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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikiquote.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s" title="Müqəddəs – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sant" title="Sant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikiquote.org/wiki/Heilige" title="Heilige – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heilige" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikiquote.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Άγιοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άγιοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sanktulo" title="Sanktulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sanktulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikiquote.org/wiki/Santo" title="Santo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Santo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikiquote.org/wiki/P%C3%BChak" title="Pühak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pühak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Svetac" title="Svetac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svetac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikiquote</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint">Saint</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam_by_Hans_Holbein_d._J._in_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Portrait_of_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam_by_Hans_Holbein_d._J._in_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam_by_Hans_Holbein_d._J._in_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Portrait_of_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam_by_Hans_Holbein_d._J._in_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam_by_Hans_Holbein_d._J._in_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Portrait_of_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam_by_Hans_Holbein_d._J._in_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Erasmus_of_Rotterdam_by_Hans_Holbein_d._J._in_Kunstmuseum_Basel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2447" /></a><figcaption>You venerate the saints, and you take pleasure in touching their relics. But you disregard their greatest legacy, the example of a blameless life. ... No devotion is more acceptable and proper to the saints than striving to imitate their virtues. ~ <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_061.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Peter_Paul_Rubens_061.jpg/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_061.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Peter_Paul_Rubens_061.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Peter_Paul_Rubens_061.jpg/440px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="1893" /></a><figcaption>Just as painters in working from models constantly gaze at their exemplar and thus strive to transfer the expression of the original to their own artistry, so too he who is anxious to make himself perfect in all the kinds of virtue must gaze upon the lives of the saints as upon statues, so to speak, that move and act, and must make their excellence his own by imitation. ~ <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint" class="extiw" title="w:Saint">Saint</a></b> is an individual of exceptional <a href="/wiki/Holiness" title="Holiness">holiness</a>. The term originates within <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> as one which has various definitions varying by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/denomination" class="extiw" title="w:denomination">denomination</a>. The word itself means “holy” and is derived from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" class="extiw" title="w:Latin">Latin</a> <i>sanctus</i> which was the word used in translating <i>hagios</i> (άγιος meaning “holy” or “holy one”) in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">early Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" class="extiw" title="w:Christian">Christian</a> literature and in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament" class="extiw" title="w:New Testament">New Testament</a>, where it is used to describe the followers of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> of Nazareth. This page is for quotes referring generally to saints and concepts of sainthood. </p> <div role="navigation" style="margin-left: 2em;"> <p>Arranged alphabetically by author or source:<br /><a href="#A">A</a> · <a href="#B">B</a> · <a href="#C">C</a> · <a href="#D">D</a> · <a href="#E">E</a> · <a href="#F">F</a> · <a href="#G">G</a> · <a href="#H">H</a> · <a href="#I">I</a> · <a href="#J">J</a> · <a href="#K">K</a> · <a href="#L">L</a> · <a href="#M">M</a> · <a href="#N">N</a> · <a href="#O">O</a> · <a href="#P">P</a> · <a href="#Q">Q</a> · <a href="#R">R</a> · <a href="#S">S</a> · <a href="#T">T</a> · <a href="#U">U</a> · <a href="#V">V</a> · <a href="#W">W</a> · <a href="#X">X</a> · <a href="#Y">Y</a> · <a href="#Z">Z</a> · <a href="#See_also">See also</a> · <a href="#External_links">External links</a> </p> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helder_Camara_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Helder_Camara_1981.jpg/220px-Helder_Camara_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Helder_Camara_1981.jpg/330px-Helder_Camara_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Helder_Camara_1981.jpg/440px-Helder_Camara_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2445" /></a><figcaption>When I feed the hungry, they call me a saint. When I ask why <a href="/wiki/People" class="mw-redirect" title="People">people</a> are hungry, they call me a <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a>. ~ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lder_C%C3%A2mara" class="extiw" title="w:Hélder Câmara">Dom Helder Camara</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norton-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Norton-5.jpg/220px-Norton-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Norton-5.jpg/330px-Norton-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Norton-5.jpg/440px-Norton-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption>They say that the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> rests on the backs of 36 living saints — 36 unselfish men and women. Because of them the world continues to exist. ~ <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_(Napoli,_1969)_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg/220px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg/330px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg/440px-Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_%28Napoli%2C_1969%29_-_BEIC_6353768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoic">Stoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> saints are practically indistinguishable in their <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">lives</a>. The theories which <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> generates, being thus variable, are secondary; and if you wish to grasp her essence, you must look to the feelings and the conduct as being the more constant elements. ~ <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estatueta_de_S%C3%B2crates,_exposici%C3%B3_La_Bellesa_del_Cos,_MARQ.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Estatueta_de_S%C3%B2crates%2C_exposici%C3%B3_La_Bellesa_del_Cos%2C_MARQ.JPG/220px-Estatueta_de_S%C3%B2crates%2C_exposici%C3%B3_La_Bellesa_del_Cos%2C_MARQ.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Estatueta_de_S%C3%B2crates%2C_exposici%C3%B3_La_Bellesa_del_Cos%2C_MARQ.JPG/330px-Estatueta_de_S%C3%B2crates%2C_exposici%C3%B3_La_Bellesa_del_Cos%2C_MARQ.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Estatueta_de_S%C3%B2crates%2C_exposici%C3%B3_La_Bellesa_del_Cos%2C_MARQ.JPG/440px-Estatueta_de_S%C3%B2crates%2C_exposici%C3%B3_La_Bellesa_del_Cos%2C_MARQ.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="2537" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> was the chief saint of the <a href="/wiki/Stoics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoics">Stoics</a> throughout their <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>… ~ <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A">A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><p>Some say this <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trouble" title="Trouble">trouble</a> <br /> Is the only one we <a href="/wiki/Necessity" title="Necessity">need</a> <br /> But I’m waiting for that <a href="/wiki/Morning" title="Morning">morning</a> <br /> When the new world is <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revealed</a>. </p><p> Oh when the saints go marching in, <br /> When the saints go marching in, <br /> <b>Oh lord I want to be in that number, <br /> When the saints go marching in!</b></p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous" title="Anonymous">Anonymous</a> author of the folk song "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_the_Saints_Go_Marching_In" class="extiw" title="w:When the Saints Go Marching In">When the Saints Go Marching In</a>"; as rendered in one of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>'s versions of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral</a> march and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> standard.</li> <li>Variant: Oh, when the saints go marching in <br /> Lord, how I want to be in that number <br /> When the saints go marching in.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B">B</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A saint, whether <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a>, who knows his <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> as a saint is rightly meditative and in proportion to the rightness of his meditation is the depth of his <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>. We have it on an authority which <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Mr. Chesterton</a> is bound to respect that the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a> is within us. … Failing like many others to discriminate between romanticism and religion, Mr. Chesterton has managed to misrepresent both Buddhism and Christianity. The truth is, that though Christianity from the start was more <a href="/wiki/Emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotion">emotional</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Temper" title="Temper">temper</a> than Buddhism, and though an element of nostalgia entered into it from an early period, it is at one in its final emphasis with the older religion. In both <a href="/wiki/Faiths" class="mw-redirect" title="Faiths">faiths</a> the emphasis is on the peace that passeth <a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">understanding</a>. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" class="extiw" title="w:Irving Babbitt">Irving Babbitt</a>, in response to comments in <i>Orthodoxy</i> (1908) by <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>, in "Buddha and the Occident", his afterword to his translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i> (1936), p. 99</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Just as painters in working from models constantly gaze at their exemplar and thus strive to transfer the expression of the original to their own artistry, so too he who is anxious to make himself perfect in all the kinds of virtue must gaze upon the lives of the saints as upon statues, so to speak, that move and act, and must make their excellence his own by imitation. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a> vol. 1, p. 17, <i>Letters</i> as translated by R. Deferrari (1926)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We are not saints, but we have kept our appointment. How many people can boast as much? <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" class="extiw" title="w:Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i> (1952), Act II</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The spiritual influence that a person of higher stature exerts on the environment, which comes about through the constant encounter, purifies the environment. It lends the <a href="/wiki/Grace" title="Grace">graces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holiness" title="Holiness">holiness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a> on all who come in contact with him. And this nobility of a holy grace returns after a while with stronger force and acts on the person himself who exerted the influence and he becomes sociable, abounding in <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> and holiness. This is a higher attribute than the holiness in a state of withdrawal. <ul><li>Bokser, Ben Zion. (1978). <i>Abraham Isaac Kook</i>. p. 232.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Hasid, the individual disciple, must seek to be continually in touch with the rebbe. He spends certain holy days in his court, within the radius of his direct influence (...). The radiance of the rebbe's influence is elicited especially by being within the range of his vision and the touch of his hands (...). The rebbe is in sense a redeemer - a redeemer of the holy sparks imprisoned in the world. He helps effect the reunion between God and His creation. <ul><li>Ben Zion Bokser, The Jewish Mystical Tradition, quoted after: Miriam Bokser Caravella, <i>The Holy Name</i>. p. 186.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>As the days went slowly by he came to see that <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">denial of Christianity</a> after all met as much as any other extremes do; <b>it was a fight about <a href="/wiki/Names" title="Names">names</a> — not about things; practically the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church of Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Freethinker" class="mw-redirect" title="Freethinker">freethinker</a> have the same <a href="/wiki/Ideal" title="Ideal">ideal</a> standard and meet in the gentleman; for he is the most perfect saint who is the most perfect gentleman.</b> Then he saw also that it matters little what profession, whether of religion or irreligion, a man may make, provided only he follows it out with <a href="/wiki/Charitable" class="mw-redirect" title="Charitable">charitable</a> inconsistency, and without insisting on it to the bitter end. <b>It is in the uncompromisingness with which dogma is held and not in the dogma or want of dogma that the danger lies.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(novelist)" title="Samuel Butler (novelist)">Samuel Butler</a>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wZAEAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA338"><i>The Way Of All Flesh</i> (1917), Ch. 67, p. 338</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C">C</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>When I feed the <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hungry</a>, they call me a saint. When I ask why <a href="/wiki/People" class="mw-redirect" title="People">people</a> are hungry, they call me a <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a>. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lder_C%C3%A2mara" class="extiw" title="w:Hélder Câmara">Dom Helder Camara</a>, Brazilian archbishop, as quoted in <i>Peace Behind Bars : A Peacemaking Priest's Journal from Jail</i> (1995) by John Dear, p. 65; this is a translation of "<i>Quando dou comida aos pobres chamam-me de santo. Quando pergunto por que eles são pobres chamam-me de comunista.</i>"</li> <li>Variant translations:</li> <li>When I give food to the poor, they call me a saint. When I ask why are they poor, they call me a Communist.</li> <li>When I give food to the poor, they call me a saint. When I ask why the poor have no food, they call me a Communist.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Both saints and <a href="/wiki/Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords">lords</a> were patrons in the sense of serving as the <i>pater</i>, the father, to those beneath them Indeed, our modern linguistic distinction between a "patron" and a "patron saint" is largely a product of the eighteenth century; before that time, the single word "patron" normally designated both categories. <ul><li>Alison Chapman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxsbXpht3cMC">“Patrons and Patron Saints in Early Modern English Literature”</a>, Routledge, New York, (2013), p. 2.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>[A]s James Simpson points out, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII" class="extiw" title="w:Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> moved against saints' cults as an adjunct to is move to centralize political power because the saints represented a social model based on intermediaries in which people gave their first allegiance to a local <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">lord</a> instead of to the <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a>. In other words, the saints were not just <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologically</a> problematic. Because of their association with human lords, they were also politically and socially problematic for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Tudor" class="extiw" title="w:House of Tudor">Tudors</a>, who were committed to a consolidation of power in the person of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarch</a>. Since, in Simpson's words, a saint's power was so often "felt along the networks of noble and gentry families," Henry tried to limit the power of the saints as a means to limit the independent power of these families. <ul><li>Alison Chapman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxsbXpht3cMC">“Patrons and Patron Saints in Early Modern English Literature”</a>, Routledge, New York, (2013), pp. 2-3.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Although fine studies have explored how <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> devotional traditions such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage" class="extiw" title="w:Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatory" class="extiw" title="w:Purgatory">Purgatory</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist" class="extiw" title="w:Eucharist">Eucharist</a> continued to ripple through the consciousness of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_period" class="extiw" title="w:Early modern period">early modern</a> writers and to influence their works, the same attention has not been paid to the literally thousands of saintly men and women who constituted the late medieval canon (the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">virgin Mary</a> is the signal exception here, one to which I return below. Ironically, the one major study of the impact of hagiography on early modern <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> literature, Julia Lupton's <i>Afterlives of the Saints</i>, is premised on the idea that the saints themselves had largely disappeared, leaving behind only an empty genre, the legend, which the early modern period would then refill with new, secular contents. Lupton makes a compelling case for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteenth_century" class="extiw" title="w:Sixteenth century">sixteenth</a>- and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_century" class="extiw" title="w:Seventeenth century">seventeenth-century</a> preoccupation with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiography" class="extiw" title="w:Hagiography">hagiography</a>, but her thesis implies that early modern men and women had more or less forgotten about the individual saints themselves. <ul><li>Alison Chapman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxsbXpht3cMC">“Patrons and Patron Saints in Early Modern English Literature”</a>, Routledge, New York, (2013), pp. 4-5.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>No two ideals could be more opposite than a <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> saint in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_cathedral" class="extiw" title="w:Gothic cathedral">Gothic cathedral</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> saint in a <a href="/wiki/Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese">Chinese</a> temple. The opposition exists at every point; but perhaps the shortest statement of it is that the Buddhist saint always has his <a href="/wiki/Eyes" title="Eyes">eyes</a> shut, while the Christian saint always has them very wide open. The Buddhist saint has a sleek and harmonious body, but his eyes are heavy and sealed with <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a>. The mediaeval saint's body is wasted to its crazy bones, but his eyes are frightfully <a href="/wiki/Alive" class="mw-redirect" title="Alive">alive</a>. There cannot be any real <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">spirit</a> between forces that produced <a href="/wiki/Symbols" title="Symbols">symbols</a> so different as that. Granted that both images are <a href="/wiki/Extravagances" class="mw-redirect" title="Extravagances">extravagances</a>, are perversions of the pure creed, it must be a real divergence which could produce such opposite extravagances. The Buddhist is looking with a peculiar intentness inwards. The Christian is staring with a frantic intentness outwards. If we follow that clue steadily we shall find some interesting things. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>, in <i>Orthodoxy</i> (1908)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>What is a saint? A saint is someone who has achieved a remote <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> possibility. It is impossible to say what that possibility is. I think it has something to do with the <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a>.</b> Contact with this energy results in the exercise of a kind of balance in the <a href="/wiki/Chaos" title="Chaos">chaos</a> of existence. <b>A saint does not dissolve the chaos; if he did the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> would have changed long ago. I do not think that a saint dissolves the chaos even for himself, for there is something <a href="/wiki/Arrogance" title="Arrogance">arrogant</a> and warlike in the notion of a man setting the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> in order. It is a kind of balance that is his <a href="/wiki/Glory" title="Glory">glory</a>.</b> He rides the drifts like an escaped ski. His course is the caress of the hill. His track is a drawing of the snow in a moment of its particular arrangement with <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stone" title="Stone">rock</a>. <b>Something in him so loves the world that he gives himself to the laws of gravity and chance. Far from flying with the <a href="/wiki/Angels" title="Angels">angels</a>, he traces with the fidelity of a seismograph needle the state of the solid bloody landscape.</b> His house is <a href="/wiki/Danger" title="Danger">dangerous</a> and finite, but he is at home in the world. He can love the shape of human beings, the fine and twisted shapes of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. <b>It is good to have among us such men, such balancing monsters of love.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cohen" title="Leonard Cohen">Leonard Cohen</a>, in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Losers" class="extiw" title="w:Beautiful Losers">Beautiful Losers</a></i> (1966)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>There are truly moral people who unconsciously live a life in entire harmony with the universal moral order and who live unknown to the world and unnoticed by others without any concern. It is only people of holy, divine natures who are capable of this. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, cited in: Novak Philip, <i>The World's Wisdom</i>, p. 120.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="E">E</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>You venerate the saints, and you take pleasure in touching their relics. But you disregard their greatest legacy, the example of a blameless life. ... No devotion is more acceptable and proper to the saints than striving to imitate their virtues. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>, <i>The Handbook of the Christian Soldier</i>, Fifth rule, in <i>The Erasmus Reader</i> (1990), p. 144.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="G">G</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: G"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>They say that the world rests on the backs of 36 living saints — 36 unselfish men and women. Because of them the world continues to exist. They are the secret kings and queens of this world.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sandman" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sandman">The Sandman</a></i> #31: "Three Septembers and a January", <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_(DC_Comics)" class="extiw" title="w:Death (DC Comics)">Death</a>, speaking to <a href="/wiki/Joshua_A._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua A. Norton">Emperor Norton I</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The saints are simple people. It is the condition of divided allegiance, doubt and compromise and the twists and turns of self-deception, that is complicated, not holiness. <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Goudge" class="extiw" title="w:Elizabeth Goudge">Elizabeth Goudge</a>, <i>Saint Francis of Assisi</i> (1959), Part 3, Ch. 2.ii. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1961, p. 174</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>We must shed the old stereotype of <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a> as bearded bomb throwers furtively stalking about city streets at night. <a href="/wiki/Kropotkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a> was a genial man, almost saintly according to some, who promoted a vision of small communities setting their own standards by consensus for the benefit of <a href="/wiki/All" class="mw-redirect" title="All">all</a>, thereby eliminating the need for most functions of a central <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/science/essays/kropotkin.htm">"Kropotkin Was No Crackpot" in <i>Natural History</i> 106 (June 1997)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Let us never forget that if we wish to die like the Saints we must <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">live</a> like them.</b> Let us force ourselves to imitate their <a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">virtues</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">humility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charity" title="Charity">charity</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Théodore Guérin">Saint Theodore Guerin</a> (Saint Mother Theodore), <i>Letter to Sisters at Saint Mary's</i> (1848)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="H">H</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: H"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Holy words, full of nectar, coming out of the mouths of the true Gurus vibrate throughout the world. (...) From every pore of their bodies blessings are pouring forth to all beings. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haidakhan_Babaji" title="Haidakhan Babaji">Haidakhan Babaji</a>, <i>The Teachings of Babaji</i>, (4 April 1982).</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The world is full of half-enlightened masters. Overly clever, too "sensitive" to live in the real world, they surround themselves with selfish pleasures and bestow their grandiose teachings upon the unwary. Prematurely publicizing themselves, intent upon reaching some spiritual climax, they constantly sacrifice the truth and deviate from the Tao. What they really offer the world is their own confusion. <ul><li>Hua Hu Ching 80, quoted after: Novak Philip, <i>The World's Wisdom</i>. p. 174.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="J">J</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: J"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>It makes a tremendous emotional and practical difference to one whether one accepts the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> in the drab discolored way of stoic resignation to <a href="/wiki/Necessity" title="Necessity">necessity</a>, or with the passionate <a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">happiness</a> of Christian saints.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, in <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experience" class="extiw" title="s:The Varieties of Religious Experience">The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature</a></i> (1902), Lecture II, "Circumscription of the Topic"</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Both <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Feeling">feeling</a> are determinants of conduct, and the same conduct may be determined either by feeling or by thought.</b> When we survey the whole field of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, we find a great variety in the thoughts that have prevailed there; but the feelings on the one hand and the conduct on the other are almost always the same, for <b><a href="/wiki/Stoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoic">Stoic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> saints are practically indistinguishable in their lives. The theories which <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> generates, being thus variable, are secondary; and if you wish to grasp her essence, you must look to the feelings and the conduct as being the more constant elements.</b> It is between these two elements that the short circuit exists on which she carries on her principal business, while the <a href="/wiki/Ideas" title="Ideas">ideas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symbols" title="Symbols">symbols</a> and other institutions form loop-lines which may be perfections and improvements, and may even some day all be united into one harmonious system, but which are not to be regarded as organs with an indispensable function, necessary at all times for religious life to go on. <b>This seems to me the first conclusion which we are entitled to draw from the phenomena we have passed in review.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, in <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experience" class="extiw" title="s:The Varieties of Religious Experience">The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature</a></i> (1902), Lecture XX, "Conclusions"</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Accurate <a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">reading</a> on a wide range of subjects makes the scholar; careful selection of the better makes the saint.</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a>, in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policraticus" class="extiw" title="w:Policraticus">Policraticus</a></i> (1159), Bk. 7, ch. 10.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L">L</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: L"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The more <a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">honesty</a> a man has, the less he affects the air of a saint. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Kaspar_Lavater" title="Johann Kaspar Lavater">Johann Kaspar Lavater</a>, as quoted in <i>Many Thoughts of Many Minds</i> (1862) edited by Henry Southgate, p. 290</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="M">M</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>I recalled the <a href="/wiki/Myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Myth">myth</a> that I had once heard as a university student — thirty-six hidden saints in the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a>, all of them doing the <a href="/wiki/Work" title="Work">work</a> of humble men, carpenters, cobblers, shepherds.</b> They bore the <a href="/wiki/Sorrow" title="Sorrow">sorrows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a> and they had a line of <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> with <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, all except one, the hidden saint, who was forgotten. The forgotten one was left to struggle on his own, with no line of communication to that which he so hugely <a href="/wiki/Necessity" title="Necessity">needed</a>. Corrigan had lost his line with God: he bore the sorrows on his own, the story of stories. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colum_McCann" title="Colum McCann">Colum McCann</a>, in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_the_Great_World_Spin" class="extiw" title="w:Let the Great World Spin">Let the Great World Spin</a></i> (2009), Book One: All Respects to Heaven, I Like it Here</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><p>"How do you expect me to become a saint?"</p><p>"By wanting to," said <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lax" class="extiw" title="w:Robert Lax">Lax</a>, simply. ... "All that is necessary to become a saint is to want to be one. Don't you believe that God will make you what He created you to be, if you consent to let him do it? All you have to do is desire it."</p><p>A long time ago, <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas Aquinas">St. Thomas Aquinas</a> had said the same thing—and it is something that is obvious to everybody who ever understood the gospels.</p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Storey_Mountain" class="extiw" title="w:The Seven Storey Mountain">The Seven Storey Mountain</a></i> (1948), p. 261</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>We belong to the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Friends">Society of Friends</a>, a community of love, a family of persons.</b> In so far as we are not just another “denomination,” we know also that the salvation of our age is in our keeping; that is, that it lies in the divine-human society which is "rooted and grounded in love." This is the unity which alone can make one world out of "one world", and not one nightmare, one hell, one burned-out cinder. <b>We know also and in a way we respond to the fact that we have a mission, we are "called to be <a class="mw-selflink selflink">saints</a>".</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Muste" title="A. J. Muste">A. J. Muste</a>, in <i>Saints for This Age</i> (1962)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="N">N</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: N"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>People find it difficult to understand why one must travel to the master in order to hear the teaching from his lips (...). There is a great difference between hearing the truth from the master directly, and hearing it quoted by others (...) and reading it in a book. <ul><li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nahman of Bratslav</a> (1772-1810), cited in: Miriam Bokser Caravella, <i>The Holy Name</i>. p. 172-3.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Your own self is your ultimate teacher (sadguru). The outer teacher (Guru) is merely a milestone. It is only your inner teacher, that will walk with you to the goal, for he is the goal. <ul><li>Sri Maharaj <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj">Nisargadatta</a>. (2005). <i>I am That</i>. p. 51.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="P">P</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: P"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>More to the point, what was the lesson that the first <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> drew from the crucifixion? Today such a barbarity might galvanize people into opposing <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" title="Tyranny">brutal regimes</a>, or demanding that such <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> never again be inflicted on a <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">living</a> <a href="/wiki/Creature" class="mw-redirect" title="Creature">creature</a>. But those weren’t the lessons the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christians</a> drew at all. No, the execution of Jesus is The Good News, a necessary step in the most wonderful episode in history. In allowing the crucifixion to take place, God did the world an incalculable favor. Though <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinitely</a> <a href="/wiki/Power" title="Power">powerful</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">compassionate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wise</a>, he could think of no other way to reprieve humanity from <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a> (in particular, for <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">the sin of being descended from a couple who had disobeyed him</a>) than to allow an <a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">innocent</a> <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">man</a> (his <a href="/wiki/Son" class="mw-redirect" title="Son">son</a> no less) to be impaled through the limbs and slowly suffocate in agony. By acknowledging that this sadistic murder was a gift of divine mercy, people could earn eternal life. And if they failed to see the logic in all this, their flesh would be <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">seared by fire for all eternity</a>. According to this way of thinking, death by torture is not an unthinkable horror; it has a bright side. It is a route to <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>, a part of the divine plan. Like <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, the early Christian saints found a place next to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> by being tortured to death in ingenious ways. For more than a millennium, Christian martyrologies described these torments with <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornographic</a> relish. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a>, <i>The Better Angels of Our Nature</i> (2012)</li></ul></li> <li>Here are just a few saints whose names, if not their causes of death, are widely known. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Apostles" title="Apostles">apostle</a> of Jesus and the first Pope, was crucified upside down. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" class="extiw" title="w:Andrew the Apostle">Saint Andrew</a>, the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, met his end on an X-shaped cross, the source of the diagonal stripes on the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence" class="extiw" title="w:Saint Lawrence">Saint Lawrence</a> was roasted alive on a gridiron, a detail unknown to most <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> who recognize his name from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" class="extiw" title="w:St. Lawrence River">river</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" class="extiw" title="w:Gulf of St. Lawrence">gulf</a>, and one of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>’s two major boulevards. The other one commemorates <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Alexandria" class="extiw" title="w:Catherine of Alexandria">Saint Catherine</a>, who was broken on the wheel, a punishment in which the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">executioner</a> tied the victim to a wagon wheel, smashed his or her limbs with a sledgehammer, braided the shattered but living body through the spokes, and hoisted it onto a pole for birds to peck while the victim slowly died of hemorrhage and shock. (Catherine’s wheel, studded with spikes, adorns the shield of the eponymous college at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>.) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Barbara" class="extiw" title="w:Saint Barbara">Saint Barbara</a>, namesake of the beautiful <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> city, was hung upside down by her ankles while soldiers ripped her body with iron claws, amputated her breasts, burned the wounds with hot irons, and beat her head with spiked clubs. And then there’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George" class="extiw" title="w:Saint George">Saint George</a>, the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">republic of Georgia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts</a>. Because God kept resuscitating him, George got to be tortured to death many times. He was seated astride a sharp blade with weights on his legs, roasted on a fire, pierced through the feet, crushed by a spiked wheel, had sixty nails hammered into his head, had thefat rendered out of his back with candles, and then was sawn in half. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a>, <i>The Better Angels of Our Nature</i> (2012)</li></ul></li> <li>The voyeurism in the martyrologies was employed not to evoke outrage against torture but to inspire reverence for the bravery of the martyrs. As in the story of Jesus, torture was an excellent thing. The saints welcomed their torments, because suffering in this life would be rewarded with <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">bliss in the next one</a>. The Christian <a href="/wiki/Poets" title="Poets">poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Prudentius" title="Prudentius">Prudentius</a> wrote of one of the martyrs, “The mother was present, gazing on all the preparations for her dear one’s death and showed no signs of grief, rejoicing rather each time the pan hissing hot above the olive wood roasted and scorched her child." Saint Lawrence would become the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedians</a> because while he was lying on the gridiron he said to his tormenters, “This side’s done, turn me over and have a bite.” The torturers were straight men, bit players; when they were put in a bad light it was because they were torturing our heroes, not because they used torture in the first place. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a>, <i>The Better Angels of Our Nature</i> (2012)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="R">R</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Stay in the company of lovers. Those other kinds of people, they each want to show you something. A crow will lead you to an empty barn, A parrot to sugar.</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, Furuzanfar #630, quoted in: Helminski, Kabir (2000). <i>The Rumi Collection</i>. p. 181.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> was the chief saint of the <a href="/wiki/Stoics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoics">Stoics</a> throughout their <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></b>; his attitude at the time of his trial, his refusal to escape, his calmness in the face of <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, and his contention that the perpetrator of injustice injures himself more than his victim, all fitted in perfectly with Stoic teaching. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Western_Philosophy" title="A History of Western Philosophy">A History of Western Philosophy</a></i> (1945), Book One, Part III, Chapter XXVIII, Stoicism, p. 253</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="S">S</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: S"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>By the way, I have been reading the last volume of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible">Bible</a> (the Epistles & Apocalypse) in your modern edition. I long for notes; but even half understood the stuff is extraordinary. What could be more remote from polite religion than this palpitating, ... <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusion</a>? And what fisticuffs—controversial and perhaps physical—among these new-born saints! <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a>, <cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHolzberger,_William_G.2001">Holzberger, William G., ed (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PBlqwwEACAAJ&pg=PA96">"Letter to Charles Augustus Strong, 4 August 1912"</a>. <i>The Letters of George Santayana. Book Two, 1910–1920</i>. MIT Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262194662" title="Special:BookSources/9780262194662">ISBN 9780262194662</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Letter+to+Charles+Augustus+Strong%2C+4+August+1912&rft.atitle=The+Letters+of+George+Santayana.+Book+Two%2C+1910%E2%80%931920&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B96&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.isbn=9780262194662&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Saints"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Saints do not die. <br />It is their lot,<br />To die while on this earth<br />To all that God is not. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus_Silesius" title="Angelus Silesius">Angelus Silesius</a>, <i>The Cherubinic Wanderer</i>, translation by J. E. Crawford Flitch (1932)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="T">T</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: T"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The master by residing in the <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a>, sets an example for all beings. Because he doesn't display himself, people can see his light. Because he has nothing to prove, people can trust his words. Because he doesn't know who he is, people recognize themselves in him. Because he has no goal in mind, everything he does succeeds. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a> 22, cited in: Novak Philip, <i>The World Wisdom</i>, p. 153.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Men, she thought, had always been able to seek holiness when they wanted to because some woman was back at home taking care of their obligations. That’s why most of the saints were men and why most of the women saints were virgins. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheri_S._Tepper" title="Sheri S. Tepper">Sheri S. Tepper</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheri_S._Tepper" class="extiw" title="w:Sheri S. Tepper">Sideshow</a></i> (1992), <small> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-56098-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-56098-0">ISBN 0-553-56098-0</a>, </small> p. 40</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="V">V</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> can only receive impulses from another soul, and from nothing else. We may study books all our <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">lives</a>, we may become very <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a>; but in the end we shall find that we have not developed at all spiritually (...). This inadequacy of books to quicken spiritual growth is the reason why, although almost every one of us can speak most wonderfully on spiritual matters, when it comes to action and the living of a spiritual life, we find ourselves awfully deficient. To quicken the spirit, the impulse must come from another soul. The person from whose soul such an impulse comes is called the <i>guru</i>, the teacher; and the person to whose soul the impulse is conveyed is called the <i>sishya</i>, the student. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a>, quoted in: Nikhilananda, <i>Vivekananda, A Biography</i>, p. 189.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Of one hundred people who take up the spiritual life, eighty turn out to be charlatans, fifteen insane, and only five, maybe, get a glimpse of the real truth. Therefore, beware. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a>, quoted in: Nikhilananda, <i>Vivekananda, A Biography</i>, p. 30.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="David_Farmer,_“Oxford_Dictionary_of_Saints",_Fifth_Edition_Revised,_Oxford_University_Press_Inc.,_New_York,_(2011)"><span id="David_Farmer.2C_.E2.80.9COxford_Dictionary_of_Saints.22.2C_Fifth_Edition_Revised.2C_Oxford_University_Press_Inc..2C_New_York.2C_.282011.29"></span>David Farmer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Saints_Fifth_Ed/_zJJtvK2_KsC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover">“Oxford Dictionary of Saints"</a>, Fifth Edition Revised, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, (2011)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: David Farmer, “Oxford Dictionary of Saints", Fifth Edition Revised, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, (2011)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acta_Sanctorum_(IANUARIUS_1643).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Acta_Sanctorum_%28IANUARIUS_1643%29.jpg/220px-Acta_Sanctorum_%28IANUARIUS_1643%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Acta_Sanctorum_%28IANUARIUS_1643%29.jpg/330px-Acta_Sanctorum_%28IANUARIUS_1643%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Acta_Sanctorum_%28IANUARIUS_1643%29.jpg/440px-Acta_Sanctorum_%28IANUARIUS_1643%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3152" data-file-height="4902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Happy" class="mw-redirect" title="Happy">Happy</a> is the saint who finds a <a href="/wiki/Biographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Biographer">biographer</a> worthy of him. ~ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Delehaye" class="extiw" title="w:Hippolyte Delehaye">Hippolyte Delehaye</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendar_of_saints.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Calendar_of_saints.jpg/220px-Calendar_of_saints.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Calendar_of_saints.jpg/330px-Calendar_of_saints.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Calendar_of_saints.jpg/440px-Calendar_of_saints.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>It was widely held that the accumulation of saints in the calendar over many <a href="/wiki/Centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuries">centuries</a> had led to over-emphasis on their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast" class="extiw" title="w:Feast">feast</a> days as the expense of the more important Temporal Cycle of the calendar composed of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent" class="extiw" title="w:Advent">Advent</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent" class="extiw" title="w:Lent">Lent</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sundays</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Year">year</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_lives_of_the_fathers,_martyrs,_and_other_principal_saints;_(1846)_(14796058583).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_lives_of_the_fathers%2C_martyrs%2C_and_other_principal_saints%3B_%281846%29_%2814796058583%29.jpg/220px-The_lives_of_the_fathers%2C_martyrs%2C_and_other_principal_saints%3B_%281846%29_%2814796058583%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_lives_of_the_fathers%2C_martyrs%2C_and_other_principal_saints%3B_%281846%29_%2814796058583%29.jpg/330px-The_lives_of_the_fathers%2C_martyrs%2C_and_other_principal_saints%3B_%281846%29_%2814796058583%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_lives_of_the_fathers%2C_martyrs%2C_and_other_principal_saints%3B_%281846%29_%2814796058583%29.jpg/440px-The_lives_of_the_fathers%2C_martyrs%2C_and_other_principal_saints%3B_%281846%29_%2814796058583%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="3128" /></a><figcaption>The lives of the saints can be seen in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="extiw" title="w:Paul of Tarsus">Pauline</a> terms as the fruits of the <a href="/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">Spirit</a> at work in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> beings, or, in the words of <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>, as the proper and true <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Long ago the famous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollandist" class="extiw" title="w:Bollandist">Bollandist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Delehaye" class="extiw" title="w:Hippolyte Delehaye">Hippolyte Delehaye</a> wrote: 'Happy is the saint who finds a biographer worthy of him.' The remark is as true today as when it was first penned many years ago. On the whole the quality of recent candidates for canonization has not been high. Too often individuals have been made to fit into conventional patterns of piety which make it difficult to capture individual character. In addition to this problem is that of language, especially for the martyrs of the Far East. <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and 'live' <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">European languages</a> are indispensable here, but cannot be a total substitute for the native <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">languages of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korea</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_language" class="extiw" title="w:Vietnamese language">Vietnam</a>. However, the effort had to be made to present these saints to <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> readers, to whom they are usually unfamiliar. For quite different reasons the numbers and significance of the martyrs of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> are little known to most English readers. Hence it seemed useful to include them in this volume along with the other recently canonized saints mentioned above. It is salutary to remember that Christian martyrs are not confined to the early centuries, but still exist today. No doubt in the <a href="/wiki/21st_century" title="21st century">21st century</a> as well as in previous ones men and women will give their <a href="/wiki/Lives" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives">lives</a> for <a href="/wiki/Christ" title="Christ">Christ</a>, while others will inspire by comparable generosity in other walks of life an provide exemplars for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation" class="extiw" title="w:Generation">generations</a> yet to come. <ul><li>p. viii</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The public <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veneration (page does not exist)">veneration</a> of saints in the Christian Church is known to have existed in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century" class="extiw" title="w:Christianity in the 2nd century">2nd century</a>. As will be shown below, it developed in local <a href="/wiki/Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities">communities</a>; it was based on the saint's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb" class="extiw" title="w:Tomb">tomb</a>; it was a consequence of the general <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> that a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyr">martyr</a> who shed his <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> for Christ was certainly in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> and able to exercise intercessory prayer on behalf of those who invoked him. It has often been asserted that the cult of saints was both a borrowing from and a substitute for the polytheistic cults of the <a href="/wiki/Antiquity" title="Antiquity">ancient</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Graeco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> world. In its crude form the theory is completely unconvincing, especially when the nature of the cults is considered and placed in its context of Christian doctrine, worship, and life. But it can readily be conceded that many eternal elements such as anniversaries, shrines, incubation, and iconography have all been at the very least deeply influenced by pagan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean" class="extiw" title="w:Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> models. Nevertheless, the cults of saints originated in the beliefs and practice of Jewry and early Christianity. <ul><li>p. ix</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>During the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" class="extiw" title="w:Christianity in the 4th century">4th century</a> devotion to the <a href="/wiki/Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrs">martyrs</a> spread rapidly. This took place through entries in the calendar of one local church being shared by others. Also in the 4th century came the extension of cults to selected confessors and virgin; the <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic</a> life came to be regarded as something of a substitute for martyrdom, and those who pursued it faithfully as worthy of the same honour. Zealous bishops also were perceived as sharing the teaching role of Christ to a supreme degree. Whilst the earliest saints to be venerated had been martyrs such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarp" class="extiw" title="w:Polycarp">Polycarp</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius" class="extiw" title="w:Ignatius">Ignatius</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_of_Lyon" class="extiw" title="w:Martyrs of Lyon">Martyrs of Lyons</a> soon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Anthony" class="extiw" title="w:Saint Anthony">Anthony</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Athanasius" class="extiw" title="w:Saint Athanasius">Athanasius</a> in the East, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="extiw" title="w:Saint Augustine">Augustine</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin" class="extiw" title="w:Saint Martin">Martin</a> in the West were similarly honoured shortly after their death. For both categories the saint's tomb was the indispensable start of the cult. <ul><li>p. x</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Through the ages <a href="/wiki/Zealous" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealous">zealous</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop">bishops</a> had intervened to suppress false cults, but only in the late <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" class="extiw" title="w:Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" class="extiw" title="w:Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a> centuries did the authorization of new cults become juridically reserved to the Holy See. Not much could be done systematically about old cults or about the proliferation of relics by any authority except through exhortation, but at least the cults of new saints were put on to a legal basis which many of the best minds of the age helped establish and administer. This reserve was formerly believed to be the work of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a> (1159-81); recent scholarship has shown it to be the work rather of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a> (1199-1216), who in fact built on and consolidated the work of his predecessors. The growing <a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">centralization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church</a> following the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" class="extiw" title="w:Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a> was also a powerful factor in establishing the new legal requirement. Papal commissions were appointed to investigate the <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> and miracles of candidates for canonization. Only if the life was seen to have been worthy were the miracles then examined. These two subjects of enquiry have remained standard from then until the present day, while the enquiries themselves were conducted according to the best standards of the time. <ul><li>p. xi</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Unauthorized cults did not entirely cease in the later <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> but in the long run they were unlikely to survive if they lacked the papal approval which they should have had. A modern authority concludes: in canonization as in other matter medieval theory could not always be enforced in practice, and it was not until the Roman Church had lost the Northern peoples and had undergone the counter reformation, that the decrees of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII" title="Pope Urban VIII">Urban VIII</a> (1623-44) were able to bring about the complete control of the cult of the saints which had been so long desired. It is a paradox that among those who rejected the Roman obedience were the peoples who had been foremost in acknowledging papal authority in this sphere of Christian practice. <ul><li>p. xii</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The reform of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" class="extiw" title="w:General Roman Calendar">Roman calendar</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1969" class="extiw" title="w:General Roman Calendar of 1969">1969</a> regulated further the cults of saints and introduced a systematic selection by historical criteria for both universal veneration throughout the Roman Church and for purely local cult. The reform was part of the programme of <i>aggorniamento</i> initiated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a> (1958-62) and continued by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a> (1963-78). It was widely held that the accumulation of saints in the calendar over many <a href="/wiki/Centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuries">centuries</a> had led to over-emphasis on their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast" class="extiw" title="w:Feast">feast</a> days as the expense of the more important Temporal Cycle of the calendar composed of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent" class="extiw" title="w:Advent">Advent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sundays</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Year">year</a>. Long before, particular Orders such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine" class="extiw" title="w:Benedictine">Benedictines</a> had enjoyed a more selective calendar than the Roman Church as a whole: it might be said that the effect of the reform was to bring the whole Church to a situation in several ways similar to that of the Benedictines. The opportunity was taken also to upgrade or downgrade certain feasts, to restore some of them to their original days, to transfer others from Lent and Advent, and to omit entirely some who had previously enjoyed a considerable cult. These included <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomena" class="extiw" title="w:Philomena">SS. Philomena</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Antioch" class="extiw" title="w:Margaret of Antioch">Margaret of Antioch</a> at the same time saint were selected for universal veneration by deliberate choice from each century of the Church's history and from many countries. Examples of these include martyrs from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasia" class="extiw" title="w:Australasia">Australasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" class="mw-disambig" title="Korea">Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Their historical significance as representatives of particular non-<a href="/wiki/European" class="mw-redirect" title="European">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Countries" title="Countries">countries</a> was duly considered. Others who had long been venerated everywhere in Christendom were approved for particular churches, countries, or religious orders. The committee charged with this selection was particularly severe on a number of early martyrs. Where historical scholarship has shown that there is no solid foundation for believing them to be martyrs, they are no longer venerated as such. The preponderance of saints of Roman origin has been ended, and the number of popes culted universally reduced to fifteen. <ul><li>p. xviii</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The lives of the saints can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Paul of Tarsus">Pauline</a> terms as the fruits of the <a href="/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">Spirit</a> at work in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> beings, or, in the words of <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>, as the proper and true <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. <ul><li>p. xix</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostle" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle">Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin">Virgin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saints&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"><img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has an article about: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint" class="extiw" title="wikipedia:Saint">Saint</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <div class="noprint metadata" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary"><img alt="Wiktionary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/75px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/100px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Wiktionary</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saints" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:saints">saints</a></b></i> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" class="extiw" title="w:Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary</div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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