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aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Open_defecation_free" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_defecation_free"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Open defecation free</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_defecation_free-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reasons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reasons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reasons subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-No_toilet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_toilet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>No toilet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_toilet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncomfortable_or_unsafe_toilet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncomfortable_or_unsafe_toilet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Uncomfortable or unsafe toilet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncomfortable_or_unsafe_toilet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unrelated_to_toilet_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unrelated_to_toilet_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Unrelated to toilet infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unrelated_to_toilet_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_defecation_for_other_reasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_defecation_for_other_reasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Public defecation for other reasons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_defecation_for_other_reasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence_and_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_and_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prevalence and trends</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevalence_and_trends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevalence and trends subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_and_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Countries_with_high_numbers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countries_with_high_numbers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Countries with high numbers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countries_with_high_numbers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Public health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Safety of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Integrated_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Integrated initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simple_sanitation_technology_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_sanitation_technology_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Simple sanitation technology options</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_sanitation_technology_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toilet_bags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toilet_bags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Toilet bags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toilet_bags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bucket_toilets_and_urine_diversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bucket_toilets_and_urine_diversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Bucket toilets and urine diversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bucket_toilets_and_urine_diversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Open_defecation_during_outdoor_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Open_defecation_during_outdoor_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Open defecation during outdoor activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Open_defecation_during_outdoor_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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defecation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="دفع مدفوع باز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دفع مدفوع باز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9f%C3%A9cation_en_plein_air" title="Défécation en plein air – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Défécation en plein air" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%83%81_%EB%B0%B0%EB%B3%80" title="노상 배변 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노상 배변" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97" title="मुक्त मलत्याग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुक्त मलत्याग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buang_air_besar_sembarangan" title="Buang air besar sembarangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buang air besar sembarangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildpoepen" title="Wildpoepen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wildpoepen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E5%A4%96%E6%8E%92%E6%B3%84" title="屋外排泄 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="屋外排泄" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julkinen_ulostaminen" title="Julkinen ulostaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Julkinen ulostaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Відкрита дефекація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відкрита дефекація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_ti%E1%BB%87n_ngo%C3%A0i_tr%E1%BB%9Di" title="Đại tiện ngoài trời – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại tiện ngoài trời" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E5%A4%A9%E6%8E%92%E4%BE%BF" title="露天排便 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="露天排便" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Humans defecating outside (in the open environment) rather than into a toilet</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanitation-facilities-coverage_(4).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sanitation-facilities-coverage_%284%29.png/350px-Sanitation-facilities-coverage_%284%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sanitation-facilities-coverage_%284%29.png/525px-Sanitation-facilities-coverage_%284%29.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a 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title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Open defecation</b> is the human practice of <a href="/wiki/Defecating" class="mw-redirect" title="Defecating">defecating</a> outside ("in the open") rather than into a <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilet</a>. People may choose fields, bushes, forests, ditches, streets, canals, or other open spaces for defecation. They do so either because they do not have a toilet readily accessible or due to archaic traditional cultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-ClasenBoisson2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClasenBoisson2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice is common where <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> infrastructure and services are not available. Even if toilets are available, <a href="/wiki/Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">behavior change</a> efforts may still be needed to promote the use of toilets. 'Open defecation free' (ODF) is a term used to describe communities that have shifted to using toilets instead of open defecation. This can happen, for example, after <a href="/wiki/Community-led_total_sanitation" title="Community-led total sanitation">community-led total sanitation</a> programs have been implemented. </p><p>Open defecation can pollute the environment and cause health problems and diseases. High levels of open defecation are linked to high <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a>, poor <a href="/wiki/Undernutrition" class="mw-redirect" title="Undernutrition">nutrition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, and large disparities between rich and poor.<sup id="cite_ref-JMP2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ending open defecation is an indicator being used to measure progress towards the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_6" title="Sustainable Development Goal 6">Sustainable Development Goal Number 6</a>. Extreme poverty and lack of sanitation are statistically linked. Therefore, eliminating open defecation is thought to be an important part of the effort to eliminate poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, 420 million people (5.25% of the global population) were practicing open defecation, a significant decline from about 1.31 billion (21.42%) in 2000, representing a reduction of 890 million people or 16.17% points over 22 years. Of those practicing open defecation, 275 million (65.6%) were living in just seven countries. In India, for example, the number had decreased by 62%, from 776 million (73%) in 2000 to 157 million (11%) in 2022, showcasing the country’s significant efforts to achieve <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite the progress, India still had the largest number of people practicing open defecation, followed by Nigeria and Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient times, there were more open spaces and less <a href="/wiki/Population_pressure" title="Population pressure">population pressure</a> on land. It was believed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that defecating in the open causes little harm when done in areas with low population, forests, or camping-type situations. With development and urbanization, open defecating started becoming a challenge and thereby an important <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> issue, and an issue of human <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the increase in population in smaller areas, such as cities and towns, more attention was given to hygiene and health. As a result, there was an increase in global attention towards reducing the practice of open defecation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open defecation perpetuates the vicious cycle of disease and poverty and is widely regarded as an affront to personal dignity.<sup id="cite_ref-JMP2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The countries where open defecation is most widely practiced have the highest numbers of <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">deaths of children</a> under the age of five, as well as high levels of <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">undernutrition</a>, high levels of poverty, and large disparities between people of means and the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-JMP2014_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waste_dumping_in_a_slum_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indiscriminate waste dumping and open defecation (from animals), Shadda, Cap-Haitien, Haiti"><img alt="Indiscriminate waste dumping and open defecation (from animals), Shadda, Cap-Haitien, Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Waste_dumping_in_a_slum_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg/120px-Waste_dumping_in_a_slum_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Waste_dumping_in_a_slum_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg/180px-Waste_dumping_in_a_slum_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Waste_dumping_in_a_slum_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg/240px-Waste_dumping_in_a_slum_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indiscriminate waste dumping and open defecation (from animals), Shadda, <a href="/wiki/Cap-Haitien" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap-Haitien">Cap-Haitien</a>, Haiti</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_defecation_along_the_river_bank_(6908382463).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Evidence of open defecation along a riverbank in Bujumbura, Burundi"><img alt="Evidence of open defecation along a riverbank in Bujumbura, Burundi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Open_defecation_along_the_river_bank_%286908382463%29.jpg/120px-Open_defecation_along_the_river_bank_%286908382463%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Open_defecation_along_the_river_bank_%286908382463%29.jpg/180px-Open_defecation_along_the_river_bank_%286908382463%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Open_defecation_along_the_river_bank_%286908382463%29.jpg/240px-Open_defecation_along_the_river_bank_%286908382463%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Evidence of open defecation along a riverbank in <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a>, Burundi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_in_open_sewer_in_Nigeria_(3150664698).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Child defecating in the open in a canal in the slum of Gege in the city of Ibadan, Nigeria"><img alt="Child defecating in the open in a canal in the slum of Gege in the city of Ibadan, Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Child_in_open_sewer_in_Nigeria_%283150664698%29.jpg/120px-Child_in_open_sewer_in_Nigeria_%283150664698%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Child_in_open_sewer_in_Nigeria_%283150664698%29.jpg/180px-Child_in_open_sewer_in_Nigeria_%283150664698%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Child_in_open_sewer_in_Nigeria_%283150664698%29.jpg/240px-Child_in_open_sewer_in_Nigeria_%283150664698%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Child defecating in the open in a canal in the slum of Gege in the city of <a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a>, Nigeria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_defecation_in_Tirin_Kowt_bazaar_(4361881653).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Open defecation, Tirin Kowt bazaar, Afghanistan"><img alt="Open defecation, Tirin Kowt bazaar, Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Open_defecation_in_Tirin_Kowt_bazaar_%284361881653%29.jpg/120px-Open_defecation_in_Tirin_Kowt_bazaar_%284361881653%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Open_defecation_in_Tirin_Kowt_bazaar_%284361881653%29.jpg/180px-Open_defecation_in_Tirin_Kowt_bazaar_%284361881653%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Open_defecation_in_Tirin_Kowt_bazaar_%284361881653%29.jpg/240px-Open_defecation_in_Tirin_Kowt_bazaar_%284361881653%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Open defecation, Tirin Kowt bazaar, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "open defecation" became widely used in the water, sanitation, and hygiene (<a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a>) sector from about 2008 onwards. This was due to the publications by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</a> (JMP) and the UN <a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Sanitation" title="International Year of Sanitation">International Year of Sanitation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">JMP</a> is a joint program by <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> that was earlier tasked to monitor the water and sanitation targets of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium development goals</a> (MDGs); it is now tasked to monitor <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_6" title="Sustainable Development Goal 6">Sustainable Development Goal Number 6</a>. </p><p>For monitoring of the MDG Number 7, two categories were created: 1) <a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved sanitation</a> and (2) <a href="/wiki/Unimproved_sanitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unimproved sanitation">unimproved sanitation</a>. Open defecation falls into the category of unimproved sanitation. This means that people who practice open defecation do not have access to improved sanitation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Day" title="World Toilet Day">World Toilet Day</a> was celebrated as an official UN day for the first time. The term "open defecation" was used in high-level speeches, that helped to draw global attention to this issue (for example, in the "call to action" on sanitation issued by the Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations in March 2013).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_defecation_free">Open defecation free</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Open defecation free"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Open defecation free" (ODF) is a phrase first used in <a href="/wiki/Community-led_total_sanitation" title="Community-led total sanitation">community-led total sanitation</a> (CLTS) programs. ODF has now entered use in other contexts. The original meaning of ODF stated that all community members are using sanitation facilities (such as toilets) instead of going to the open for defecation. This definition was improved and more criteria were added in some countries that have adopted the CLTS approach in their programs to stop the practice of open defecation.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavill_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavill-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Drinking_Water_and_Sanitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation">Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation</a> in mid-2015 defined ODF as "the termination of <a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal–oral transmission">fecal–oral transmission</a>, defined by: </p> <ol><li>No visible feces found in the environment or village and</li> <li>Every household as well as public/community institutions using safe technology option for disposal of feces".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Here, a "safe technology option" means a toilet that contains feces so that there is no contamination of surface soil, <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> or <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a>; flies or animals do not come in contact with the open feces; no one handles excreta; there is no smell and there are no visible feces around in the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This definition is part of the <a href="/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Abhiyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Swachh Bharat Abhiyan">Swachh Bharat Abhiyan</a> (Clean India Campaign). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasons">Reasons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reasons for open defecation are varied. It can be a voluntary, semi-voluntary or involuntary choice. Most of the time, a lack of access to a toilet is the reason. However, in some places even people with toilets in their houses prefer to defecate in the open.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavill_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavill-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few broad factors that result in the practice of open defecation are listed below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_toilet">No toilet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: No toilet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Open defecation frequently occurs when people lack toilets in their houses, or in the areas where they live.<sup id="cite_ref-Routray_880_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routray_880-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of toilets in places away from people's houses, such as in schools or on farms, also leads people to defecate in the open.<sup id="cite_ref-Routray_880_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routray_880-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is a lack of <a href="/wiki/Public_toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Public toilets">public toilets</a> in cities, whether by a reluctance among businesses to allow patrons to use their toilets or limited hours (e.g. if there are no 24-hour businesses in town and someone needs to use the toilet after regular business hours), which can be a big problem for <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some rural communities, toilets are used for other purposes, such as storing household items, animals, or farm products or use as kitchens. In such cases, people go outside to defecate.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncomfortable_or_unsafe_toilet">Uncomfortable or unsafe toilet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uncomfortable or unsafe toilet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pit_latrines_in_Zambia_(3233256285).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pit_latrines_in_Zambia_%283233256285%29.jpg/220px-Pit_latrines_in_Zambia_%283233256285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pit_latrines_in_Zambia_%283233256285%29.jpg/330px-Pit_latrines_in_Zambia_%283233256285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pit_latrines_in_Zambia_%283233256285%29.jpg/440px-Pit_latrines_in_Zambia_%283233256285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">pit latrine</a> with failing superstructure in Zambia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sometimes people have access to a toilet, but the toilet might be broken, or of poor quality – outdoor toilets (pit latrines in particular) typically are devoid of any type of cleaning and have strong unpleasant odors. Some toilets are not well lit at all times, especially in areas that lack electricity. Others lack doors or may not have water. Toilets with maggots or cockroaches are also disliked by people, so they go outside to defecate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routray_880_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routray_880-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some toilets are risky to access. There may be a risk to personal safety due to lack of lights at night, criminals around them, or the presence of animals such as snakes and dogs. Women and children who do not have toilets inside their houses are often found to be scared to access shared or public toilets, especially at night.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accessing toilets that are not located in the house might be a problem for disabled people, especially at night.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsinda_6939–6954_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsinda_6939–6954-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some parts of the world, Zambia for example, very young children are discouraged from using pit latrines due to the risk of them falling through the open drop-hole. In such cases when there is no other available sanitation facility, children are encouraged to practice open defecation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some toilets do not have a real door, but have a cloth hung as a door. In some communities, toilets are located in places where women are shy to access them due to the presence of men.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsinda_6939–6954_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsinda_6939–6954-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routray_880_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routray_880-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Absence of supply of water inside or next to toilets cause people to get water from a distance before using the toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-Routray_880_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routray_880-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an additional task and needs extra time. </p><p>If too many people want to use a toilet at the same time, then some people may go outside to defecate instead of waiting. In some cases, people might not be able to wait due to diarrhea (or the result of an Inflammatory Bowel Disease emergency). In the case of home pit latrines, some people fear that their toilet pits will get filled very fast if all family members use them every day, so they continue to go outside to delay the toilet pit filling up.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tsinda_6939–6954_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsinda_6939–6954-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unrelated_to_toilet_infrastructure">Unrelated to toilet infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Unrelated to toilet infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some communities have safe and accessible toilets, yet people prefer to defecate in the open.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavill_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavill-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, these toilets are provided by the government or other organizations and people do not like them, do not value them, or do not know the benefits of using them.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They continue to defecate in the open. Older people are often found to defecate in the open and are hesitant to change their behavior and go inside a closed toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-Routray_880_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routray_880-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some people prefer being in nature while defecating, as opposed to an enclosed space. This happens mostly in less populated or rural areas, where people walk outside early in the morning and go to defecate in the fields or bushes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases there may be a cultural or habitual preference for open defecation. Some consider it a social activity, especially women who like to take some time to go out of their homes. While on their way to the fields for open defecation they can talk to other women and take care of their animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Routray_880_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routray_880-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open defecation is a part of people's life and daily habits in some regions. For instance, a 2011 survey in rural <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, Indonesia, found that many men considered the practice 'normal', and having distinct benefits such as social interaction and physical comfort.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cultures, there may be social taboos, such as a father-in-law may not use the same toilet as a daughter-in-law in the same household.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Open defecation is a preferred practice in some parts of the world, with many respondents in a survey from 2015 stating that "open defecation was more pleasurable and desirable than latrine use".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some societies, open defecation is an intentional and widely used means of fertilization. </p><p>People with <a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">fecal incontinence</a> can have abrupt 'emergencies' and not enough time to access a toilet, which can make open defecation their only option in such scenarios. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_defecation_for_other_reasons">Public defecation for other reasons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Public defecation for other reasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>, open defecation can be due to <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homelessness</a>. Open defecation in developed areas is also considered to be a part of recreational outdoor activities such as camping in remote areas. It is difficult to estimate how many people practice open defecation in these communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence_and_trends">Prevalence and trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prevalence and trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population.png/350px-People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population.png/525px-People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population.png/700px-People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Share of people practicing open defecation in 2022<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of open defecation in India has been significantly reduced since the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Mission" title="Swachh Bharat Mission">Swachh Bharat Mission</a> on October 2, 2014, according to government data.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countries_with_high_numbers">Countries with high numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Countries with high numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The practice of open defecation is strongly related to <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> and exclusion particularly, in the case of rural areas and informal urban settlements in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Monitoring_Programme_for_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation" title="Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation">Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation</a> (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO has been collecting data regarding open defecation prevalence worldwide. The figures are segregated by rural and urban areas and by levels of poverty. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation. As open defecation is one example of <a href="/wiki/Unimproved_sanitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unimproved sanitation">unimproved sanitation</a>, it is being monitored by JMP for each country, and results are published on a regular basis.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JMP2017_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The figures on open defecation used to be lumped together with other figures on unimproved sanitation but are collected separately since 2010. </p><p>The number of people practicing open defecation fell from 20 percent in 2000 to 12 percent in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-JMP2017_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 34">: 34 </span></sup> In 2016, the estimate was for 892 million people with no sanitation facility whatsoever and therefore practicing open defecation (in gutters, behind bushes, in open water bodies, etc.). Most people (9 of 10) who practice open defecation live in rural areas, but the vast majority lives in two regions (<a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-JMP2017_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, seventy-six percent (678 million) of the 892 million people practicing open defecation in the world lived in just seven countries.<sup id="cite_ref-JMP2017_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2017-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Countries with Over 1 Million People Who Defecate openly are listed in the table below, based on available data from different years. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th style="text-align:left;">Country </th> <th>Total population as per respective year<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="text-align:left;" data-sort-type="number">Percentage and Number of people who defecate in the open<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> </td> <td>40,578,842 </td> <td>9% or 3.6 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> </td> <td>35,635,029 </td> <td>17% or 6.1 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> </td> <td>13,759,501 </td> <td>49% or 6.4 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>12,077,154 </td> <td>9% or 1 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> </td> <td>22,509,038 </td> <td>34% or 7.6 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> </td> <td>17,201,724 </td> <td>12% or 2 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> </td> <td>27,632,771 </td> <td>4% or 1.1 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> </td> <td>5,098,039 </td> <td>25% or 1.3 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> </td> <td>16,244,513 </td> <td>62.6% or 11 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>1,425,179,569 </td> <td>0.10% or 1.5 million<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </td> <td>51,737,944 </td> <td>2% or 1.2 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> </td> <td>102,396,968 </td> <td>12% or 11.7 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> </td> <td>3,124,698 </td> <td>67% or 2.2 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </td> <td>125,384,287 </td> <td>17.6%–18% or 21.7 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <td>33,149,152 </td> <td>17% or 5.7 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> </td> <td>11,503,606 </td> <td>18% or 2 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>1,425,423,212 </td> <td>11% or 157 million<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>278,830,529 </td> <td>4.1% or 11.5 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> </td> <td>54,252,461 </td> <td>6% or 3.4 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </td> <td>7,559,007 </td> <td>16% or 1.2 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> </td> <td>5,373,294 </td> <td>35% or 1.8 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> </td> <td>30,395,002 </td> <td>22% or 5.9 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> </td> <td>30,437,261 </td> <td>34% or 9.9 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> </td> <td>23,072,640 </td> <td>5% or 1 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> </td> <td>4,875,637 </td> <td>27% or 1.2 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </td> <td>32,656,246 </td> <td>20% or 6.4 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td> <td>53,756,787 </td> <td>7% or 3.6 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> </td> <td>29,715,436 </td> <td>7% or 2.1 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> </td> <td>25,311,973 </td> <td>64.9% or 17 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td>223,150,896 </td> <td>18.4% or 40.3 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>243,700,667 </td> <td>6.7%–7% or 15.9 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> </td> <td>10,203,169 </td> <td>16% or 1.6 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td>113,964,338 </td> <td>3% or 3.4 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> </td> <td>17,651,103 </td> <td>8% or 1.3 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td>8,276,807 </td> <td>16% or 1.4 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td> <td>17,801,897 </td> <td>21% or 3.7 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> </td> <td>11,021,177 </td> <td>59.7% or 6.5 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> </td> <td>46,789,231 </td> <td>17.3% or 7.6 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td> <td>64,711,821 </td> <td>6% or 4.1 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> </td> <td>9,089,738 </td> <td>39% or 3.4 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> </td> <td>47,312,719 </td> <td>4% or 1.8 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> </td> <td>38,222,876 </td> <td>8.5% or 2.8 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> </td> <td>20,152,938 </td> <td>6% or 1.2 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> </td> <td>16,069,056 </td> <td>17% or 2.8 million </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Mission" title="Swachh Bharat Mission">Swachh Bharat Mission</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population_(1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population_%281%29.png/350px-People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population_%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population_%281%29.png/525px-People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population_%281%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population_%281%29.png/700px-People-practicing-open-defecation-of-population_%281%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>This chart depicts the decrease in open defecation from 2000 to 2022 in countries sharing a land border with India, alongside World Bank income classifications. According to the data, around 11% of India's population practiced open defecation in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A report published by <a href="/wiki/WaterAid" title="WaterAid">WaterAid</a> stated that India had the highest number of people without access to basic sanitation despite efforts made by the Government of India under the Swachh Bharat Mission.<sup id="cite_ref-WaterAidTOI-2017_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaterAidTOI-2017-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WaterAidNDTV-2017_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaterAidNDTV-2017-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 433 million people, or approximately 33.14% of the population, practiced open defecation in India in 2014, despite having access to a toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many factors contributed to this, ranging from poverty to government corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, through <a href="/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Mission" title="Swachh Bharat Mission">Swachh Bharat</a>, a two-phase program managed by the Indian government, India has constructed around 100 million additional household toilets which would benefit 500 million people in India according to the statistics provided by Indian government (Phase 1: 2014–2019, Phase 2: 2020 to 2025).<sup id="cite_ref-unicef_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicef-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A campaign to build toilets in urban and rural areas achieved a significant reduction in open defecation between 2014 and 2019. In September 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a> honored Indian leader <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> for his efforts in improving sanitation in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, the number of people without a toilet was reduced from 550 million to 50 million.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been reports of people not using the toilets despite having one, although according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, 96% of Indians used the toilets they had.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2019, Modi declared India to be "open defecation free", though this announcement was met with skepticism by experts who cited slowly changing behaviors, maintenance issues, and water access issues as obstacles that continued to block India's goal of being 100% open defecation free.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, 157 million people or about 11% of the total population of India were practicing open defecation, where 17% of the rural population (154 million) and 0.5% of the urban population (2.8 million) practiced open defecation. In comparison, in 2000, 91% of the rural population (701 million) and 25.8% of the urban population (75 million) practiced open defecation.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the success of the <a href="/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Mission" title="Swachh Bharat Mission">Swachh Bharat Mission</a>, Modi launched Phase 2 from 2020 to 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Phase 2, the government is to focus on segregation of waste and further eliminating open defecation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, <a href="/wiki/WaterAid" title="WaterAid">WaterAid</a> reported that 79 million people in Pakistan lacked access to a decent toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, 12% or 26 million people in Pakistan practiced open defecation, according to <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thehindu24Nov2018_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehindu24Nov2018-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, 7% or 15.92 million people in Pakistan practice open defecation, UNICEF reported.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent decades, a combination of factors has led to a dramatic decline in the availability of public restrooms in the United States. Once ubiquitous pay toilets, which charged a small fee per user, fell out of favor in the 1970s and were in most cases not replaced by free public restrooms. Public restrooms in American cities developed a reputation for unsanitary conditions, drug use, and vandalism, leading to many cities closing or restricting access to them. </p><p>The increase in homelessness nationwide has increased the need for public toilets, but many cities have closed public toilets due to concerns that homeless people would vandalize or use drugs in them. As a result, open defecation has been increasing in American cities.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, open defecation complaints for street feces increased fivefold from 2011 to 2018, with 28,084 cases reported. This was mainly due to the rising amount of homelessness in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar problems were reported in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mad Pooper was the name given to an unidentified woman who regularly defecated in public places while jogging during summer 2017 in the U.S. city of <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Runner's_World_editorial_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runner's_World_editorial-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirty_pit_latrine_in_Mongolia_in_winter_(5321157342).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dirty_pit_latrine_in_Mongolia_in_winter_%285321157342%29.jpg/170px-Dirty_pit_latrine_in_Mongolia_in_winter_%285321157342%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dirty_pit_latrine_in_Mongolia_in_winter_%285321157342%29.jpg/255px-Dirty_pit_latrine_in_Mongolia_in_winter_%285321157342%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dirty_pit_latrine_in_Mongolia_in_winter_%285321157342%29.jpg/340px-Dirty_pit_latrine_in_Mongolia_in_winter_%285321157342%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A dirty pit latrine in Mongolia leading people to choose open defecation instead</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_health">Public health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Public health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/WASH#Health_aspects" title="WASH">WASH § Health aspects</a></div> <p>The negative <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> impacts of open defecation are the same as those described when there is no access to <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> at all. Open defecation—and lack of <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> in general—is an important cause of various diseases. The most common are <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diarrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diarrhea">diarrhea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">intestinal worm infections</a>, also including <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">trachoma</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-UN2015_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN2015-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChaturvediSpears2013_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChaturvediSpears2013-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adverse health effects of open defecation occur because open defecation results in fecal contamination of the local environment. Open defecators are repeatedly exposed to many kinds of fecal bacteria like gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and other fecal pathogens. This is particularly serious for young children whose immune systems and brains are not yet fully developed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain diseases are grouped together under the name of <a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">waterborne diseases</a>, which are diseases transmitted via fecal pathogens in water. Open defecation can lead to <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> when rain flushes feces that are dispersed in the environment into <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> or unprotected <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a>. </p><p>Open defecation was found by the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> in 2014 to be a leading cause of diarrheal death. In 2013, about 2,000 children under the age of five died every day from diarrhea.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young children are particularly vulnerable to ingesting feces of other people that are lying around after open defecation, because young children crawl on the ground, walk barefoot, and put things in their mouths without washing their hands. Feces of farm animals are equally a cause of concern when children are playing in the yard. </p><p>Those countries where open defecation is most widely practiced have the highest numbers of deaths of children under the age of five, as well as high levels of malnourishment (leading to <a href="/wiki/Stunted_growth" title="Stunted growth">stunted growth</a> in children), high levels of poverty, and large disparities between rich and poor.<sup id="cite_ref-JMP2014_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMP2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research from India has shown that detrimental health impacts (particularly for early life health) are even more significant from open defecation when the population density is high: "The same amount of open defecation is twice as bad in a place with a high population density average like India versus a low population density average like sub-Saharan Africa."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open defecation badly harms health of children and their life quality, including psychological issues.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_of_women">Safety of women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Safety of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are strong gender impacts connected with a lack of adequate sanitation. In addition to the universal problems associated with open defecation, having to urinate in the open can also be problematic for females. The lack of safe, private toilets makes women and girls vulnerable to violence and is an impediment to girls' education.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women are at risk of sexual molestation and rape as they search for places to urinate or defecate that are secluded and private, often during hours of darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> has an especially large effect on the safety and sense of dignity of women and girls in developing countries. Facing the shame of having to urinate or defecate in public, they often wait until nightfall to relieve themselves. They risk being attacked after dark, meaning painfully holding their bladder and bowels all day.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women in developing countries increasingly express fear of assault or rape when having to leave the house after dark. Reports of attacks or harassment near or in toilet facilities, as well as near or in areas where women urinate or defecate openly, are common.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strategies that can enable communities, both rural and <a href="/wiki/Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">peri-urban</a>, to become completely open defecation free and remain so include: sanitation marketing, <a href="/wiki/Social_and_behavior_change_communication" title="Social and behavior change communication">behavior change communication</a>, and 'enhanced' <a href="/wiki/Community-led_total_sanitation" title="Community-led total sanitation">community-led total sanitation</a> ('CLTS + '), supplemented by "nudging".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several drivers are used to eradicate open defecation, one of which is behavior change. SaniFOAM (Focus on Opportunity, Ability, and Motivation) is a conceptual framework that was developed specifically to address issues of sanitation and hygiene. Using focus, opportunity, ability and motivation as categories of determinants, the SaniFOAM model identifies barriers to latrine adoption while simultaneously serving as a tool for designing, monitoring and evaluating sanitation interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following are some of the key drivers used to fight against open defecation in addition to behavior change:<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmad_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmad-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Political will</li> <li>Sanitation solutions that offer a better value than open defecation</li> <li>Stronger public sector local service delivery systems</li> <li>Creation of the right incentive structures</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_initiatives">Integrated initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Integrated initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efforts to reduce open defecation are more or less the same as those to achieve the MDG target on access to <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key aspect is awareness-raising (for example via the UN <a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Day" title="World Toilet Day">World Toilet Day</a> at a global level), behavior change campaigns, and increasing political will and demand for sanitation. <a href="/wiki/Community-Led_Total_Sanitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Community-Led Total Sanitation">Community-Led Total Sanitation</a> (CLTS) campaigns have placed a particular focus on ending open defecation by "triggering" the communities themselves into action.<sup id="cite_ref-fieldnotes_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fieldnotes-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_sanitation_technology_options">Simple sanitation technology options</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Simple sanitation technology options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_by_Ashley_Wheaton,_May_2011_(6376606733).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Photo_by_Ashley_Wheaton%2C_May_2011_%286376606733%29.jpg/220px-Photo_by_Ashley_Wheaton%2C_May_2011_%286376606733%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Photo_by_Ashley_Wheaton%2C_May_2011_%286376606733%29.jpg/330px-Photo_by_Ashley_Wheaton%2C_May_2011_%286376606733%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Photo_by_Ashley_Wheaton%2C_May_2011_%286376606733%29.jpg/440px-Photo_by_Ashley_Wheaton%2C_May_2011_%286376606733%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Residents in <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh" title="Mymensingh">Mymensingh</a>, Bangladesh participate in a workshop to discover more about mobile sanitation options (MoSan) as an alternative to open defecation</figcaption></figure> <p>Simple sanitation technology options are available to reduce open defecation prevalence if the behavior is due to not having toilets in the household and shared toilets being too far or too dangerous to reach, e.g., at night. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Toilet_bags">Toilet bags</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Toilet bags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People might already use plastic bags (also called <a href="/wiki/Flying_toilet" title="Flying toilet">flying toilets</a>) at night to contain their feces. However, a more advanced solution of the plastic toilet bag has been provided by the Swedish company People, which produces the "Peepoo bag", a "personal, single-use, self-sanitizing, fully biodegradable toilet that prevents feces from contaminating the immediate area as well as the surrounding ecosystem".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bag is being used in humanitarian responses, schools, and urban slums in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bucket_toilets_and_urine_diversion">Bucket toilets and urine diversion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bucket toilets and urine diversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bucket_toilet" title="Bucket toilet">Bucket toilets</a> are a simple <a href="/wiki/Portable_toilet" title="Portable toilet">portable toilet</a> option. They can be upgraded in various ways, one of them being <a href="/wiki/Urine_diversion" title="Urine diversion">urine diversion</a>, which can make them similar to <a href="/wiki/Urine-diverting_dry_toilet" title="Urine-diverting dry toilet">urine-diverting dry toilets</a>. Urine diversion can significantly reduce odors from <a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">dry toilets</a>. Examples of using this type of toilet to reduce open defecation are the "MoSan"<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> toilet (used in Kenya) or the urine-diverting dry toilet promoted by <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Organic_Integrated_Livelihoods" title="Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods">SOIL</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Haiti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mainstream media in some affected countries, including India<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Pakistan,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have recently been publicizing the issue of open defecation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In certain jurisdictions, open or public defecation is a criminal offense that can be punished with a fine or even imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Sedaris" title="David Sedaris">David Sedaris</a>' essay "Adventures at Poo Corner" dealt with people who openly defecate in commercial businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_defecation_during_outdoor_activities">Open defecation during outdoor activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Open defecation during outdoor activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> prohibit open defecation in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-roadtrippers.com_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roadtrippers.com-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If defecating openly, the general advice is to defecate into a dug hole, and cover with soil.<sup id="cite_ref-roadtrippers.com_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roadtrippers.com-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EToilet" title="EToilet">EToilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_bleeding" title="Free bleeding">Free bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_urination" class="mw-redirect" title="Public urination">Public urination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Sanitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitting" title="Spitting">Spitting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> Joint Monitoring Program. The National Annual Rural Sanitation Survey of India reported that 96.5% of rural households in India had toilets. The Indian government's own estimate in January 2019 was 0.4% or 5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Other surveys have differed from government statistics to varying extents.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/sanitation-facilities-coverage">"Sanitation facilities usage, World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a></i>. 6 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Bank+for+Reconstruction+and+Development+%2F+The+World+Bank+and+UNICEF.&rft.atitle=Child+Feces+Disposal+in+Zambia&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Water+and+Sanitation+Programme+and+the+United+Nations+Children%27s+Fund+%28UNICEF%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsp.org%2Fsites%2Fwsp%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2FWSP-Zambia-CFD-Profile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2006" class="citation journal cs1">O'Reilly K (1 November 2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Traditional" women, "modern" water: Linking gender and commodification in Rajasthan, India". <i>Geoforum</i>. <b>37</b> (6): 958–972. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoforum.2006.05.008">10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.05.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoforum&rft.atitle=%22Traditional%22+women%2C+%22modern%22+water%3A+Linking+gender+and+commodification+in+Rajasthan%2C+India&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=958-972&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoforum.2006.05.008&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 2016, Kunwar Bai Yadav, a woman claiming to be 105 years old, said she had never heard about a toilet until that year, and had always gone into the nearby woods to defecate. Only when she learned about them, did she have one built in her community. Source: BBC News (India): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37799425">"How a 105-year-old ended open defecation in her village"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221154407/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37799425">Archived</a> 21 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1 November 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://riceinstitute.org/research/revealed-preference-for-open-defecation-evidence-from-a-new-survey-in-rural-north-india-longer-working-paper/">"Revealed Preference for Open Defecation: Evidence from a new survey in rural north India (longer working paper) | r.i.c.e."</a> <i>riceinstitute.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024043235/http://riceinstitute.org/research/revealed-preference-for-open-defecation-evidence-from-a-new-survey-in-rural-north-india-longer-working-paper/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNICEF&rft.atitle=Sanitation+statistics&rft.date=2023-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.unicef.org%2Ftopic%2Fwater-and-sanitation%2Fsanitation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIf_you_are_viewing_it_from_a_mobile_device,_it_would_be_best_to_open_the_link_in_desktop_mode_for_a_complete_and_convenient_experience." class="citation web cs1">If you are viewing it from a mobile device, it would be best to open the link in desktop mode for a complete and convenient experience. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washdata.org/data/household#!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">"JMP"</a>. <i>washdata.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175434/https://washdata.org/data/household#!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">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV-Dettol+Banega+Swasth+Swachh+India&rft.atitle=93+Per+Cent+Households+In+Rural+India+Have+Access+To+Toilets%2C+Says+Government+Survey+%7C+News&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswachhindia.ndtv.com%2F93-percent-households-rural-india-access-to-toilets-government-survey-31891%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/survey-data-again-casts-doubt-over-reality-of-open-defecation-free-india-11610516625786.html">"Survey data again casts doubt over reality of open defecation-free India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240529063109/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/survey-data-again-casts-doubt-over-reality-of-open-defecation-free-india-11610516625786.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+do+millions+of+Indians+defecate+in+the+open%3F&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.aulast=Dinnoo&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-27775327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey2017" class="citation book cs1">Coffey D (2017). <i>Where India goes: abandoned toilets, stunted development and the costs of caste</i>. Spears, Dean E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>According to the national statistics, over 100 million household toilets were constructed by the deadline benefiting 500 million people across 630,000 villages, but the government acknowledged that more had to be done.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicef.org&rft.atitle=An+open+defecation+free+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Findia%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fending-open-defecation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gates-foundation-award-seen-as-boost-to-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-1569432677658.html">"Gates Foundation award seen as boost to Swachh Bharat Abhiyan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)" title="Mint (newspaper)">Mint</a></i>. 25 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130113601/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gates-foundation-award-seen-as-boost-to-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-1569432677658.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=Gates+Foundation+award+seen+as+boost+to+Swachh+Bharat+Abhiyan&rft.date=2019-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fgates-foundation-award-seen-as-boost-to-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-1569432677658.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/india/what-we-do/ending-open-defecation">"A Clean (Sampoorna Swachh) India"</a>. <i>Unicef.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807020542/https://www.unicef.org/india/what-we-do/ending-open-defecation">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicef.org&rft.atitle=A+Clean+%28Sampoorna+Swachh%29+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Findia%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fending-open-defecation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/93-percent-households-rural-india-access-to-toilets-government-survey-31891/">"93 Percent Households In Rural India Have Access To Toilets, Says Government Survey | News"</a>. <i>NDTV-Dettol Banega Swasth Swachh India</i>. 5 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183528/https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/93-percent-households-rural-india-access-to-toilets-government-survey-31891/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV-Dettol+Banega+Swasth+Swachh+India&rft.atitle=93+Percent+Households+In+Rural+India+Have+Access+To+Toilets%2C+Says+Government+Survey+%7C+News&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswachhindia.ndtv.com%2F93-percent-households-rural-india-access-to-toilets-government-survey-31891%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Regan_and_Manveena_Suri2019" class="citation news cs1">Helen Regan and Manveena Suri (6 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/05/asia/india-modi-open-defecation-free-intl-hnk-scli/index.html">"Half of India couldn't access a toilet 5 years ago. Modi built 110M latrines -- but will people use them?"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130053416/https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/05/asia/india-modi-open-defecation-free-intl-hnk-scli/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Half+of+India+couldn%27t+access+a+toilet+5+years+ago.+Modi+built+110M+latrines+--+but+will+people+use+them%3F&rft.date=2019-10-06&rft.au=Helen+Regan+and+Manveena+Suri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F10%2F05%2Fasia%2Findia-modi-open-defecation-free-intl-hnk-scli%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Aman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/96-usage-of-toilets-under-swachh-bharat-shows-survey-by-an-independent-verification-agency/articleshow/68265399.cms?from=mdr">"96% usage of toilets under Swachh Bharat, shows a survey by an independent verification agency"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710000513/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/96-usage-of-toilets-under-swachh-bharat-shows-survey-by-an-independent-verification-agency/articleshow/68265399.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=96%25+usage+of+toilets+under+Swachh+Bharat%2C+shows+a+survey+by+an+independent+verification+agency&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Aman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2F96-usage-of-toilets-under-swachh-bharat-shows-survey-by-an-independent-verification-agency%2Farticleshow%2F68265399.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuchay_B2019" class="citation news cs1">Kuchay B (2 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/2/modi-declares-india-open-defecation-free-claim-questioned">"Modi declares India open defecation free, claim questioned"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818075114/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/2/modi-declares-india-open-defecation-free-claim-questioned">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Modi+declares+India+open+defecation+free%2C+claim+questioned&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft.au=Kuchay+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2F2%2Fmodi-declares-india-open-defecation-free-claim-questioned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantosh_Mehrotra2019" class="citation web cs1">Santosh Mehrotra (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/government/is-india-really-96-open-defecation-free">"Is India Really 96% Open Defecation Free?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(India)" title="The Wire (India)">The Wire (India)</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103010855/https://thewire.in/government/is-india-really-96-open-defecation-free">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire+%28India%29&rft.atitle=Is+India+Really+96%25+Open+Defecation+Free%3F&rft.date=2019-01&rft.au=Santosh+Mehrotra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fgovernment%2Fis-india-really-96-open-defecation-free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/second-phase-of-swachh-bharat-mission-grameen-launched/article30981702.ece">"Second phase of Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) launched"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India" title="Press Trust of India">Press Trust of India</a>. 4 March 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128195604/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/second-phase-of-swachh-bharat-mission-grameen-launched/article30981702.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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We Asked the Mayor of LA Why"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Los Angeles">NBC Los Angeles</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201190317/https://www.nbclosangeles.com/investigations/homeless-people-are-without-toilets-and-going-in-the-streets-we-asked-the-mayor-of-la-why/2311759/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Columbus+Dispatch&rft.atitle=The+world+is+NOT+your+toilet%2C+Columbus+police+note&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dispatch.com%2Fcontent%2Fstories%2Flocal%2F2014%2F12%2F01%2Fthe-world-is-not-your-toilet-police-note.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/303/david-and-goliath/act-three">"Adventures at Poo Corner"</a>. <i>This American Life</i>. 12 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818192955/https://www.thisamericanlife.org/303/david-and-goliath/act-three">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+American+Life&rft.atitle=Adventures+at+Poo+Corner&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisamericanlife.org%2F303%2Fdavid-and-goliath%2Fact-three&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/leavenotrace.htm">"Leave No Trace"</a>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926090555/https://www.nps.gov/dena/planyourvisit/leavenotrace.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leave+No+Trace&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fdena%2Fplanyourvisit%2Fleavenotrace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roadtrippers.com-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roadtrippers.com_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roadtrippers.com_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartineau2019" class="citation web cs1">Martineau C (5 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roadtrippers.com/magazine/pooping-properly-great-outdoors/">"Nature is calling: Here's how to poop properly in the great outdoors"</a>. <i>Roadtrippers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027072508/https://roadtrippers.com/magazine/pooping-properly-great-outdoors/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roadtrippers&rft.atitle=Nature+is+calling%3A+Here%27s+how+to+poop+properly+in+the+great+outdoors&rft.date=2019-06-05&rft.aulast=Martineau&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froadtrippers.com%2Fmagazine%2Fpooping-properly-great-outdoors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen+defecation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open_defecation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.8em 0.8em; width: 18.55em; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 87%; clear: right; line-height:1.3em; background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;float:right;"><div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Project_Med/App" title="meta:Wiki Project Med/App"><img alt="The offline app allows you to download all of Wikipedia's medical articles in an app to access them when you have no Internet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/42px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/63px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Tango_Phone_medapp.svg/84px-Tango_Phone_medapp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="47" /></a></span></div><div style="float:left;width:6px;padding:1px;height:47px;"></div>Wikipedia's health care articles can be viewed offline with the <b><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Project_Med/App" class="extiw" title="meta:Wiki Project Med/App">Medical Wikipedia app</a></b>.</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020010145/http://opendefecation.org/news/">UN Call to action to end open defecation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library?search=open+defecation">Documents about open defecation</a> in library of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Sanitation_Alliance" title="Sustainable Sanitation Alliance">Sustainable Sanitation Alliance</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Toilets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_waste_elimination" title="Template:Human waste elimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_waste_elimination" title="Template talk:Human waste elimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_waste_elimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human waste elimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Toilets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballcock" title="Ballcock">Ballcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedpan" title="Bedpan">Bedpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">Bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet_shower" title="Bidet shower">Bidet shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_brush" title="Toilet brush">Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern#Toilet" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commode#Toilet" title="Commode">Commode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_bidet" title="Electronic bidet">Electronic bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushometer" title="Flushometer">Flushometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_seat" title="Toilet seat">Seat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_seat_riser" title="Toilet seat riser">Toilet seat riser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_cleaner" title="Toilet cleaner">Toilet cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">Toilet paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_roll_holder" title="Toilet roll holder">Holder/dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper_orientation" title="Toilet paper orientation">Orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_rim_block" title="Toilet rim block">Toilet rim block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)" title="Trap (plumbing)">Trap (U-bend)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborloo" title="Arborloo">Arborloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_toilet" title="Blair toilet">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucket_toilet" title="Bucket toilet">Bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathole" title="Cathole">Cathole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_toilet" title="Chemical toilet">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container-based_sanitation" title="Container-based sanitation">Container-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">Dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_flush_toilet" title="Dual flush toilet">Dual flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EToilet" title="EToilet">EToilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_toilet" title="Freezing toilet">Freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_(watercraft)" title="Head (watercraft)">Head</a> (boat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudo_(scouting)" title="Hudo (scouting)">Hudo</a> (Scouting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incinerating_toilet" title="Incinerating toilet">Incinerating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_toilet" title="Intelligent toilet">Intelligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrine" title="Latrine">Latrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-flush_toilet" title="Low-flush toilet">Low-flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_toilet" title="On-board toilet">On-board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_train_toilet" title="Passenger train toilet">Passenger train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_toilet" title="Pay toilet">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_toilet" title="Pig toilet">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">Pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_toilet" title="Portable toilet">Portable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potty_chair" title="Potty chair">Potty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanisette" title="Sanisette">Sanisette</a> (self-cleaning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink-toilet" title="Sink-toilet">Sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squat_toilet" title="Squat toilet">Squat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_toilet" title="Telescopic toilet">Telescopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treebog" title="Treebog">Treebog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine-diverting_dry_toilet" title="Urine-diverting dry toilet">Urine-diverting dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_sewer" title="Vacuum sewer">Vacuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermifilter_toilet" title="Vermifilter toilet">Vermifilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washlet" title="Washlet">Washlet</a> (combined toilet and bidet)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural and<br />policy aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_diaper" title="Adult diaper">Adult diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_privileges" title="Bathroom privileges">Bathroom privileges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_reading" title="Bathroom reading">Bathroom reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeywagon_(vehicle)" title="Honeywagon (vehicle)">Honeywagon (vehicle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incontinence_pad" title="Incontinence pad">Incontinence pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Islamic toilet etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istinja" title="Istinja">Istinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrinalia" title="Latrinalia">Latrinalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_of_public_toilets" title="Privatization of public toilets">Privatization of public toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Mission" title="Swachh Bharat Mission">Swachh Bharat Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_god" title="Toilet god">Toilet god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_humour" title="Toilet humour">Toilet humour</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Skibidi_Toilet" title="Skibidi Toilet">Skibidi Toilet</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_plume" title="Toilet plume">Toilet plume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet-related_injuries_and_deaths" title="Toilet-related injuries and deaths">Toilet-related injuries and deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Revolution_in_China" title="Toilet Revolution in China">Toilet Revolution in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Twinning" title="Toilet Twinning">Toilet Twinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet" title="Unisex public toilet">Unisex public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_truck" title="Vacuum truck">Vacuum truck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jobs and activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manual_scavenging" title="Manual scavenging">Manual scavenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restroom_attendant" title="Restroom attendant">Restroom attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Sanitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slopping_out" title="Slopping out">Slopping out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_training" title="Toilet training">Toilet training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toileting" title="Toileting">Toileting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urine-related aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_urinal" title="Female urinal">Female urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_urination_device" title="Female urination device">Female urination device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_urinal" title="Interactive urinal">Interactive urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pissoir" title="Pissoir">Pissoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pee_curl" title="Pee curl">Pee curl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollee" title="Pollee">Pollee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanistand" title="Sanistand">Sanistand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal">Urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal_deodorizer_block" title="Urinal deodorizer block">Urinal deodorizer block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal_(health_care)" title="Urinal (health care)">Urinal (health care)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">Urination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_collection_device" title="Urine collection device">Urine collection device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_deflector" title="Urine deflector">Urine deflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_diversion" title="Urine diversion">Urine diversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feces-related aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_hygiene" title="Anal hygiene">Anal hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defecation_postures" title="Defecation postures">Defecation postures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_toilet" title="Flying toilet">Flying toilet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatology" title="Scatology">Scatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haewoojae" title="Haewoojae">Haewoojae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundertwasser_Toilets" title="Hundertwasser Toilets">Hundertwasser Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Museum_of_Bathroom_Tissue" title="Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue">Madison Museum of Bathroom Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Toilet_Restaurant" title="Modern Toilet Restaurant">Modern Toilet Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Poo_Museum" title="National Poo Museum">National Poo Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outhouse" title="Outhouse">Outhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilets_in_Bratislava" title="Public toilets in Bratislava">Public toilets in Bratislava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_area" title="Rest area">Rest area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shit_Museum" title="Shit Museum">Shit Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulabh_International_Museum_of_Toilets" title="Sulabh International Museum of Toilets">Sulabh International Museum of Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">Toilet (room)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_History_Museum" title="Toilet History Museum">Toilet History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilets_in_Japan" title="Toilets in Japan">Toilets in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilets_in_New_York_City" title="Toilets in New York City">Toilets in New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Park_restroom" title="Bryant Park restroom">Bryant Park restroom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphedron" title="Aphedron">Aphedron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pot" title="Chamber pot">Chamber pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_stool" title="Close stool">Close stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansker" title="Dansker">Dansker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garderobe" title="Garderobe">Garderobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_farmer" title="Gong farmer">Gong farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groom_of_the_Stool" title="Groom of the Stool">Groom of the Stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_soil" title="Night soil">Night soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pail_closet" title="Pail closet">Pail closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_midden" title="Privy midden">Privy midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reredorter" title="Reredorter">Reredorter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changing_room" title="Changing room">Changing room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_sanitation" title="Ecological sanitation">Ecological sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">History of water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">Improved sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control" title="Infection prevention and control">Infection prevention and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta" title="Reuse of human excreta">Reuse of human excreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Day" title="World Toilet Day">World Toilet Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_health" title="Template talk:Public health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxology" title="Auxology">Auxology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Medical Officer">Chief Medical Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_genomics" title="Public health genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Health care reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_depression" title="Management of depression">Management of depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_law" title="Public health law">Public health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_public_health_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="National public health institutes">National public health institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_politics" title="Health politics">Health politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">Ministers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy" title="Pharmaceutical policy">Pharmaceutical policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_intervention" title="Public health intervention">Public health intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_laboratory" title="Public health laboratory">Public health laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Sociology of health and illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisex public toilets">Unisex public toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">Behavior change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_change_theories" title="Behavioural change theories">Theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">Healthy diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_nutrition" title="Preventive nutrition">Preventive nutrition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection control">Infection control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">Oral hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Controlled Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_prevention" title="Injury prevention">Injury prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">Patient safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety_organization" title="Patient safety organization">Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_sanitation" title="Emergency sanitation">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">Fecal–oral transmission</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Worker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_hygiene" title="School hygiene">School hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_health" title="Population health">Population health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Open-source healthcare software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">Multimorbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_determinants_of_health" title="Commercial determinants of health">Commercial determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Health equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Race and health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_medicine" title="Social medicine">Social medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological and<br />epidemiological statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Case–control study">Case–control study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">Relative risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Statistical hypothesis testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance (ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="ROC curve">ROC curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's <i>t</i>-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-test" title="Z-test"><i>Z</i>-test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statistical packages">Statistical software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infectious and epidemic<br />disease prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">Asymptomatic carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notifiable_disease" title="Notifiable disease">Notifiable diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notifiable_diseases" title="List of notifiable diseases">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_surveillance" title="Public health surveillance">Public health surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Vaccine trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food hygiene and<br />safety management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Food <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety_scandals" title="Category:Food safety scandals">Safety scandals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_agricultural_practice" title="Good agricultural practice">Good agricultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_manufacturing_practice" title="Good manufacturing practice">Good manufacturing practice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACCP" class="mw-redirect" title="HACCP">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health behavioral<br />sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_belief_model" title="Health belief model">Health belief model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deviance" title="Positive deviance">Positive deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRECEDE%E2%80%93PROCEED_model" title="PRECEDE–PROCEED model">PRECEDE–PROCEED model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_theory" title="Social cognitive theory">Social cognitive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norms_approach" title="Social norms approach">Social norms approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_planned_behavior" title="Theory of planned behavior">Theory of planned behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations,<br />education<br />and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Caribbean Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety">Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_departments_in_the_United_States" title="Health departments in the United States">Health departments in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" title="Council on Education for Public Health">Council on Education for Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Organization" title="World Toilet Organization">World Toilet Organization</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_public_health_agencies" title="List of national public health agencies">Full list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li> <li>Higher education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Health" title="Doctor of Public Health">Doctor of Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degrees_of_public_health" title="Professional degrees of public health">Professional degrees of public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_of_public_health" title="Category:Schools of public health">Schools of public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" title="Sara Josephine Baker">Sara Josephine Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jay_Crumbine" title="Samuel Jay Crumbine">Samuel Jay Crumbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers_Darnall" title="Carl Rogers Darnall">Carl Rogers Darnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Snow (physician)">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Mallon" title="Mary Mallon">Typhoid Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls">Radium Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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