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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Macrotexture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macrotexture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Megatexture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Megatexture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Megatexture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Megatexture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Measurement subsection</span> </button> <ul 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.ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Road_texture" title="Special:EditPage/Road texture">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Road_texture" title="Talk:Road texture">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_texture&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Road_texture" title="Special:EditPage/Road texture">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Road+texture%22">"Road texture"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Road+texture%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Road+texture%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Road+texture%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Road+texture%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Road+texture%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Road surface textures</b> are deviations from a planar and smooth surface, affecting the vehicle/tyre interaction. Pavement texture is divided into: <a href="#Microtexture">microtexture</a> with wavelengths from 0 mm to 0.5 millimetres (0.020 in), <a href="#Macrotexture">macrotexture</a> with wavelengths from 0.5 millimetres (0.020 in) to 50 millimetres (2.0 in) and <a href="#Megatexture">megatexture</a> with wavelengths from 50 millimetres (2.0 in) to 500 millimetres (20 in). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Microtexture">Microtexture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_texture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Microtexture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Microtexture (MiTx) is the collaborative term for a material's <a href="/wiki/Crystallographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallographic">crystallographic</a> parameters and other aspects of microstructure: such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morphology_(materials_science)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morphology (materials science) (page does not exist)">morphology</a>, including size and shape distributions; <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a> composition; and <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a> orientation and relationships<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While vehicle suspension deflection and dynamic tire loads are affected by longer wavelength (<a href="/wiki/Surface_roughness" title="Surface roughness">roughness</a>), road texture affects the interaction between the road surface and the tire footprint. Microtexture has wavelengths shorter than 0.5 mm. It relates to the surface of the binder, of the <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">aggregate</a>, and of contaminants such as rubber deposits from tires. </p><p>The mix of the road material contributes to dry road surface friction. Typically, road agencies do not monitor mix directly, but indirectly by brake <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> tests. However, friction also depends on other surface properties, such as macro-texture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Macrotexture">Macrotexture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_texture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Macrotexture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Macrotexture (MaTx) is partly a desired property and partly an undesired property. Short MaTx waves, about 5 mm, act as acoustical pores and reduce tyre/road noise. On the other hand, long wave MaTx increase noise. MaTx provide wet road friction, especially at high speeds. Excessive MaTx increases <a href="/wiki/Rolling_resistance" title="Rolling resistance">rolling resistance</a> and thus <a href="/wiki/Fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel consumption">fuel consumption</a> and CO<sub>2</sub> emission, contributing to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. Proper roads have MaTx of about 1 mm Mean Profile Depth. </p><p>Macrotexture is a family of wave-shaped road surface characteristics. While vehicle suspension deflection and dynamic tyre loads are affected by longer waves (roughness), road texture affects the interaction between the road surface and the tyre footprint. Macrotexture has wavelengths from 0.5 mm up to 50 mm. </p><p>Road agencies monitor macrotexture using measurements taken with highway speed laser or inertial profilometers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Megatexture">Megatexture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_texture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Megatexture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Megatexture (MeTx) is a result of pavement wear and distress, causing noise and vibration. Megatexture has wavelengths from 50 mm up to 500 mm. Some examples of road damages with much MeTx are potholes, <a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">washboards</a> (common on dirt roads) and uneven frost heaves. MeTx below 0.2 mm Root-Mean-Square is considered normal on proper roads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_texture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MaTx and MeTx are measured with laser/inertial <a href="/wiki/Profilograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Profilograph">profilographs</a>. Since MiTx has so short waves, it is preferably measured by dry friction brake tests rather than by profiling. Profilographs that record texture in both left and right wheel paths can be used to identify road sections with hazardous <a href="/wiki/Split_friction" title="Split friction">split friction</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Profilograph">Profilograph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_texture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Profilograph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>profilograph</b> is a device used to measure pavement surface roughness. In the early 20th century, profilographs were low speed rolling devices (for example <a href="/wiki/Rolling_straight-edge" title="Rolling straight-edge">rolling straight-edges</a>). Today, many profilographs are advanced high speed systems with a laser based height sensor in combination with an inertial system that creates a large scale reference plane. It is used by construction crews or certified consultants to measure the roughness of in-service road networks, as well as before and after milling off ridges and <a href="/wiki/Pavement_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavement (material)">paving</a> overlays. Modern profilographs are fully computerized instruments. </p><p>The data collected by a profilograph is used to calculate the <a href="/wiki/International_Roughness_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="International Roughness Index">International Roughness Index</a> (IRI), which is expressed in units of inches/mile or mm/m. IRI values range from 0 (equivalent to driving on a plate of glass) upwards to several hundred in/mile (a very rough road). The IRI value is used for road management to monitor road safety and quality issues.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many road profilographs are also measuring the pavements <a href="/wiki/Cross_slope" title="Cross slope">cross slope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a>, longitudinal <a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">gradient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">rutting</a>. Some profilographs take digital <a href="/wiki/Photo" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo">photos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">videos</a> while profiling the road. Most profilographs also record the position, using <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> technology. Yet another common measurement option is <a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">cracks</a>. Some profilograph systems include a <a href="/wiki/Ground_penetrating_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground penetrating radar">ground penetrating radar</a>, used to record <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> layer thickness.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another type of profilograph system is for measuring the surface <a href="/wiki/Texture_(roads)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texture (roads)">texture</a> of a road and how it relates to the coefficient of <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> and thus to <a href="/wiki/Skid_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Skid resistance">skid resistance</a>. Pavement texture is divided into three categories; megatexture, macrotexture, and microtexture. Microtexture cannot currently be measured directly, except in a laboratory. Megatexture is measured using a similar profiling method as when obtaining IRI values, while macrotexture is the measurement of the individual variations of the road within a small interval of a few centimeters. For example, a road which has gravel spread on top followed by an asphalt seal coat will have a high macrotexture, and a road built with concrete slabs will have low macrotexture. For this reason, concrete is often grooved or roughed up immediately after it is laid on the road bed to increase the friction between the tire and road. </p><p>Equipment to measure macrotexture currently consists of a distance measuring laser with an extremely small spot size (< 1 mm) and data acquisition systems capable of recording elevations spaced at 1 mm or less. The sample rate is generally over 32 kHz. Macrotexture data can be used to calculate the speed-dependent part of friction between typical car tires and the road surface in both dry and wet conditions. Microtexture affects friction as well. </p><p>Lateral friction and cross slope are the key reaction forces acting to keep a cornering vehicle in steady lateral position, while it is subject to exiting forces arising from speed and curvature. Cross slope and curvature can be measured with a road profilograph, and in combination with friction-related measurements can be used to identify improperly <a href="/wiki/Banked_turn" title="Banked turn">banked curves</a>, which can increase the risk of motor vehicle accidents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_profilometery">Road profilometery<span class="anchor" id="Profilometery"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_texture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Road profilometery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_pulling_a_road_profilometer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Van_pulling_a_road_profilometer.jpg/220px-Van_pulling_a_road_profilometer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Van_pulling_a_road_profilometer.jpg/330px-Van_pulling_a_road_profilometer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Van_pulling_a_road_profilometer.jpg/440px-Van_pulling_a_road_profilometer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>A van pulling a road profilometer (undated, before 1969).</figcaption></figure> <p>Road pavement profilometers (aka <a href="/wiki/Profilograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Profilograph">profilographs</a>, as used in the famous 1958-1960 <a href="/wiki/AASHO_Road_Test" title="AASHO Road Test">AASHO Road Test</a>) use a distance measuring laser (suspended approximately 30 cm from the pavement) in combination with an <a href="/wiki/Odometer" title="Odometer">odometer</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Inertial" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial">inertial</a> unit (normally an <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometer</a> to detect vehicle movement in the vertical plane) that establishes a moving reference plane to which the laser distances are integrated. The inertial compensation makes the profile data more or less independent of what speed the profilometer vehicle had during the measurements, with the assumption that the vehicle does not make large speed variations and the speed is kept above 25 km/h or 15 mph. The profilometer system collects data at normal highway speeds, sampling the surface elevations at intervals of 2–15 cm (1–6 in), and requires a high speed data acquisition system capable of obtaining measurements in the kilohertz range. </p><p>The data collected by a profilometer is used to calculate the International Roughness Index (IRI) which is expressed in units of inches/mile or mm/m. IRI values range from 0 (equivalent to driving on a plate of glass) upwards to several hundred in/mi (a very rough road). The IRI value is used for road management to monitor road safety and quality issues. </p><p>Many road profilers also measure the pavement's <a href="/wiki/Cross_slope" title="Cross slope">cross slope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a>, longitudinal <a href="/wiki/Gradient" title="Gradient">gradient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">rutting</a>. Some profilers take digital <a href="/wiki/Photo" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo">photos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">videos</a> while profiling the road. Most profilers also record the position, using <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> technology. Another quite common measurement option is <a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">cracks</a>. Some profilometer systems include a <a href="/wiki/Ground_penetrating_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground penetrating radar">ground penetrating radar</a>, used to record <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> layer thickness. </p><p>Another type of profilometer is for measuring the surface texture of a road and how it relates to the coefficient of <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> and thus to <a href="/wiki/Skid_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Skid resistance">skid resistance</a>. Pavement texture is divided into three categories: megatexture, macrotexture, and microtexture. Microtexture cannot currently be measured directly, except in a laboratory. Megatexture is measured using a similar profiling method as when obtaining IRI values, while macrotexture is the measurement of the individual variations of the road within a small interval of a few centimeters. For example, a road which has gravel spread on top followed by an asphalt seal coat will have a high macrotexture, and a road built with concrete slabs will have low macrotexture. For this reason, concrete is often grooved or roughed up immediately after it is laid on the road bed to increase the friction between the tire and road. </p><p>Equipment to measure macrotexture currently consists of a distance measuring laser with an extremely small spot size (< 1 mm) and data acquisition systems capable of recording elevations spaced at a mm or less apart. The sample rate is generally over 32 kHz. Macrotexture data can be used to calculate the speed-depending part of the friction number between typical car tires and the road surface. The macrotexture also give information on the difference between dry and wet road friction. However, macrotexture cannot be used to calculate a relevant friction number, since also microtexture affects the friction. </p><p>Lateral friction and cross slope are the key reaction forces acting to keep a cornering vehicle in steady lateral position, while exposed to exciting forces from speed and curvature. Since friction is strongly dependent on macrotexture and texture, cross slope as well as curvature can be measured with a road profiler, so road profilers are very useful to identify improperly banked curves that may pose a risk to motor vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_texture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_roughness" title="Surface roughness">Roughness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut (roads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">Superelevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profilometer" title="Profilometer">Profilometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_quality" title="Ride quality">Ride quality</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_texture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Micro-texture Determination and its Applications (Second edition), V Randell, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/pccp/05068/002.cfm">"Chapter 2 - Achieving A High Level of Smoothness in Concrete Pavements Without Sacrificing Long-Term Performance, October 2005 - FHWA-HRT-05-068"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Highway+Administration+%28FHWA%29&rft.atitle=Chapter+2+-+Achieving+A+High+Level+of+Smoothness+in+Concrete+Pavements+Without+Sacrificing+Long-Term+Performance%2C+October+2005+-+FHWA-HRT-05-068&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fpublications%2Fresearch%2Finfrastructure%2Fpavements%2Fpccp%2F05068%2F002.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+texture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amesengineering.com/resources/inertial-road-profilers-faq/">"Inertial Road Profilers FAQ"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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