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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="1991 йылда йыһанға осороуҙар исемлеге – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="1991 йылда йыһанға осороуҙар исемлеге" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_en_els_vols_espacials" title="1991 en els vols espacials – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1991 en els vols espacials" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_orbitalen_Raketenstarts_(1991)" title="Liste der orbitalen Raketenstarts (1991) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der orbitalen Raketenstarts (1991)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_en_astronautique" title="1991 en astronautique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1991 en astronautique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="1991 באסטרונאוטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1991 באסטרונאוטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B3%D1%8C" title="1991 йисуз космосдиз ахъаюнрин сиягь – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="1991 йисуз космосдиз ахъаюнрин сиягь" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B2_1991_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Список космических запусков в 1991 году – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Список космических запусков в 1991 году" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_vuoden_1991_miehitt%C3%A4m%C3%A4tt%C3%B6mist%C3%A4_avaruuslennoista" title="Luettelo vuoden 1991 miehittämättömistä 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navigation-not-searchable">For launches in the first half of the year, see <a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight_(January%E2%80%93June)" title="1991 in spaceflight (January–June)">1991 in spaceflight (January–June)</a>, for launches in the second half, see <a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight_(July%E2%80%93December)" title="1991 in spaceflight (July–December)">1991 in spaceflight (July–December)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/1991_in_spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/1991 in spaceflight">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%221991+in+spaceflight%22">"1991 in spaceflight"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%221991+in+spaceflight%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%221991+in+spaceflight%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%221991+in+spaceflight%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%221991+in+spaceflight%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%221991+in+spaceflight%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> This was the final year of the Soviet Union, and thus the end of the Cold War competition between the two space superpowers. The number of launches subsequently declined in the 1990s, and <a href="/wiki/2018_in_spaceflight" title="2018 in spaceflight">2018</a> was the first year since 1990 to have more than 100 orbital launches. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary"><span class="dtstart">1991</span> in spaceflight</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1991_s37_GRO_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1991_s37_GRO_copy.jpg/250px-1991_s37_GRO_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1991_s37_GRO_copy.jpg/375px-1991_s37_GRO_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1991_s37_GRO_copy.jpg/500px-1991_s37_GRO_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The crew of <a href="/wiki/STS-37" title="STS-37">STS-37</a> deploys the <a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton Gamma Ray Observatory</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ffdead;">Orbital launches</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First</th><td class="infobox-data">8 January</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last</th><td class="infobox-data">28 December</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">91</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successes</th><td class="infobox-data">86</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Failures</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partial failures</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ffdead;">National firsts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_space_travel_by_nationality" title="Timeline of space travel by nationality">Space traveller</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ffdead;">Rockets</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maiden flights</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ariane_4" title="Ariane 4">Ariane 4</a> 44P<br /><a href="/wiki/Atlas_II" title="Atlas II">Atlas II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retirements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2M" title="Vostok-2M">Vostok-2M</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ffdead;">Crewed flights</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital</th><td class="infobox-data">8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total travellers</th><td class="infobox-data">36</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_spaceflight" style="width: 37em; float: right;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TLS-L" title="Template:TLS-L"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TLS-L" title="Template talk:TLS-L"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TLS-L" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TLS-L"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline of spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_before_1951" title="Spaceflight before 1951">Spaceflight before 1951</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">1950</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_in_spaceflight" title="1951 in spaceflight">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_in_spaceflight" title="1952 in spaceflight">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_in_spaceflight" title="1953 in spaceflight">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_in_spaceflight" title="1954 in spaceflight">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_spaceflight" title="1955 in spaceflight">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_in_spaceflight" title="1956 in spaceflight">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_in_spaceflight" title="1957 in spaceflight">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_in_spaceflight" title="1958 in spaceflight">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_spaceflight" title="1959 in spaceflight">1959</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_spaceflight" title="1960 in spaceflight">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_in_spaceflight" title="1961 in spaceflight">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_in_spaceflight" title="1962 in spaceflight">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_in_spaceflight" title="1963 in spaceflight">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_in_spaceflight" title="1964 in spaceflight">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_in_spaceflight" title="1965 in spaceflight">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_in_spaceflight" title="1966 in spaceflight">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_in_spaceflight" title="1967 in spaceflight">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_in_spaceflight" title="1968 in spaceflight">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_in_spaceflight" title="1969 in spaceflight">1969</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_spaceflight" title="1970 in spaceflight">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_spaceflight" title="1971 in spaceflight">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_spaceflight" title="1972 in spaceflight">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_spaceflight" title="1973 in spaceflight">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_spaceflight" title="1974 in spaceflight">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_spaceflight" title="1975 in spaceflight">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_in_spaceflight" title="1976 in spaceflight">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_in_spaceflight" title="1977 in spaceflight">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_in_spaceflight" title="1978 in spaceflight">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_spaceflight" title="1979 in spaceflight">1979</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_spaceflight" title="1980 in spaceflight">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_spaceflight" title="1981 in spaceflight">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_spaceflight" title="1982 in spaceflight">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_spaceflight" title="1983 in spaceflight">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_spaceflight" title="1984 in spaceflight">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_spaceflight" title="1985 in spaceflight">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_spaceflight" title="1986 in spaceflight">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_spaceflight" title="1987 in spaceflight">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_spaceflight" title="1988 in spaceflight">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_spaceflight" title="1989 in spaceflight">1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_spaceflight" title="1990 in spaceflight">1990</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_spaceflight" title="1992 in spaceflight">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_spaceflight" title="1993 in spaceflight">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_spaceflight" title="1994 in spaceflight">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_spaceflight" title="1995 in spaceflight">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_spaceflight" title="1996 in spaceflight">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_spaceflight" title="1997 in spaceflight">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_spaceflight" title="1998 in spaceflight">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_spaceflight" title="1999 in spaceflight">1999</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_spaceflight" title="2000 in spaceflight">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_spaceflight" title="2001 in spaceflight">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_spaceflight" title="2002 in spaceflight">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_spaceflight" title="2003 in spaceflight">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_spaceflight" title="2004 in spaceflight">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_spaceflight" title="2005 in spaceflight">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_spaceflight" title="2006 in spaceflight">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_spaceflight" title="2007 in spaceflight">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_spaceflight" title="2008 in spaceflight">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_spaceflight" title="2009 in spaceflight">2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_spaceflight" title="2010 in spaceflight">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_spaceflight" title="2011 in spaceflight">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_spaceflight" title="2012 in spaceflight">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_spaceflight" title="2013 in spaceflight">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_spaceflight" title="2014 in spaceflight">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_spaceflight" title="2015 in spaceflight">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_spaceflight" title="2016 in spaceflight">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_spaceflight" title="2017 in spaceflight">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_spaceflight" title="2018 in spaceflight">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_spaceflight" title="2019 in spaceflight">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_spaceflight" title="2020s in spaceflight">2020s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_spaceflight" title="2020 in spaceflight">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_spaceflight" title="2021 in spaceflight">2021</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_January%E2%80%93June_2021" title="List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2021">H1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_July%E2%80%93December_2021" title="List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2021">H2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_spaceflight" title="2022 in spaceflight">2022</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_January%E2%80%93June_2022" title="List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2022">H1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_July%E2%80%93December_2022" title="List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2022">H2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_spaceflight" title="2023 in spaceflight">2023</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_January%E2%80%93June_2023" title="List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2023">H1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_July%E2%80%93December_2023" title="List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2023">H2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_spaceflight" title="2024 in spaceflight">2024</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_January%E2%80%93June_2024" title="List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2024">H1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_July%E2%80%93December_2024" title="List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2024">H2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_spaceflight" title="2025 in spaceflight">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_in_spaceflight" title="2026 in spaceflight">2026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2027_in_spaceflight" title="2027 in spaceflight">2027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_in_spaceflight" title="2028 in spaceflight">2028</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2029_in_spaceflight" title="2029 in spaceflight">2029</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_future_spaceflight_launches" title="List of planned future spaceflight launches">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table style="font-size:88%;border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_spaceflight" title="1990 in spaceflight">←</a> <a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight_(January%E2%80%93June)#January" title="1991 in spaceflight (January–June)">Jan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight_(January%E2%80%93June)#February" title="1991 in spaceflight (January–June)">Feb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight_(January%E2%80%93June)#March" title="1991 in spaceflight (January–June)">Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight_(January%E2%80%93June)#April" title="1991 in spaceflight (January–June)">Apr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight_(January%E2%80%93June)#May" title="1991 in spaceflight (January–June)">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight_(January%E2%80%93June)#June" title="1991 in spaceflight (January–June)">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight_(July%E2%80%93December)#July" title="1991 in spaceflight (July–December)">Jul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight_(July%E2%80%93December)#August" title="1991 in spaceflight (July–December)">Aug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight_(July%E2%80%93December)#September" title="1991 in spaceflight (July–December)">Sep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight_(July%E2%80%93December)#October" title="1991 in spaceflight (July–December)">Oct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight_(July%E2%80%93December)#November" title="1991 in spaceflight (July–December)">Nov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_in_spaceflight_(July%E2%80%93December)#December" title="1991 in spaceflight (July–December)">Dec</a> <a href="/wiki/1992_in_spaceflight" title="1992 in spaceflight">→</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deep_Space_Rendezvous_in_1991">Deep Space Rendezvous in 1991</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_in_spaceflight&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Deep Space Rendezvous in 1991"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" border="1" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>) </th> <th>Spacecraft </th> <th>Event </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td>29 October</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></td> <td>First flyby of <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> - <a href="/wiki/951_Gaspra" title="951 Gaspra">951 Gaspra</a></td> <td>Closest approach: 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EVAs">EVAs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_in_spaceflight&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: EVAs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Start Date/Time </th> <th>Duration </th> <th>End Time </th> <th>Spacecraft </th> <th>Crew </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td>7 January<br />17:03 </td> <td>5 hours<br /><span class="nowrap">18 minutes</span> </td> <td>22:21 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mir Expeditions">EO-8</a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Mikhaylovich_Afanasyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Mikhaylovich Afanasyev">Viktor Afanasyev</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Musa_Manarov" title="Musa Manarov">Musa Manarov</a> </td> <td>Successfully repaired the damaged hatch on the <i><a href="/wiki/Kvant-2" title="Kvant-2">Kvant-2</a></i> airlock and also positioned equipment for installation in a later EVA. </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 January<br />10:59 </td> <td>5 hours<br />33 minutes </td> <td>16:32 </td> <td>Mir EO-8<br /><i>Kvant-2</i> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Viktor Afanasyev<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Musa Manarov </td> <td>Installed the new Stela boom on the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Core_Module" title="Mir Core Module">base block</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 January<br />09:00 </td> <td>6 hours<br />20 minutes </td> <td>15:20 </td> <td>Mir EO-8<br /><i>Kvant-2</i> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Viktor Afanasyev<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Musa Manarov </td> <td>Installed supports on <i><a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a></i> to hold the solar arrays installed on <i><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 April </td> <td>4 hours<br />26 minutes </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/STS-37" title="STS-37">STS-37</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis" title="Space Shuttle Atlantis"><i>Atlantis</i></a> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Jerry_L._Ross" title="Jerry L. Ross">Jerry L. Ross</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Apt" title="Jerome Apt">Jerome Apt</a> </td> <td>When the boom antenna on the <a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">GRO</a> satellite would not extend, Ross and Apt exited the shuttle on an unplanned EVA to extend the boom to prepare for final release into orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-sts-37_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sts-37-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 April </td> <td>5 hours<br />47 minutes </td> <td> </td> <td>STS-37<br /><i>Atlantis</i> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span>Jerry L. Ross<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span>Jerome Apt </td> <td>Installed and tested several monorail-type mobility tools for future space station construction.<sup id="cite_ref-sts-37_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sts-37-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 April<br />20:29 </td> <td>3 hours<br />34 minutes </td> <td>26 April<br />00:03 </td> <td>Mir EO-8<br /><i>Kvant-2</i> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Viktor Afanasyev<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Musa Manarov </td> <td>Inspected and filmed the <a href="/wiki/Kurs_(docking_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurs (docking system)">Kurs</a> antenna on <i>Kvant-1</i>, finding that one of the antenna dishes was missing and then re-installed the camera on <i>Kvant-2</i> that was removed and repaired. </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 June<br />21:11 </td> <td>4 hours<br />58 minutes </td> <td>25 June<br />02:09 </td> <td>Mir <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mir_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mir Expeditions">EO-9</a><br /><i>Kvant-2</i> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Artsebarsky" title="Anatoly Artsebarsky">Anatoly Artsebarsky</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Krikalyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Krikalyov">Sergei Krikalyov</a> </td> <td>Replaced the damaged Kurs antenna on <i>Kvant-1</i> and performed assembly tests on an experimental structural joint. </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 June<br />19:02 </td> <td>3 hours<br />24 minutes </td> <td>22:26 </td> <td>Mir EO-9<br /><i>Kvant-2</i> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Anatoly Artsebarsky<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Sergei Krikalyov </td> <td>Attached TREK, a type of cosmic ray detector developed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California</a>, to the outside of Mir.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 July<br />11:45 </td> <td>5 hours<br />56 minutes </td> <td>17:41 </td> <td>Mir EO-9<br /><i>Kvant-2</i> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Anatoly Artsebarsky<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Sergei Krikalyov </td> <td>Moved ladders and the base platform parts for the Sofora girder using the Strela boom from the airlock at <i>Kvant-2</i> and installed them on <i>Kvant-1</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 July<br />11:10 </td> <td>5 hours<br />28 minutes </td> <td>16:38 </td> <td>Mir EO-9<br /><i>Kvant-2</i> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Anatoly Artsebarsky<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Sergei Krikalyov </td> <td>Started construction of the Sofora girder by installing three of 20 structural pieces. </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 July<br />09:15 </td> <td>5 hours<br />42 minutes </td> <td>14:57 </td> <td>Mir EO-9<br /><i>Kvant-2</i> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Anatoly Artsebarsky<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Sergei Krikalyov </td> <td>Continued the construction of the Sofora girder by installing eleven more of the 20 girder pieces. </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 July<br />08:44 </td> <td>6 hours<br />49 minutes </td> <td>15:33 </td> <td>Mir EO-9<br /><i>Kvant-2</i> </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Anatoly Artsebarsky<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>Sergei Krikalyov </td> <td>Completed assembly of the Sofora girder and mounted a small Russian flag on top of the structure. Artsebarsky had trouble with fogging on his visor, due to overexertion, but Krikalyov was able to lead him back to the airlock. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_in_spaceflight&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1">Bergin, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasaspaceflight.com">"NASASpaceFlight.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASASpaceFlight.com&rft.aulast=Bergin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasaspaceflight.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+in+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Clark, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceflightnow.com">"Spaceflight Now"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spaceflight+Now&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceflightnow.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+in+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Kelso, T.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celestrak.com/satcat/search.asp">"Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)"</a>. 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title="JAXA">JAXA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Information+Center&rft.pub=JAXA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceinfo.jaxa.jp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+in+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosmoworld.ru/spaceencyclopedia/chrono/index.shtml">"Хроника освоения космоса"</a> [Chronicle of space exploration]. <i>CosmoWorld</i> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CosmoWorld&rft.atitle=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosmoworld.ru%2Fspaceencyclopedia%2Fchrono%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+in+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="float:right;text-align:right;">Generic references: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TLS-R" title="Template:TLS-R"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TLS-R" title="Template talk:TLS-R"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li 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href="/w/index.php?title=1991_in_spaceflight&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sts-37-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sts-37_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sts-37_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081127104602/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle39.htm">"Space Shuttle Flight 39 (STS-37)"</a>. <i>Space Shuttle Video Library</i>. National Space Society. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle39.htm">the original</a> on 27 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space+Shuttle+Video+Library&rft.atitle=Space+Shuttle+Flight+39+%28STS-37%29&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nss.org%2Fresources%2Flibrary%2Fshuttlevideos%2Fshuttle39.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+in+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceLowderWestphalWilkes1992" class="citation journal cs1">Price, P. B.; Lowder, D. M.; Westphal, A. J.; Wilkes, R. D.; Brennen, R. A.; Afanasyev, V. G.; Akimov, V. V.; Rodin, V. G.; Baryshnikov, G. K.; Gorshkov, L. A.; Shvets, N. I.; Tsigankov, O. S. (1992). "TREK: A cosmic-ray experiment on the Russian space station MIR". <i>Astrophysics and Space Science</i>. <b>197</b> (1): 121–143. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Ap&SS.197..121P">1992Ap&SS.197..121P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00645077">10.1007/BF00645077</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122308810">122308810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysics+and+Space+Science&rft.atitle=TREK%3A+A+cosmic-ray+experiment+on+the+Russian+space+station+MIR&rft.volume=197&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=121-143&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122308810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00645077&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Ap%26SS.197..121P&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft.au=Lowder%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Westphal%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Wilkes%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Brennen%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Afanasyev%2C+V.+G.&rft.au=Akimov%2C+V.+V.&rft.au=Rodin%2C+V.+G.&rft.au=Baryshnikov%2C+G.+K.&rft.au=Gorshkov%2C+L.+A.&rft.au=Shvets%2C+N.+I.&rft.au=Tsigankov%2C+O.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1991+in+spaceflight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_spaceflight" style="width: 37em; float: center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TLS-L" title="Template:TLS-L"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TLS-L" title="Template talk:TLS-L"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TLS-L" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TLS-L"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_spaceflight" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline of spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_before_1951" title="Spaceflight before 1951">Spaceflight before 1951</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">1950</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_in_spaceflight" title="1951 in spaceflight">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_in_spaceflight" title="1952 in spaceflight">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_in_spaceflight" title="1953 in spaceflight">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_in_spaceflight" title="1954 in spaceflight">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_in_spaceflight" title="1955 in spaceflight">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_in_spaceflight" title="1956 in spaceflight">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_in_spaceflight" title="1957 in spaceflight">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_in_spaceflight" title="1958 in spaceflight">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_in_spaceflight" title="1959 in spaceflight">1959</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_spaceflight" title="1960 in spaceflight">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_in_spaceflight" title="1961 in spaceflight">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_in_spaceflight" title="1962 in spaceflight">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_in_spaceflight" title="1963 in spaceflight">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_in_spaceflight" title="1964 in spaceflight">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_in_spaceflight" title="1965 in spaceflight">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_in_spaceflight" title="1966 in spaceflight">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_in_spaceflight" title="1967 in spaceflight">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_in_spaceflight" title="1968 in spaceflight">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_in_spaceflight" title="1969 in spaceflight">1969</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_in_spaceflight" title="1970 in spaceflight">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_in_spaceflight" title="1971 in spaceflight">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_in_spaceflight" title="1972 in spaceflight">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_in_spaceflight" title="1973 in spaceflight">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_spaceflight" title="1974 in spaceflight">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_in_spaceflight" title="1975 in spaceflight">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_in_spaceflight" title="1976 in spaceflight">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_in_spaceflight" title="1977 in spaceflight">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_in_spaceflight" title="1978 in spaceflight">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_in_spaceflight" title="1979 in spaceflight">1979</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_in_spaceflight" title="1980 in spaceflight">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_in_spaceflight" title="1981 in spaceflight">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_in_spaceflight" title="1982 in spaceflight">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_in_spaceflight" title="1983 in spaceflight">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_in_spaceflight" title="1984 in spaceflight">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_in_spaceflight" title="1985 in spaceflight">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_in_spaceflight" title="1986 in spaceflight">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_in_spaceflight" title="1987 in spaceflight">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_in_spaceflight" title="1988 in spaceflight">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_in_spaceflight" title="1989 in spaceflight">1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_in_spaceflight" title="1990 in spaceflight">1990</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_in_spaceflight" title="1992 in spaceflight">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_in_spaceflight" title="1993 in spaceflight">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_in_spaceflight" title="1994 in spaceflight">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_in_spaceflight" title="1995 in spaceflight">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_in_spaceflight" title="1996 in spaceflight">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_in_spaceflight" title="1997 in spaceflight">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_in_spaceflight" title="1998 in spaceflight">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_in_spaceflight" title="1999 in spaceflight">1999</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_in_spaceflight" title="2000 in spaceflight">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_spaceflight" title="2001 in spaceflight">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_in_spaceflight" title="2002 in spaceflight">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_spaceflight" title="2003 in spaceflight">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_in_spaceflight" title="2004 in spaceflight">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_spaceflight" title="2005 in spaceflight">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_spaceflight" title="2006 in spaceflight">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_spaceflight" title="2007 in spaceflight">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_spaceflight" title="2008 in spaceflight">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_spaceflight" title="2009 in spaceflight">2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_spaceflight" title="2010 in spaceflight">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_spaceflight" title="2011 in spaceflight">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_spaceflight" title="2012 in spaceflight">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_spaceflight" title="2013 in spaceflight">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_spaceflight" title="2014 in spaceflight">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_spaceflight" title="2015 in spaceflight">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_spaceflight" title="2016 in spaceflight">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_spaceflight" title="2017 in spaceflight">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_spaceflight" title="2018 in spaceflight">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_spaceflight" title="2019 in spaceflight">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_spaceflight" title="2020s in spaceflight">2020s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_spaceflight" title="2020 in spaceflight">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_spaceflight" title="2021 in spaceflight">2021</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_January%E2%80%93June_2021" title="List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2021">H1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_July%E2%80%93December_2021" title="List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2021">H2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_spaceflight" title="2022 in spaceflight">2022</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_January%E2%80%93June_2022" title="List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2022">H1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_July%E2%80%93December_2022" title="List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2022">H2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_spaceflight" title="2023 in spaceflight">2023</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_January%E2%80%93June_2023" title="List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2023">H1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_July%E2%80%93December_2023" title="List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2023">H2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_spaceflight" title="2024 in spaceflight">2024</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_January%E2%80%93June_2024" title="List of spaceflight launches in January–June 2024">H1</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_launches_in_July%E2%80%93December_2024" title="List of spaceflight launches in July–December 2024">H2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_spaceflight" title="2025 in spaceflight">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_in_spaceflight" title="2026 in spaceflight">2026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2027_in_spaceflight" title="2027 in spaceflight">2027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_in_spaceflight" title="2028 in spaceflight">2028</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2029_in_spaceflight" title="2029 in spaceflight">2029</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_future_spaceflight_launches" title="List of planned future spaceflight launches">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1990Orbital_launches_in_19911992_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1991" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1991"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1991" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1991"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1991" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1991"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1990Orbital_launches_in_19911992_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1990_in_spaceflight" title="1990 in spaceflight">← 1990</a></div><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1991</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1992_in_spaceflight" title="1992 in spaceflight">1992 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NATO_4A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NATO 4A (page does not exist)">NATO 4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-6" title="Progress M-6">Progress M-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italsat_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italsat 1 (page does not exist)">Italsat 1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutelsat-2_F2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutelsat-2 F2 (page does not exist)">Eutelsat-2 F2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2121&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2121 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2121</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2122&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2122 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2122</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Informator_No.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Informator No.1 (page does not exist)">Informator No.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2123&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2123 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2123</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2124 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2124</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2125&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2125 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2125</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2126" title="Kosmos 2126">Kosmos 2126</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2127&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2127 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2127</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2128&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2128 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2128</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2129&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2129 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2129</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2130&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2130 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2130</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2131&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2131 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2131</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2132&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2132 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2133" title="Kosmos 2133">Kosmos 2133</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2134&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2134 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2134</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya_1-80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya 1-80 (page does not exist)">Molniya 1-80</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2135&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2135 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2135</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.38L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.38L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.38L</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_1B" title="Astra 1B">Astra 1B</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteosat_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteosat 5 (page does not exist)">Meteosat 5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2136&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2136 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2136</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-69&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-69 (page does not exist)">USA-69</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inmarsat-2_F2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inmarsat-2 F2 (page does not exist)">Inmarsat-2 F2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadezhda_No.409&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadezhda No.409 (page does not exist)">Nadezhda No.409</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-7" title="Progress M-7">Progress M-7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2137&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2137 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2137</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.55 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2138&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2138 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2138</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almaz_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almaz 1 (page does not exist)">Almaz 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2139&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2139 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2139</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2140&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2140 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2140</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2141&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2141 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anik_E2" class="mw-redirect" title="Anik E2">Anik E2</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-37" title="STS-37">STS-37</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton GRO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spacenet_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spacenet 4 (page does not exist)">ASC-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2142&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2142 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2142</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BS-3h" class="mw-redirect" title="BS-3h">BS-3h</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-3_No.6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-3 No.6 (page does not exist)">Meteor-3 No.6</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-39" title="STS-39">STS-39</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=IBSS/SPAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBSS/SPAS (page does not exist)">IBSS/SPAS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=CRO-A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRO-A (page does not exist)">CRO-A</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CRO-B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRO-B (page does not exist)">CRO-B</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CRO-C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRO-C (page does not exist)">CRO-C</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-70&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-70 (page does not exist)">USA-70</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NOAA-12" title="NOAA-12">NOAA-12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2143&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2143 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2143</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2144&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2144 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2144</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2145&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2145 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2145</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2146&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2146 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2146</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2147&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2147 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2147</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2148&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2148 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2148</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-12" title="Soyuz TM-12">Soyuz TM-12</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F2_No.6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F2 No.6 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F2 No.6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2149&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2149 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2149</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satcom_C5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satcom C5 (page does not exist)">Satcom C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-8" title="Progress M-8">Progress M-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okean-O1_No.6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okean-O1 No.6 (page does not exist)">Okean-O1 No.6</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-40" title="STS-40">STS-40</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2150&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2150 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2150</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2151&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2151 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2151</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya_1-81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya 1-81 (page does not exist)">Molniya 1-81</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=June_1991_Kosmos-3M_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="June 1991 Kosmos-3M launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1_No.52&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1 No.52 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1 No.52</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_Experiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation Experiment (page does not exist)">REX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.34L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.34L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.34L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-71" title="USA-71">USA-71</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Losat-X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Losat-X (page does not exist)">Losat-X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2152&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2152 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2152</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2153&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2153 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orbcomm-X" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbcomm-X">Orbcomm-X</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SARA_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SARA (satellite) (page does not exist)">SARA</a> , <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubsat-A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubsat-A (page does not exist)">Tubsat-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/UoSAT-5" title="UoSAT-5">UoSAT-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsat_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsat 1 (page does not exist)">Microsat 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsat_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsat 2">Microsat 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsat_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsat 3">Microsat 3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsat_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsat 4 (page does not exist)">Microsat 4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsat_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsat 5 (page does not exist)">Microsat 5</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsat_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsat 6 (page does not exist)">Microsat 6</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsat_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsat 7 (page does not exist)">Microsat 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F1_No.53&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F1 No.53 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F1 No.53</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya_1-82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya 1-82 (page does not exist)">Molniya 1-82</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-43" title="STS-43">STS-43</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/TDRS-5" title="TDRS-5">TDRS-5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_605" title="Intelsat 605">Intelsat VI F5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-3_No.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-3 No.5 (page does not exist)">Meteor-3 No.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-9" title="Progress M-9">Progress M-9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs-F2_No.7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs-F2 No.7 (page does not exist)">Resurs-F2 No.7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2154&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2154 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2154</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuri_3b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuri 3b (page does not exist)">Yuri 3b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1B" title="IRS-1B">IRS-1B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yohkoh_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yohkoh (satellite) (page does not exist)">Yohkoh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zenit-2_No.16L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zenit-2 No.16L (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-48" title="STS-48">STS-48</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Satellite" title="Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite">UARS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2155" title="Kosmos 2155">Kosmos 2155</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.48&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.48 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.48</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2156&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2156 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anik_E1" class="mw-redirect" title="Anik E1">Anik E1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2157&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2157 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2157</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2158&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2158 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2158</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2159&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2159 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2159</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2160&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2160 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2160</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2161&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2161 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2161</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2162&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2162 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2162</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-13" title="Soyuz TM-13">Soyuz TM-13</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foton_No.7L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foton No.7L (page does not exist)">Foton No.7L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2163&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2163 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2163</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2164&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2164 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-10" title="Progress M-10">Progress M-10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.35L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.35L (page does not exist)">Gorizont No.35L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_601" title="Intelsat 601">Intelsat VI F1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-72&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-72 (page does not exist)">USA-72</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-74&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-74 (page does not exist)">USA-74</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-76&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-76 (page does not exist)">USA-76</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-77&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-77 (page does not exist)">USA-77</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2165&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2165 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2165</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2166&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2166 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2166</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2167&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2167 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2167</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2168&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2168 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2168</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2169&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2169 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2169</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2170&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2170 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2170</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2171&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2171 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2171</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2172&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2172 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2172</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-44" title="STS-44">STS-44</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-75&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-75 (page does not exist)">USA-75</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2173&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2173 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2173</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-73&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-73 (page does not exist)">USA-73</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutelsat-2_F3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutelsat-2 F3 (page does not exist)">Eutelsat-2 F3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_2A" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom 2A">Telecom 2A</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inmarsat-2_F3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inmarsat-2 F3 (page does not exist)">Inmarsat-2 F3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2174&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2174 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2174</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkosmos 25 (page does not exist)">Interkosmos 25</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magion_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magion 3 (page does not exist)">Magion 3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.39L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.39L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.39L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongxing-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongxing-4 (page does not exist)">Zhongxing-4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991_in_spaceflight&oldid=1130348856">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1991_in_spaceflight&oldid=1130348856</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_in_spaceflight" title="Category:1991 in spaceflight">1991 in spaceflight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight_by_year" title="Category:Spaceflight by year">Spaceflight by year</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2022">Articles needing additional references from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2014" title="Category:Use British English from January 2014">Use British English from January 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2014">Use dmy dates from January 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2024">Articles with dead external links from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 December 2022, at 19:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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