Aarón Sáenz Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosme_Hinojosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosme Hinojosa (page does not exist)">Cosme Hinojosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Siurob" title="José Siurob">José Siurob Ramírez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governor of Federal District <br />(<a href="/wiki/Regency_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency (government)">Regents</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javier_Rojo_G%C3%B3mez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javier Rojo Gómez (page does not exist)">Javier Rojo Gómez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heads of the Federal District Department <br />(<a href="/wiki/Regency_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency (government)">Regents</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Casas_Germ%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Casas Germán (page does not exist)">Fernando Casas Germán</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernesto_Uruchurtu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernesto Uruchurtu (page does not exist)">Ernesto Uruchurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Corona_del_Rosal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfonso Corona del Rosal (page does not exist)">Alfonso Corona del Rosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Mart%C3%ADnez_Dom%C3%ADnguez" title="Alfonso Martínez Domínguez">Alfonso Martínez Domínguez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavio_G%C3%B3mez_Senties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octavio Gómez Senties (page does not exist)">Octavio Gómez Senties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Hank_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Carlos Hank González">Carlos Hank González</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Aguirre_Vel%C3%A1zquez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Aguirre Velázquez (page does not exist)">Ramón Aguirre Velázquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Camacho_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Manuel Camacho Solís">Manuel Camacho Solís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aguilera_G%C3%B3mez" title="Manuel Aguilera Gómez">Manuel Aguilera Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Espinosa_Villarreal" title="Óscar Espinosa Villarreal">Óscar Espinosa Villarreal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heads of Government of the Federal District<br />(1997–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas">Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosario_Robles" title="Rosario Robles">Rosario Robles</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Encinas_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez">Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Ebrard" title="Marcelo Ebrard">Marcelo Ebrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Mancera" title="Miguel Ángel Mancera">Miguel Ángel Mancera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mayors of Mexico City<br />(<i>since 2015</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Mancera" title="Miguel Ángel Mancera">Miguel Ángel Mancera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Amieva" title="José Ramón Amieva">José Ramón Amieva</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%AD_Batres" title="Martí Batres">Martí Batres</a> (interim)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Brugada" title="Clara Brugada">Clara Brugada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1836)_1840_United_States_presidential_election_(1844_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1840 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1840 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1840 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1836)_1840_United_States_presidential_election_(1844_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">← 1836</a>) <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_1840_presidential_campaign" title="William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winfield Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></b> (incumbent)</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President:</b> <i>none</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1840 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1840_and_1841_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1840 and 1841 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_and_1841_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1844)_1848_United_States_presidential_election_(1852_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1848 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1844)_1848_United_States_presidential_election_(1852_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">← 1844</a>) <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">John M. Clayton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">William O. Butler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CCCC66;"><b><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1848_Free_Soil_%26_Liberty_national_conventions" title="1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles F. Adams</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reed_Giddings" title="Joshua Reed Giddings">Joshua R. Giddings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1848 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1848_and_1849_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_and_1849_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1848)_1852_United_States_presidential_election_(1856_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1852 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1852 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1852 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1848)_1852_United_States_presidential_election_(1856_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">← 1848</a>) <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F0C862;"><b><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Winfield Scott</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CCCC66;"><b><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Julian" title="George W. Julian">George W. Julian</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1852 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1852_and_1853_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1852 and 1853 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_and_1853_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354759#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354759#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354759#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108576467">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54990551">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/36446/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJycTMPTDccbr9WhHjVQv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120905434">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79059770">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135649631">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135649631">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Scott, Winfield <1786-1866>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LIAV156071">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5032558">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p180928376">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279867705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14044753">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1526174">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd120905434.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120905434">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/139855122">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581900">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sc4vsx">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c827fg">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30031286">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&oldid=1259002223">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&oldid=1259002223</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1786_births" title="Category:1786 births">1786 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1866_deaths" title="Category:1866 deaths">1866 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_politicians" title="Category:19th-century American politicians">19th-century American politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_duellists" title="Category:American duellists">American duellists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_military_personnel_of_the_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Category:American military personnel of the Mexican–American War">American military personnel of the Mexican–American War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Scottish_descent" title="Category:American people of Scottish descent">American people of Scottish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_English_descent" title="Category:American people of English descent">American people of English descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Category:American people of the Black Hawk War">American people of the Black Hawk War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_of_the_Seminole_Wars" title="Category:United States Army personnel of the Seminole Wars">United States Army personnel of the Seminole Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_West_Point_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at West Point Cemetery">Burials at West Point Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1840 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1840 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1848 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1848 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1852 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1852 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:College_of_William_%26_Mary_alumni" title="Category:College of William & Mary alumni">College of William & Mary alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commanding_Generals_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Category:Commanding Generals of the United States Army">Commanding Generals of the United States Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Congressional_Gold_Medal_recipients" title="Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients">Congressional Gold Medal recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Aztec_Club_of_1847" title="Category:Members of the Aztec Club of 1847">Members of the Aztec Club of 1847</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Jersey_Whigs" title="Category:New Jersey Whigs">New Jersey Whigs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Dinwiddie_County,_Virginia" title="Category:People from Dinwiddie County, Virginia">People from Dinwiddie County, Virginia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_West_Point,_New_York" title="Category:People from West Point, New York">People from West Point, New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Utah_War" title="Category:People of the Utah War">People of the Utah War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Southern_Unionists_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Southern Unionists in the American Civil War">Southern Unionists in the American Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Union_army_generals" title="Category:Union army generals">Union army generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Category:United States Army personnel of the War of 1812">United States Army personnel of the War of 1812</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_who_were_court-martialed" title="Category:United States Army personnel who were court-martialed">United States Army personnel who were court-martialed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Virginia_militia" title="Category:Virginia militia">Virginia militia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812_prisoners_of_war_held_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:War of 1812 prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom">War of 1812 prisoners of war held by the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Whig_Party_(United_States)_presidential_nominees" title="Category:Whig Party (United States) presidential nominees">Whig Party (United States) presidential nominees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trail_of_Tears_perpetrators" title="Category:Trail of Tears perpetrators">Trail of Tears perpetrators</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_November_2020" title="Category:Use mdy dates from November 2020">Use mdy dates from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from July 2024">Articles with failed verification from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 21:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winfield_Scott&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-pwggz","wgBackendResponseTime":232,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.651","walltime":"3.124","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29049,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":639605,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":40343,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":453843,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2460.356 1 -total"," 22.78% 560.439 191 Template:Sfn"," 21.07% 518.367 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.30% 376.435 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 9.52% 234.131 45 Template:Cite_book"," 7.58% 186.562 17 Template:Navbox"," 7.56% 185.918 21 Template:Cite_web"," 4.15% 101.992 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 3.54% 87.214 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.29% 81.021 210 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.361","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14580473,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Civil_War_-_Pre-War_Tactical_Doctrine\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAztec_Club_of_18471896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerton1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishop2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowdoin_College\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChichetto2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrew2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarwish2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenhower1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeltoe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGienapp1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon_ChappellJustin_M._Ruhge2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeiss2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobbies_magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolt1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmanSoares2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLathropLathrop1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalanga2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPherson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerry2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoseleyClark2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorfleet1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParks1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeskin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamey1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabin1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1835\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilkenat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthwick1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanford_University\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSteinCapelotti1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Army_Adjutant_General1836\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaddell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWake2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1894\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"American Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Black Hawk War (1832)\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 21,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Scott, Winfield\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 9,\n [\"Heads of Government of the Mexican Federal District\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 2,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-mil\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 191,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Spnd\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"US Army Chiefs of Staff\"] = 1,\n [\"USWhigPresNominees\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1840\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1848\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1852\"] = 1,\n [\"Unsuccessful major party pres candidates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"War of 1812\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","22.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","17.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","220","13.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","5.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","3.8"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:813\u003E","40","2.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","2.5"],["parseExtraArgs \u003CModule:Webarchive:541\u003E","40","2.5"],["[others]","300","19.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-4p5x7","timestamp":"20241125133346","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Winfield Scott","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winfield_Scott","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q354759","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q354759","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-11T03:19:17Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T21:12:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5f\/Winfield_Scott_by_Fredricks%2C_1862_crop.jpg","headline":"United States Army general (1786\u20131866)"}</script> </body> </html>