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lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sheng (slang)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng" title="Sheng – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sheng" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3_(%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E)" title="シェン (言語) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シェン (言語)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Sheng (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nairobi urban-based youth slang</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Sheng</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>–<a href="/wiki/English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="English Language">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mix</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(a proposal to use shf was rejected in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie code</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>G.40E</code><sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Sheng</b> is primarily a <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="English Language">English</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">cant</a>, perhaps a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a>, originating among the urban youth of <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, Kenya, and influenced by many of the languages spoken there. While primarily a language of urban youths, it has spread across social classes and geographically to neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_history">Etymology and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheng_slang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "Sheng" is coined from the two languages that it is mainly derived from: <b>S</b>wa<b>h</b>ili and <b>Eng</b>lish. The "h" was included from the middle of "Swa<b>h</b>ili" because "Seng" would have sounded unusual. The term is first recorded in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originating in the early 1950s in the Eastlands area of Nairobi (variously described as a "slum", "ghetto" or "suburb"), Sheng is now heard among <a href="/wiki/Matatu" title="Matatu">matatu</a> drivers/touts across the region, and in the popular media. Most of the Sheng words are introduced in various communities and schools and given wide exposure by music artists who include them in their lyrics, hence the rapid growth. It can be assumed to be the first language of many Kenyans in urban areas. </p><p>Like all slang, Sheng is mainly used by the youth and is part of popular culture in Kenya. It also evolves rapidly, as words are moved into and out of slang use. It found broad usage among <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> artists such as Kalamashaka and G.rongi in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region in the '90s, both mainstream and "underground" (whose music helped spread the language and contribute to rapid changes or shifts in Sheng vocabulary), as well as among virtually all university and secondary-school students, the language was not always associated with people who cannot do much for the society until when the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Kenya Broadcasting Corporation">Kenya Broadcasting Corporation</a> noted the rise in both class and diversity. Radio presenters John Karani, Jeff Mwangemi and Prince Otach, and many more, took it to the mainstream by presenting the first radio shows using Sheng phrases on the national broadcast. By 2010 almost every media show had some sort of sheng it. </p><p>Although the grammar, syntax, and much of the vocabulary are drawn from Swahili, Sheng borrows from the languages of some of the largest ethnic groups in Kenya, including <a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Luhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gikuyu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gikuyu language">Gĩkũyũ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luo_languages" title="Luo languages">Luo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamba_language" title="Kamba language">Kamba</a>. Words are also borrowed from languages that are neither a local language nor English – such as the Sheng word <i><a href="/wiki/Morgen" title="Morgen">morgen</a></i> "morning" – a Sheng word used in some areas with a similar meaning in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. </p><p>Sheng vocabulary can vary significantly within Kenya's various subdivisions and the larger African Great Lakes region, and even between neighbourhoods in Nairobi. Many youth living in the capital often use the argot as their everyday mode of communication rather than Swahili or English. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Gen_Z" class="mw-redirect" title="Gen Z">Gen Z</a> and <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a> easily adapt to other variants of Sheng like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shembeteng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shembeteng (page does not exist)">Shembeteng</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shengilo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shengilo (page does not exist)">Shengilo</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shengtezo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shengtezo (page does not exist)">Shengtezo</a>. </p><p>The use of social media platforms like <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a> have contributed to the growth of Sheng. </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sheng_in_literature">Sheng in literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheng_slang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sheng in literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The written use of Sheng in literature is still a minor phenomenon. Some poems in the African literary magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Kwani%3F" title="Kwani?">Kwani?</a></i> have been published in Sheng, but the first and only book in this language is "Lafudhi hip hop poetry in Sheng" (2015), written by G rongi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_vocabulary">Sample vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheng_slang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sample vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sheng </th> <th>English (definition) </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>nyuka</i> </td> <td>cane </td></tr> <tr> <td>dunga </td> <td><i>wear</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ngasha</i> </td> <td>shower </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kugura</i> </td> <td>to leave, to vacate premises </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>boya</i> </td> <td>fool </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>idha</i> </td> <td>time </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mnati, ras</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafarian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>babi, barbie</i> </td> <td>person who doesn't speak Sheng, person from a wealthy background </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ngori, noma </td> <td>trouble </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>bonga (</i>bong-gah<i>), Roroa, zoza, banja, tema</i> </td> <td>talk </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>bonga mavi</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trash-talk#Smack_talk" class="mw-redirect" title="Trash-talk">talk smack</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>saksua</i> </td> <td>search </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>para</i> </td> <td>family </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>digaga</i> </td> <td>spectacle </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sepa</i> </td> <td>go away, flee </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>setoka</i> </td> <td>represent </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mbwakni</i> </td> <td>jumpy </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>peremba</i> </td> <td>interrogate </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dai</i> </td> <td>want, view </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dungia (</i>doong-gi-ah<i>), gawia, chapia, vutia</i> </td> <td>hit up (call someone) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>apantambua</i> </td> <td>no respect to that (don't recognize that) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>riba, zabe</i> </td> <td>story </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>serereka</i> </td> <td>have fun </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dema, dimbua</i> </td> <td>eat </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>pack, stick</i> </td> <td>live (somewhere) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ndeng'a, thwau, bunde, mchuma, mtoo, ridhe, fee, toka</i> </td> <td>gun, firearm </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>keroma, demo</i> </td> <td>food </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>chapaa, munde, mundez, niado, ganji, doe, keroma, cheddar/chedaz, dau, mkwanja, makwarkwar, cheng</i> </td> <td>money </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>so, kioo, exsoo, red, os</i> </td> <td>one hundred <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_shilling" title="Kenyan shilling">shillings</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>finje, chuani, pachas, hamusini, nich</i> </td> <td>fifty shillings </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mbao, blue, mbalu</i> </td> <td>twenty shillings </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ashuu, shoe, kindee, ikongo, das, teja</i> </td> <td>ten shillings </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>wai</i> </td> <td>buy </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ngovo, kobole, guoko</i> </td> <td>five shillings </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>rwabe, doso, jill</i> </td> <td>two hundred shillings </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>punch, jirongo</i> </td> <td>five hundred shillings </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>thao, jii (like the letter G), kapaa, ngiri, ngwanye, ndovu, azar, K, muti, bramba</i> </td> <td>one thousand shillings </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>fala, mwere (</i>mweh-reh<i>), dwanzi, zuzu</i> </td> <td>stupid person, idiot </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ocha, moshatha, shaggz</i> </td> <td>up country, rural home/area </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>liet, noma, niku hatata, wa gwan</i> </td> <td>in a mess, trouble </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Conte</i> </td> <td>Tough person </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Oposh, momo, fatso, bazu</i> </td> <td>Fat person </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>1 GB</i> </td> <td>Skinny person </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>njeve</i> </td> <td>cold </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ingiza njeve, gwaya, buya</i> </td> <td>get scared, be afraid, chicken out </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kanjo</i> </td> <td>city/town council officer </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>chapo</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chapati" title="Chapati">chapati</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ngodha</i> </td> <td>underpants </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>msee, mzing' kizee, mdhii, mguys, mzeiya, mtunguyaz, mzaee, morio</i> </td> <td>guy, dude </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dame, mresh, supuu, msupa, manzi, shore (sho-reh; from "shawty"), msusu, mroro, mshee, totoh, yeng, mdenge, nyegz, ngus</i> </td> <td>girl, chick </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>buda, mzae, arinzu, mzing</i> </td> <td>father </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gweng, gwan</i> </td> <td>hard (difficult) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>zii, nada, do, nah</i> </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mathree, mat, jive, jav, buu, nganya</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matatu" title="Matatu">matatu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ngwai, Tire (Tea-Reh), kithuke, vela, ndom, aroma, shashi, kenti, mashashola, kindukulu, shada</i> </td> <td>bhang, marijuana </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>msudi</i> </td> <td>traitor, snitch </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>deree, kigonyi, vandere</i> </td> <td>driver </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>konkodi, makanga, manumber, donda</i> </td> <td>bus/matatu conductor </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>fegi, mozo, ngale, fuaka</i> </td> <td>cigarette </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mzae</i> </td> <td>male parent </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>karao, gova, sanse, beast, afande, gova</i> </td> <td>police </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>keja, hao, mbanyu, base, digs, guba, ndaki</i> </td> <td>house, home </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>matha, mathe, mthama, masa, mondhres</i> </td> <td>woman, mother </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mboch, chinebo</i> </td> <td>housegirl (maid) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mbota, wochi</i> </td> <td>watch </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mbwenya, jako, blazer</i> </td> <td>coat </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dhafu, githafu,madhafu, mao</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mdosi, sonko, sos, penki, donga, bombay, bola, Okwonkwo, dela</i> </td> <td>Rich person </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>msoto, mbleina, sufferer, hustler</i> </td> <td>poor person </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sota, kauka, chupri</i> </td> <td>go bankrupt/become poor </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>bie, B.A</i> </td> <td>good </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mzing, fathe, mbuyu, buda, arinzu,</i> </td> <td>dad </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>masa, mathe, mnyaka, mokoro, moda, mthama, mondhres</i> </td> <td>mum </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>oga</i> </td> <td>an individual from <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ndauo</i> </td> <td>an individual with <p><a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a> descent </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mngoso</i> </td> <td>an individual with <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> descent </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mchinku</i> </td> <td>an individual with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> descent </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Gaki</i> </td> <td>an individual belonging to <a href="/wiki/Kisii_people" title="Kisii people">Kisii</a> community </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>msapere, mkiuk, okuyu</i> </td> <td>an individual belonging to Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a> ethnic community or generally <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mkao, mcambodia, mnduli</i> </td> <td>an individual belonging to Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Kamba</a> ethnic community </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mjaka, mjaze, mjaksus</i> </td> <td>an individual belonging to Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Luo_people" title="Luo people">Luo</a> ethnic community </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mgirish</i> </td> <td>an individual belonging to Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Giriama_people" title="Giriama people">Giriama people</a> ethnic community </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mlunje</i> </td> <td>an individual belonging to Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Luhya_people" title="Luhya people">Luhya</a> ethnic community </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mkale</i> </td> <td>an individual belonging to Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Kalenjin_people" title="Kalenjin people">Kalenjin</a> ethnic community </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Arges, walalo, oria</i> </td> <td>an individual belonging to Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Kenya" title="Somalis in Kenya">Somali</a> ethnic community </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kasee</i> </td> <td>a male person from the <a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Kamba</a> ethnic community of Kenya </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Baite(pronounced vaite)</i> </td> <td>a male person from the <a href="/wiki/Meru_people" title="Meru people">Meru</a> ethnic community of Kenya </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Muraa</i> </td> <td>a male person from the <a href="/wiki/Kuria_people" title="Kuria people">Kuria</a> ethnic community of Kenya </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>nare (</i>nah-reh<i>)</i> </td> <td>fire, matches </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ndai, moti, murenga, dinga</i> </td> <td>car </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ngata (ng-gah-tah), ngede (ng-geh-deh), irori</i> </td> <td>fuel </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>nguenos, ngwex, mwewe, ngwetes, ngokos</i> </td> <td>chicken </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>rodhi</i> </td> <td>trouser </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>njumu, njuti, ndula, magwanda, manduleng', chuja</i> </td> <td>shoes </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>poa, wazi, wabe, fiti, chonjo</i> </td> <td>cool </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ubao, maunenge, kidale</i> </td> <td>hunger </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mboka</i> </td> <td>city </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>uaganis</i> </td> <td>nonsense </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>veve, mbachu, shamba, mogoka, jaba</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">miraa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kuber (</i>koo-beh-r<i>), kubz, doze, mungich, mungiki</i> </td> <td>(chewing) tobacco </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mburungo</i> </td> <td>cargo </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>chapa, donje, kiatu, forbes, kiraka, kubeat</i> </td> <td>ugly </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>fyat</i> </td> <td>crazy <p><i>Teo</i> Exams - </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>chipo, chibaz, njiva, vanga</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">chips</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>fika, ishia, jikata, sepa</i> </td> <td>to go somewhere </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kirindi, mbogi</i> </td> <td>crowd </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>earthwire</i> </td> <td>neck tie </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>nyonde</i> </td> <td>bird </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dush</i> </td> <td>dove/pigeon </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mavi, mafi, shonde, shoi, shoste</i> </td> <td>faeces </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>shower</i> </td> <td>bath </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mode (</i>moh-day<i>), odijo</i> </td> <td>teacher </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mboka, mtaa</i> </td> <td>city, town, streets, neighbourhood </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>chuom</i> </td> <td>pathway </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>omoka, kukafunga,</i> </td> <td>be rich </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mzii/noma</i> </td> <td>tough/bad </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>majuu, mayolo, chambele, farova</i> </td> <td>Western world/overseas </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mlami, myuro</i> </td> <td>white person, Caucasian person </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mtiaji, msororaji, mrazi</i> </td> <td>a cunning person, tattletale </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kauzi, thegi, gondi, dingo, obe (</i>ob<i>), gwangi</i> </td> <td>thief, thug, mugger, burglar </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>masaa, githaa</i> </td> <td>time </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>mshikaji, bf, gf</i> </td> <td>boyfriend/girlfriend </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>pasuka, raruka</i> </td> <td>laugh </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>karokota, doze, kufinyilia, kutuna</i> </td> <td>take a nap, sleep </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>nyaku, waka, washa, gwezere, malaga,</i> </td> <td>drink (alcohol) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kalesa, pace, tembeza</i> </td> <td>walk a distance </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tei</i> </td> <td>alcohol </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tenje, mtambo</i> </td> <td>Radio/ music system or a phone </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Nangos, digitz</i> </td> <td>Number </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><small><u><b>N.B.</b></u> Words in brackets in the Sheng column show how the word is pronounced.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheng_slang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Sheng </th> <th align="left">Standard Kiswahili (translation) </th> <th align="left">Standard English (translation) </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Umekemba gazo, radar ni fom zimekalas hadi msoto imeramba mayenx viudu.</i> </td> <td><i>Imechapishwa magazetini ya kwamba ukosefu Wa kazi imeathiri vijana kiafya ya akili</i> </td> <td>The newspapers asserts that joblessness has affected the youth's mental health. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Muokalaiz nikupeleke na mtara za gishagi</i> </td> <td><i>Karibia nikufunze jinsi ya kuishi huku nyumbani</i> </td> <td>Come let me show you how to survive here. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Uyo Arif ako na za ovyo</i> </td> <td><i>Huyo rafiki yako anapenda mzaha.</i> </td> <td>Your friend likes jokes! </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sepa hii daro juu odijo akimuok, kutatee!</i> </td> <td><i>Toka humu darasani maana mwalimu akija atakuadhibu!.</i> </td> <td>Flee from this class because when the teacher comes you'll be punished! </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Gura hiyo chuom, madingo watakuchai.!</i> </td> <td><i>Koma kupita hiyo njia wezi wapo hapo, watakuibia</i> </td> <td>Avoid that path it's laden with thugs who'll steal from you.! </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Tangu Kama akanjwe anajiskia skari, sana!</i> </td> <td><i>Kama alipo pata pesa, alianza kuringa</i> </td> <td>After receiving some money Kama became boastful! </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Amulia hata dhenga ya nich nijipin, niko kidale, mzing!</i> </td> <td><i>Ninunulie githeri ya hamsini tafadhali nile nina njaa</i> </td> <td>Could you spot me fifty shillings to buy a meal? (a specific meal of boiled maize and beans is mentioned but the actual meaning is the price of what is considered the cheapest item in a food kiosk) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Huu msee ni fala!</i> </td> <td><i>Huyu mtu ni mjinga.</i> </td> <td>This guy's an idiot! </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Si unidungie chuani?</i> </td> <td><i>Unaeza nipa shilingi hamsini?</i> </td> <td>Can you please give me fifty shillings? </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Acha kubonga mavi mdhii.</i> </td> <td><i>Acha kuongea vibaya, kaka.</i> </td> <td>Stop talking smack, brother. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Udingo ndio maana magidha ako ndani, riba ni alichai Doo ya gova</i> </td> <td><i>Ufisadi ndio chanzo ya kushtakiwa kwake, mda wote yupo kizimbani Kwa mashtaka ya wizi wa pesa za serikali</i> </td> <td>Corruption is the main reason he is in and out of the courts for allegations of embezzlement of government's money" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ukivuta fegi utajiletea noma.</i> </td> <td><i>Ukivuta sigara utajiletea shida.</i> </td> <td>If you smoke cigarettes you'll get yourself in trouble. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ule dame amechapa!</i> </td> <td><i>Yule msichana ana sura mbaya.</i> </td> <td>That girl is ugly! </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maisha ni gweng bana.</i> </td> <td><i>Maisha ni ngumu kaka.</i> </td> <td>Life is hard man. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Kuja utugawie hizi njiva.</i> </td> <td><i>Kuja utugawie hivi vibanzi.</i> </td> <td>Come and share your fries with us. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Budake alishikwa na makarao.</i> </td> <td><i>Babake alikamatwa na polisi.</i> </td> <td>His dad was caught by the police. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Aliibiwa mbota na mboch.</i> </td> <td><i>Aliibiwa saa na mjakazi.</i> </td> <td>His watch was stolen by his housegirl. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Aliona magondi akaingiza njeve.</i> </td> <td><i>Aliona mhuni akahisi woga.</i> </td> <td>He got scared when he saw some thugs. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Niko mbioni. </i> </td> <td><i>Niko na haraka. </i> </td> <td>I am in a hurry. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Budake ni mzii.</i> </td> <td><i>Babake ni mkali.</i> </td> <td>His father is tough/bad. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Walibambwa Na masanse, wakikwaria gova kuchocha.</i> </td> <td>Walitiwa kizimbani baada ya kulalamikia bei ya vitu kupanda. </td> <td>They were arrested after protesting the rising cost of basic commodities. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mokoro aliniwai rwabe nikamchekie ka kwota.</i> </td> <td><i>Mamangu alinipa shilingi mia mbili nikamnunulie kilo nusu ya nyama.</i> </td> <td>My mother gave me 200 shillings to go buy a quarter kilogram of meat. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Alirauka gware ndo asihate mat za kwenda kwao moshatha.</i> </td> <td><i>Aliamka mapema ili asikose matatu ya kuenda kwao kijijini.</i> </td> <td>He woke up early so as not to miss a <a href="/wiki/Matatu" title="Matatu">matatu</a> to his rural home. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheng_slang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engsh" title="Engsh">Engsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenyan English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheng_slang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2016-034">"Change Request Documentation: 2016-034"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Change+Request+Documentation%3A+2016-034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Frequest%2F2016-034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheng+slang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guthrie-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf">New Updated Guthrie List Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. <i>English World-wide</i>, 39(1): 13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Feww.38.3.04lam">10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusiness" class="citation web cs1">Business, The Standard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/business/article/2000049107/sheng-affecting-english-kiswahili-performance">"Sheng affecting English, Kiswahili performance"</a>. <i>The Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Sheng+affecting+English%2C+Kiswahili+performance&rft.aulast=Business&rft.aufirst=The+Standard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standardmedia.co.ke%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2F2000049107%2Fsheng-affecting-english-kiswahili-performance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheng+slang" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFODUOR2014" class="citation web cs1">ODUOR, AUGUSTINE (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/education/article/2000106350/sheng-not-to-blame-for-drop-in-kcse-english-performance-scholars-claim">"Sheng not to blame for drop in KCSE English performance, scholars claim"</a>. <i>The Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Sheng+not+to+blame+for+drop+in+KCSE+English+performance%2C+scholars+claim&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=ODUOR&rft.aufirst=AUGUSTINE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standardmedia.co.ke%2Feducation%2Farticle%2F2000106350%2Fsheng-not-to-blame-for-drop-in-kcse-english-performance-scholars-claim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheng+slang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_literature">Additional literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheng_slang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Additional literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abdulaziz, Mohamed H. and Ken Osinde. 1997. Sheng and Engsh: development of mixed codes among the urban youth in Kenya. <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> 125 (Sociolinguistic Issues in Sub-Saharan Africa), pp. 45–63.</li> <li>Barasa, Sandra Nekesa, and Maarten Mous. "Engsh, a Kenyan middle class youth language parallel to Sheng." <i>Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages</i> 32, no. 1 (2017): 48-74.</li> <li>Beck, Rose Marie. 2015. "Sheng: an urban variety of Swahili in Kenya." <i>Youth Language Practices in Africa and Beyond</i>, Nico Nassenstein and Andrea Hollington, (eds.) 51–79. Berlin: de Gruyter.</li> <li>Bosire, Mokaya. 2009. What makes a Sheng word unique? Lexical manipulation in mixed languages. In AkinloyeOjo & Lioba Moshi (Eds), <i>Selected Proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference on African Linguistics</i>, 77–85.</li> <li>Bosire, Mokaya. 2006. Hybrid languages: The case of Sheng. In Olaoba F. Arasanyin & Michael A.Pemberton (Eds). <i>Selected Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference on African Linguistics</i>, 185–193.</li> <li>Erastus, Fridah Kanana, and Ellen Hurst–Harosh. <i>Rural and urban metaphors in Sheng (Kenya) and Tsotsitaal (South Africa)</i>. Göttingen: Cuvillier, 2019.</li> <li>Fee, D., & Moga, J. 1997. <i>Sheng dictionary.</i>Third edition. Nairobi: Ginseng Publishers.</li> <li>Fink, Teresa Kathleen. 2005. <i>Attitudes toward languages in Nairobi</i>. Diss. University of Pittsburgh.</li> <li>Githinji, Peter. 2005. <i>Sheng and variation: The construction and negotiation of layered identities</i>. PhD dissertation, Michigan State University.</li> <li>Githinji, Peter. 2006. Bazes and Their Shibboleths: Lexical Variation and Sheng Speakers' Identity in Nairobi. <i>Nordic Journal of African Studies</i> 15(4): 443–472.</li> <li>Githiora, Chege. 2002. Sheng: peer language, Swahili dialect or emerging Creole? <i>Journal of African Cultural Studies</i> Volume 15, Number 2, pp. 159–181.</li> <li>Githiora, Chege J. <i>Sheng: rise of a Kenyan Swahili vernacular.</i> Boydell & Brewer, 2018.</li> <li>Kanana Erastus, Fridah, and Hilda Kebeya. "Functions of urban and youth language in the new media: The case of Sheng in Kenya." <i>African youth languages: New media, performing arts and sociolinguistic development</i> (2018): 15-52.</li> <li>Kang’ethe-Iraki, Frederick. 2004. Cognitive Efficiency: The Sheng phenomenon in Kenya. <i>Pragmatics</i> 14(1): 55–68.</li> <li>Kariuki, Annah, Fridah Erastus Kanana, and Hildah Kebeya. "The growth and use of Sheng in advertisements in selected businesses in Kenya." <i>Journal of African Cultural Studies</i> 27, no. 2 (2015): 229-246.</li> <li>Kaviti, Lillian. "From Stigma to Status-Sheng and Engsh in Kenya's Linguistic and Literary Space." <i>Matatu</i> 46 (2015): 223ff.</li> <li>Kießling, Roland & Maarten Mous. 2004. Urban Youth Languages in Africa. <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i> 46(3): 303-341</li> <li>King'ei, Kitula, and John Kobia. "Lugha Kama Kitambulisho: Changamoto ya Sheng Nchini Kenya." <i>Nordic Journal of African Studies</i> 16, no. 3 (2007).</li> <li>Kioko, Eric. "Regional varieties and ‘ethnic’registers of Sheng." <i>Youth language practices in Africa and beyond</i> (2015): 119-148.</li> <li>Mazrui, Alamin. 1995. Slang and Codeswitching: The case of Sheng in Kenya. <i>Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere</i> 42: 168–179.</li> <li>Ogechi, Nathan Oyori. 2002. <i>Trilingual Codeswitching in Kenya – Evidence from Ekegusii, Kiswahili, English and Sheng.</i> Doctoral dissertation, Universität Hamburg.</li> <li>Momanyi, Clara. "The Effects of'Sheng'in the Teaching of Kiswahili in Kenyan Schools." <i>Journal of Pan African Studies</i> (2009).</li> <li>Mous, Maarten, and Sandra Barasa. "Kenya: Sheng and Engsh." In <i>Urban Contact Dialects and Language Change</i>, pp. 105–124. Routledge, 2022.</li> <li>Mutiga, Jayne. "Effects of language spread on a people’phenomenology: The case of Sheng’in Kenya." <i>Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa</i> 4, no. 1 (2013): 1-15.</li> <li>Ogechi, Nathan. 2005. On Lexicalization in Sheng. <i>Nordic Journal of African Studies</i> 14(3): 334–355.</li> <li>Samper, David. 2002. <i>Talking Sheng: The role of a Hybrid Language in the Construction of Identity and Youth Culture in Nairobi Kenya</i>. PhD Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.</li> <li>Spyropoulos, Mary. 1987. Sheng: some preliminary investigations into a recently emerged Nairobi street language. <i>Journal of the Anthropological Society</i> 18 (1): 125–136.</li> <li>Vierke, Clarissa. 2015. "Some remarks on poetic aspects of Sheng." <i>Global Repertoires and Urban Fluidity. Youth Languages in Africa</i>, Nico Nassenstein and Andrea Hollington, (eds.) 227–256. Berlin: de Gruyter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheng_slang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sheng.co.ke/">Sheng</a> – Dictionary and Translator</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI3043947/">Talking Sheng</a>: The role of a hybrid language in the construction of identity and youth culture in Nairobi, Kenya</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africanlanguages.com/swahili/sheng/">African Languages – Sheng</a> – English–Sheng/Sheng–English lexicon</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kenya_topics" title="Template:Kenya topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kenya_topics" title="Template talk:Kenya topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kenya_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kenya topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kenya_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kenya-related_articles" title="Index of Kenya-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya" title="History of Kenya">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kenya" title="Timeline of Kenya">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanga_Kingdom" title="Wanga Kingdom">Wanga Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Uganda Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya Colony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">In World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilemi_Triangle" title="Ilemi Triangle">Ilemi Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_African_Union" title="Kenya African Union">Kenya African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya_(1963)" title="Constitution of Kenya (1963)">1963 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Kenyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt">1982 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldenberg_scandal" title="Goldenberg scandal">Goldenberg scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Kenyan_general_election" title="1992 Kenyan general election">1992 Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">2007–2008 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kenyan_constitutional_referendum" title="2010 Kenyan constitutional referendum">2010 referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Kenyan_general_election" title="2013 Kenyan general election"> 2013 Elections</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya" title="Coat of arms of Kenya"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_%28Official%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya" title="Geography of Kenya">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Africa#Kenya" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Africa">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kenya#Climate" title="Geography of Kenya">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Kenya" title="List of ecoregions in Kenya">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Kenya" title="Environmental issues in Kenya">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Kenya" title="List of lakes of Kenya">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Kenya" title="Category:Mountains of Kenya">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Kenya" title="List of national parks of Kenya">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Kenya" title="List of rivers of Kenya">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Kenya" title="List of volcanoes in Kenya">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Kenya" title="Wildlife of Kenya">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Kenya" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Kenya">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Kenya">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kenya" title="List of cities in Kenya">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Kenya" title="Counties of Kenya">Counties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kenya" title="Politics of Kenya">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kenya" title="Constitution of Kenya">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kenya" title="Elections in Kenya">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kenya" title="Foreign relations of Kenya">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kenya" title="Government of Kenya">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kenya" title="Human rights in Kenya">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Kenya" title="Intersex rights in Kenya">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kenya" title="LGBT rights in Kenya">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kenya" title="Judiciary of Kenya">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Kenya" title="Law enforcement in Kenya">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Defence_Forces" title="Kenya Defence Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Kenya">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Kenya)" title="Parliament Buildings (Kenya)">Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kenya" title="List of political parties in Kenya">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kenya" title="President of Kenya">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Kenya" title="List of heads of state of Kenya">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_Kenya" title="Deputy President of Kenya">Deputy President</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kenya" title="Prime Minister of Kenya">Prime Minister <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kenya" title="Agriculture in Kenya">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kenya" title="Central Bank of Kenya">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_industry_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee industry of Kenya">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kenya" title="Energy in Kenya">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Kenya" title="Real estate in Kenya">Real Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_shilling" title="Kenyan shilling">Shilling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kenya" title="Telecommunications in Kenya">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kenya" title="Tourism in Kenya">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kenya" title="Transport in Kenya">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Kenya" title="Category:Society of Kenya">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Kenya">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kenya" title="Corruption in Kenya">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Kenya" title="Crime in Kenya">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kenya" title="Demographics of Kenya">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kenya" title="Education in Kenya">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Kenya" title="Health in Kenya">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Kenya" title="Human trafficking in Kenya">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Kenya" title="Polygamy in Kenya">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kenya" title="Prostitution in Kenya">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Kenya" title="Squatting in Kenya">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Kenya" title="Water supply and sanitation in Kenya">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kenya" title="Women in Kenya">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kenya" title="Culture of Kenya">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ee_Mungu_Nguvu_Yetu" title="Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kenya" title="Cinema of Kenya">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya" title="Coat of arms of Kenya">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engsh" title="Engsh">Engsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kenya" title="Flag of Kenya">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kenyan_names" title="Category:Kenyan names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_literature" title="Kenyan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kenya">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Kenya" title="List of museums in Kenya">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kenya" title="Public holidays in Kenya">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kenya" title="Sport in Kenya">Sports</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Kenya">Video gaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kenya" title="Outline of Kenya">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Kenya-related_articles" title="Index of Kenya-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kenya" title="Category:Kenya">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kenya" title="Portal:Kenya">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Kenya" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Kenya" title="Template:Languages of Kenya"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Kenya" title="Template talk:Languages of Kenya"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Kenya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Kenya"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Kenya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Languages of Kenya</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_dialect" title="Bajuni dialect">Bajuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digo_language" title="Digo language">Digo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embu_language" title="Embu language">Embu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusii_language" title="Gusii language">Gusii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki_language" title="Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki language">Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilwana_language" title="Ilwana language">Ilwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_language" title="Kamba language">Kamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayo_language" title="Khayo language">Khayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_language" title="Kikuyu language">Kikuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Kuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logoli_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Logoli language">Logoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Luhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marachi_language" title="Marachi language">Marachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Mijikenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meru_language" title="Meru language">Meru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyole_language_(Kenya)" title="Nyole language (Kenya)">Nyole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokomo_language" title="Pokomo language">Pokomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samia_language" title="Samia language">Samia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba_language" title="Suba language">Suba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taita_language" title="Taita language">Taita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nyala_language" title="West Nyala language">West Nyala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aweer_language" title="Aweer language">Aweer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burji_language" title="Burji language">Burji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_language" title="Daasanach language">Daasanach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahalo_language" title="Dahalo language">Dahalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Molo_language" title="El Molo language">El Molo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orma_language" title="Orma language">Orma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendille_language" title="Rendille language">Rendille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oromo_language" title="Southern Oromo language">Southern Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waata_language" title="Waata language">Waata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaaku_language" title="Yaaku language">Yaaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kipsigis_language" title="Kipsigis language">Kipsigis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholuo" title="Dholuo">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naandi_language" title="Naandi language">Naandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogiek_language" title="Ogiek language">Ogiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omotik_language" title="Omotik language">Omotik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6koot_language" title="Pökoot language">Pökoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samburu_language" title="Samburu language">Samburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugen_language" title="Tugen language">Tugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkana_language" title="Turkana language">Turkana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engsh" title="Engsh">Engsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheng_slang&oldid=1240516421">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheng_slang&oldid=1240516421</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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