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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anschluss_and_annexation_of_Czechoslovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Anschluss and annexation of Czechoslovakia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anschluss_and_annexation_of_Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 World War II </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle World War II subsection </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Battle of France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Battle of Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Blitz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Blitz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 The Blitz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Blitz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Battle of the Atlantic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circus_offensives,_Baedeker_Blitz,_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circus_offensives,_Baedeker_Blitz,_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Circus offensives, Baedeker Blitz, Mediterranean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circus_offensives,_Baedeker_Blitz,_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_of_the_Reich_and_Steinbock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_of_the_Reich_and_Steinbock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Defence of the Reich and Steinbock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_of_the_Reich_and_Steinbock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Normandy_and_dismissal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normandy_and_dismissal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Normandy and dismissal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normandy_and_dismissal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Later life and trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_of_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_of_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Summary of career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Summary_of_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Summary of career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Dates of rank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hugo Sperrle</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84" title="هوغو شبيرل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوغو شبيرل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Гуга Шперле – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гуга Шперле" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Хуго Шперле – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хуго Шперле" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%87" title="هوگو اشپرله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوگو اشپرله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EA%B3%A0_%EC%8A%88%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%BC%EB%A0%88" title="후고 슈페를레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후고 슈페를레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%94" title="הוגו שפרלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוגו שפרלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="ჰუგო შპერლე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰუგო შპერლე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84" title="هوجو شبيرل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوجو شبيرل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%AC" title="フーゴ・シュペルレ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フーゴ・シュペルレ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5,_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Шперле, Хуго – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шперле, Хуго" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Хуго Шперле – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хуго Шперле" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD" title="ฮูโก ชแปร์เลอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮูโก ชแปร์เลอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Гуго Шперрле – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гуго Шперрле" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Sperrle" title="Hugo Sperrle – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hugo Sperrle" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%88%88%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E4%BD%A9%E5%8B%92" title="胡戈·施佩勒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="胡戈·施佩勒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q58651#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German military aviator and general</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Hugo Sperrle</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-121-30A,_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-121-30A%2C_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-121-30A%2C_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-121-30A%2C_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-121-30A%2C_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-121-30A%2C_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1987-121-30A%2C_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="800" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Sperrle in 1940</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1885-02-07)7 February 1885 <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsburg" title="Ludwigsburg">Ludwigsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Kingdom of Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">2 April 1953(1953-04-02) (aged 68) <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1903–18)<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1918–33)<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (1933–44)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> (1903–14)<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Luftstreitkräfte">Luftstreitkräfte</a> (1914–18)<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a> (1918–35)<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> (1935–44)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1903–1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">1 Fliegerdivision <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_3" title="Luftflotte 3">Luftflotte 3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Donnerkeil" title="Operation Donnerkeil">Operation Donnerkeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Operation Steinbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Cross" title="Spanish Cross">Spanish Cross</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Hugo Wilhelm Sperrle (7 February 1885 – 2 April 1953) was a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> military aviator in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">Field Marshal</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Sperrle joined the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">Imperial German Army</a> in 1903. He served in the artillery upon the outbreak of World War I. In 1914 he joined the <a href="/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Luftstreitkräfte">Luftstreitkräfte</a> as an observer then trained as a pilot. Sperrle ended the war at the rank of <a href="/wiki/Hauptmann" title="Hauptmann">Hauptmann</a> (Captain) in command of an <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a> attachment of a field army. In the inter-war period Sperrle was appointed to the General Staff in the <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a>, serving the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">aerial warfare</a> branch. In 1934 after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> seized power, Sperrle was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a> (Brigadier General) and transferred from the army to the Luftwaffe. Sperrle was given command of the <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a> in November 1936 and fought with the expeditionary force in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> until October 1937. Sperrle was appointed as commanding officer of Luftwaffengruppenkommando 3 (Air Force Group Command 3) the forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_3" title="Luftflotte 3">Luftflotte 3</a> (Air Fleet 3) in February 1938. Sperrle was used during the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Czech crisis</a> by the Nazi leadership to threaten other governments with bombardment. Sperrle attended several important meetings with Austrian and Czech leaders for this purpose upon the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. In September 1939 World War II began with the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">invasion of Poland</a>. Sperrle and his air fleet served exclusively on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>. He played a crucial role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> in 1940. In 1941 Sperrle directed operations during <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a> over Britain. From mid-1941 his air fleet became the sole command in the west. Through 1941 and 1942 he defended <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> from 1943. Sperrle's command was depleted in the battles of attrition forced on him by the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive</a>. By mid-1944, Sperrle's air fleet had been reduced to impotence and it could not repel the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Allied landings in Western Europe</a>. As a consequence, Sperrle was dismissed to the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerreserve" title="Führerreserve">Führerreserve</a> and never held a senior command again. On 1 May 1945 he was captured by the British. After the war, he was charged with <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/High_Command_Trial" title="High Command Trial">High Command Trial</a> but was acquitted. Sperrle was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Bribery_of_senior_Wehrmacht_officers" title="Bribery of senior Wehrmacht officers">bribery of senior Wehrmacht officers</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_World_War_I">Early life and World War I</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and World War I">edit</a>]</div> Sperrle was born in the town of <a href="/wiki/Ludwigsburg" title="Ludwigsburg">Ludwigsburg</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Kingdom of Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> on 7 February 1885 the son of a brewery proprietor, Johannes Sperrle and his wife Luise Karoline, née Nägele.<a href="#cite_note-2">[Note 1]</a> He joined the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">Imperial German Army</a> on 5 July 1903 as a <a href="/wiki/Fahnenjunker" title="Fahnenjunker">Fahnenjunker</a> (officer cadet).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011234-3">[2]</a> Sperrle was assigned to the 8th Württemberg Infantry Regiment ("Großherzog Friedrich von Baden" Nr. 126), a regiment in the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Army of Württemberg">Army of Württemberg</a>, and after a year received his commission and promotion to <a href="/wiki/Leutnant" title="Leutnant">Leutnant</a> on 28 October 1912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011234-3">[2]</a> Sperrle served another year until his promotion to <a href="/wiki/Oberleutnant" title="Oberleutnant">Oberleutnant</a> (second lieutenant) in October 1913.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200733-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011234-3">[2]</a> At the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Sperrle was training as an <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> spotter in the <a href="/wiki/Luftstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Luftstreitkräfte">Luftstreitkräfte</a> (German Army Air Service). On 28 November 1914 Sperrle was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Hauptmann" title="Hauptmann">Hauptmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011234-3">[2]</a> Sperrle did not distinguish himself in battle as his fellow staff officers in World War II had done, but he forged a solid record in the <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a> field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200733-4">[3]</a> Sperrle served first as an observer, then trained as a pilot with the 4th Field Flying Detachment (Feldfliegerabteilung) at the <a href="/wiki/War_Academy_(Kingdom_of_Bavaria)" title="War Academy (Kingdom of Bavaria)">Kriegsakademie</a> (War Academy). Sperrle went on to command the 42nd and 60th Field Flying Detachments, then led the 13th Field Flying Group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200733-4">[3]</a> After suffering severe injuries in a crash,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199451-5">[4]</a> Sperrle moved to the air observer school at <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> thereafter and when the war ended he was in command of flying units attached to the <a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(German_Empire)" title="7th Army (German Empire)">7th Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200733-4">[3]</a> For his command he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern" title="House Order of Hohenzollern">House Order of Hohenzollern</a> with Swords.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011234-3">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inter-war_years">Inter-war years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inter-war years">edit</a>]</div> Sperrle joined the <a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a> and commanded an aviation detachment. He then joined the <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200733-4">[3]</a> Sperrle commanded units in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> including the Freiwilligen Fliegerabteilungen 412 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Milch" title="Erhard Milch">Erhard Milch</a>. Sperrle fought on the <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> border during the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%9319)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–19)">1919 conflict with Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199421-6">[5]</a> He assumed command on 9 January 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007a7-7">[6]</a> On 1 December 1919, commander-in-chief of the German army, <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Seeckt" title="Hans von Seeckt">Hans von Seeckt</a> issued a directive for the creation of 57 committees, encompassing all the military branches, to compile detailed studies of German war experiences. <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Wilberg" title="Helmuth Wilberg">Helmuth Wilberg</a> led the air service sector and Sperrle was one of 83 commanders ordered to assist. The air staff studies were conducted through 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum199759–60-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_Staff">General Staff</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General Staff">edit</a>]</div> Sperrle served on the air staff for Wehrkreis V (Military District 5) in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a> from 1919 to 1923, then the Defence Ministry until 1924.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200733-4">[3]</a> Sperrle then served on the staff of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Division_(Reichswehr)" title="4th Division (Reichswehr)">4th Infantry Division</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>. Sperrle travelled to <a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> at this time, where the Germans maintained <a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipetsk (air base)">a secret air base</a> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Lipetsk_fighter-pilot_school" title="Lipetsk fighter-pilot school">Lipetsk fighter-pilot school</a>. Sperrle purportedly visited the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> to observe <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> exercises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200734-9">[8]</a> At Lipetsk, Hugo Sperrle and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Student" title="Kurt Student">Kurt Student</a> acted as senior directors which trained some 240 German pilots between 1924 and 1932.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughRichards200731-10">[9]</a> The air staff remained small, but Sperrle's contingent were present in the 4,000 officers retained in the military. In 1927 Sperrle, at the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_(Germany)" title="Major (Germany)">Major</a>, replaced Wilberg as head of the air staff at the <a href="/wiki/Waffenamt" title="Waffenamt">Waffenamt</a> an <a href="/wiki/Truppenamt" title="Truppenamt">Truppenamt</a> (Weapons and Troop Office). Sperrle was selected for his expertise in technical matters; he was seen as highly qualified staff officer with combat experience in commanding the flying units of the 7th army during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum199785–86-11">[10]</a> On 1 February 1929<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199451-5">[4]</a> Sperrle was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Hellmuth_Felmy" title="Hellmuth Felmy">Hellmuth Felmy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum199785–86-11">[10]</a> Sperrle's departure came as he was pressing for an autonomous aviation authority. Felmy persisted, and on 1 October 1929, the Inspektion der Waffenschulen und der Luftwaffe came into existence under the command of Major General Hilmar von Mittelberger—it was the first use of the term "Luftwaffe". By 1 November 1930, the embryonic air headquarters could count 168 aviation officers including Sperrle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199451,_71-12">[11]</a> Sperrle was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Oberstleutnant" title="Oberstleutnant">Oberstleutnant</a> (lieutenant colonel) in 1931 while commanding the 3rd battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment from 1929 to 1933. Sperrle ended his army career in command of the 8th Infantry Regiment, from 1 October 1933 to 1 April 1934.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200734-9">[8]</a> At the rank of <a href="/wiki/Oberst" title="Oberst">Oberst</a> (colonel), Sperrle was given command of the headquarters of the First Air Division (Fliegerdivision 1). Sperrle was given responsibility for coordinating army support aviation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997156-13">[12]</a> Sperrle's official title was Kommandeur der Heeresflieger (Commander of Army Flyers).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994102-14">[13]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> seized power, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)">Reich Air Ministry</a>. Göring handed most of the squadrons in existence to Sperrle because of his command experiences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007a40-15">[14]</a> Sperrle was involved in the difficulties in German aircraft procurement. Four months after assuming command, Sperrle was rigorously critical of the <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_11" title="Dornier Do 11">Dornier Do 11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_13" title="Dornier Do 13">Dornier Do 13</a> in a conference on 18 July 1934. Five months later, with development failing, Sperrle met with <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Freiherr_von_Richthofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen">Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen</a>, head of aircraft development and Luftkreis IV commander <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Keller" title="Alfred Keller">Alfred Keller</a>, a wartime bomber pilot. It was decided <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a> production would be a stopgap, while the <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_23" title="Dornier Do 23">Dornier Do 23</a> reached units in the late summer, 1935. The awaited <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_86" title="Junkers Ju 86">Junkers Ju 86</a> was scheduled for testing in November 1934 and the promising <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Heinkel He 111</a> in February 1935. Richthofen remarked, "it is better to have second-rate equipment than none at all", though he was responsible for bringing in the next generation of aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994102-14">[13]</a> On 1 March 1935, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> announced the existence of the Luftwaffe. Sperrle was transferred to the Reich Air Ministry. Sperrle was initially given command of Luftkreis II (Air District II), and then Luftkreis V in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnich" class="mw-redirect" title="Münich">Münich</a> upon his promotion to <a href="/wiki/Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a> (Brigadier General) on 1 October 1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200734-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997157–158-16">[15]</a> Sperrle remained in Germany until the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. He commanded all German forces in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> from November 1936 to November 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997188,_189-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condor_Legion">Condor Legion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Condor Legion">edit</a>]</div> Sperrle was the first commander of the <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a> during the Spanish Civil War. The Legion was a corps of German airmen sent to provide support to <a href="/wiki/General_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="General Franco">General Franco</a> who led the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalists</a>, against their enemies, the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republicans</a>. Sperrle was given command of all German forces earmarked for operations in Spain on his appointment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997188,_189-17">[16]</a> On 1 November 1936 the Legion totalled 4,500 men and by January 1937 the organisation had grown to 6,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper198159-18">[17]</a> The volunteers were interchanged over the course of the conflict, allowing for the maximum number to gain combat experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper198159-18">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Freiherr_von_Richthofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen">Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen</a> was assigned to Sperrle as chief of staff, replacing <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Holle" title="Alexander Holle">Alexander Holle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994124,_127-19">[18]</a> Sperrle needed a highly competent man with a staff officer background. Sperrle had the advantage of knowing Richthofen since the 1920s and thought highly of his chief of staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2008119-20">[19]</a> Sperrle privately viewed Richthofen as a ruthless snob, and Richthofen disliked his superior's coarse wit and table manners. Professionally, they had few disagreements, and Richthofen's good relationship with Franco encouraged Sperrle to leave day-to-day affairs in his hands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994128-21">[20]</a> Sperrle and Richthofen made an effective team in Spain. Sperrle was experienced, intelligent with a good reputation. Richthofen was considered a good combat leader. They combined to advise and oppose Franco to prevent the misuse of their air power. Both men were blunt with the Spanish leader and although the Germans and Spanish did not like each other, they developed a healthy respect which translated into an effective working relationship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997216–217-22">[21]</a> Richthofen and Sperrle agreed German support should be limited, for Franco's rule would not be perceived as legitimate if he received lavish foreign aid. Their view was reported to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2008120-23">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-133-24,_Spanien,_Hugo_Sperrle,_Wolfram_Freiherr_v._Richthofen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-133-24%2C_Spanien%2C_Hugo_Sperrle%2C_Wolfram_Freiherr_v._Richthofen.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-133-24%2C_Spanien%2C_Hugo_Sperrle%2C_Wolfram_Freiherr_v._Richthofen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-133-24%2C_Spanien%2C_Hugo_Sperrle%2C_Wolfram_Freiherr_v._Richthofen.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-133-24%2C_Spanien%2C_Hugo_Sperrle%2C_Wolfram_Freiherr_v._Richthofen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-133-24%2C_Spanien%2C_Hugo_Sperrle%2C_Wolfram_Freiherr_v._Richthofen.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1969-133-24%2C_Spanien%2C_Hugo_Sperrle%2C_Wolfram_Freiherr_v._Richthofen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Sperrle, with <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Richthofen" title="Wolfram von Richthofen">Wolfram von Richthofen</a>, in Spain, 1936</figcaption></figure> Sperrle was assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe" title="Oberkommando der Luftwaffe">Oberkommando der Luftwaffe</a> (OKL—High Command of the Air Force). Staff officers were trained to solve <a href="/wiki/Operational_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational level">operational level</a> problems and the OKL's reluctance to micromanage gave Sperrle and Richthofen a free hand to devise solutions to tactical and operational problems. An important step was the development of ground-air communication, via the use of frontline signals posts which were in contact with army and airbases simultaneously. Information telephoned to airbases was relayed rapidly by radio to aircraft in flight. This innovation was put into practice during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2008131–133-24">[23]</a> Sperrle left Germany by air on 31 October 1936 and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> on 5 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994125-25">[24]</a> Sperrle was sent a Kampfgruppe (bomber group—K/88), <a href="/wiki/Jagdgruppe_88" title="Jagdgruppe 88">Jagdgruppe 88</a> (fighter group 88—J/88) and Aufklärungsstaffel (reconnaissance squadron—AS/88). They were supported by a Flak Abteilung (F/88) with three heavy and two light batteries with communications, transport and maintenance units. The Germans could not afford to fully equip the Legion, and so the air group made use of Spanish equipment. Of the 1,500 vehicles used, there were 100 types creating a maintenance nightmare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994124–125-26">[25]</a> The first mission for the Legion was to <a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">airlift</a> 20,000 men of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">African Army</a>. These veterans, once landed, provided a core of battle–hardened veterans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2008120-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Civil_War">Spanish Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spanish Civil War">edit</a>]</div> Sperrle began the war with 120 aircraft, and for the first four months the German aviators failed to make an impact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994125-25">[24]</a> Sperrle lost 20 percent of his strength in the failed attempt to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Madrid" title="Siege of Madrid">seize Madrid in 1936</a>. The material support provided was inadequate and left him with just 26 Ju 52s and two <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_70" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 70">Heinkel He 70</a> aircraft by the end of January 1937. Sperrle's personal leadership and the dedication of senior officers prevented a collapse in morale. The cause of this defeat was the appearance of Soviet-designed and built <a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_I-15" title="Polikarpov I-15">Polikarpov I-15</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_I-16" title="Polikarpov I-16">Polikarpov I-16</a> fighter aircraft in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Air_Force" title="Spanish Republican Air Force">Spanish Republican Air Force</a> which won <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994125-25">[24]</a> Bombing raids against <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>, and the Soviet air base at <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares" title="Alcalá de Henares">Alcalá de Henares</a>, failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994126-27">[26]</a> Sperrle personally led an attack against the Republican Navy at Cartagena, sinking two ships. The Republican fleet was forewarned, however, and the majority put to sea and escaped the bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200736-28">[27]</a> Attacks against Madrid, in which 40 tons of bombs were dropped from 19 November 1936, also failed. The bombing and shelling inflicted 1,119 casualties between 14 and 23 November, including 244 dead—303 buildings were hit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994126-27">[26]</a> The Legion's bomber group temporarily gave up daylight bombing after the failed Fascist offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994126-27">[26]</a> Sperrle's airmen switched to <a href="/wiki/Air_interdiction" title="Air interdiction">attacking choke-points</a> around Madrid. Operations were complicated by the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_Guadarrama" title="Sierra de Guadarrama">Sierra de Guadarrama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_de_Gredos" title="Sierra de Gredos">Sierra de Gredos</a> mountain range. Pilots suffered from circulation problems in non-pressurised cockpits while flying close to the top of the peaks, but only one aircraft and five men were lost to the natural barriers. <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> outbreaks due to poor living conditions continued to undermine morale. One of the main problems was the inadequate fighter aircraft. The <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_51" title="Heinkel He 51">Heinkel He 51</a> was not up to the job, Sperrle requested Berlin send modern aircraft. In December three <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a> fighters were in Spain, only to return the following February, followed by a single <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_112" title="Heinkel He 112">Heinkel He 112</a> prototype, and <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a> dive-bomber. Richthofen travelled to Berlin to secure more of these types in agreement with chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Udet" title="Ernst Udet">Ernst Udet</a>, and Milch. Sperrle's command began receiving the <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_17" title="Dornier Do 17">Dornier Do 17</a>, He 111, Ju 86 bombers and Bf 109 fighters in January 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994126–128-29">[28]</a> On 1 April 1937 Sperrle was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Generalleutnant" title="Generalleutnant">Generalleutnant</a> (Major General).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200741-30">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224,_Guernica,_Ruinen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H25224%2C_Guernica%2C_Ruinen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of Guernica</figcaption></figure> The Nationalists turned to destroying the Republican army enclave along the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> in the summer, 1937. Sperrle moved his headquarters to <a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria</a> to lead his small force of 62 aircraft. The <a href="/wiki/Biscay_Campaign" title="Biscay Campaign">Biscay Campaign</a> began on 31 March with the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Durango" title="Bombing of Durango">Bombing of Durango</a>. Spanish nationalists reported Republican army movements in the town, but before the bombers arrived they withdrew, leaving the bombers to devastate the town and kill 250 civilians. Sperrle protested to the Nationalists about the "waste of resources", but his own authorised attacks on the town's arms-factory were inaccurate and did just as much to damage the Legion's image.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994129–128-31">[30]</a> Thereafter Sperrle supported the battle for <a href="/wiki/Otxandio" title="Otxandio">Otxandio</a>. The Nationalists refused to cooperate in an encirclement operation allowing the defenders to retreat toward <a href="/wiki/Guernica" title="Guernica">Guernica</a>. In a farcical moment Sperrle was arrested on a visit to the front by Nationalist forces as a suspected spy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994130-32">[31]</a> Sperrle's staff had no file information on Guernica. Richthofen earmarked the town's Rentaria Bridge for attack, but he seems to have been more interested in Guerricaiz six miles (10 km) south east of Guernica. Richthofen referred to this town as "Guernicaiz" in his diary. The Republican left flank had to retreat through Guernica and the air staff earmarked it for bombing. Richthofen's diary entry, dated 26 April 1937, documented the purpose of the attack. His plan was to block the roads to the south and east of Guernica, thereby offering a chance to encircle and destroy Republican forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994130-32">[31]</a> Later that day, 43 bombers <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica" title="Bombing of Guernica">dropped 50 tons of bombs on the town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997198-33">[32]</a> The bombing has been controversial ever since. The attack, described by some as "<a href="/wiki/Terror_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror bombing">terror bombing</a>", was not planned as an attack on the populace and there is no evidence the Germans targeted civilian morale. Guernica acted as an important transportation hub for 23 battalions in positions east of <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>. Two battalions—the 18th Loyala and Saseta—were in the town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997199-34">[33]</a> The attack prevented the fortification of the Guernica and closed the roads to traffic for 24 hours, preventing Republican forces from evacuating their heavy equipment across the bridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997199-34">[33]</a> While there is no evidence civilians were targeted, 300 Spanish people died, and there is no record of any German air commanders expressing sympathy or concern for civilians in the vicinity of a military target.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997199–200-35">[34]</a> Sperrle was not reprimanded for Guernica.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200741-30">[29]</a> The Condor Legion supported the Nationaists in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bilbao" title="Battle of Bilbao">Battle of Bilbao</a> and played a large role in defeating a Republican offensive in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunete" title="Battle of Brunete">Battle of Brunete</a>, near Madrid. In <a href="/wiki/Offensive_counter_air" title="Offensive counter air">attacking airfields</a>, using the flak battalion on the front line, and committing the 20 Bf 109 fighters in the <a href="/wiki/Fighter_escort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter escort">fighter escort</a> role the Nationalists gained air superiority over the 400-strong Republican Air Force. The Nationalists destroyed 160 aircraft for the loss of 23.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997202-36">[35]</a> Sperrle's men routed eight battalions of infantry and large numbers of tanks in the <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> and interdiction role. From this point on, the Legion possessed general air superiority and the flexibility to transfer rapidly to other fronts to support the land war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997202–203-37">[36]</a> Returning north, In August and September 1937 Sperrle's legion assisted Franco's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santander" title="Battle of Santander">Battle of Santander</a> with only 68 aircraft—none of the Brunete losses had been replaced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994134-38">[37]</a> The Republican reportedly lost 70,000 men captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200741-30">[29]</a> For the remainder of September the German command focused on the <a href="/wiki/Asturias_Offensive" title="Asturias Offensive">Asturias Offensive</a> which ended the <a href="/wiki/War_in_the_North" title="War in the North">War in the North</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2008139-39">[38]</a> Sperrle lost 12 aircraft and 22 men killed, amounting to 17.5 percent of his strength. The attacks, which faced opposition from only 45 Republican aircraft were effective and imposed up to 10 percent losses on some Republican infantry formations. Republican commander <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Prada" title="Adolfo Prada">Adolfo Prada</a> later stated the bombing had buried entire units in rubble.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994134-38">[37]</a> In late 1937, Sperrle fought against the interference of Wilhelm Faupel, one of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s advisors in Spanish affairs. The dispute became so damaging, Hitler removed both men from their positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2010403-40">[39]</a> Sperrle transferred command of the Condor Legion to Generalmajor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellmuth_Volkmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellmuth Volkmann (page does not exist)">Hellmuth Volkmann</a> and returned to Germany on 30 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum1997204-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth201185-42">[41]</a> On 1 November 1937 Sperrle was promoted to <a href="/wiki/General_der_Flieger" title="General der Flieger">General der Flieger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200741-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anschluss_and_annexation_of_Czechoslovakia">Anschluss and annexation of Czechoslovakia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anschluss and annexation of Czechoslovakia">edit</a>]</div> Sperrle was given command of Luftwaffe Group 3 (Luftwaffengruppenkommando 3) on the 1 February 1938 which eventually became <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_3" title="Luftflotte 3">Luftflotte 3</a> (Air Fleet 3) in February 1939. Sperrle commanded the air fleet for the remainder of his military career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200742-43">[42]</a> Sperrle was used by Hitler in his foreign policy to intimidate small neighbours with the Luftwaffe, which had earned a reputation in Spain. On 12 February 1938, Hitler invited Sperrle to a meeting at <a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden" title="Berchtesgaden">Berchtesgaden</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Kurt Schuschnigg</a>, chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Federal State of Austria</a>. Generals <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Reichenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Walther von Reichenau">Walther von Reichenau</a> were also in attendance. The meetings eventually helped pave the way for <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>, the Nazi seizure of Austria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg2010507-44">[43]</a> The first meeting secured Austrian Nazi Dr <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a> as Interior Minister. When Schuschnig announced a plebiscite on Austrian independence, Hitler ordered Sperrle's Luftkreis V to mobilise for an invasion on 10 March. On 12 March Sperrle's airmen dropped leaflets over <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. All three of Sperrle's combat units, KG 155, KG 255 and JG 153, moved into airfields around <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a> and Vienna during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Otto" title="Operation Otto">the invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994160–161-45">[44]</a> On 1 April 1938, Luftwaffengruppenkommando 3 and its subordinate command, Fliegerkommandeure 5, under Major General <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wolff_(general)" title="Ludwig Wolff (general)">Ludwig Wolff</a>, had one Jagdgeschwader (fighter wing), two Kampfgeschwader (bomber wings) and one Sturzkampfgeschwader (Dive-bomber wing).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007a80-46">[45]</a> Sperrle's air fleet was used to threaten the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Czechoslovakia">President of Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Emil Hácha</a>, into accepting Nazi rule and the formation of <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuremberg_Military_Tribunals195189-47">[46]</a> Sperrle possessed 650 aircraft in Fliegerdivision 5, which formed part of his command. His orders were to support the <a href="/wiki/12th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="12th Army (Wehrmacht)">12th Army</a> in the event an <a href="/wiki/Fall_Gr%C3%BCn_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Fall Grün (Czechoslovakia)">invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> was required. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a> commanding Luftwaffengruppenkommando 2, was given half of the 2,400 aircraft supporting the invasion and the responsibility of supporting three field armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994167,_169-48">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> ended the prospect of war and Sperrle's forces landed at <a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1" title="Aš">Aš</a> airfield as the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> annexed the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> in October 1938.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994169-49">[48]</a> In March 1939 Hitler decided to annex Czechoslovakia completely and risk war. He turned once again to the Luftwaffe to assist him achieving diplomatic results. The threat of aerial bombardment proved a crucial in forcing smaller nations to submit to German occupation. The successes confirmed Hitler's view that air power could be used politically, as a "terror weapon".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1980411-50">[49]</a> In a series of meetings in Berlin, Hitler told Hácha that half of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> could be destroyed in two hours, and hundreds of bombers were ready for the operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray198327-51">[50]</a> Sperrle was asked by Hitler to talk about the Luftwaffe, to intimidate the Czech president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENuremberg_Military_Tribunals195189-47">[46]</a> Hácha purportedly fainted, and when he regained consciousness, Göring screamed at him, "think of Prague!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994170-52">[51]</a> The elderly President reluctantly ordered the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovakian Army">Czechoslovakian Army</a> not to resist. The aerial part of the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a> was carried out by 500–650 aircraft belonging to Sperrle's newly renamed air fleet, Luftflotte 3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1994170-52">[51]</a> The majority of these aircraft were concentrated in the 4 Fliegerdivision (4th Flying Division). The operational condition of the Luftwaffe was at 57 percent with 60 percent requiring maintenance, while depots had only enough replacement aero engines to cover 4 to 5 percent of frontline strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007a74–75-53">[52]</a> Only 1,432 of the 2,577 aircrew available were fully trained. Just 27 percent of bomber crews were instrument trained. These problems effectively reduced fighter and bomber units to 83 and 32.5 percent of their strength. The Luftwaffe's saving grace was that the British, French and Czech air forces were in slightly worse condition in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007a75–76-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> On 1 September 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">invaded Poland</a> prompting the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and France to declare war in her defence. Sperrle's Luftflotte 3 remained guarding German air space in western Germany and did not contribute to the German invasion, made possible by the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union</a>. The air fleet's <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">Order of battle</a> had been stripped of almost all of the combat units it held in March 1939. Only two reconnaissance staffel (squadrons) and a single bomber unit attached to Wekusta 51 remained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b6-55">[54]</a> Sperrle received the competent Major General <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Ritter_von_Pohl" title="Maximilian Ritter von Pohl">Maximilian Ritter von Pohl</a> as his chief of staff. The two men made for a "good partnership".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b13-56">[55]</a> Sperrle was also assigned Major General <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sur%C3%A9n" title="Walter Surén">Walter Surén</a>, appointed as the air fleet's chief signals officer. Surén planned and organised the German field communications for the offensive in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b23-57">[56]</a> While guarding the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a>, Sperrle's small fleet of 306 aircraft—which included 33 obsolete <a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_68" title="Arado Ar 68">Arado Ar 68s</a>—fought off probing attacks of French and British aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b13-56">[55]</a> Sperrle developed a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Gourmet" title="Gourmet">gourmet</a>, whose private transport aircraft featured a refrigerator to keep his wines cool, and although as corpulent as Göring, he was reliable and as ruthless as his superior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b13-56">[55]</a> Sperrle wanted his air fleet to take a more aggressive stance and won over Göring. On 13 September 1939 he was authorised to undertake long-range high altitude reconnaissance missions at extreme altitudes. Sperrle had already taken the initiative on 4 September when I./<a href="/wiki/KG_53" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 53">KG 53</a> carried out such an operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b15-58">[57]</a> Photographic operations over France authorised by the OKL began on 21 September, which the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</a> did not sanction until four days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b15-58">[57]</a> Sperrle lost eight aircraft over 21–24 November 1939, but succeeded in obtaining good reconnaissance results. The losses prompted his use of fighter escorts on the return journey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b15-58">[57]</a> Reconnaissance operations were eased when Sperrle received <a href="/wiki/KG_27" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 27">KG 27</a> and <a href="/wiki/KG_55" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 55">KG 55</a> once the Polish campaign had ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b15-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_France">Battle of France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle of France">edit</a>]</div> Luftflotte 3 was heavily reinforced in the spring, 1940. Sperrle's headquarters was based at <a href="/wiki/Bad_Orb" title="Bad Orb">Bad Orb</a>. The air fleet was assigned I. Flakkorps under <a href="/wiki/Generaloberst" title="Generaloberst">Generaloberst</a> <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Weise" title="Hubert Weise">Hubert Weise</a>, <a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="1st Air Corps (Germany)">I. Fliegerkorps</a> under Generaloberst <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Grauert" title="Ulrich Grauert">Ulrich Grauert</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="2nd Air Corps (Germany)">II. Fliegerkorps</a> under Generaloberst <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Loerzer" title="Bruno Loerzer">Bruno Loerzer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/5th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="5th Air Corps (Germany)">V. Fliegerkorps</a> under command of General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ritter_von_Greim" title="Robert Ritter von Greim">Robert Ritter von Greim</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gersthofen" title="Gersthofen">Gersthofen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_3" title="Jagdfliegerführer 3">Jagdfliegerführer 3</a> (Fighter Flyer Command 3) under the command of Oberst Gerd von Massow was assigned to the air fleet at <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>. Massow was replaced during the campaign by Oberst <a href="/wiki/Werner_Junck" title="Werner Junck">Werner Junck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b46-59">[58]</a> For the coming battle, Sperrle had 1,788 aircraft (1,272 operational) at his disposal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b62-60">[59]</a> Opposing Sperrle, was the <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée de l'Air">Armée de l'Air</a> (French Air Force) eastern (ZOAE) and southern (ZOAS) zones under <a href="/wiki/Army_corps_general" title="Army corps general">Général de Corps d'armée Aérien</a> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bouscat" title="René Bouscat">René Bouscat</a> and Robert Odic. Bouscat had 509 aircraft (363 operational) and Odic 165 (109 combat ready).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b61–62-61">[60]</a> I. Fliegerkorps covered a line running from <a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> border, westward through <a href="/wiki/Fumay" title="Fumay">Fumay</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Senlis" title="Senlis">Senlis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vernon,_Eure" title="Vernon, Eure">Vernon</a> through to the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> with just 471 aircraft. Cloudy conditions prevented the bomber wings from finding airfields, so industrial targets were attacked instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b62-60">[59]</a> II. Fliegerkorps operated from <a href="/wiki/Bitche" title="Bitche">Bitsch</a> to <a href="/wiki/Revigny" title="Revigny">Revigny</a>, to Villenauxe, then west north of <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> and south of <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> river with only 429 aircraft. V. Fliegerkorps covered south of this line with 498 aircraft and the 359 fighters of Jagdfliegerführer 3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b62-60">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-373-2619-04A,_Frankreich,_Besuch_von_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-373-2619-04A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Besuch_von_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-373-2619-04A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Besuch_von_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-373-2619-04A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Besuch_von_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-373-2619-04A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Besuch_von_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-373-2619-04A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Besuch_von_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-373-2619-04A%2C_Frankreich%2C_Besuch_von_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Sperrle (right), with staff officers in France</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Fall_Gelb" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall Gelb">Fall Gelb</a> began on 10 May 1940. Sperrle's air fleet engaged in operations supporting <a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_A" title="Army Group A">Army Group A</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Belgium">Battle of Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_C" title="Army Group C">Army Group C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011235-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Archives200166-63">[62]</a> Sperrle's <a href="/wiki/Offensive_counter_air" title="Offensive counter air">counter-air campaign</a> started badly, reflecting poor photographic interpretation of targets, though he later claimed Luftflotte 3's operations were decisive in achieving <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b62-60">[59]</a> Kesselring's <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_2" title="Luftflotte 2">Luftflotte 2</a> achieved far greater success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b47-64">[63]</a> Only 29 of the 42 airfields bombed were being used. Three <a href="/wiki/RAF_Advanced_Air_Striking_Force" title="RAF Advanced Air Striking Force">RAF Advanced Air Striking Force</a> bases were struck. Sperrle's men claimed 240 to 490 aircraft destroyed, mostly "in hangars"—Allied losses were actually 40 first-line aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b62-60">[59]</a> The penalty for failing to neutralise Allied fighter units cost Sperrle 39 aircraft. Loerzer lost 23—the highest loss of any air corps on the day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b63-65">[64]</a> Weiss' Flakkorps repulsed the RAF ASSAF attacks against the German advance, inflicting a 56 percent loss rate. From 10 to 13 May 1940 Sperrle's air fleet was credited with 89 aircraft destroyed in <a href="/wiki/Dogfight" title="Dogfight">dogfights</a>, 22 by flak, and 233 to 248 on the ground. The most successful day recorded was on 11 May; 127 aircraft were claimed—100 on the ground and 27 in the air.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b62-60">[59]</a> In a notable incident, 8./<a href="/wiki/KG_51" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 51">KG 51</a>—one of the air fleet's units, bombed <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a> in error causing 158 civilian casualties and killing 22 children. To cover up the mistake, <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> propaganda minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> blamed the British and French for the "<a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Freiburg_on_10_May_1940" title="Bombing of Freiburg on 10 May 1940">Freiburg massacre</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b63-65">[64]</a> Sperrle's bombers did lay the foundations of a break-through. Loerzer and Grauert's air corps ordered their reconnaissance aircraft to range approximately 400 kilometres into French territory. They avoided the <a href="/wiki/Sedan,_Ardennes" title="Sedan, Ardennes">Sedan</a> area so not to attract the attention of the French to German forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan_(1940)" title="Battle of Sedan (1940)">advancing on it</a>, they carefully monitored the Allied reactions. Sperrle's air corps commanders targeted <a href="/wiki/Air_interdiction" title="Air interdiction">air interdiction</a> operations and ordered attacks on rail communications to prevent the westward deployment of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> and to pin down Allied reserves by disrupting communications across the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>. 26 French rail stations were bombed as were 86 localities from 10 to 12 May. Sperrle maintained the pressure on airfields—44 were struck on the 11–12 May. Loerzer and V. Fliegerkorps, under Greim, also bombed road traffic around <a href="/wiki/Charleville-M%C3%A9zi%C3%A8res" title="Charleville-Mézières">Charleville-Mézières</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b63-65">[64]</a> On 13 May, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ludwig_Ewald_von_Kleist" title="Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist">Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1st_Panzer_Army" title="1st Panzer Army">1st Panzer Army</a> was poised to cross the Meuse at <a href="/wiki/Montherme" class="mw-redirect" title="Montherme">Montherme</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/XIX_Army_Corps" title="XIX Army Corps">XIX Army Corps</a> at Sedan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b64-66">[65]</a> To support the breakthrough, Generalleutnant Wolfram von Richthofen's <a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="8th Air Corps (Germany)">VIII. Fliegerkorps</a> was transferred to Luftflotte 3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2008196–197-67">[66]</a> Loerzer, supplemented by some of Richthofen's forces, supported Guderian's breakthrough at Sedan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b64-66">[65]</a> Sperrle arranged a single, massive bombing of the defences; Loerzer did not carry out the plan, but a series of bombing operations on the Meuse front. II. Fliegerkorps flew 1,770 missions, Richthofen's command flew 360. The bombing played an important role in allowing the breakthrough at Sedan, while Sperrle's fighters repulsed attempts by the Allies to bomb the bridge on 14 May, following their capture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b64–65-68">[67]</a> German air defences accounted for 167 bombers destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2005181-69">[68]</a> During the breakthrough to the English Channel, rail networks were attacked to prevent Allied forces rallying. Greim's V. Fliegerkorps subjected regrouping French forces to heavy air bombardment. From 13 to 24 May, 174 French rail stations were bombed as were 186 localities, while factories were struck on 35 on occasions and airfields 47 times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b66–67-70">[69]</a> Guderian's advance tore through the heart of ZOAN's area and AASF's infrastructure threatening the western airfields of ZOAE. The British abandoned France on 19 May, a day before the German army reached the Channel at <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b66–67-70">[69]</a> Sperrle's subordinates, Richthofen and Greim lost 47 reconnaissance aircraft in five days in a bid to find targets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b68-71">[70]</a> By this time, Sperrle's boundary with Kesselring ran down the <a href="/wiki/Sambre" title="Sambre">Sambre</a> to <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a>. Sperrle's job was to protect Guderian's southern flank, though he was ordered to assist against an attempted <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">counter-attack near Arras</a> by supporting the <a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="4th Army (Wehrmacht)">4th Army</a> advance north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b68-71">[70]</a> Grauert's I. Fliegerkorps contributed to 300 <a href="/wiki/Sorties" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorties">sorties</a> over Arras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b72-72">[71]</a> Loerzer and Greim protected Guderian along the <a href="/wiki/Aisne" title="Aisne">Aisne</a>, the former supporting the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="2nd Army (Wehrmacht)">2nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/12th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="12th Army (Wehrmacht)">12th armies</a>. Sperrle's subordinates flew only seven operations against airfields from 20 to 23 May, but 54 against rail stations and another 47 against localities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b70-73">[72]</a> Sperrle and Kesselring objected to the halt order during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Battle of Dunkirk</a>. Neither man believed the pocket could be reduced by air power alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b72-72">[71]</a> Sperrle, according to Richthofen, was ambivalent and had made few provisions for an attack on the port, preferring to concentrate on his area of operations in the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b72-72">[71]</a> Richthofen and Kesselring argued their commands had suffered heavy losses and were in no position to gain air superiority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2008206–208-74">[73]</a> The campaign began promisingly when Grauert and Loerzer assisted in the bombing and destruction of the inner harbour forcing Allied shipping to use the poorer outer harbour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b72–73-75">[74]</a> On 26 May, the chiefs of staff of I., II., V. and VIII. Fliegerkorps met at Château de Roumont, near Ochamps, with Sperrle for a conference on coordination issues. <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> intercepted Richthofen's signals and ten aircraft were dispatched to bomb the building, which was hit but caused little damage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b73-76">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:13June_25June1940_FallRot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/13June_25June1940_FallRot.svg/300px-13June_25June1940_FallRot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/13June_25June1940_FallRot.svg/450px-13June_25June1940_FallRot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/13June_25June1940_FallRot.svg/600px-13June_25June1940_FallRot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fall_Rot" title="Fall Rot">Fall Rot</a>—Sperrle commanded his air fleet from western Germany to the Atlantic coast</figcaption></figure> Kesselring's air fleet carried the burden of operations over Dunkirk,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2008206–208-74">[73]</a> but Sperrle's men were also <a href="/wiki/Maritime_interdiction" title="Maritime interdiction">attacking shipping</a>. Keller was ordered to destroy Belgian ports in support of the <a href="/wiki/18th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="18th Army (Wehrmacht)">18th Army</a>, while 30 aircraft from Loerzer's II. Fliegerkorps—including 12 from <a href="/wiki/KG_3" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 3">KG 3</a>—were lost in battle with <a href="/wiki/Air_Vice_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Vice Marshal">Air Vice Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Keith_Park" title="Keith Park">Keith Park</a>'s <a href="/wiki/No._11_Group_RAF" title="No. 11 Group RAF">No. 11 Group RAF</a>. Approximately 320 tons of bombs were dropped, which killed 21 German airmen prisoners of war awaiting transport to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and injured 100 more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b73–74-77">[76]</a> From 27 May, Sperrle's I and II air corps attempted to gain air superiority over the <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>–Dunkirk area—Calais <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1940)" title="Siege of Calais (1940)">had fallen</a> the previous day. Massow's Jafü 3 provided fighter escort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b73–74-77">[76]</a> Over the ports, the German air fleets sank or damaged 89 ships (126,518 grt) and eight <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> with a further 21 damaged. Sperrle and Kesselring failed to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a>, despite flying 1,997 fighter, 1,056 bomber and 826 <a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">"strike"</a> operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b74–75-78">[77]</a> Gelb was complete, and the OKL prepared for <a href="/wiki/Case_Red" class="mw-redirect" title="Case Red">Case Red</a>. The Luftflotten were reorganised; Sperrle retained II. and V. Fliegerkorps along with I. Flakkorps. The flak corps was reorganised into two <a href="/wiki/Brigades" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigades">brigades</a>, with four <a href="/wiki/Regiments" class="mw-redirect" title="Regiments">regiments</a> each with the firepower of 72 batteries. Sperrle was required to strike far deeper into France, and was given the majority of Zerstörer (destroyer aircraft) equipped with <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Messerschmitt Bf 110</a>—half of them given to Greim and Loerzer. Sperrle could muster 1,000 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b77-79">[78]</a> On 5 June, Sperrle's order of battle lists Richthofen's VIII corps and Massow's Jafü 3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b79-80">[79]</a> Opposing them was 2,086 aircraft of the Armée de l'Air, but production of aircraft was not matched by component manufacture, and only 29 percent were operational.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b81-81">[80]</a> In a prelude to the offensive, Sperrle planned to carry out <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">strategic bombing</a> operations against <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. Sperrle had long-planned for air attacks on Paris using II., V. and VIII. Fliegerkorps in May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b82-82">[81]</a> He was forced to abandon the plan on 22 May because of weather, but the following day, the OKL prepared a plan for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Paula" title="Operation Paula">Operation Paula</a>. The plan was to attack the estimated 1,000 French aircraft detected on Parisian airfields, but also to attack factories and destroy the morale of the French people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b82-82">[81]</a> The operation was undone by poor staff work and excessive confidence in the <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a>. ULTRA intercepted a VIII. Fliegerkorps message to <a href="/wiki/KG_77" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 77">KG 77</a>'s commanding officer, which named Paris as the target. The ZOAN increased its operational strength to 120 fighters and were alerted an hour before the German bombers got airborne. The operation inflicted minor damage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b84-83">[82]</a> On 5 June Sperrle's forces flew eight bombing operations against railways and localities, 21 to 31 against road targets, 12 against troop columns and 34 to 42 against <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> defences or strongpoints. II. Fliegerkorps alone flew 276 bombing missions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b85-84">[83]</a> On 12 June, as the French front collapsed, Sperrle planned a new assault upon Paris, but it was declared an open city before it could be carried out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b86-85">[84]</a> Sperrle was ordered to support Rundstedt advancing southward, with orders to encircle the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a>, from the west. Luftflotte 3 carried out bridge interdiction operations in the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> and on 17 June Guderian reach the border with <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> completing the encirclement. The campaign played out for a further five days, which came as Luftwaffe logistics were breaking down—fuel and ammunition shortages were acute and relied on air transportation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b87-86">[85]</a> Sperrle attempted to prevent the British <a href="/wiki/Operation_Aerial" title="Operation Aerial">Operation Aerial</a>—a second evacuation—but the only success was the sinking of <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lancastria" title="RMS Lancastria">Lancastria</a>, with 5,800 lives lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b88-87">[86]</a> On 20 June arrangements were made for the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940" title="Armistice of 22 June 1940">Armistice of 22 June 1940</a>. Upon learning of it, Sperrle ordered the abandonment of a planned bombing operation against <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>. At 21:00 on 24 June Sperrle ordered that Luftflotte 3 cease operations by 00:35 the next morning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton2007b89-88">[87]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1940_Field_Marshal_Ceremony" title="1940 Field Marshal Ceremony">1940 Field Marshal Ceremony</a> Sperrle was promoted to the said rank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011235-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Britain">Battle of Britain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle of Britain">edit</a>]</div> In July 1940 <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s government rejected peace overtures from Hitler. Hitler resolved to knock Britain out of the war. The OKL began tentative planning for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Eagle Attack">Operation Eagle Attack</a> to destroy <a href="/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command" title="RAF Fighter Command">RAF Fighter Command</a> to gain air superiority, before supporting an amphibious landing in Britain, codenamed, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Operation Sea Lion</a>. Sperrle thought the RAF could be defeated en passant. His personal strategy to attack ports and merchant shipping was overruled by Göring, ostensibly because the ports would be required for the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay2000122–123-89">[88]</a> Kesselring's contemporary notes indicate he thought air superiority could only be attained for a short time, since most airfields and factories in Britain were out of range.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay2000119-90">[89]</a> Sperrle and Kesselring miscalculated, or were misled by intelligence, into underestimating the number of <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> available to Fighter Command—they put the RAF total at 450 aircraft when the real figure was 750.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoughRichards2007140–141-91">[90]</a> Chronic intelligence failures on British production, defence systems and aircraft performance inhibited the German air operation throughout the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri20061–23-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1980b32-93">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schmid" title="Joseph Schmid">Joseph Schmid</a>, the OKL's chief intelligence officer, was primarily responsible for providing inaccurate and distorted information to senior German air commanders encouraging enormous over-confidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1980b32-93">[92]</a> The Luftwaffe regrouped after the Battle of France into three Luftflotten (Air Fleets) . Luftflotte 2, commanded by Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring, <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_5" title="Luftflotte 5">Luftflotte 5</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Generaloberst" title="Generaloberst">Generaloberst</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Stumpff" title="Hans-Jürgen Stumpff">Hans-Jürgen Stumpff</a> was based in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and Luftflotte 3, under Generalfeldmarschall Sperrle. Luftflotte 2, whose units were based in northern Germany, Netherlands, Belgium and France north of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>, would be concerned mainly with the area east of a line from <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> through <a href="/wiki/Selsey_Bill" title="Selsey Bill">Selsey Bill</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a>; Luftflotte 3, based in western France, would deal similarly with objectives west and north-west of that line. Each Luftflotte was to attack shipping off its own stretch of coast. Diversionary attacks, intended to draw off part of the defences from the south, would be made on north-east England, south-east <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and shipping in adjacent waters by Luftflotte 5 from Norwegian and Danish airfields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2004159–161-94">[93]</a> Kesselring was responsible for all air force units in northern Germany, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, Belgium and north-eastern France while Sperrle was in control of forces in northern and western France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxJames200022-95">[94]</a> Luftflotte 3 was assigned <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Keller" title="Alfred Keller">Alfred Keller</a>'s <a href="/wiki/4th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="4th Air Corps (Germany)">Fliegerkorps IV</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, Richthofen's Fliegerkorps VIII in the <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> region, and Greim's Fliegerkorps V in the Seine area—precise boundaries between the air corps are not known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxJames200023-96">[95]</a> The entire bomber strength of Sperrle's air fleet was reserved for night bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxJames2000291-97">[96]</a> Sperrle's command did not begin large-scale daylight attacks until the last week of September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxJames2000220-98">[97]</a> Sperrle's first task against the British Isles was during the <a href="/wiki/Kanalkampf" title="Kanalkampf">Kanalkampf</a> (Channel Battle) phase of what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>. The aim was to draw out Fighter Command into <a href="/wiki/Dogfight" title="Dogfight">dogfights</a> by attacking Channel Shipping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason1969150–151-99">[98]</a> Targeting British convoy systems, in July 1940 Sperrle's air fleet claimed 90 vessels sunk for approximately 300,000 tons—a third of this was claimed over August and September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxJames2000221-100">[99]</a> The claims were wildly optimistic. Only 35 ships were sunk during the Kanalkampf period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199743-101">[100]</a> Sperrle was becoming disconcerted at the personnel, rather than aircraft, losses. Two days before Operation Eagle—scheduled for 13 August—he had lost two <a href="/wiki/Gruppenkommandeur" title="Gruppenkommandeur">Gruppenkommandeur</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Staffelkapit%C3%A4n" title="Staffelkapitän">Staffelkapitän</a>. Sperrle knew he could not afford to lose experienced officers at such a rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay2000184-102">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Britain_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Battle_of_Britain_map.svg/220px-Battle_of_Britain_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Battle_of_Britain_map.svg/330px-Battle_of_Britain_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Battle_of_Britain_map.svg/440px-Battle_of_Britain_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption>British radar coverage, 1940, extended to the French coast and inland to Normandy and Brittany where Sperrle's air fleet was based</figcaption></figure> The emphasis of German air attacks switched to bombing Fighter Command bases and its infrastructure. On 13 August 1940, Sperrle's air fleet played a role in the failed Unternehmen Adlerangriff ("<a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Eagle Attack">Operation Eagle Attack</a>").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2004183,_186–188-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay2000204–210-104">[103]</a> As night fell, Sperrle sent <a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppe_100" title="Kampfgruppe 100">Kampfgruppe 100</a> (Bombing Group 100) to bomb <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> factory at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Bromwich" title="Castle Bromwich">Castle Bromwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> which failed to achieve anything.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxJames200080-105">[104]</a> Sperrle, Kesselring, Grauert and Loerzer were summoned to <a href="/wiki/Karinhall" class="mw-redirect" title="Karinhall">Karinhall</a> to explain why the operation had been a mess. At the meeting, it was decided to intensify attacks from all directions, including Air Fleet 5 in Norway, when the weather permitted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay2000212-106">[105]</a> On the 14 August, Sperrle began a smaller, prolonged, but widely scattered series of attacks on aerodromes and other targets in the western half of England. The attacks were not very effective and earned the Luftflotte a rebuke from Göring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2004189-107">[106]</a> The following day, between midnight and midnight, the Luftwaffe made 1,786 sorties. Conferring with his commanders, Göring condemned the lack of foresight which had sent many bombers of Luftflotte 3 on difficult missions suitable only for experienced picked crews. The <a href="/wiki/Reichsmarshall" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsmarshall">Reichsmarshall</a> also deplored the waste of effort caused by choosing targets of no strategic value as 'alternatives' for crews unable to reach their primary objectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2004190–191-108">[107]</a> The 15 August became known as "Black Thursday" in the Luftwaffe due to the scale of the fighting and losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay2000218-109">[108]</a> The 18 August 1940—known as <a href="/wiki/The_Hardest_Day" title="The Hardest Day">The Hardest Day</a>—proved disastrous for Sperrle's air fleet. Luftflotte 3 had poor intelligence; the British airfields the Air Fleet attacked had nothing to do with the battle for air superiority, for they belonged to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coastal_Command" title="RAF Coastal Command">RAF Coastal Command</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2010230-110">[109]</a> Sperrle and his command remained unaware of the intelligence failures, and as one analyst remarked, they "literally did not know what they were doing. Any grass landing strip with a few buildings around it seemed to warrant a raid."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay2000236-111">[110]</a> From, the tactical perspective, improper positioning of Sperrle's fighter leaders allowed RAF pilots to mass attacks against isolated elements of dive-bombers, causing heavy losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice2010230-110">[109]</a> On 24 August Göring ordered Sperrle to conduct bombing <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">operations against Liverpool</a>, a major port city. Three days later, he decreed Sperrle's air fleet was to be used for night attacks exclusively and siphoned his fighter units off to Kesselring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2004203–205-112">[111]</a> 450 tons of bombs damaged the docks and damaged <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)">HMS Prince of Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199933-113">[112]</a> Twenty-four hours earlier, Sperrle's last major daylight attack for several weeks <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Blitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Portsmouth Blitz">against Portsmouth</a> was repulsed by Park's 11 Group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2004209-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay2000271-115">[114]</a> On the night of 28 August Luftflotte 3 attacked Liverpool. The night's bombing was reckoned the first major night attack on the United Kingdom. The process was repeated for three nights. Luftflotte 3 sent an average of 157 bombers a night to Liverpool and <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a>. About 70 percent of crews claimed to have dropped, on each night, an average of 114 tons of <a href="/wiki/High_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="High explosive">high explosive</a> and 257 <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Incendiary bombs">incendiary bombs</a>. On 29 August 176 crews were sent, of whom 137 claimed to have reached the <a href="/wiki/Mersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey">Mersey</a> ports and to have dropped there 130 tons of high-explosive and 313 incendiary-canisters. For Luftflotte 3 the four raids involved the biggest effort they could make without impairing their capacity to operate for weeks to come. On the third night only some 40 tons of high explosive fell on Liverpool, Birkenhead, or close by. The docks were not hit and damage was mostly to suburban property. Sperrle lost only seven crews, reflecting the perilous state of RAF <a href="/wiki/Night_fighter" title="Night fighter">night fighter</a> defences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2004211–213-116">[115]</a> At the beginning of September 1940, Sperrle could muster 350 serviceable bombers and dive-bombers and about 100 fighters, either for his own purposes or to support the <a href="/wiki/9th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="9th Army (Wehrmacht)">9th Army</a> and, if necessary, the <a href="/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Army (Wehrmacht)">6th Army</a> in a landing. Sperrle lost Richthofen to Kesselring who took possession of some units in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, and concentrated the available dive-bomber force near the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Dover" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Dover">Straits of Dover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollier2004221–222-117">[116]</a> Sperrle was sceptical about Fighter Command's reported losses. He had seen inflated claims made before in Spain, and advocated maintaining attacks on the RAF and the infrastructure supporting it. This strategy was about to change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay2000306-118">[117]</a> The battle over airfields continued into September. On the third day, Göring met with Sperrle and Kesselring. Göring was sure Fighter Command was exhausted and favoured attacking London to draw out the last of the British fighter reserves. Kesselring enthusiastically agreed; Sperrle did not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansky200726-119">[118]</a> Kesselring urged Göring to carry out an all–out attack<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray198352-120">[119]</a> based on the unproven assertion that Fighter Command had been virtually destroyed. Sperrle dismissed Kesselring's optimism, and put British strength at the more accurate figure of 1,000 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandel1990439-121">[120]</a> Nevertheless, Kesselring's perception prevailed. The disagreement between the two air fleet commanders was not uncommon, and although they rarely quarrelled, their commands were separate and they did not coordinate their efforts. Instead, they fought their own private campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay2000216-122">[121]</a> The focus of air operations changed to destroying the docks and factories in the centre of London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStansky200726-119">[118]</a> The change in strategy has been described as militarily controversial. The decision certainly relieved the pressure on Fighter Command, but wartime records and post-war analysis has shown that Fighter Command was not on the verge of collapse as assumed by German intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungay2000368–369-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice199012-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery201332–33-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery200138-126">[125]</a> The consequences for Luftwaffe airmen were severe on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain_Day" title="Battle of Britain Day">15 September 1940</a>. German aviators met a prepared enemy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray198352–53-127">[126]</a> and crew losses were seven times that of the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice1990114,_116-128">[127]</a> Furthermore, Fighter Command did not commit its reserve during the main attacks as the German command predicted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice1990114,_116-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Blitz">The Blitz</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Blitz">edit</a>]</div> The bombing operations continued against Fighter Command into October 1940, but with gradually more emphasis placed on attacking industrial cities, primarily because it offered the only way to continue hostilities against Britain directly in the absence of invasion. Air strategy became increasingly aimless and confused. The damage to the British war economy and morale was minimal into 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1980b34–35-129">[128]</a> The preference for night over day operations was evident in the number of bombing operations flown by the German air fleets. In October 1940, 2,300 sorties were flown in daylight and 5,900 at night, reducing losses from 79 in day operations to 23 at night. Sperrle's command flew the majority of the missions; 3,500 to Kesselring's 2,400.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199933-113">[112]</a> Sperrle's air fleet received Fliegerkorps I in late August 1940. The corps contained specialist units equipped with <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_radio_equipment_(Funkger%C3%A4t)_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Luftwaffe radio equipment (Funkgerät) of World War II">Y-Verfahren</a> (Y-Control), a night navigational aid which precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Beams" title="Battle of the Beams">Battle of the Beams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield199953–54-130">[129]</a> Several of Greim's air corps were assigned pathfinder units from <a href="/wiki/KG_26" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 26">KG 26</a> and <a href="/wiki/KG_55" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 55">KG 55</a> known as Beleuchtergruppe (illumination group).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield199973,_93-131">[130]</a> Sperrle had spent the last week of August and first week of September gearing up for large–scale night operations. Sperrle's air fleet assisted in the beginning of <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a> which began in earnest on 7 September 1940. This night approximately 250 aircraft dropped 300 tons of high explosive and 13,000 incendiaries on the centre of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1953183-132">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Church_rises_above_a_scene_of_devastation_in_Coventry_following_the_Luftwaffe_air_raid_on_the_night_of_14-15_November_1940._H5601.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Holy_Trinity_Church_rises_above_a_scene_of_devastation_in_Coventry_following_the_Luftwaffe_air_raid_on_the_night_of_14-15_November_1940._H5601.jpg/170px-Holy_Trinity_Church_rises_above_a_scene_of_devastation_in_Coventry_following_the_Luftwaffe_air_raid_on_the_night_of_14-15_November_1940._H5601.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Holy_Trinity_Church_rises_above_a_scene_of_devastation_in_Coventry_following_the_Luftwaffe_air_raid_on_the_night_of_14-15_November_1940._H5601.jpg/255px-Holy_Trinity_Church_rises_above_a_scene_of_devastation_in_Coventry_following_the_Luftwaffe_air_raid_on_the_night_of_14-15_November_1940._H5601.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Holy_Trinity_Church_rises_above_a_scene_of_devastation_in_Coventry_following_the_Luftwaffe_air_raid_on_the_night_of_14-15_November_1940._H5601.jpg/340px-Holy_Trinity_Church_rises_above_a_scene_of_devastation_in_Coventry_following_the_Luftwaffe_air_raid_on_the_night_of_14-15_November_1940._H5601.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3936" data-file-height="5158" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry Blitz</a>. The medieval <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Coventry" title="Holy Trinity Church, Coventry">Holy Trinity Church</a> is visible</figcaption></figure> Sperrle's airmen flew 4,525 bombing operations in November 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199932-133">[132]</a> The air fleet played a large role in the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry Blitz</a>, with support from Luftflotte 2. Sperrle provided 304 of the 448 bombers in the Coventry attack. Surviving German records suggest that the aim of the Coventry raid was to disrupt production and reconstruction critical to the automotive industry, but also to <a href="/wiki/Dehousing" title="Dehousing">dehouse</a> workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss201048,_52-134">[133]</a> 503 tons of high explosive and oil bombs were dropped by the 449 crews that claimed to have hit the target.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield199978-135">[134]</a> The destruction of the city centre cost the air fleet one bomber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield199979-136">[135]</a> In November, 159 bombers from Luftflotte 2 and 3 <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Blitz" title="Southampton Blitz">bombed Southampton</a> destroying much of the city. Bombers attached to the air fleet led attacks on Birmingham, part of 357-strong force. Incendiaries started fires that were visible from 47 miles (76 kilometres) away. The air fleet was involved in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Blitz" title="Liverpool Blitz">attacks on Liverpool</a> (324 bombers).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield199981,_84,_86,_88-137">[136]</a> Over 20–22 December 205 and 299 bombers struck the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield199992-138">[137]</a> The bombing, on targets such as Liverpool, were not followed up the next night, giving the city, inhabitants and defences time to recover.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss2010198-139">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Security" title="Ministry of Home Security">Ministry of Home Security</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a> warned that morale in the city might crumble under sustained bombing—he did report 39,126 grt of shipping had been sunk, 111,601 grt damaged. Half the berths were out of action and unloading capacity was reduced by 75 percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199937-140">[139]</a> In December 1940 Sperrle's air groups flew 2,750 bombing operations against British cities, more than the 700 flown by Kesselring's command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199933-113">[112]</a> Manchester—in close proximity to Liverpool—was first bombed in December 1940, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">Manchester Blitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbDuncan1990120–125-141">[140]</a> From 22 to 24 December Manchester was bombed on two successive nights by 270, then 171 bombers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield199992-138">[137]</a> Northern targets were expanded to include participation in the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Blitz" title="Sheffield Blitz">Sheffield Blitz</a>. On 12 December the bombing of the city opened with attacks by 336 aircraft then a further 94 two days later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield199992-138">[137]</a> The bombing was carried out over the course of nine hours, destroying much of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbDuncan1990108-142">[141]</a> London remained a primary objective. On the night of 9 December 1940, for example, 413 bombers hit the capital and on 29 December the bombing caused what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Fire_of_London" title="Second Great Fire of London">Second Great Fire of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield199992-138">[137]</a> On this night alone Sperrle's air fleet dropped 27, 499 incendiaries. It was not the heaviest raid on London—136 aircraft—but it was the most destructive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield199992,_103-143">[142]</a> On 24 November 1940 148 of Sperrle's bombers began the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blitz" title="Bristol Blitz">Bristol Blitz</a>. Around 12,000 incendiary bombs and 160 tons of high-explosive bombs were dropped. <a href="/wiki/Park_Street,_Bristol" title="Park Street, Bristol">Park Street</a> destroyed and the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Museum">Bristol Museum</a> hit. 207 people were killed and thousands of houses were destroyed or damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebbDuncan199086-144">[143]</a> The city was targeted again on 3/4 January 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss2010226-145">[144]</a> 30 air raids were carried out against Bristol according to wartime British sources. Approximately a little over 1,000 people were killed in the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderdown194211-146">[145]</a> By January 1941, Luftflotte 3 had been reorganised. I. Fliegerkorps under Generaloberst Ulrich Grauert remained with Sperrle, but he was given two further air corps—VI. Fliegerkorps under Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Pflugbeil" title="Kurt Pflugbeil">Kurt Pflugbeil</a> and V. Fliegerkorps under General Greim was retained; eight bomber wings provided the striking power of Sperrle's air fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999298-147">[146]</a> In February 1941 bad weather limited Sperrle to 975 bombing operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199933-113">[112]</a> Bomber wings under Sperrle's command <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Blitz" title="Swansea Blitz">struck at Swansea</a>. 101 high explosive and several hundred of other types of bombs were dropped disrupting the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" title="Great Western Railway (train operating company)">Great Western Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoss201085–86,_236-148">[147]</a> In March the intensy of bmbing operations increased, Luftflotte 3 flew 2,650 operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199933-113">[112]</a> Attacks <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz" title="Cardiff Blitz">against Cardiff</a> in March 1941 caused some of populace to evacuate the city, a phenomenon known as "trekking".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199936-149">[148]</a> Such incidents caused only temporary drops in morale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199936-149">[148]</a> Other bombing operations were carried out against Liverpool by 316 aircraft, Glasgow by 236, Bristol by 162 bombers, London by 479 aircraft Portsmouth by 238 and Plymouth over two nights by 125 and 168 bombers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield1999117,_126-150">[149]</a> In April 1941 the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a> bore the brunt of German bombing raids with only three nights respite, 75 percent of them carried out by Sperrle's air fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199936-149">[148]</a> Birmingham was bombed on consecutive nights by 237 and 206 aircraft. Coventry was also subjected to a 237-bomber attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield1999130-151">[150]</a> British ports were also targeted as part of 16 major and five heavy attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield1999130-151">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Blitz" title="Plymouth Blitz">Plymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Blitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow Blitz">Glasgow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast were bombed</a> in mid-April and morale was severely effected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199937-140">[139]</a> Plymouth was bombed on five of the eight nights from 21 to 30 April by 120, 125, 109, 124 and 162 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield1999130-151">[150]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_London" title="Port of London">Port of London</a> was bombed by 685 aircraft on 16 April and by 712 on 20 April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield1999130-151">[150]</a> April was the most intensive month of the Blitz for Luftflotte 3 in 1941—approximately 3,750 bombing operations in comparison to 1,500 by Kesselring's air fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199933-113">[112]</a> In May 1941, the final full-month of the German night offensive, Luftwaffe forces operating against western cities in Britain <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dublin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dublin in World War II">bombed Dublin</a>, ostensibly in error. Luftflotte 3 regularly operated over <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West England</a>, against Liverpool and Manchester. On 31 May 1941, Sperrle's air fleet made a huge navigational error, and bombed the Irish capital, situated some 200 miles from their targets in Liverpool.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen199663-152">[151]</a> During May units belonging to the air fleet were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Hull_Blitz" title="Hull Blitz">Hull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Blitz" title="Nottingham Blitz">Nottingham Blitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield1999162-153">[152]</a> A last effort was made against London on 10 May. 571 bombing missions were flown against the embattled capital that night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield1999164–166-154">[153]</a> During the month, Sperrle's men carried out the burden of night operations, flying 2,500 sorties in comparison to 1,300 from Luftflotte 2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199933-113">[112]</a> Approximately 40,000 British civilians had been killed, another 46,000 injured, and more than a million houses damaged during the Blitz. The German air fleets lost 600 German aircraft on night operations. The Coventry raid, which for a short time caused a decline of 20 percent of aircraft output, recovered. The effect on general industrial production was not significant. In five months of bombing docks and ports in 1941, only some 70,000 tons of food stocks were destroyed, and only one half a percent of oil stocks. Damage to communications was quickly repaired. Everywhere except in the aircraft industry the loss was too small a fraction of total output to matter seriously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1953217–218-155">[154]</a> In early June 1941, the majority of German bomber units moved eastward to the soon-to-be <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, in preparation for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>. Luftflotte 2, with elements of Sperrle's air fleet—from IV and IV Fliegerkorps—were reassigned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield1999178,_182-156">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle of the Atlantic">edit</a>]</div> Sperrle had been involved in the war at sea since the first phase of the Battle of Britain. He received an OKL directive on 20 October 1940 ordering him to attack shipping once again in the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary" title="Thames Estuary">Thames Estuary</a>. He ordered his dive-bombers into this service, but they were rapidly neutralised in November by a "dynamic defence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199944–45-157">[156]</a> The most effective support for the <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> campaign came from attacking ports, which Directive 23, issued on 6 February 1941, had ordered the German air fleets to do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199945-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1980120-159">[158]</a> Direct support to the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Atlantic (World War II)">Battle of the Atlantic</a> was haphazard; successes were won by accident rather than by design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199945-158">[157]</a> In late May 1941 Luftflotte 3 made a sole contribution to the surface fleet, when it tried, in vain, to save the <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck">battleship Bismarck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield1999166-160">[159]</a> Within days, 41 of the 48 bomber groups engaged in operations over Britain departed for the soon-to-be Eastern Front in preparation for Barbarossa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield1999178,_182-156">[155]</a> Of the remaining seven, five were to support the Kriegsmarine in the Battle of the Atlantic under the command of <a href="/wiki/Fliegerf%C3%BChrer_Atlantik" title="Fliegerführer Atlantik">Fliegerführer Atlantik</a> (Flying Leader Atlantic).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakefield1999178,_182-156">[155]</a> The Atlantic command came under Sperrle's control upon formation<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Archives2001105-161">[160]</a> but was subordinated to Sperrle officially on 7 April 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013106-162">[161]</a> The name of the command was misleading, for it was tasked with <a href="/wiki/Maritime_interdiction" title="Maritime interdiction">maritime interdiction</a> operations all around the British coast besides operating deep into the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Archives2001106-163">[162]</a> Only two bomber groups remained under Sperrle's command at the end of 1941 for direct attack on Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2013106-162">[161]</a> The anti-shipping mine-laying force around Britain did not receive the support it required through the war, and the German effort remained half-hearted. Sperrle protested to the OKL, OKW and Göring upon the dissipation of mine-laying operations through 1941 and 1942. Greim's air corps was designated as leader of the effort in an effort to revitalise the campaign, but due to the demands of the Eastern Front, Greim departed in December 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199971-164">[163]</a> In the 46 months following July 1940, German aircraft sank 1,228,104 tons of merchant shipping and damaged 1,953,862 tons. Another 60,866 tons were sunk or damaged by mines in 1942 and 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199972-165">[164]</a> The failure to properly cooperate with the navy against shipping was a grave strategic error which prevented the achievement of greater results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199972-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983136-166">[165]</a> Göring's intransigence was large factor in reducing the air effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeitzel2003448–463-167">[166]</a> In May 1942, Fliegerführer Atlantik had only 40 aircraft and <a href="/wiki/9th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="9th Air Corps (Germany)">IX. Fliegerkorps</a>, under Sperrle's command at <a href="/wiki/Soissons" title="Soissons">Soissons</a>, 90.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Archives2001116-168">[167]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U-boat_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boat arm">U-boat arm</a> continued to press for greater air protection in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Archives2001116-168">[167]</a> In 1942, anti-shipping operations near the British coast proved too expensive, and the demands of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean Theatre</a> and Eastern Front diverted some of the precious <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_200" class="mw-redirect" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 200">Focke-Wulf Fw 200s</a>. These aircraft would not return for Atlantic operations until the summer, 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Archives2001108-169">[168]</a> For a brief period in March 1943—before the German defeat in <a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a>—Sperrle intended to increase his command to 22 groups (equivalent to seven Geschwader, or wings) for Atlantic operations. <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Kessler" title="Ulrich Kessler">Ulrich Kessler</a>, commanding Fliegerführer Atlantik, estimated that with Sperrle's proposed bomber forces, he could sink 500,000 tons of shipping per month. Kessler did not receive adequate support, despite the optimisim of their meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199956–57-170">[169]</a> On 5 June, Sperrle informed the naval command that the rescue of sunk U-boat crews was to take precedence over aerial reconnaissance of convoys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199960-171">[170]</a> Making matters worse, the Luftwaffe did nothing effective to counter <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coastal_Command" title="RAF Coastal Command">RAF Coastal Command</a>'s Bay of Biscay offensive against U-boat transit routes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199960-171">[170]</a> From the Allied perspective, the Atlantic campaign became nothing more than a "skirmish" by the autumn of 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth201734-172">[171]</a> The situation reached a climax in 1944. Kessler joined <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> in outlining the hopeless military situation facing his Atlantic command. Göring was sensitive to criticism of the Luftwaffe in front of Hitler, and hastily removed him from command on 7 February 1944. The command was disbanded officially three weeks later. The remnants were subsumed into X. Fliegerkorps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth2017133–134-173">[172]</a> From 19 February to April 1944, there was a virtual absence of Luftwaffe reconnaissance over the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth2017164-174">[173]</a> Atlantic operations continued until 13 August 1944, when the headquarters of II. Fliegerkorps evacuated their Atlantic base at <a href="/wiki/Mont-de-Marsan" title="Mont-de-Marsan">Mont-de-Marsan</a>, despite contrary orders from Sperrle's staff once the German <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> began to collapse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsyth2017194-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circus_offensives,_Baedeker_Blitz,_Mediterranean">Circus offensives, Baedeker Blitz, Mediterranean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Circus offensives, Baedeker Blitz, Mediterranean">edit</a>]</div> Sperrle commanded all German air forces in France, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and Belgium upon the departure of Kesselring in mid–1941. At this time, Sperrle was permitted to keep two Luftgaue in southern Germany under his control to appease his "vanity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983175,_177-176">[175]</a> Luftflotte 3 became solely responsible for maintaining the pressure on British cities, sea communications and protecting German-occupied territory from RAF incursions, named the <a href="/wiki/Circus_offensive" title="Circus offensive">Circus offensives</a>. The RAF Circus offensives were the brainchild of <a href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sholto_Douglas" title="Sholto Douglas">Sholto Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Officer Commanding">Air Officer Commanding</a> Fighter Command and his principal lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/Air_Vice-Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Vice-Marshal">Air Vice-Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Leigh-Mallory" title="Trafford Leigh-Mallory">Trafford Leigh-Mallory</a>, using Park's No. 11 Group. It formed the Air Staff's policy of "leaning" into Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1953383-177">[176]</a> Fighter Command began with Circus Number 1 on 10 January 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranks1992107-178">[177]</a> Sperrle was stripped of most of the fighter forces leaving only two wings—<a href="/wiki/JG_2" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 2">JG 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/JG_26" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 26">JG 26</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999312-179">[178]</a> The two fighter wings covered the coast from Brittany to eastern Belgium. They would carry the burden of air defence in 1941 and 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller200745-180">[179]</a> Kesselring's departure left <a href="/wiki/Jagdfliegerf%C3%BChrer_2" title="Jagdfliegerführer 2">Jagdfliegerführer 2</a> (Fighter Flyer Command 2) under <a href="/wiki/Theo_Osterkamp" title="Theo Osterkamp">Theo Osterkamp</a> responsible for air space from the <a href="/wiki/Schelde" class="mw-redirect" title="Schelde">Schelde</a> to the Seine. Werner Junck inherited Jagdfliegerführer 3 which defended air space to the west of the Seine. Karl-Bertram Döring commanded Jagdfliegerführer 1 covering the Netherlands—each leader controlled a wing; JG 26, 2 and <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_1_(World_War_II)" title="Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War II)">1</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999110-181">[180]</a> JG 1 was added to Sperrle's command by 10 July 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999311–312-182">[181]</a> Sperrle had only two bomber wings under his command—one of which formed part of <a href="/wiki/Fliegerf%C3%BChrer_Atlantik" title="Fliegerführer Atlantik">Fliegerführer Atlantik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999311–312-182">[181]</a> Between mid-June and the end of July 1941, Fighter Command flew some 8,000 offensive sorties, covering 374 bombers. They claimed 322 German aircraft for the loss of 123. Sperrle's forces lost 81 fighters from the approximate total of 200 in France and Belgium. The strength of the two fighter Geschwader fell to 140 in August 1941 and serviceability within these totals from 75 percent to 60 percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards1953383–385-183">[182]</a> July and August proved to be the busiest, with 4,385 and 4,258 interceptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999112-184">[183]</a> From July to December 1941 Circus operations cost Fighter Command 416 fighters in 20,495 sorties and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> 108 in 1,406.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999111-185">[184]</a> Sperrle's fighters flew 19,535 sorties and lost 93 in the same period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999113-186">[185]</a> Fighter Command claimed 731 German aircraft from 14 June to December 1941 whereas actual German losses were 103 leading post-war RAF analysis to conclude it lost four aircraft and 2.5 pilots for every German fighter destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999113-186">[185]</a> Rather than wear Luftflotte 3 down, the number of German fighter aircraft in the west increased from 430 on 27 September 1941 to 599 on 30 September 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999111-185">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1977-054-26,_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1977-054-26%2C_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1977-054-26%2C_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1977-054-26%2C_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1977-054-26%2C_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1977-054-26%2C_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1977-054-26%2C_Hugo_Sperrle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Sperrle, February 1942. During the month his air fleet aided the escape of Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and Prinz Eugen</figcaption></figure> The new year of 1942 began with a continuation of the 1941 successes. In February 1942, the battleships <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Scharnhorst" title="German battleship Scharnhorst">Scharnhorst</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Gneisenau" title="German battleship Gneisenau">Gneisenau</a> and the cruiser <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Prinz_Eugen" title="German cruiser Prinz Eugen">Prinz Eugen</a> escaped from the French port at Brest in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cerberus" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cerberus">Operation Cerberus</a> upon their return from the recent <a href="/wiki/Operation_Berlin_(Atlantic)" title="Operation Berlin (Atlantic)">Operation Berlin</a>. One of Sperrle's former wing commanders, <a href="/wiki/General_der_Jagdflieger" class="mw-redirect" title="General der Jagdflieger">General der Jagdflieger</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Galland" title="Adolf Galland">Adolf Galland</a>, planned <a href="/wiki/Operation_Donnerkeil" title="Operation Donnerkeil">Operation Donnerkeil</a>, an air superiority plan with Sperrle's chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Karl_Koller_(general)" title="Karl Koller (general)">Karl Koller</a>. From the Luftwaffe's perspective, the operation was a success against the odds. Sperrle was able to provide five bomber groups for the Donnerkeil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999114–116,_306-187">[186]</a> The Circus offensive in 1942 succeeded in putting Sperrle's air defences under pressure. Fighter Command flew 43,339 daylight sorties over Western Europe and Bomber Command 1,794.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999132-188">[187]</a> The largest air battle occurred on 19 August 1942 during the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a>. Luftflotte 3's units won a significant victory over Fighter and Bomber Command. The British lost 106 aircraft; the Germans lost only 48 aircraft destroyed and 24 damaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsSaunders1953144-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983135-190">[189]</a> At the end of 1942, Leigh-Mallory replaced Douglas as AOC Fighter Command. The two men had presided over the loss of 587 fighters while Sperrle lost 108 through the year. The British losses were equivalent to 30 squadrons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999134-191">[190]</a> The Luftwaffe did not remain on the defensive in 1941 and 1942. Sperrle's air fleet carried out intensive air attacks on Britain and the limited German bomber force was reinforced over the winter, 1941–42. Concurrently, Sperrle with support from <a href="/wiki/Hans-Jurgen_Stumpff" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans-Jurgen Stumpff">Hans-Jurgen Stumpff</a>, continued to carry out air attacks on shipping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999117-192">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a> became the largest air offensive against Britain in 1942. The campaign was prompted by the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCbeck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Lübeck in World War II">bombing of Lübeck</a>. Hitler ordered Sperrle to bomb British cities that held cultural significance. Hitler specifically outlined the terrorist purpose of the bombing offensive aimed at civilian centres for the greatest impact on the British populace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice1977132–133-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999117–118-194">[193]</a> The blitz was accompanied by fighter-bomber attacks against London and coastal towns, which took place until June 1943. In April 1943, Sperrle's air fleet could still muster 120 aircraft for these operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGossCornwellRauchbach2003233-195">[194]</a> The purpose of these fighter-bomber (Jabo) operations, which began from autumn, 1942, was for "reprisals", similar to the German bomber campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999117-192">[191]</a> On 23 April 1942 the Baedeker offensive began with the <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Blitz" title="Exeter Blitz">Exeter Blitz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bath_Blitz" title="Bath Blitz">Bath Blitz</a> and extended west to <a href="/wiki/Norwich_Blitz" title="Norwich Blitz">Norwich</a>. <a href="/wiki/KG_2" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 2">KG 2</a> carried the burden of campaign. In the Bath operation Sperrle's pilots flew at only 600 ft (180 m) to magnify the damage. <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> was attacked and the cities suffered as German crews flew several missions per night. The offensive was halted on 9 May. Sperrle's bombers had suffered a 5.3 percent loss rate in 716 missions, a loss of 38 bombers. Bombing operations continued upon the cessation of Baedeker against Birmingham in July and <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999119-196">[195]</a> Luftflotte 3 flew 2,400 night bomber sorties against Britain in 1942 and lost 244 aircraft; a loss rate of 10.16 percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999119-196">[195]</a> During the operations, Sperrle's wing commanders were forced to draw upon increasing numbers of instructor pilots—IV./<a href="/wiki/KG_55" class="mw-redirect" title="KG 55">KG 55</a>, for example, lost a quarter of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999119-196">[195]</a> Sperrle's air fleet flew 7,039 bombing operations and dropped 6,584 tons of bombs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999119-196">[195]</a> On 8 November 1942, Anglo-American forces landed in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>). Hitler ordered Sperrle's forces to occupy the French-Mediterranean coast (<a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">Case Anton</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999136-197">[196]</a> The aerial component of Anton was Operation Stockdorf. Sperrle's command in the south was Fliegerdivision 2 commanded by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fink" title="Johannes Fink">Johannes Fink</a>. Eight bomber and two fighter groups (approximately 30 aircraft in each) were selected for reconnaissance and anti-shipping operations by his order, dated 2 November. The air forces were to support the army, destroy any French aerial resistance and carry out interdiction of supply lines. Aside from anti-aircraft fire near <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, no serious resistance was encountered. The invasion provided bases for Sperrle's fleet to strike at shipping in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> but left him with only four fighter groups to defend northern France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999136137-198">[197]</a> Luftflotte 3's headquarters remained in France but it provided three bomber groups to Richthofen—commanding Luftflotte 2—for the defence against the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999228-199">[198]</a> The Luftwaffe continued to defend Western Europe in 1943 as its offensive capabilities declined. The Jabo operations came to a halt in the summer, 1943 due to excessive casualties and the need to reinforce the Mediterranean. German bomber units flew less than 4,000 individual bomber sorties during the entire year. In March 1943, Hitler ordered the appointment of an officer to coordinate attacks on Britain. <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Peltz" title="Dietrich Peltz">Dietrich Peltz</a> was given command of <a href="/wiki/9th_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="9th Air Corps (Germany)">IX Fliegerkorps</a>, part of Sperrle's air fleet for this task. By December 1943 Peltz had pooled 501 bombers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999273–275-200">[199]</a> As Peltz organised the bomber command, German operations against Britain continued. The year began with 311 sorties in January 1943 which dipped to 176 the following month. It reached 415 in March before peaking with 537 sorties in October 1943 and concluding with 190 in December. That year 3,915 night bombing sorties were flown, costing 191 aircraft—March being the worst month with 38.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999274-201">[200]</a> The Jabo units flew 728 sorties and lost 65 aircraft. The total tonnage of bombs dropped was recorded as 3,576.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999274-201">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_of_the_Reich_and_Steinbock">Defence of the Reich and Steinbock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Defence of the Reich and Steinbock">edit</a>]</div> In 1942 another threat emerged when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Air Force">United States Army Air Force</a> (USAAF) began bombing raids against targets in Belgium and France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller200758–59-202">[201]</a> The first operation was carried out on 29 June 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999133-203">[202]</a> On 27 January 1943 it extended the American area of operations into Germany for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller200775-204">[203]</a> In 1942 the USAAF flew 1,394 bomber and 1,081 fighter sorties over Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999134-191">[190]</a> Sperrle's fighter pilots carried the burden of the defence in 1942. Later that year, JG 1 was assigned to Luftwaffenbefehlshaber Mitte, later known as <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_Reich" title="Luftflotte Reich">Luftflotte Reich</a> (Air Fleet Reich) but saw little action since USAAF rarely crossed into the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller200758–59-202">[201]</a> Thereafter, the air war only escalated. Sperrle resisted attempts by Luftwaffenbefehlshaber Mitte to gain control of anti-aircraft forces or to allow the physical degradation of his air fleet, and the offensive mindedness of the OKL favoured front-line units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller200754–55-205">[204]</a> Eventually, Luftflotte 3 lost Luftgaue VII, XII and XIII's anti-aircraft units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007119-206">[205]</a> Luftflotte 3's order of battle contained only one complete fighter wing on 10 June 1943 and one group each from two other wings along with two independent squadrons (staffeln). The only fighter-bomber unit left was <a href="/wiki/SKG_10" class="mw-redirect" title="SKG 10">SKG 10</a>, under the command of IX Fliegerkorps. The sole combat unit under Höherer JagdfliegerführerWest commanded by <a href="/wiki/Max_Ibel" title="Max Ibel">Max Ibel</a> was I./<a href="/wiki/JG_27" class="mw-redirect" title="JG 27">JG 27</a>. Jagdfliegerführer 2 under Generalmajor <a href="/wiki/Joachim-Friedrich_Huth" title="Joachim-Friedrich Huth">Joachim-Friedrich Huth</a> contained only II./JG 26 and three other squadrons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999314-207">[206]</a> On the same date the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive</a> began around the clock bombing of <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a>—the defence of these regions became known as the <a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a>. The purpose of the offensive was to destroy the Luftwaffe and its supporting facilities in Europe through aerial bombardment and the destruction of German fighter defences in combat. Air superiority was to be achieved before <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller200788,_140,_190-208">[207]</a> The US Eighth Air Force operations created a crisis in July and August 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983181-209">[208]</a> In March 1943, an immediate rise in losses had already been noted. A report from Luftflotte 3 recognised the size and defensive power of American bombers required a timely interception by massed formations for any chance of success. In July alone, western fighter forces lost 335 single-engine aircraft to all causes—18.1 percent of the available strength reported on 1 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983181-209">[208]</a> There was also a noticeable decline in the quality of pilot training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983181,_251–255-210">[209]</a> On the German side, there was a call to unify German fighter forces and hold them back from the coast and keep them out of Allied <a href="/wiki/Fighter_escort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter escort">fighter escort</a> range. Regardless of the logic, Sperrle opposed the idea to preserve his command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2006243-211">[210]</a> Sperrle was sensitive to a centralised command for fighter forces and resisted. On 14 September 1943, the Luftflotte 3 area of operations covered most of France, with the exception of some regions in <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, western and southern Belgium were his responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007119-206">[205]</a> Sperrle's headquarters remained in Paris. The largest organisation attached to Sperrle's command was <a href="/wiki/3rd_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" title="3rd Fighter Division (Germany)">3. Jagd Division</a> (3rd Fighter Division) based at <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, under the control of <a href="/wiki/Werner_Junck" title="Werner Junck">Werner Junck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwellMuller2007119-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983178-212">[211]</a> Sperrle had retained the Luftgaue in southern Germany and his air fleet was given control of the <a href="/wiki/5th_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" title="5th Fighter Division (Germany)">5. Jagd Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983178-212">[211]</a> On 15 September 1943 to improve Sperrle's organisation the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Fighter_Corps_(Germany)" title="2nd Fighter Corps (Germany)">II. Jagdkorps</a> was formed with the 5th and <a href="/wiki/4th_Fighter_Division_(Germany)" title="4th Fighter Division (Germany)">4. Jagd Division</a>. The improvement in command and control made little difference in the battle with the USAAF for neither division received the reinforcements it needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999281-213">[212]</a> From November 1942 – August 1943, the OKL missed a last chance to build a reserve to contest air superiority in the coming battles. The unwillingness of German air leaders to trade space for time forced the Luftwaffe into a battle of attrition that it could not win.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983191–192-214">[213]</a> At the end of 1943, the German air defences won temporary successes against the USAAF Eighth Air Force—the <a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt%E2%80%93Regensburg_mission" title="Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission">Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Raid_on_Schweinfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Raid on Schweinfurt">Second Raid on Schweinfurt</a> were defensive victories won at an exorbitant cost and with Sperrle's peripheral involvement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983222–235-215">[214]</a> In February 1944, <a href="/wiki/Big_Week" title="Big Week">Big Week</a> targeted German and French–based targets. The German fighter force was bled white over the following two months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983236–245-216">[215]</a> Before June 1944, Luftflotte 3 remained weak and contained few ground-attack aircraft; nearly all were based on the Eastern Front. Sperrle's fighter pilots were required to attack the landing forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983280-217">[216]</a> Reinforcements came from Luftflotte Reich, but none of the pilots had been trained for ground-attack operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983280-217">[216]</a> A major effect of the combined offensive on Sperrle's air fleet was the diversion and reinforcement of Luftflotte Reich at the expense of Luftflotte 3. By June 1944, the number of fighter aircraft available in the west numbered 170.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Archives2001297-218">[217]</a> Sperrle's air fleet had, at most, 300 fighter aircraft on 6 June 1944 to contest the <a href="/wiki/D-day_landings" class="mw-redirect" title="D-day landings">D-day landings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery198077-219">[218]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Allies" title="Western Allies">Western Allies</a> amassed 12,837, including 5,400 fighters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery198077-219">[218]</a> The air fleet was particularly weak in night fighter units. Given the low priority for their production, Sperrle went for periods with no night–fighting capabilities despite the crucial geographical position of his air fleet and the exposure of important French industries to night attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery198079-220">[219]</a> The diversion of resources extended to anti-aircraft artillery. On 14 May 1944, the OKL cancelled an order to divert five heavy and four light or medium batteries, each from <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_1" title="Luftflotte 1">Luftflotte 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_6" title="Luftflotte 6">6</a>, to Sperrle and instead rerouted them to Luftflotte Reich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983273-221">[220]</a> Sperrle did retain the III Flak Corps which could be used in ground combat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2006325-222">[221]</a> Another facet of the air war was the night offensive against Germany. Bomber Command's <a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">area attacks</a> against German industrial cities enraged Hitler and he ordered Sperrle to use Peltz's bombers to strike back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton199972-165">[164]</a> Sperrle's air fleet was reinforced on Göring's orders for the purpose of bombing London. The offensive was named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Operation Steinbock</a> and began in January 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay201139–40-223">[222]</a> The operational aspects were devised by Peltz. He remarked to Göring that he would need any aircraft capable of carrying a bomb. By December 1943, Peltz assembled 695 operational aircraft before the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983250-224">[223]</a> Of the aircraft, 467 were bombers, 337 of them operational. On 20 January 1944 this increased to 524, with 462 combat ready.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2006416–417-225">[224]</a> Peltz was subordinated to Göring, bypassing Sperrle, who Hitler and Göring regarded as sybarite by this stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2006379-226">[225]</a> The feeble offensive was mocked by the British, and Peltz' forces incurred a 10 percent loss rate per sortie, for little military gain and 329 bombers were lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2006416–419-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983251-228">[227]</a> The offensive wasted the last German bomber reserves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2006135-229">[228]</a> The losses were a blow to Sperrle. He had wanted to use his bomber forces to attack the invasion forces during the night at the landing grounds and the embarkation points in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargaritis2019401-230">[229]</a> Hitler and Göring rejected this strategy as "too passive".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2006134-231">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Normandy_and_dismissal">Normandy and dismissal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Normandy and dismissal">edit</a>]</div> Sperrle's air fleet Enigma signals had been cracked and <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> codebreakers from Bletchley Park deciphered signals sent by Luftflotte 3 headquarters to the OKW. Reading the reports, Allied intelligence deduced that the bombing operations against bridges, west of the Seine, and fighter activity between <a href="/wiki/Mantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantes">Mantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a>, had convinced the air fleet staff the invasion would take place in the Pas de Calais. The air fleet reports, dated 8 and 27 May 1944, expressed the view this activity pointed "unmistakably" towards that conclusion. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Operation Fortitude</a> reinforced that belief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley198858,_62-232">[231]</a> Allied attacks in May 1944 against bases had a devastating impact on Luftflotte 3 capabilities. ULTRA gave the Allies intelligence on the location and strength of German fighter units as well as the effectiveness of attacks. They knew when repairs to bases had been completed and when the Germans decided to abandon particular locations. The Allies pursued an intensive, well-planned campaign that destroyed the German structure near the English Channel and invasion beaches and forced Sperrle's air fleet to abandon efforts to prepare bases close to the Channel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983279-233">[232]</a> Further damage was done to Sperrle's air defence network. Some 300,000 personnel worked in Luftflotte 3, 56,000 in signals. The fortification of radar sites after Dieppe had only highlighted them, and 76 of the 92 were knocked out by D-Day, blinding his Jagdkorps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999283-234">[233]</a> From December 1943, the Germans planned to move reinforcements into Luftflotte 3 when the invasion occurred so it could then launch a decisive air attack against the landings in the first hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983280-217">[216]</a> The plan, known as Operation Dr Gustav unravelled immediately due to ULTRA intercepts learning the date and time of reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2006138–139-235">[234]</a> The Allied air offensive had devastated German fighter bases and units while Steinbock had removed the bomber force from the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983279–280-236">[235]</a> On 5 June, the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy Campaign">Normandy Campaign</a>, Luftflotte 3 contained 600 aircraft of all types. It was expected that Luftflotte Reich would send forces to France. German meteorological reports misread the weather so that the invasion caught the command by surprise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983280-217">[216]</a> Of his total strength, only 115 single-engine fighters were operational with 37 twin-engine fighters, 137 bombers, 93 anti-shipping aircraft, 48 ground-attack and 53 reconnaissance aircraft. Only 56 night fighters were combat ready in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice199122-237">[236]</a> Sperrle's anti-shipping force, Fliegerkorps X, consisted of only 137 conventional bombers, a force totally inadequate to counter Allied naval forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice199119-238">[237]</a> On 23 May 1944, Sperrle had 349 heavy and 407 Flak batteries at his disposal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999282-239">[238]</a> The Allies enjoyed air supremacy on 6 June 1944 and flew 14,000 missions in support of the invasion. On the first day, the British and Commonwealth landed 75,215 men and the Americans 57,500. A large force of 23,000 paratroops parachuted in during the night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983280-217">[216]</a> Luftflotte 3 barely reacted. Nevertheless, Sperrle issued a pompous order of the day to his airmen: <blockquote>Men of Luftflotte 3! The enemy has launched the long-announced invasion. Long have we waited for this moment, long have we prepared ourselves, both inwardly and on the field of battle, by untiring, unending toil. Our task is now to defeat the enemy. I know that each one of you, true to his <a href="/wiki/Hitler_oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler oath">oath to the colors</a>, will carry out his duties. Great things will be asked of you, and you will show the bravest fighting valor. Salute the Führer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983280-217">[216]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-493-3368-04,_Hugo_Sperrle_bei_Luftwaffen-Stab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-493-3368-04%2C_Hugo_Sperrle_bei_Luftwaffen-Stab.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-493-3368-04%2C_Hugo_Sperrle_bei_Luftwaffen-Stab.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-493-3368-04%2C_Hugo_Sperrle_bei_Luftwaffen-Stab.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-493-3368-04%2C_Hugo_Sperrle_bei_Luftwaffen-Stab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-493-3368-04%2C_Hugo_Sperrle_bei_Luftwaffen-Stab.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-493-3368-04%2C_Hugo_Sperrle_bei_Luftwaffen-Stab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Sperrle visiting a fighter control room, 21 June 1944</figcaption></figure> Sperrle's sentiments were delusional. Luftflotte 3 launched less than 100 sorties including 70 by single-engine fighters. During the evening and night, bombers and anti-shipping squadrons mounted 175 more sorties against the invasion fleet. Sperrle lost 39 aircraft with 21 damaged, 8 due to non-combat causes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983280-217">[216]</a> Luftflotte 3 received 200 fighters from Germany within 36 hours of the invasion. An additional 100 followed by June 10. Their effectiveness was reduced by the destruction of air bases which forced units to deploy to inadequately prepared airfields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983280–281-240">[239]</a> Most of the 670 aircraft that reinforced Sperrle were used up as air bases were under constant attack and the anti-shipping effort failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999284–285-241">[240]</a> ULTRA monitored the movements of air units. On the night of June 7/8, the bomber and anti-shipping aircraft managed to fly 100 sorties, while the day forces flew 500 on 8 June—400 by single-engine fighters; Luftflotte 3 lost 68 aircraft during the day. In the first week of operations 362 aircraft were lost. In the second week, another 232 aircraft were destroyed. Thus, in the two weeks from 6 to 19 June, they lost nearly 75 percent of the aircraft that Luftflotte 3 had possessed on 5 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983280–281-240">[239]</a> From 6 to 30 June the Germans had lost 1,181 aircraft in 13,829 sorties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2006141-242">[241]</a> Of those sorties flown, 9,471 were fighter sorties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999282-239">[238]</a> German fighters loaded with bombs were unable to defend themselves and suffered heavy losses. They accomplished little, and soon fighter units ceased ground-attack operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1983282-243">[242]</a> Luftflotte 3 used the latest novelty weapons in a bid to attack Allied shipping—the <a href="/wiki/Mistel" title="Mistel">Mistel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Messerschmitt Me 262</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henschel_Hs_129" title="Henschel Hs 129">Henschel Hs 129</a> debuted in June and July 1944 in very small numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2006142–144-244">[243]</a> Radio-guided missiles sank just two vessels and damaged seven in Normandy. Torpedo aircraft sank two and damaged only three more. The anti-shipping effort was a failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2006137-245">[244]</a> Some 1,200 attacks against shipping and 900 mine-laying operations were made in June, to little effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999285-246">[245]</a> On 9 July ULTRA intercepted messages from Sperrle notifying his units that "ruthless" fuel economy measures be made and forbade the non-essential expenditure of fuel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley1988224-247">[246]</a> Another decrypted message from Luftflotte 3 to OKL stated that air attacks had depleted fuel stocks to such an extent that June's allocation would have to last to the end of July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley1988506-248">[247]</a> II. Jagdkorps was ordered by Sperrle to cease ground-attack and night operations in August owing to the fuel crisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinsley1988271-249">[248]</a> In August 1944, as the German army retreated from France, Sperrle's air fleet could fly only 250 missions to cover it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooton1999285-246">[245]</a> The performance of Sperrle's III Flak Corps was an exception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2006144-250">[249]</a> The Allied air forces lost 1,564 aircraft in June 1944, the majority to flak. The losses forced a reduction of activity in July and August 1944. The US <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Air_Force" title="Ninth Air Force">Ninth Air Force</a> command was critical of German fighter defences but noted that flak defences were effective and the source of constant attrition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2006141-242">[241]</a> The American air command suffered a 10–15 percent monthly attrition rate from April to July 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2006141-242">[241]</a> Sperrle was dismissed from his post on 23 August 1944,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011237-251">[250]</a> hours before American and French forces <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">liberated Paris</a> and overran his headquarters. As the German front collapsed in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise pocket</a>, the air fleet ground organisation fled east across the Seine. Hitler charged the personnel of Luftflotte 3 with desertion and held Sperrle responsible. On 22 September 1944 his former command was downgraded from air fleet to air command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchamMeuller2012119-252">[251]</a> By the time of his dismissal, Sperrle had purportedly long since lost faith in the German war effort and in Hitler and Göring's military leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchamMeuller2012117-253">[252]</a> He had become lazy and had a tendency to indulge in the trappings and luxury that occupied France offered. Sperrle became indebted but retained sufficient standing with Hitler for him to be loaned or given 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Reichsmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsmarks">Reichsmarks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchamMeuller2012117-253">[252]</a> In February 1945, Hitler gave him 100,000 Reichsmarks for his 60th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011238-254">[253]</a> During the war Hitler had occasionally given Sperrle artwork that may have been looted from occupied territories. Analysts of Sperrle's performance have been critical of his perceived inaction in Normandy and point to critical contemporary army reports on the failures of his command. Others have questioned Sperrle's influence on the conduct of operations and suggested he was a convenient scapegoat for Göring. Sperrle remained embittered after the defeat in France. He was deemed unfit for a senior command and spent the rest of the war in the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerreserve" title="Führerreserve">Führerreserve</a>, effective from 5 October 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchamMeuller2012252-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011237-251">[250]</a> On 1 May 1945, Sperrle was arrested by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and became a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchamMeuller2012252-255">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_trial">Later life and trial</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Later life and trial">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo-Sperrle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hugo-Sperrle.jpg/220px-Hugo-Sperrle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hugo-Sperrle.jpg/330px-Hugo-Sperrle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hugo-Sperrle.jpg/440px-Hugo-Sperrle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Sperrle during the <a href="/wiki/High_Command_Trial" title="High Command Trial">High Command Trial</a> in Nuremberg, 1948</figcaption></figure> Sperrle was captured by the Allies and charged with war crimes in the <a href="/wiki/High_Command_Trial" title="High Command Trial">High Command Trial</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsequent Nuremberg Trials">Subsequent Nuremberg Trials</a> but was <a href="/wiki/Acquittal" title="Acquittal">acquitted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsonMcGregor200646-256">[255]</a> He was again acquitted in June 1949 following a second <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(law)" title="Hearing (law)">hearing</a> before a court in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>. The court concluded that Sperrle had never been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> nor one of its affiliate organizations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrik_Thoß2010672-257">[256]</a> After the war, he lived quietly and died in Munich on 2 April 1953. He was buried at the village cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Thaining" title="Thaining">Thaining</a>, Bavaria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011238-254">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_of_career">Summary of career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Summary of career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a>, 1st and 2nd Class</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Order_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Military Merit Order (Württemberg)">Military Merit Order</a> (Württemberg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Order_(Bavaria)" title="Military Merit Order (Bavaria)">Military Merit Order (Bavaria)</a> 4th Class with Swords</li> <li>Order from the Grand Duke of Baden <a href="/wiki/Orden_vom_Z%C3%A4hringer_L%C3%B6wen" class="mw-redirect" title="Orden vom Zähringer Löwen">Orden vom Zähringer Löwen</a> (de) Knights Cross 2nd Class with Swords and oak leafs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Hohenzollern" title="House Order of Hohenzollern">House Order of Hohenzollern</a> with Swords<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011234-3">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Honour_Cross_of_the_World_War_1914/1918" title="The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918">The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_Long_Service_Award" title="Wehrmacht Long Service Award">Wehrmacht Long Service Award</a> 1st to 4th Class</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot/Observer_Badge" title="Pilot/Observer Badge">Pilot/Observer Badge</a>, In Gold with Diamonds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross" title="Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross">Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross</a> on 17 May 1940 as <a href="/wiki/General_der_Flieger" title="General der Flieger">General der Flieger</a> and chief of <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_3" title="Luftflotte 3">Luftflotte 3</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFellgiebel2000404-258">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[Note 2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dates of rank">edit</a>]</div> <table style="background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td>25 February 1904: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4hnrich" title="Fähnrich">Fähnrich</a> (Officer Candidate) </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 October 1904: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leutnant" title="Leutnant">Leutnant</a> (Second Lieutenant) </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 October 1912: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oberleutnant" title="Oberleutnant">Oberleutnant</a> (First Lieutenant)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011234-3">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 November 1914: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hauptmann" title="Hauptmann">Hauptmann</a> (Captain)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011234-3">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 October 1926: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(Germany)" title="Major (Germany)">Major</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 February 1931: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oberstleutnant" title="Oberstleutnant">Oberstleutnant</a> (Lieutenant Colonel) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 August 1933: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oberst" title="Oberst">Oberst</a> (Colonel)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011234-3">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 October 1935: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Generalmajor" title="Generalmajor">Generalmajor</a> (Brigadier General)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011234-3">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 1937: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Generalleutnant" title="Generalleutnant">Generalleutnant</a> (Major General)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200741-30">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 November 1937: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_der_Flieger" title="General der Flieger">General der Flieger</a> (General of the Aviators)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham200741-30">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 July 1940: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a> (Field Marshal)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011235-62">[61]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> According to Hümmelchen, Sperrle was born on 8 February 1885, a date based on the files of the Kirchenbuchamt (church register) in Ludwigsburg. However, Hümmelchen also indicates that Sperrle's military records in the <a href="/wiki/German_Federal_Archives" title="German Federal Archives">German Federal Archives</a> state 7 February 1885.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHümmelchen2011234,_238-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> According to Scherzer as chief of Luftflotte 3 and commander West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007712-259">[258]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHendrik_Thoß2010672-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHendrik_Thoß2010672_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHendrik_Thoß2010">Hendrik Thoß 2010</a>, p. 672. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFellgiebel2000404-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFellgiebel2000404_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFellgiebel2000">Fellgiebel 2000</a>, p. 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007712-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherzer2007712_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScherzer2007">Scherzer 2007</a>, p. 712. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllen1996" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Trevor (1996). The Storm Passed by: Ireland, 1941–42. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71652-616-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71652-616-2"><bdi>978-0-71652-616-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Storm+Passed+by%3A+Ireland%2C+1941%E2%80%9342&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-71652-616-2&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoogKrebsVogel2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horst_Boog" title="Horst Boog">Boog, Horst</a>; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TIHKkzcf_bcC">Germany and the Second World War: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943–1944/5</a>. Vol. VII. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822889-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822889-9"><bdi>978-0-19-822889-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%3A+The+Strategic+Air+War+in+Europe+and+the+War+in+the+West+and+East+Asia%2C+1943%E2%80%931944%2F5&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822889-9&rft.aulast=Boog&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Detlef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTIHKkzcf_bcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorum2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Corum" title="James Corum">Corum, James</a> (2006). "The Luftwaffe in Normandy". In <a href="/wiki/John_Buckley_(historian)" title="John Buckley (historian)">Buckley, John</a> (ed.). The Normandy Campaign 1944: Sixty Years on. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44942-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44942-7"><bdi>978-0-415-44942-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Luftwaffe+in+Normandy&rft.btitle=The+Normandy+Campaign+1944%3A+Sixty+Years+on&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44942-7&rft.aulast=Corum&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBungay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bungay" title="Stephen Bungay">Bungay, Stephen</a> (2000). The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain. London: Aurom Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-801-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85410-801-2"><bdi>978-1-85410-801-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Dangerous+Enemy%3A+A+History+of+the+Battle+of+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aurom+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85410-801-2&rft.aulast=Bungay&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwellMuller2007" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, Donald; <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Muller" title="Richard R. Muller">Muller, Richard</a> (2007). The Luftwaffe over Germany: Defense of the Reich. London: Greenhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-712-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-712-0"><bdi>978-1-85367-712-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luftwaffe+over+Germany%3A+Defense+of+the+Reich&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-712-0&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Muller%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Collier" title="Basil Collier">Collier, B.</a> (2004) [1957]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-Defence-UK/index.html">The Defence of the United Kingdom</a>. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series (Naval & Military Press ed.). London, UK: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845-74055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-845-74055-9"><bdi>978-1-845-74055-9</bdi></a>. 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New York: Jane's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-531-03733-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-531-03733-9"><bdi>0-531-03733-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Air+Force+1933%E2%80%931945%3A+An+Anatomy+of+Failure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Jane%27s&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-531-03733-9&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorum1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Corum" title="James Corum">Corum, James</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/luftwaffecreatin00coru">The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War, 1918–1940</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kansas_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas University Press">Kansas University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0836-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0836-2"><bdi>978-0-7006-0836-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luftwaffe%3A+Creating+the+Operational+Air+War%2C+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Kansas+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0836-2&rft.aulast=Corum&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fluftwaffecreatin00coru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorum2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Corum" title="James Corum">Corum, James</a> (2008). 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Air Power History: Turning Points from Kitty Hawk to Kosovo. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8257-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8257-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-8257-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Power+History%3A+Turning+Points+from+Kitty+Hawk+to+Kosovo&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-8257-0&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Gray%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxJames2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cox" title="Sebastian Cox">Cox, Sebastian</a>; James, T. C. 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Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-8149-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-8149-0"><bdi>0-7146-8149-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Britain&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7146-8149-0&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=James%2C+T.+C.+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofbritain0000jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFellgiebel2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther-Peer_Fellgiebell" class="extiw" title="de:Walther-Peer Fellgiebell">Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer</a> [in German] (2000) [1986]. 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Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7909-0284-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7909-0284-6"><bdi>978-3-7909-0284-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Tr%C3%A4ger+des+Ritterkreuzes+des+Eisernen+Kreuzes+1939%E2%80%931945+%E2%80%94+Die+Inhaber+der+h%C3%B6chsten+Auszeichnung+des+Zweiten+Weltkrieges+aller+Wehrmachtteile&rft.place=Friedberg%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Podzun-Pallas&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-7909-0284-6&rft.aulast=Fellgiebel&rft.aufirst=Walther-Peer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth2011" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, Robert (2011). Aces of the Legion Condor. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-347-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-347-8"><bdi>978-1-84908-347-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aces+of+the+Legion+Condor&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-347-8&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth2017" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, Robert (2017). Shadow Over the Atlantic: The Luftwaffe and the U-boats: 1943–45. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47282045-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47282045-7"><bdi>978-1-47282045-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadow+Over+the+Atlantic%3A+The+Luftwaffe+and+the+U-boats%3A+1943%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-47282045-7&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Franks" title="Norman Franks">Franks, Norman</a> (1992). Fighter Command 1936–1968. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-344-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-344-1"><bdi>978-1-85260-344-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighter+Command+1936%E2%80%931968&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85260-344-1&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrieser2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Frieser" title="Karl-Heinz Frieser">Frieser, Karl-Heinz</a> (2005). The Blitzkrieg Legend: The 1940 Campaign in the West. Annapolis: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-294-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-294-2"><bdi>978-1-59114-294-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blitzkrieg+Legend%3A+The+1940+Campaign+in+the+West&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-294-2&rft.aulast=Frieser&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGossCornwellRauchbach2003" class="citation book cs1">Goss, Chris; Cornwell, Peter; Rauchbach, Bernd (2003). The Luftwaffe Fighter Bombers: The Tip and Run Campaign Over Britain 1942–1943. Crecy Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947554-97-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947554-97-2"><bdi>978-0-947554-97-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luftwaffe+Fighter+Bombers%3A+The+Tip+and+Run+Campaign+Over+Britain+1942%E2%80%931943&rft.pub=Crecy+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-947554-97-2&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Cornwell%2C+Peter&rft.au=Rauchbach%2C+Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoss2010" class="citation book cs1">Goss, Chris (2010). The Luftwaffe's Blitz: The Inside Story, November 1940 – May 1941. Manchester: Crecy Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85979-148-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85979-148-9"><bdi>978-0-85979-148-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Luftwaffe%27s+Blitz%3A+The+Inside+Story%2C+November+1940+%E2%80%93+May+1941&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Crecy+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85979-148-9&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandel1990" class="citation book cs1">Handel, Michael (1990). Intelligence and Military Operations. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71464-060-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71464-060-0"><bdi>978-0-71464-060-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligence+and+Military+Operations&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-71464-060-0&rft.aulast=Handel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsley1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hinsley" title="Harry Hinsley">Hinsley, Harry</a> (1988). British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations. Vol. III/2. London: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information" title="Office of Public Sector Information">Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-11-630940-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-11-630940-7"><bdi>0-11-630940-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Intelligence+in+the+Second+World+War%3A+Its+Influence+on+Strategy+and+Operations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office+%28HMSO%29&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-11-630940-7&rft.aulast=Hinsley&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton1994" class="citation book cs1">Hooton, Edward (1994). Phoenix Triumphant: The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe. Arms & Armour. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-181-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-181-9"><bdi>978-1-85409-181-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Triumphant%3A+The+Rise+and+Rise+of+the+Luftwaffe&rft.pub=Arms+%26+Armour&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85409-181-9&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton1997" class="citation book cs1">Hooton, E. R. (1997). Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe. London: Arms & Armour Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86019-995-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86019-995-0"><bdi>978-1-86019-995-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagle+in+Flames%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Luftwaffe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arms+%26+Armour+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-86019-995-0&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton1999" class="citation book cs1">Hooton, E.R. (1999). Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe. Weidenfeld Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85409-343-1"><bdi>978-1-85409-343-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagle+in+Flames%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Luftwaffe&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+Military&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85409-343-1&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton2007a" class="citation book cs1">Hooton, E.R. (2007a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gatheringstorm190001hoot">Luftwaffe at War; Gathering Storm 1933–39</a>. Vol. I. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-71-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-71-0"><bdi>978-1-903223-71-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luftwaffe+at+War%3B+Gathering+Storm+1933%E2%80%9339&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chevron%2FIan+Allan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-903223-71-0&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgatheringstorm190001hoot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton2007b" class="citation book cs1">Hooton, E.R. (2007b). Luftwaffe at War; Blitzkrieg in the West. Vol. 2. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-272-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-272-6"><bdi>978-1-85780-272-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luftwaffe+at+War%3B+Blitzkrieg+in+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chevron%2FIan+Allan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85780-272-6&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughRichards2007" class="citation book cs1">Hough, Richard; Richards, Denis (2007). Battle of Britain. Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-657-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-657-3"><bdi>978-1-84415-657-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Britain&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-657-3&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Richards%2C+Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHümmelchen2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_H%C3%BCmmelchen" class="extiw" title="de:Gerhard Hümmelchen">Hümmelchen, Gerhard</a> [in German] (2011). "Generalfeldmarschall Hugo Sperrle". In <a href="/wiki/Gerd_R._Uebersch%C3%A4r" title="Gerd R. Ueberschär">Ueberschär, Gerd R.</a> (ed.). Hitlers militärische Elite [Hitlers Military Elite] (in German). Primus Verlag. pp. 234–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89678-727-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89678-727-9"><bdi>978-3-89678-727-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Generalfeldmarschall+Hugo+Sperrle&rft.btitle=Hitlers+milit%C3%A4rische+Elite&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.pub=Primus+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-89678-727-9&rft.aulast=H%C3%BCmmelchen&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1969" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Francis K. (1969). Battle Over Britain. London: McWhirter Twins Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901928-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901928-00-9"><bdi>978-0-901928-00-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Over+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=McWhirter+Twins+Ltd&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-901928-00-9&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Francis+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay2011" class="citation book cs1">Mackay, Ron (2011). The Last Blitz: Operation Steinbock, the Luftwaffe's Last Blitz on Britain – January to May 1944. Red Kite. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9554735-8-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9554735-8-6"><bdi>978-0-9554735-8-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Blitz%3A+Operation+Steinbock%2C+the+Luftwaffe%27s+Last+Blitz+on+Britain+%E2%80%93+January+to+May+1944&rft.pub=Red+Kite&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9554735-8-6&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaritis2019" class="citation book cs1">Margaritis, Peter (2019). Countdown to D-Day: The German Perspective. Oxford, UK & PA, USA: Casemate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-769-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-769-4"><bdi>978-1-61200-769-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Countdown+to+D-Day%3A+The+German+Perspective&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK+%26+PA%2C+USA&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-769-4&rft.aulast=Margaritis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitcham2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Mitcham" title="Samuel W. Mitcham">Mitcham, Samuel</a> (2007). Eagles of the Third Reich: Men of the Luftwaffe in World War II. Stackpole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3405-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3405-9"><bdi>978-0-8117-3405-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagles+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+Men+of+the+Luftwaffe+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Stackpole&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3405-9&rft.aulast=Mitcham&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchamMeuller2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Mitcham" title="Samuel W. Mitcham">Mitcham, Samuel</a>; Meuller, Gene (2012). Hitler's Commanders: Officers of the Wehrmacht, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine and Waffen SS. Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1153-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1153-7"><bdi>978-1-4422-1153-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Commanders%3A+Officers+of+the+Wehrmacht%2C+Luftwaffe%2C+Kriegsmarine+and+Waffen+SS&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1153-7&rft.aulast=Mitcham&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Meuller%2C+Gene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Williamson_Murray" title="Williamson Murray">Murray, Williamson</a> (1983). Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933–1945. Maxwell AFB: Air University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-010-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58566-010-0"><bdi>978-1-58566-010-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategy+for+Defeat%3A+The+Luftwaffe+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Maxwell+AFB&rft.pub=Air+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1-58566-010-0&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Williamson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Archives2001" class="citation book cs1">The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force: 1933–1945. London: <a href="/wiki/Public_Record_Office" title="Public Record Office">Public Record Office</a>. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903365304" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903365304"><bdi>978-1-903365304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+German+Air+Force%3A+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Public+Record+Office&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-903365304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeitzel2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6nke_Neitzel" title="Sönke Neitzel">Neitzel, Sönke</a> (2003). "Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe Co-operation in the War against Britain". <a href="/wiki/War_in_History" title="War in History">War in History</a>. 10 (4). Sage. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0968344503wh285oa">10.1191/0968344503wh285oa</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159960697">159960697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Kriegsmarine+and+Luftwaffe+Co-operation+in+the+War+against+Britain&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F0968344503wh285oa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159960697%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Neitzel&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B6nke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuremberg_Military_Tribunals1951" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-X.pdf">Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals</a> (PDF). Vol. X. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Print. Office. 1951. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/312465902">312465902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trials+of+War+Criminals+Before+the+Nuremberg+Military+Tribunals&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Print.+Office&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F312465902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Ffrd%2FMilitary_Law%2Fpdf%2FNT_war-criminals_Vol-X.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (July 1980). "Hitler and Air Strategy". Journal of Contemporary History. XV (3): 405–421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200948001500302">10.1177/002200948001500302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162229330">162229330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Hitler+and+Air+Strategy&rft.volume=XV&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E421&rft.date=1980-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162229330%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200948001500302&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard J.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofbritainm00over">The Battle of Britain: The Myth and the Reality</a>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02008-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02008-3"><bdi>978-0-393-02008-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Britain%3A+The+Myth+and+the+Reality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02008-3&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofbritainm00over&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery1980b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard</a> (1980b). The Air War, 1939–1945. Washington: Potomac. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-716-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-716-7"><bdi>978-1-57488-716-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Air+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Potomac&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-716-7&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Overy, Richard J.</a> (2013). The Bombing War: Europe 1939–1945. London & New York: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9561-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9561-9"><bdi>978-0-7139-9561-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bombing+War%3A+Europe+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9561-9&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Price_(author)" title="Alfred Price (author)">Price, Alfred</a> (1990). Battle of Britain Day: 15 September 1940. London: Greenhill books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-375-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-375-7"><bdi>978-1-85367-375-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Britain+Day%3A+15+September+1940&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-85367-375-7&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2010" class="citation book cs1">Price, Alfred (2010). The Hardest Day: The Battle of Britain: 18 August 1940. London: Haynes Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84425-820-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84425-820-8"><bdi>978-1-84425-820-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hardest+Day%3A+The+Battle+of+Britain%3A+18+August+1940&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Haynes+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84425-820-8&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1977" class="citation book cs1">Price, Alfred (1977). Blitz on Britain 1939–1945. Ian Allan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blitz+on+Britain+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1991" class="citation book cs1">Price, Alfred (1991). The Last Year of the Luftwaffe: May 1944 to May 1945. London: Greenhill Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-440-0"><bdi>1-85367-440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Year+of+the+Luftwaffe%3A+May+1944+to+May+1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-85367-440-0&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuri2006" class="citation journal cs1">Puri, Samir (June 2006). "The Role of Intelligence in Deciding the Battle of Britain". <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_National_Security" title="Intelligence and National Security">Intelligence and National Security</a>. 21 (3). London: Routledge: 416–439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684520600750661">10.1080/02684520600750661</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-4527">0268-4527</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154427425">154427425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+and+National+Security&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Intelligence+in+Deciding+the+Battle+of+Britain&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E416-%3C%2Fspan%3E439&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154427425%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0268-4527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02684520600750661&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Samir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1953" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Denis (1953). Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight at Odds. Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Sector_Information" title="Office of Public Sector Information">HMSO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Air+Force+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Fight+at+Odds&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsSaunders1953" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Denis; Saunders, Hilary (1953). Royal Air Force 1939–1945: The Fight Avails. Vol. II. HMSO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Air+Force+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Fight+Avails&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Saunders%2C+Hilary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStansky2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Stansky" title="Peter Stansky">Stansky, Peter</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstdayofblitzs00stan">The First Day of the Blitz</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12556-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12556-6"><bdi>978-0-300-12556-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Day+of+the+Blitz&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12556-6&rft.aulast=Stansky&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstdayofblitzs00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherzer2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938845-17-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-938845-17-2"><bdi>978-3-938845-17-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Ritterkreuztr%C3%A4ger+1939%E2%80%931945+Die+Inhaber+des+Ritterkreuzes+des+Eisernen+Kreuzes+1939+von+Heer%2C+Luftwaffe%2C+Kriegsmarine%2C+Waffen-SS%2C+Volkssturm+sowie+mit+Deutschland+verb%C3%BCndeter+Streitkr%C3%A4fte+nach+den+Unterlagen+des+Bundesarchives&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Scherzers+Militaer-Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-938845-17-2&rft.aulast=Scherzer&rft.aufirst=Veit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrik_Thoß2010" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hendrik Thoß (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0008/bsb00085893/images/index.html?seite=695">"Sperrle, Wilhelm Hugo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a> (in German). Vol. 24. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 671–672</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sperrle%2C+Wilhelm+Hugo&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E671-%3C%2Fspan%3E672&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Hendrik+Tho%C3%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F0008%2Fbsb00085893%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderdown1942" class="citation book cs1">Underdown, Thomas Henry Johnson (1942). Bristol Under Blitz: The Record of an Ancient City and Her People During the Battle of Britain, 1940–1. Lord Mayor's War Services Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bristol+Under+Blitz%3A+The+Record+of+an+Ancient+City+and+Her+People+During+the+Battle+of+Britain%2C+1940%E2%80%931&rft.pub=Lord+Mayor%27s+War+Services+Council&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Underdown&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Henry+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakefield1999" class="citation book cs1">Wakefield, Ken (1999). Pfadfinder: Luftwaffe Pathfinder Operations Over Britain. NPI Media Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75241-692-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75241-692-2"><bdi>978-0-75241-692-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pfadfinder%3A+Luftwaffe+Pathfinder+Operations+Over+Britain&rft.pub=NPI+Media+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-75241-692-2&rft.aulast=Wakefield&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebbDuncan1990" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Edwin; Duncan, John (1990). Blitz over Britain. Turnbridge Wells, Kent: Spellmount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946771-89-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946771-89-9"><bdi>978-0-946771-89-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blitz+over+Britain&rft.place=Turnbridge+Wells%2C+Kent&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-946771-89-9&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft.au=Duncan%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard</a> (2010) [2005]. Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II. New York: Enigma. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-91-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-91-9"><bdi>978-1-929631-91-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Foreign+Policy+1933%E2%80%931939%3A+The+Road+to+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Enigma&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-929631-91-9&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhealey1989" class="citation book cs1">Whealey, Robert H. (1989). Hitler and Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1621-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1621-1"><bdi>978-0-8131-1621-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Spain%3A+The+Nazi+Role+in+the+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-1621-1&rft.aulast=Whealey&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsonMcGregor2006" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Gordon; McGregor, Malcolm (2006). German Commanders in World War II (2). Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-597-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-597-6"><bdi>978-1-84176-597-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Commanders+in+World+War+II+%282%29&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-597-6&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=McGregor%2C+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hugo_Sperrle" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hugo Sperrle">Hugo Sperrle</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/dday/article-9344630">"Sperrle, Hugo"</a> in the Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Normandy 1944</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Military_Tribunal_Nuremberg1948" class="citation web cs1">US Military Tribunal Nuremberg (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://werle.rewi.hu-berlin.de/High%20Command%20Case.pdf">"High Command Trial, Judgment of 27 October 1948"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 30 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Command+Trial%2C+Judgment+of+27+October+1948&rft.date=1948&rft.au=US+Military+Tribunal+Nuremberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwerle.rewi.hu-berlin.de%2FHigh%2520Command%2520Case.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Sperrle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/030142">Newspaper clippings about Hugo Sperrle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">none</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Commander of <a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Division_(Germany)" title="1st Air Division (Germany)">1. Flieger-Division</a> (1934–1935) 1 April 1934 – 31 March 1935 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">disbanded</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">none</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Commander of <a href="/wiki/Condor_Legion" title="Condor Legion">Condor Legion</a> November 1936 – 30 October 1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Generalmajor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellmuth_Volkmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellmuth Volkmann (page does not exist)">Hellmuth Volkmann</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">none</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Commander of <a href="/wiki/Luftflotte_3" title="Luftflotte 3">Luftflotte 3</a> 1 February 1939 – 23 August 1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Generaloberst <a href="/wiki/Otto_De%C3%9Floch" title="Otto Deßloch">Otto Deßloch</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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id="Wehrmacht204" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Luftwaffe_epaulette_Reichsmarschall.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Luftwaffe_epaulette_Reichsmarschall.svg/50px-Luftwaffe_epaulette_Reichsmarschall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Luftwaffe_epaulette_Reichsmarschall.svg/75px-Luftwaffe_epaulette_Reichsmarschall.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WMacht_Lw_OF10_GenFeldmarschall_h_1942.svg/50px-WMacht_Lw_OF10_GenFeldmarschall_h_1942.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WMacht_Lw_OF10_GenFeldmarschall_h_1942.svg/75px-WMacht_Lw_OF10_GenFeldmarschall_h_1942.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WMacht_Lw_OF10_GenFeldmarschall_h_1942.svg/100px-WMacht_Lw_OF10_GenFeldmarschall_h_1942.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="274" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Kriegsmarine-Gro%C3%9Fadmiral_(s).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kriegsmarine-Gro%C3%9Fadmiral_%28s%29.svg/50px-Kriegsmarine-Gro%C3%9Fadmiral_%28s%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kriegsmarine-Gro%C3%9Fadmiral_%28s%29.svg/75px-Kriegsmarine-Gro%C3%9Fadmiral_%28s%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kriegsmarine-Gro%C3%9Fadmiral_%28s%29.svg/100px-Kriegsmarine-Gro%C3%9Fadmiral_%28s%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="274" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Field Marshals (<a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">Heer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Blomberg" title="Werner von Blomberg">Werner von Blomberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedor_von_Bock" title="Fedor von Bock">Fedor von Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_B%C3%B6hm-Ermolli" title="Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli">Eduard Freiherr von Böhm-Ermolli</a> (honorary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Brauchitsch" title="Walther von Brauchitsch">Walther von Brauchitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Busch_(field_marshal)" title="Ernst Busch (field marshal)">Ernst Busch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ludwig_Ewald_von_Kleist" title="Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist">Ewald von Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge" title="Günther von Kluge">Günther von Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_K%C3%BCchler" title="Georg von Küchler">Georg von Küchler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb" title="Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb">Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_List" title="Wilhelm List">Wilhelm List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Model" title="Walter Model">Walter Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paulus" title="Friedrich Paulus">Friedrich Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_von_Reichenau" title="Walter von Reichenau">Walter von Reichenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Sch%C3%B6rner" title="Ferdinand Schörner">Ferdinand Schörner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Weichs" title="Maximilian von Weichs">Maximilian von Weichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_von_Witzleben" title="Erwin von Witzleben">Erwin von Witzleben</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ritter_von_Greim" title="Robert Ritter von Greim">Robert Ritter von Greim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Milch" title="Erhard Milch">Erhard Milch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Freiherr_von_Richthofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen">Wolfram von Richthofen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hugo Sperrle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Grand Admirals (<a href="/wiki/Grand_admiral#Germany" title="Grand admiral">Großadmiral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Kriegsmarine223" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Raeder" title="Erich Raeder">Erich Raeder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High_Command_Trial1989" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High_Command_Trial" title="Template:High Command Trial"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High_Command_Trial" title="Template talk:High Command Trial"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High_Command_Trial" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High Command Trial"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High_Command_Trial1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/High_Command_Trial" title="High Command Trial">High Command Trial</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Judges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Young_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John C. Young (judge) (page does not exist)">John C. Young</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Lawyers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telford_Taylor" title="Telford Taylor">Telford Taylor</a> (Chief Counsel for the Prosecution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Laternser" title="Hans Laternser">Hans Laternser</a> (Lead Defence Counsel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Charges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against peace">Crimes against peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Criminal conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Defendants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convicted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl-Adolf_Hollidt" title="Karl-Adolf Hollidt">Karl-Adolf Hollidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hoth" title="Hermann Hoth">Hermann Hoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_K%C3%BCchler" title="Georg von Küchler">Georg von Küchler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb" title="Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb">Wilhelm von Leeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Lehmann_(military_judge)" title="Rudolf Lehmann (military judge)">Rudolf Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Reinecke" title="Hermann Reinecke">Hermann Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg-Hans_Reinhardt" title="Georg-Hans Reinhardt">Georg-Hans Reinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Roques" title="Karl von Roques">Karl von Roques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Salmuth" title="Hans von Salmuth">Hans von Salmuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Warlimont" title="Walter Warlimont">Walter Warlimont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_W%C3%B6hler" title="Otto Wöhler">Otto Wöhler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acquitted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schniewind" title="Otto Schniewind">Otto Schniewind</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hugo Sperrle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No decision</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Blaskowitz" title="Johannes Blaskowitz">Johannes Blaskowitz</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials" title="Subsequent Nuremberg trials">Subsequent Nuremberg trials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hostages_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostages trial">Hostages trial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean Wehrmacht">Clean Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Generals_on_Trial" title="Hitler's Generals on Trial">Hitler's Generals on Trial: The Last War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wehrmacht:_History,_Myth,_Reality" title="The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality">The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li>1 Committed suicide</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000026178641">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13402632">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/223012/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrHVfTK8TXvjgtx7QQbd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/129966207">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87836429">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169856780">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169856780">BnF data</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/129966207.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/129966207">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&oldid=1258437719">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Sperrle&oldid=1258437719</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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