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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tepukei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tepukei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tepukei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-shunting_crab_claw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-shunting_crab_claw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Non-shunting crab claw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-shunting_crab_claw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab-claw_sail&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab-claw sail">Crab-claw sail</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Triangular sail with spars along upper and lower edges used by traditional Austronesians</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austronesian_Sail_Types.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Austronesian_Sail_Types.png/220px-Austronesian_Sail_Types.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Austronesian_Sail_Types.png/330px-Austronesian_Sail_Types.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Austronesian_Sail_Types.png/440px-Austronesian_Sail_Types.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a> generalized sail types. C, D, E, and F are types of crab-claw sails.<sup id="cite_ref-Doran1981_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"><li>Double sprit (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Common sprit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>)</li><li>Oceanic sprit (<a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>)</li><li>Oceanic sprit (<a href="/wiki/Marquesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesas">Marquesas</a>)</li><li>Oceanic sprit (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>)</li><li>Crane sprit (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Rectangular boom lug</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Square boom lug</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Trapezial boom lug</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>)</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>crab claw sail</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft" class="mw-redirect" title="Fore-and-aft">fore-and-aft</a> triangular sail with <a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">spars</a> along upper and lower edges. The crab claw sail was first developed by the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> by at least 2000 BCE. It is used in many traditional Austronesian cultures in <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Horridge_2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horridge_2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is sometimes known as the <b>Oceanic lateen</b> or the <b>Oceanic sprit</b>, even though it is not restricted to <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, is neither a <a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">lateen</a> sail nor a <a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">spritsail</a>, and has an independent older origin. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab_claw_sail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crab-claw sails were invented by the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a> somewhere in <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> by at least 2000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Horridge_2006_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horridge_2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It spread with the Austronesian migration to <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>. It may have also caused the unique development of <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">outrigger boat</a> technology due to the necessity for stability once crab claw sails were attached to small watercraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crab claw sails can be used for double-canoe (<a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a>), <a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">single-outrigger</a> (on the windward side), or <a href="/wiki/Double-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-outrigger">double-outrigger</a> boat configurations, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Monohull" title="Monohull">monohulls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-horridge2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horridge2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lacsina_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lacsina-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crab claw sails are rigged <a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft" class="mw-redirect" title="Fore-and-aft">fore-and-aft</a> and can be tilted and rotated relative to the wind. They evolved from "V"-shaped perpendicular <a href="/wiki/Square_sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Square sail">square sails</a> (a "double sprit") in which the two spars converge at the base of the hull. The simplest form of the crab claw sail (also with the widest distribution) is composed of a triangular sail supported by two light spars (sometimes erroneously called "<a href="/wiki/Sprit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprit">sprits</a>") on each side. They were originally mastless, and the entire assembly was taken down when the sails were lowered.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several distinct types of crab claw rigs, but unlike western rigs, they do not have fixed conventional names.<sup id="cite_ref-Horridge1986_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horridge1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg/220px-Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg/330px-Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg/440px-Atlas_pittoresque_pl_096.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>1846 illustration of a <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fijian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Camakau" title="Camakau">camakau</a></i>, a single-outrigger canoe with a canted mast "crane sprit"-type crab claw sail</figcaption></figure> <p>The need to propel larger and more heavily laden boats led to the increase in vertical sail. However this introduced more instability to the vessels. In addition to the unique invention of <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">outriggers</a> to solve this, the sails were also leaned backwards and the converging point moved further forward on the hull. This new configuration required a loose "prop" in the middle of the hull to hold the spars up, as well as rope supports on the windward side. This allowed more sail area (and thus more power) while keeping the center of effort low and thus making the boats more stable. The prop was later converted into fixed or removable canted masts where the spars of the sails were actually suspended by a <a href="/wiki/Halyard" title="Halyard">halyard</a> from the masthead. This type of sail is most refined in Micronesian <a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">proas</a> which could reach very high speeds. These configurations are sometimes known as the "crane sprit" or the "crane spritsail". Micronesian, Island Melanesian, and Polynesian single-outrigger vessels also used this canted mast configuration to uniquely develop <a href="/wiki/Shunting_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunting (sailing)">shunting</a>, where canoes are symmetrical from front to back and change end-to-end when sailing against the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horridge1986_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horridge1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conversion of the prop to a fixed mast led to the much later invention of the <a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">tanja sail</a> (also known variously and misleadingly as the canted square sail, canted rectangular sail, boomed lugsail, or balance lugsail). Tanja sails were rigged similarly to crab claw sails and also had spars on both the head and the foot of the sails; but they were square or rectangular with the spars not converging into a point.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horridge1986_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horridge1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/220px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/330px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/440px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hokule%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokule'a">Hokule'a</a> in 2009, with crab claw sails where the upper spars also function as fixed masts</figcaption></figure> <p>Another evolution of the basic crab claw sail is the conversion of the upper spar into a fixed mast. In <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, this gave the sail more height while also making it narrower, giving it a shape reminiscent of crab <a href="/wiki/Chela_(organ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chela (organ)">pincers</a> (hence "crab claw" sail). This was also usually accompanied by the lower spar becoming more curved.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horridge1986_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horridge1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austronesians traditionally made their sails from woven mats of the resilient and salt-resistant <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">pandanus</a> leaves. These sails allowed Austronesians to embark on long-distance voyaging. In some cases, however, they were one-way voyages. The failure of pandanus to establish populations in <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> is believed to have isolated their settlements from the rest of Polynesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirch2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirch2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gallaher2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gallaher2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the crab claw sail's more ancient origin, there is also a hypothesis that contact between <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arabs</a> and Austronesians in their Indian Ocean voyages may have influenced the development of the triangular Arabic <a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">lateen</a> sail; and in return Arab square-shaped sails may have influenced the development of the Austronesian rectangular <a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">tanja sail</a> of western Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahdi1999_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, however, believe that the tanja sail was an indigenous invention of Southeast Asian Austronesians, though they also believe that the lateen sail may have been introduced to Arab sailors via contact with Austronesian crab claw sails.<sup id="cite_ref-Hourani_1951_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hourani_1951-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnstone_1980_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnstone_1980-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third theory however, concludes that lateen sails were originally Mediterranean and that <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> sailors introduced the lateen sail to Asian waters, starting with <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s arrival in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1500. This means that the development of lateen sails in western sailors were not influenced by the crab claw sail.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 257f">: 257f </span></sup> </p><p>In western <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the crab claw sail reappeared as a recent development. Traditionally the people from western Indonesian islands had shifted to the tanja sail, but starting in the 19th century the <a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese people</a> developed the lete sail. "<i>Lete</i>" actually means lateen, but the existence of <i>pekaki</i> (lower spar/boom) indicates that the <i>layar lete</i> is crab claw sail.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28–29">: 28–29 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horridge1986_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horridge1986-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 88–89">: 88–89 </span></sup> </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> studies of sail types show that crab sail performance improves over <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda rigs</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Point_of_sail" title="Point of sail">point of sail</a> deviates from close hauled. The configuration has been considered for modern yachts.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab_claw_sail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smaller_Crab_Claw_Sail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Smaller_Crab_Claw_Sail.JPG/220px-Smaller_Crab_Claw_Sail.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Smaller_Crab_Claw_Sail.JPG/330px-Smaller_Crab_Claw_Sail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Smaller_Crab_Claw_Sail.JPG/440px-Smaller_Crab_Claw_Sail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Crab claw sail being constructed for <i>Hot Buoys</i> trimaran. Notice pocket in right hand edge of sail to hold spar. Second spar in this particular configuration is not required since a <a href="/wiki/Bolt-rope" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt-rope">bolt-rope</a> holds the sail's upper edge and the mast is located in the back of the sailboat. Note lack of shaping.</figcaption></figure> <p>The crab claw sail consists of a sail, approximately an <a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">isosceles triangle</a> in shape. The equal length sides are usually longer than the third side, with <a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">spars</a> along the long sides. Austronesian sails typically have spars along two edges of the sail. This is to distribute the loads of sheets and other point loads on the sail. The traditional and historic mat sails used for Austranesian sails has no reinforcement of the sail material along the edges.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since mat sails are not as strong as other sail materials, such as canvas, it is important that the spars provide the necessary reinforcement of the edges.<sup id="cite_ref-Lape_2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lape_2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 248">: 248 </span></sup> </p><p>The crab claw may also traditionally be constructed with curved spars, giving the edges of the sail along the spars a convex shape, while the leech of the sail is often quite concave to keep it stiff on the trailing edge. These features give it its distinct, claw-like shape. Modern crab claws generally have straighter spars and a less convex leech, which gives more sail area for a given length of spar. Spars may taper towards the leech. The structure helps the sail to spill gusts. </p><p>The crab claw characteristically widens upwards, putting more sail area higher above the ocean, where the wind is stronger and steadier. This increases the <a href="/wiki/Forces_on_sails#Rotational_forces_on_sailing_craft" title="Forces on sails">heeling moment</a>: the sails tend to blow the watercraft over. For this reason, crab claws are typically used on <a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">multihulls</a>, which resist heeling more strongly. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigging-melanesia-sail.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="V-shaped square rig from Melanesia, the direct precursor of crab claw sails"><img alt="V-shaped square rig from Melanesia, the direct precursor of crab claw sails" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rigging-melanesia-sail.svg/90px-Rigging-melanesia-sail.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rigging-melanesia-sail.svg/135px-Rigging-melanesia-sail.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rigging-melanesia-sail.svg/180px-Rigging-melanesia-sail.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">V-shaped <a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">square rig</a> from <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, the direct precursor of crab claw sails</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sail_plan_proa_steep.svg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Crane sprit" type crab claw rig of Micronesia with a loose prop"><img alt=""Crane sprit" type crab claw rig of Micronesia with a loose prop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sail_plan_proa_steep.svg/116px-Sail_plan_proa_steep.svg.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sail_plan_proa_steep.svg/174px-Sail_plan_proa_steep.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sail_plan_proa_steep.svg/231px-Sail_plan_proa_steep.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Crane sprit" type crab claw rig of <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> with a loose prop</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boracay_paraw_sailboats_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Crane sprit" type crab claw rig of the Philippines with a fixed mast"><img alt=""Crane sprit" type crab claw rig of the Philippines with a fixed mast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_004.jpg/120px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_004.jpg/180px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_004.jpg/240px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4569" data-file-height="3040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Crane sprit" type crab claw rig of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> with a fixed mast</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sail_plan_tepukei.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Forward-mounted crab claw rig from the Duff Islands"><img alt="Forward-mounted crab claw rig from the Duff Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sail_plan_tepukei.svg/116px-Sail_plan_tepukei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sail_plan_tepukei.svg/174px-Sail_plan_tepukei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sail_plan_tepukei.svg/231px-Sail_plan_tepukei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Forward-mounted crab claw rig from the <a href="/wiki/Duff_Islands" title="Duff Islands">Duff Islands</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigging-crabclaws2-sail.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Guinea-style crab claw rig with vertical sails"><img alt="New Guinea-style crab claw rig with vertical sails" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rigging-crabclaws2-sail.svg/90px-Rigging-crabclaws2-sail.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rigging-crabclaws2-sail.svg/135px-Rigging-crabclaws2-sail.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rigging-crabclaws2-sail.svg/180px-Rigging-crabclaws2-sail.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">New Guinea-style crab claw rig with vertical sails</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigging-crabclaws3-sail.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hawaiian crab claw rig amalgamating the upper spar into the fixed mast"><img alt="Hawaiian crab claw rig amalgamating the upper spar into the fixed mast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rigging-crabclaws3-sail.svg/90px-Rigging-crabclaws3-sail.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rigging-crabclaws3-sail.svg/135px-Rigging-crabclaws3-sail.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rigging-crabclaws3-sail.svg/180px-Rigging-crabclaws3-sail.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hawaiian crab claw rig amalgamating the upper spar into the fixed mast</div> </li> </ul><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/CanoeTacking.webm/220px--CanoeTacking.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="77" data-mwtitle="CanoeTacking.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:CanoeTacking.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/CanoeTacking.webm/CanoeTacking.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/CanoeTacking.webm/CanoeTacking.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/CanoeTacking.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/CanoeTacking.webm/CanoeTacking.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/CanoeTacking.webm/CanoeTacking.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/CanoeTacking.webm/CanoeTacking.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4f/CanoeTacking.webm/CanoeTacking.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Shunting manoevre on a <i><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">kaep</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shunting">Shunting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab_claw_sail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the construction of the sail, a symmetrical boat with a crab claw does not <a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">tack</a>, and instead the sail is <a href="/wiki/Shunt_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunt (sailing)">shunted</a>. In a shunt, the sail is unfixed from the bow, the other side of it is fixed to the stern, and the mast rake is also reversed. After this conversion, the bow <i>becomes</i> the stern and vice versa. The vessel therefore always has the <i><a href="/wiki/Ama_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ama (sailing)">ama</a></i> outrigger (and <a href="/wiki/Sidestay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidestay">sidestay</a>, if there is one) to windward, and has no <a href="/wiki/Lateen#The_Bad_Tack" title="Lateen">bad tack</a>, traveling equally well in both directions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proa">Proa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab_claw_sail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">proa</a>, the forward intersection of the spars is placed towards the bow. The sail is supported by a short mast attached near the middle of the upper spar, and the forward corner is attached to the hull. The lower spar, or boom, is attached at the forward intersection, but is not attached to the mast. The proa has a permanent windward and leeward side, and exchanges one end for the other when coming about. </p><p>To tack, or switch directions across the wind, the forward corner of the sail is loosened and then transferred to the opposite end of the boat, a process called <i>shunting</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To shunt, the proa's sheet is let out. The joined corner of the spars is then transferred to the opposite end of the boat. While remaining attached to the top of the mast, the upper spar tilts to vertical and beyond as the forward corner moves past the mast and onward to the other end of the boat. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Mainsheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainsheet">mainsheet</a> is detached and used to rotate the rearward end of the boom through a horizontal half circle. The spar join is then re-attached at the new "forward" end of the boat and the mainsheet is re-tightened at the new "rearward" end.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tepukei">Tepukei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab_claw_sail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tepukei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCdseeabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_11d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/S%C3%BCdseeabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_11d.jpg/220px-S%C3%BCdseeabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_11d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/S%C3%BCdseeabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_11d.jpg/330px-S%C3%BCdseeabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_11d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/S%C3%BCdseeabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_11d.jpg/440px-S%C3%BCdseeabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_11d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5026" data-file-height="6844" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Maunga Nefe</i>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">te puke</a></i> or <i>folafolau</i> was built on <a href="/wiki/Taumako" title="Taumako">Taumako</a> and sailed out of <a href="/wiki/Nifiloli" title="Nifiloli">Nifiloli</a>; it was used for travel and trading within the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz archipelago">Santa Cruz archipelago</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">Tepukei</a></div> <p>A shunting rig with the sail propped vertically at the bow, very similar to the proa rig described above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-shunting_crab_claw">Non-shunting crab claw</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab_claw_sail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Non-shunting crab claw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokule%27a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hokule'a, a bluewater waʻa kaulua, with curved-spar, curved-leech crab claw sails, in 1976."><img alt="Hokule'a, a bluewater waʻa kaulua, with curved-spar, curved-leech crab claw sails, in 1976." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hokule%27a.jpg/120px-Hokule%27a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hokule%27a.jpg/180px-Hokule%27a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hokule%27a.jpg/240px-Hokule%27a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hokule%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokule'a">Hokule'a</a>, a bluewater <i>waʻa kaulua</i>, with curved-spar, curved-leech crab claw sails, in 1976.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokulea2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hokule'a with her kaula pe'a (sail lines) tightened to partly close her crab-claw sails.[18]"><img alt="Hokule'a with her kaula pe'a (sail lines) tightened to partly close her crab-claw sails.[18]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hokulea2.jpg/120px-Hokulea2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hokulea2.jpg/180px-Hokulea2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hokulea2.jpg/240px-Hokulea2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2918" data-file-height="1953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hokule%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokule'a">Hokule'a</a> with her kaula pe'a (<i>sail lines</i>) tightened to partly close her crab-claw sails.<sup id="cite_ref-parts_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parts-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>The term "crab claw sail" is also used for non-shunting sails that widen upwards.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 'ōpe'a, the upper spar, is braced up so high that it is nearly parallel to the mast (as in a <a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">gunter rig</a>). The paepae, the lower spar/boom, points well above the horizontal, unlike the boom of most <a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">gunter rigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">gaff rigs</a>. The two spars can be brought together or pulled apart with control lines.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mast is fixed and stayed.<sup id="cite_ref-parts_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parts-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab_claw_sail&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crab claw sail is something of an enigma. It has been demonstrated to produce very large amounts of lift when reaching, and overall seems superior to any other simple sail plan (this discounts the use of specialised sails such as <a href="/wiki/Spinnaker" title="Spinnaker">spinnakers</a>). C. A. Marchaj, a researcher who has experimented extensively with both modern rigs for racing sailboats and traditional sailing rigs from around the world, has done wind tunnel testing of scale models of crab claw rigs. One popular but disputed theory is that the crab claw wing works like a <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta wing</a>, generating <a href="/wiki/Vortex_lift" title="Vortex lift">vortex lift</a>. Since the crab claw does not lie symmetrically to the airflow, like an aircraft delta wing, but rather lies with the lower spar nearly parallel to the water, the airflow is not symmetrical. However, the presence of the water, close to the lower spar and parallel to it, makes the airflow behave roughly like the airflow over half of a delta wing, as though a "reflection" in the water provided the other half (apart from a narrow gap near the water, which causes a small difference there). </p><p>This can clearly be seen in Marchaj's wind tunnel photos published in <i>Sail Performance: Techniques to Maximise Sail Power</i> (1996). The vortex on the top spar of the sail is much larger, covering most of the sail area, while the lower vortex is very small and stays close to the spar. Marchaj attributes the large lifting power of the sail to lift generated by the vortices, while others attribute the power to a favourable mix of aspect ratio, camber and (lack of) twist at this point of sail.<sup id="cite_ref-sailpower_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sailpower-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slotboom_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slotboom-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more modern academic wind tunnel study (2014) provided similar results, with the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Santa Cruz Islands">Santa Cruz Islands</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">tepukei</a>'</i>s crab claw sail configuration dominating measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab_claw_sail&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proa1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carolinian wa with crab claw sail"><img alt="Carolinian wa with crab claw sail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Proa1.jpg/247px-Proa1.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Proa1.jpg/371px-Proa1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Proa1.jpg/495px-Proa1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carolinian_people" title="Carolinian people">Carolinian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">wa</a></i> with crab claw sail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandeq_boats_in_Majene,_West_Sulawesi,_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sandeq boats in Majene, West Sulawesi, Indonesia"><img alt="Sandeq boats in Majene, West Sulawesi, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sandeq_boats_in_Majene%2C_West_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg/271px-Sandeq_boats_in_Majene%2C_West_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sandeq_boats_in_Majene%2C_West_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg/407px-Sandeq_boats_in_Majene%2C_West_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Sandeq_boats_in_Majene%2C_West_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg/542px-Sandeq_boats_in_Majene%2C_West_Sulawesi%2C_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="1304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Sandeq" title="Sandeq">Sandeq</a></i> boats in <a href="/wiki/Majene" title="Majene">Majene</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sulawesi" title="West Sulawesi">West Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirogue_Nouvelle_Cal%C3%A9donie.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A proa in New Caledonia"><img alt="A proa in New Caledonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pirogue_Nouvelle_Cal%C3%A9donie.JPG/225px-Pirogue_Nouvelle_Cal%C3%A9donie.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pirogue_Nouvelle_Cal%C3%A9donie.JPG/338px-Pirogue_Nouvelle_Cal%C3%A9donie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pirogue_Nouvelle_Cal%C3%A9donie.JPG/450px-Pirogue_Nouvelle_Cal%C3%A9donie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A proa in <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Visayan paraw with a "crane sprit" crab claw sail"><img alt="Visayan paraw with a "crane sprit" crab claw sail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/225px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/338px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/450px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Visayan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan people">Visayan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">paraw</a></i> with a "crane sprit" crab claw sail </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Choris,_Krusenstern_Islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of a crab claw sail in Tikehau (Louis Choris, 1816)"><img alt="Illustration of a crab claw sail in Tikehau (Louis Choris, 1816)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Choris%2C_Krusenstern_Islands.jpg/286px-Choris%2C_Krusenstern_Islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Choris%2C_Krusenstern_Islands.jpg/429px-Choris%2C_Krusenstern_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Choris%2C_Krusenstern_Islands.jpg/572px-Choris%2C_Krusenstern_Islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="946" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of a crab claw sail in <a href="/wiki/Tikehau" title="Tikehau">Tikehau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Louis_Choris" title="Louis Choris">Louis Choris</a>, 1816)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Madoerese_prauwen_Soerabaja_TMnr_10010482.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madurese golekan with crab claw sails"><img alt="Madurese golekan with crab claw sails" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Madoerese_prauwen_Soerabaja_TMnr_10010482.jpg/180px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Madoerese_prauwen_Soerabaja_TMnr_10010482.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Madoerese_prauwen_Soerabaja_TMnr_10010482.jpg/270px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Madoerese_prauwen_Soerabaja_TMnr_10010482.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Madoerese_prauwen_Soerabaja_TMnr_10010482.jpg/360px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Madoerese_prauwen_Soerabaja_TMnr_10010482.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Golekan" title="Golekan">golekan</a></i> with crab claw sails</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anson-Gosse-1750-30.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1750 illustration of crab claw sail by George Anson"><img alt="1750 illustration of crab claw sail by George Anson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Anson-Gosse-1750-30.jpg/266px-Anson-Gosse-1750-30.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Anson-Gosse-1750-30.jpg/399px-Anson-Gosse-1750-30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Anson-Gosse-1750-30.jpg/532px-Anson-Gosse-1750-30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1750 illustration of crab claw sail by <a href="/wiki/George_Anson,_1st_Baron_Anson" title="George Anson, 1st Baron Anson">George Anson</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab_claw_sail&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crab_claw_sails" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crab claw sails">Crab claw sails</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hokule%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokule'a">Hokule'a</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wharram#The_Lapita_Voyage" title="James Wharram">James Wharram's voyage on <i>Lapita</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangada" title="Jangada">Jangada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">Tepukei</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_rigs">Related rigs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab_claw_sail&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Related rigs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateen_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateen rig">Lateen rig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateen#Modern_small-boat_lateen_sails" title="Lateen">modern crabclaw-like variants</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab_claw_sail&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare the mat sail construction with that used for the canvas sails in Western maritime technology, and with modern sails in synthetic materials – these tend to have bolt ropes and extra layers of canvas</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab_claw_sail&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Doran1981-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doran1981_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDoran1981" class="citation book cs1">Doran, Edwin B. (1981). <i>Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins</i>. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780890961070" title="Special:BookSources/9780890961070"><bdi>9780890961070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wangka%3A+Austronesian+Canoe+Origins&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780890961070&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Edwin+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrab+claw+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horridge_2006-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horridge_2006_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horridge_2006_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorridge2006" class="citation book cs1">Horridge, Adrian (2006). Bellwood, Peter (ed.). <i>The Austronesians : historical and comparative perspectives</i>. Canberra, ACT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0731521326" title="Special:BookSources/978-0731521326"><bdi>978-0731521326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians+%3A+historical+and+comparative+perspectives&rft.place=Canberra%2C+ACT&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0731521326&rft.aulast=Horridge&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrab+claw+sail" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1995" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, I.C. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078617">"The Lateen Sail in World History"</a>. <i>Journal of World History</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078617">20078617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=The+Lateen+Sail+in+World+History&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20078617%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=I.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20078617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrab+claw+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horridge2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horridge2008_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorridge2008" class="citation book cs1">Horridge A (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adrian-horridge.org/downloads/Pacific%20canoes.pdf">"Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Relationships+of+Pacific+Canoes+and+Rigs&rft.btitle=Canoes+of+the+Grand+Ocean&rft.series=BAR+International+Series+1802&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781407302898&rft.aulast=Horridge&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadrian-horridge.org%2Fdownloads%2FPacific%2520canoes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrab+claw+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lacsina-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lacsina_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacsina2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Lacsina, Ligaya (2016). <i>Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques</i> (PhD). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.starbulletin.com&rft.atitle=starbulletin.com+-+News+-+%2F2007%2F03%2F06%2F&rft.aulast=Star-Bulletin&rft.aufirst=Honolulu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F2007%2F03%2F06%2Fnews%2Fstory04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrab+claw+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/kalai_waa/hokulea_photo_gallery.html">Hōkūle‘a Image Gallery (From 1973)</a> <i>archive.hokulea.com</i>, accessed 12 February 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sailpower-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sailpower_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchaj,_C._A.2003" class="citation book cs1">Marchaj, C. A. (2003). <i>Sail Performance: Techniques to Maximise Sail Power</i>. International Marine/McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-141310-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-141310-3"><bdi>0-07-141310-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sail+Performance%3A+Techniques+to+Maximise+Sail+Power&rft.pub=International+Marine%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-07-141310-3&rft.au=Marchaj%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrab+claw+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slotboom-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slotboom_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlotboom" class="citation web cs1">Slotboom, Bernard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multihull.de/technik/t-slotboom_gb.htm">"Delta Sail in A "Wind Tunnel" Experiences"</a>. <i>Experiences from B.J. Slotboom</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Experiences+from+B.J.+Slotboom&rft.atitle=Delta+Sail+in+A+%22Wind+Tunnel%22+Experiences&rft.aulast=Slotboom&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multihull.de%2Ftechnik%2Ft-slotboom_gb.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrab+claw+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Di_Piazza,_Erik_Pearthree_and_Francois_Paille2014" class="citation web cs1">Anne Di Piazza, Erik Pearthree and Francois Paille (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_123_2014/Volume_123,_No._1/Wind_Tunnel_Measurements_of_the_Performance_of_Canoe_Sails_from_Oceania,_by_Anne_Di_Piazza,_Erik_Pearthree_and_Francois_Paille,_p_9-28/p-6">"Wind Tunnel Measurements of the Performance of Canoe Sails from Oceania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Polynesian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Polynesian Society">Journal of the Polynesian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wind+Tunnel+Measurements+of+the+Performance+of+Canoe+Sails+from+Oceania&rft.pub=Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Anne+Di+Piazza%2C+Erik+Pearthree+and+Francois+Paille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2FVolume_123_2014%2FVolume_123%2C_No._1%2FWind_Tunnel_Measurements_of_the_Performance_of_Canoe_Sails_from_Oceania%2C_by_Anne_Di_Piazza%2C_Erik_Pearthree_and_Francois_Paille%2C_p_9-28%2Fp-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrab+claw+sail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crab_claw_sail&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JSH1s6aGEQ">Video "Hot Buoys" Self-Tacking Crab-Claw Trimaran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multihull.de/technik/t-slotboom_gb.htm">Wind Tunnel results on effects of crabclaw sail orientation - apex position and consistent camber</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Types_of_sailing_vessels_and_rigs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sailing vessels and rigs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_sailing_vessels_and_rigs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a> vessels and <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sailing rigs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda rig</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_rig" title="Ljungström rig">Ljungström rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Lug rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_aft_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast aft rig">Mast aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja rig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Sailing_rigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing rigs">sailing rigs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barque" title="Barque">Barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barquentine" title="Barquentine">Barquentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">Brig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">Brigantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catboat" title="Catboat">Catboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_ship" title="Full-rigged ship">Full-rigged ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackass-barque" title="Jackass-barque">Jackass-barque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketch" title="Ketch">Ketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistico_(boat)" title="Mistico (boat)">Mistico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">Schooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop" title="Sloop">Sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(ship)" title="Snow (ship)">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawl" title="Yawl">Yawl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a> vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBalia" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻalia">ʻalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatasi" title="Amatasi">Amatasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baurua" title="Baurua">Baurua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigiw" title="Bigiw">Bigiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camakau" title="Camakau">Camakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilalo" title="Guilalo">Guilalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalia_(watercraft)" title="Kalia (watercraft)">Kalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kora_kora" title="Kora kora">Kora kora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakatoi" title="Lakatoi">Lakatoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahi_(ship)" title="Pahi (ship)">Pahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamaran">Pentamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrimaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrimaran">Quadrimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_(watercraft)" title="Takia (watercraft)">Takia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">Tepukei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipairua" title="Tipairua">Tipairua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongiaki" title="Tongiaki">Tongiaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungalawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungalawa">Ungalawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27a-tele" title="Va'a-tele">Va'a-tele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaka_katea" title="Vaka katea">Vaka katea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval and merchant<br /><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a><br />and other vessels <br />(by origin date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boita" title="Boita">Boita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadriremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriremes">Quadriremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromon" title="Dromon">Dromon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">K'un-lun po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtepe" title="Mtepe">Mtepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinger" title="Balinger">Balinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benawa" title="Benawa">Benawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birlinn" title="Birlinn">Birlinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_vessel" title="Bomb vessel">Bomb vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">Cog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulk_(medieval_ship_type)" title="Hulk (medieval ship type)">Hulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondura_(ship)" title="Kondura (ship)">Kondura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malangbang" title="Malangbang">Malangbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitik" title="Shitik">Shitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabra" title="Zabra">Zabra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">Carrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_treasure_ship" title="Chinese treasure ship">Chinese treasure ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">Caravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">Lancaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoy_(boat)" title="Hoy (boat)">Hoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabaccolo" title="Trabaccolo">Trabaccolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crommesteven" title="Crommesteven">Crommesteven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">Galiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">Galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleass" title="Galleass">Galleass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyboat" title="Flyboat">Flyboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluyt" title="Fluyt">Fluyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-rigged_pinnace" title="Full-rigged pinnace">Full-rigged pinnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcha_(boat)" title="Lorcha (boat)">Lorcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">Man-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchua" title="Manchua">Manchua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patache" title="Patache">Patache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speronara" title="Speronara">Speronara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square-rigged_caravel" title="Square-rigged caravel">Square-rigged caravel (<i>round</i> or <i>de armada</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xebec" title="Xebec">Xebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_sloop" title="Bermuda sloop">Bermuda sloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">Corvette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indiaman" title="East Indiaman">East Indiaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">Frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeas" title="Galeas">Galeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koff_(ship_type)" title="Koff (ship type)">Koff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_(ship)" title="Pink (ship)">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polacca" title="Polacca">Polacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilander" title="Bilander">Bilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chialoup" title="Chialoup">Chialoup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">Clipper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Clipper" title="Baltimore Clipper">Baltimore Clipper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallivat" title="Gallivat">Gallivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(ship)" title="Grab (ship)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundalow" title="Gundalow">Gundalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padewakang" title="Padewakang">Padewakang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_ship" title="Post ship">Post ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy-four_(ship)" title="Seventy-four (ship)">74-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ship of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">Sloop-of-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toop_(boat)" title="Toop (boat)">Toop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincadour" title="Trincadour">Trincadour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackwall_frigate" title="Blackwall frigate">Blackwall frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Easter_(ship)" title="Down Easter (ship)">Down Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golekan" title="Golekan">Golekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-hulled_sailing_ship" title="Iron-hulled sailing ship">Iron-hulled sailing ship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">Warship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janggolan" title="Janggolan">Janggolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambo_(boat)" title="Lambo (boat)">Lambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_leti" title="Leti leti">Leti leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palari_(boat)" title="Palari (boat)">Palari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamar_barge" title="Tamar barge">Tamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_Ketch" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country Ketch">West Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windjammer" title="Windjammer">Windjammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th c.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montagu_whaler" title="Montagu whaler">Montagu whaler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fishing vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)" title="Bagan (fishing)">Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago_(boat)" title="Bago (boat)">Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca-longa" title="Barca-longa">Barca-longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falku%C5%A1a" title="Falkuša">Falkuša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felucca" title="Felucca">Felucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifie" title="Fifie">Fifie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gableboat" title="Gableboat">Gableboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_buss" title="Herring buss">Herring buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangada" title="Jangada">Jangada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugger" title="Lugger">Lugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masula_boat" title="Masula boat">Masula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(boat)" title="Mayang (boat)">Mayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patorani" title="Patorani">Patorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordland_(boat)" title="Nordland (boat)">Nordland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixareen" title="Sixareen">Sixareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgoth_Niseach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sgoth Niseach">Sgoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smack_(ship)" title="Smack (ship)">Smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartane" title="Tartane">Tartane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_smack" title="Well smack">Well smack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoal" title="Yoal">Yoal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinghy" title="Dinghy">Dinghy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_sailboat" title="Ljungström sailboat">Ljungström sailboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_aft_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast aft rig">Mast aft rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_cruiser" title="Pocket cruiser">Pocket cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_hydrofoil" title="Sailing hydrofoil">Sailing hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_yacht" title="Sailing yacht">Sailing yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsboat" title="Sportsboat">Sportsboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_sailer" title="Trailer sailer">Trailer sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wharram" title="James Wharram">Wharrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">Yacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inflatable_boat" title="Inflatable boat">Inflatable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee" title="Razee">Razee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_ship" title="Tall ship">Tall ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenailed_boat" title="Treenailed boat">Treenailed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_light_displacement_boat" title="Ultra light displacement boat">ULDB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel_pilot_cutter" title="Bristol Channel pilot cutter">Bristol Channel pilot cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_restaurant" title="Floating restaurant">Floating restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">Fusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_flat" title="Mersey flat">Mersey flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_punt" title="Norfolk punt">Norfolk punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_wherry" title="Norfolk wherry">Norfolk wherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pausik">Pausik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnace_(ship%27s_boat)" title="Pinnace (ship's boat)">Pinnace (ship's boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pram_(ship)" title="Pram (ship)">Pram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scow" title="Scow">Scow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_sailing_barge" title="Thames sailing barge">Thames sailing barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wherry" title="Wherry">Wherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_ships" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9edbea;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austronesian_ships" title="Template:Austronesian ships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_ships" title="Template talk:Austronesian ships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_ships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian ships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_ships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian ships">Austronesian ships</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: left;"><div id="Ship_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ship types</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background:lightyellow;"><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_people" title="Kavalan people">Kavalan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangka_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangka (boat) (page does not exist)">Mangka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background:lightyellow;"><a href="/wiki/Thao_people" title="Thao people">Thao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruza_(canoe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruza (canoe) (page does not exist)">Ruza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background:lightyellow;"><a href="/wiki/Tao_people" title="Tao people">Tao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ipanitika" title="Ipanitika">Ipanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatara_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatara (ship)">Tatara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island<br />Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajak" title="Bajak">Bajak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkong" title="Bangkong">Bangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gubang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gubang (page does not exist)">Gubang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakap_(boat)" title="Kakap (boat)">Kakap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">Penjajap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abak_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abak (boat) (page does not exist)">Abak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_(fishing)" title="Bagan (fishing)">Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bago_(boat)" title="Bago (boat)">Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajak" title="Bajak">Bajak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkong" title="Bangkong">Bangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banting_(boat)" title="Banting (boat)">Banting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benawa" title="Benawa">Benawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerucuh" title="Cerucuh">Cerucuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chialoup" title="Chialoup">Chialoup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eloha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eloha (page does not exist)">Eloha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakatora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fakatora (page does not exist)">Fakatora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golekan" title="Golekan">Golekan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janggolan" title="Janggolan">Janggolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellore" title="Jellore">Jellore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongkong" title="Jongkong">Jongkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanga_(ship)" title="Juanga (ship)">Juanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung" title="Jukung">Jukung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukung_tambangan" title="Jukung tambangan">Jukung tambangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakap_(boat)" title="Kakap (boat)">Kakap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalulis" title="Kalulis">Kalulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelulus" title="Kelulus">Kelulus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolay_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolay (boat) (page does not exist)">Kolay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolekole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolekole (page does not exist)">Kolekole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knabat_bogolu" title="Knabat bogolu">Knabat bogolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kora_kora" title="Kora kora">Kora kora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27un-lun_po" title="K'un-lun po">K'un-lun po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancang_(ship)" title="Lancang (ship)">Lancang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">Lancaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa-lepa_(dugout_canoe)" title="Lepa-lepa (dugout canoe)">Lepa-Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leti_leti" title="Leti leti">Leti leti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lis-alis" title="Lis-alis">Lis-alis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londe" title="Londe">Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malangbang" title="Malangbang">Malangbang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(boat)" title="Mayang (boat)">Mayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orembai" title="Orembai">Orembai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padewakang" title="Padewakang">Padewakang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduwang" title="Paduwang">Paduwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajala_(boat)" title="Pajala (boat)">Pajala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paledang" title="Paledang">Paledang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">Penjajap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pangkur_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pangkur (boat) (page does not exist)">Pangkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patorani" title="Patorani">Patorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelang" title="Pelang">Pelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencalang" title="Pencalang">Pencalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Perahu">Perahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambo_(boat)" title="Lambo (boat)">Lambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palari_(boat)" title="Palari (boat)">Palari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">Sampan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan_panjang" title="Sampan panjang">Sampan panjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandeq" title="Sandeq">Sandeq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarua_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarua (boat) (page does not exist)">Sarua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekong_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekong (boat) (page does not exist)">Sekong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solu" title="Solu">Solu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teneh_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teneh (boat) (page does not exist)">Teneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toop_(boat)" title="Toop (boat)">Toop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajak" title="Bajak">Bajak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkong" title="Bangkong">Bangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banting_(boat)" title="Banting (boat)">Banting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedar_(ship)" title="Bedar (ship)">Bedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggoh" title="Buggoh">Buggoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birau_(boat)" title="Birau (boat)">Birau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerucuh" title="Cerucuh">Cerucuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghali_(ship)" title="Ghali (ship)">Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurab" title="Ghurab">Ghurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jong_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jong (ship)">Jong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanga_(ship)" title="Juanga (ship)">Juanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakap_(boat)" title="Kakap (boat)">Kakap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolek_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolek (boat) (page does not exist)">Kolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancang_(ship)" title="Lancang (ship)">Lancang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaran_(ship)" title="Lancaran (ship)">Lancaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelang" title="Pelang">Pelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencalang" title="Pencalang">Pencalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">Penjajap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perahu_payang" title="Perahu payang">Perahu payang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perahu_tambangan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perahu tambangan (page does not exist)">Perahu tambangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinas_(ship)" title="Pinas (ship)">Pinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan" title="Sampan">Sampan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampan_panjang" title="Sampan panjang">Sampan panjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Moken_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moken people">Moken</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabang_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabang (boat) (page does not exist)">Kabang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armadahan" title="Armadahan">Armadahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avang" title="Avang">Avang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awang_(boat)" title="Awang (boat)">Awang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaci%C3%B3n" title="Balación">Balación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a> (Barangay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Baloto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_anak-anak" title="Bangka anak-anak">Bangka anak-anak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basnigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Basnigan">Basnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batil_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batil (boat) (page does not exist)">Batil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigiw" title="Bigiw">Bigiw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilo_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilo (boat) (page does not exist)">Bilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birau_(boat)" title="Birau (boat)">Birau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Biray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Biroko</a> (Birok, Bidok)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggoh" title="Buggoh">Buggoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casco_(barge)" title="Casco (barge)">Casco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinarem" title="Chinarem">Chinarem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinedkeran" title="Chinedkeran">Chinedkeran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinahit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinahit (page does not exist)">Dinahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djenging" title="Djenging">Djenging</a> (Balutu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falua" title="Falua">Falua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilalo" title="Guilalo">Guilalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juanga_(ship)" title="Juanga (ship)">Juanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkun" title="Junkun">Junkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkung" title="Junkung">Junkung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulibo" title="Kulibo">Kulibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lapis_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lapis (boat) (page does not exist)">Lapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_(ship)" title="Lepa (ship)">Lepa</a> (Kumpit, Pidlas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontang" title="Ontang">Ontang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owong" title="Owong">Owong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panineman" title="Panineman">Panineman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasaplap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasaplap (page does not exist)">Pasaplap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjajap" title="Penjajap">Pangayaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salambaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Salambaw">Salambaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisipan" title="Salisipan">Salisipan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sapyaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapyaw (page does not exist)">Sapyaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seberen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seberen (page does not exist)">Seberen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapake (page does not exist)">Tapake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataya" title="Tataya">Tataya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempel_(boat)" title="Tempel (boat)">Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Tilimbao</a> (Tinimbao)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiririt" title="Tiririt">Tiririt</a> (Buti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a> (Dapang, Pilang)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#e7ffce;"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sampan_panjang" title="Sampan panjang">Sampan panjang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkang" title="Tongkang">Tongkang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island<br />Melanesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands" title="Admiralty Islands">Admiralty Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endrol (page does not exist)">Endrol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kel_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kel (boat) (page does not exist)">Kel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camakau" title="Camakau">Camakau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a> (Waqa tabu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_(watercraft)" title="Takia (watercraft)">Takia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Islands">Green Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C7%92p&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kǒp (page does not exist)">Kǒp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ts%C7%90ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsǐne (page does not exist)">Tsǐne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakatoi" title="Lakatoi">Lakatoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binabina" title="Binabina">Binabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisi_(boat)" title="Lisi (boat)">Lisi</a> (Solima)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">Tepukei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomako" title="Tomako">Tomako</a> (Mon, Ora)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#f3ceff;"><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aka_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aka (boat) (page does not exist)">Aka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angga_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angga (boat) (page does not exist)">Angga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangga_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangga (boat) (page does not exist)">Wangga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahr_(watercraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wahr (watercraft) (page does not exist)">Wahr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waserak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waserak (page does not exist)">Waserak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baurua" title="Baurua">Baurua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korkor_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Korkor (boat)">Korkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipnol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipnol">Tipnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walap" title="Walap">Walap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Marianas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duding (page does not exist)">Duding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duduli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duduli (page does not exist)">Duduli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaide%CA%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaideʻ (page does not exist)">Galaideʻ</a> (Agaraide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladjak" title="Ladjak">Ladjak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lelek_(boat)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lelek (boat) (page does not exist)">Lelek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panga_(canoe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panga (canoe) (page does not exist)">Panga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a> (Flying proa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cedaff;"><a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chugpin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chugpin (page does not exist)">Chugpin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popow_(canoe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popow (canoe) (page does not exist)">Popow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaka_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaka (sailing)">Vaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaka_katea" title="Vaka katea">Vaka katea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81lia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mālia">Mālia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wa%CA%BBa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waʻa (page does not exist)">Waʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%CA%BBa_kaulua" class="mw-redirect" title="Waʻa kaulua">Waʻa kaulua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Marquesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesas">Marquesas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaka_tou%CA%BBua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaka touʻua (page does not exist)">Vaka touʻua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_hourua" class="mw-redirect" title="Waka hourua">Waka hourua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_taua" class="mw-redirect" title="Waka taua">Waka taua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_t%C4%ABwai" class="mw-redirect" title="Waka tīwai">Waka tīwai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBalia" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻalia">ʻalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatasi" title="Amatasi">Amatasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fautasi" title="Fautasi">Fautasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La%CA%BBau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laʻau (page does not exist)">Laʻau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lualua_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lualua (ship) (page does not exist)">Lualua</a> (Foulua)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)">Paopao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%CA%BBa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaʻa">Vaʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Va%CA%BBa-alo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaʻa-alo (page does not exist)">Vaʻa-alo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%CA%BBa-tele" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaʻa-tele">Vaʻa-tele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivahah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivahah (page does not exist)">Ivahah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahi_(ship)" title="Pahi (ship)">Pahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipairua" title="Tipairua">Tipairua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%CA%BBa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaʻa">Vaʻa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamatafua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamatafua (page does not exist)">Hamatafua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalia_(watercraft)" title="Kalia (watercraft)">Kalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%8Dpao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pōpao (page does not exist)">Pōpao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongiaki" title="Tongiaki">Tongiaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#cef9ff;"><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)">Paopao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#ffe9ce;"><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakana">Lakana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left; background:#ffe9ce;"><a href="/wiki/Sakalava_people" title="Sakalava people">Sakalava</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laka_fiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laka fiara (page does not exist)">Laka fiara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-bottom:8px;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yami_ipanitika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yami_ipanitika.jpg/220px-Yami_ipanitika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yami_ipanitika.jpg/330px-Yami_ipanitika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Yami_ipanitika.jpg/440px-Yami_ipanitika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2371" data-file-height="1648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ipanitika" title="Ipanitika">Ipanitika</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-bottom:8px;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/220px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/330px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/440px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Wa'a kaulua</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-bottom:8px;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/220px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/330px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/440px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-bottom:8px;width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yap_Canoe01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Yap_Canoe01.jpg/220px-Yap_Canoe01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Yap_Canoe01.jpg/330px-Yap_Canoe01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Yap_Canoe01.jpg/440px-Yap_Canoe01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Wa_(watercraft)" title="Wa (watercraft)">Wa</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege,_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg/220px-Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg/330px-Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg/440px-Kapal_Nur_Al_Marege%2C_koleksi_pribadi_Muhammad_Ridwan_Alimudin%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Padewakang" title="Padewakang">Padewakang</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div id="Ship_construction_&amp;_sailing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ship construction & sailing</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Rigging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crab claw sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Hull</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outrigger boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_multihull_terminology" title="Polynesian multihull terminology">Polynesian multihull terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanuankuwel" title="Fanuankuwel">Fanuankuwel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fealofani_Bruun" title="Fealofani Bruun">Fealofani Bruun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipour" title="Hipour">Hipour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafe%C5%95oor" title="Kafeŕoor">Kafeŕoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_waka" title="List of Māori waka">List of Māori waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassan_contact_with_Australia" title="Makassan contact with Australia">Makassan contact with Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration canoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Marshall Islands stick chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Piailug" title="Mau Piailug">Mau Piailug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapwi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rapwi (page does not exist)">Rapwi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weriyeng" title="Weriyeng">Weriyeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Navigation" title="Yap">Yapese navigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route#Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" title="Trade route">Austronesian maritime trade network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiri_trade_cycle" title="Hiri trade cycle">Hiri trade cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring">Kula ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapita Culture">Lapita trade network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">Lingling-o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepik_Coast_exchange" title="Sepik Coast exchange">Sepik Coast exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanging" title="Trepanging">Trepanging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a> (Butuan boats)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebon_shipwreck" title="Cirebon shipwreck">Cirebon shipwreck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Apilan">Apilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burulan" title="Burulan">Burulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daramba" title="Daramba">Daramba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota mara">Kota mara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div id="Ship_replicas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ship_replica" title="Ship replica">Ship replicas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Cook Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maire_Nui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maire Nui (page does not exist)">Maire Nui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Federated States of Micronesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halametaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halametaw (page does not exist)">Halametaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quest_(canoe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quest (canoe) (page does not exist)">Quest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sailoam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sailoam (page does not exist)">Sailoam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">French Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahiti_Nui_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahiti Nui (ship) (page does not exist)">Tahiti Nui</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Guam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Hawaii</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikianalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hikianalia (page does not exist)">Hikianalia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hokualakai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hokualakai (page does not exist)">Hokualakai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iosepa_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iosepa (ship) (page does not exist)">Iosepa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makali%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makali'i (page does not exist)">Makali'i</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalulis" title="Kalulis">Alfred Wallace</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padewakang#Replica" title="Padewakang">Hati Marege</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padewakang#Replica" title="Padewakang">Nur Al Marege</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship#Replica" title="Borobudur ship">Spirit of Majapahit</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Malaysia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Naga_Pelangi" title="Naga Pelangi">Naga Pelangi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aotearoa_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Aotearoa One">Aotearoa One</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haunui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haunui (page does not exist)">Haunui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngahiraka_Mai_Tawhiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngahiraka Mai Tawhiti (page does not exist)">Ngahiraka Mai Tawhiti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C5%ABmaiterangi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pūmaiterangi (page does not exist)">Pūmaiterangi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Te_Aurere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Te Aurere (page does not exist)">Te Aurere</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Balatik" class="mw-redirect" title="Balatik">Balatik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Diwata ng Lahi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Lahi ng Maharlika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Masawa Hong Butuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Raya Kolambu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Raya Siyagu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Sama Tawi-Tawi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Sultan sin Sulu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Samoa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>See also:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sails,_spars_and_rigging" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sail_types" title="Template:Sail types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sail_types" title="Template talk:Sail types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sail_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sail types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sails,_spars_and_rigging" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">spars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">rigging</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>including limited use<sup>*</sup>, outdated<sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rigs <br />(<a href="/wiki/Jury_rigging" title="Jury rigging">jury rigging</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rig" title="Bermuda rig">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%26R_rig" title="B&R rig">B&R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_rigged" title="Cat rigged">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_rig" title="Gunter rig">Gunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljungstr%C3%B6m_rig" title="Ljungström rig">Ljungström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flettner_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Flettner ship">Rotorsail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbosail" title="Turbosail">Turbosail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingsail" title="Wingsail">Wingsail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sails <br />(<a href="/wiki/Sailing_rigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing rigs">sailing rigs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Three-sided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetrical_spinnaker" title="Asymmetrical spinnaker">Asymmetrical spinnaker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crab claw</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennaker" title="Gennaker">Gennaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_(sail)" title="Genoa (sail)">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jib" title="Jib">Jib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainsail#Bermuda_rig" title="Mainsail">Mainsail (Bermuda rig)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffee_sail" title="Raffee sail"> Raffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail_(sail)#Triangular" title="Ringtail (sail)">Ringtail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screecher" title="Screecher">Screecher</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinnaker" title="Spinnaker">Spinnaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staysail" title="Staysail">Staysail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trysail" title="Trysail">Trysail</a><sup>*</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four-sided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Course_(sail)" title="Course (sail)">Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman%27s_staysail" title="Fisherman's staysail">Fisherman</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresail" title="Foresail">Foresail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk sail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Lug sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainsail" title="Mainsail">Mainsail (square rig)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonraker_(sail)" title="Moonraker (sail)">Moonraker</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail_(sail)" title="Ringtail (sail)">Ringtail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_(sail)" title="Royal (sail)">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skysail" title="Skysail">Skysail</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanker_(sail)" title="Spanker (sail)">Spanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail_(square-rigged)" title="Spritsail (square-rigged)">Spritsail (square-rigged)</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a><sup>*</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Optimist_(dinghy)" title="Optimist (dinghy)">Optimist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studding_sail" title="Studding sail">Studding</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topgallant_sail" title="Topgallant sail">Topgallant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsail" title="Topsail">Topsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watersail" title="Watersail">Watersail</a><sup>*</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_batten" title="Sail batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_rope" title="Bolt rope">Bolt rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringle" title="Cringle">Cringle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sail_emblems" title="List of sail emblems">Emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_(sail)" title="Draft (sail)">Draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackline" title="Jackline">Jackline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components#Reefing_points" title="Sail components">Reefing points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components#Roach" title="Sail components">Roach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailcloth" title="Sailcloth">Sailcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreader_patch" title="Spreader patch">Spreader patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(sailing)" title="Tell-tale (sailing)">Tell-tale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spar_(sailing)" title="Spar (sailing)">Spars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">bow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowsprit" title="Bowsprit">Bowsprit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sprit_topmast" title="Sprit topmast">sprit topmast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_striker" title="Dolphin striker">Dolphin striker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstaff" title="Jackstaff">Jackstaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibboom" title="Jibboom">Jibboom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican_striker" title="Pelican striker">Pelican striker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">mast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(sailing)" title="Boom (sailing)">Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomkin" title="Boomkin">Boomkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaff_rig" title="Gaff rig">Gaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_(rigging)" title="Truck (rigging)">Truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosstrees" title="Crosstrees">Crosstrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinnaker_pole" title="Spinnaker pole">Spinnaker pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreader_(sailboat)" title="Spreader (sailboat)">Spreader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Sprit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">Yard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_rigging" title="Standing rigging">Standing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobstay" title="Bobstay">Bobstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_jack" title="Lazy jack">Lazy jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_backstay" title="Running backstay">Running backstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shroud_(sailing)" title="Shroud (sailing)">Shroud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratlines" title="Ratlines">ratlines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stay_mouse" title="Stay mouse">Stay mouse</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stays_(nautical)" title="Stays (nautical)">Stays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backstay" title="Backstay">backstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestay" title="Forestay">forestay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Running_rigging" title="Running rigging">Running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomkicker" title="Boomkicker">Boomkicker</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_vang" title="Boom vang">Boom vang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_(sailing)" title="Brace (sailing)">Braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clewlines_and_buntlines" title="Clewlines and buntlines">Buntlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunningham_(sailing)" title="Cunningham (sailing)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clewlines_and_buntlines" title="Clewlines and buntlines">Clewlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downhaul" title="Downhaul">Downhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_(sailing)" title="Guy (sailing)">Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halyard" title="Halyard">Halyard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_halyard" title="Peak halyard">peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_halyard" title="Throat halyard">throat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outhaul" title="Outhaul">Outhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventer" title="Preventer">Preventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_(sailing)" title="Sheet (sailing)">Sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tack_(square_sail)" title="Tack (square sail)">Tack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topping_lift" title="Topping lift">Topping lift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baggywrinkle" title="Baggywrinkle">Baggywrinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaying_pin" title="Belaying pin">Belaying pin</a><sup>*</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(sailing)" title="Block (sailing)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleat_(nautical)" title="Cleat (nautical)">Cleat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitts" title="Bitts">bitts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clevis_fastener" title="Clevis fastener">Clevis pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadeye" title="Deadeye">Deadeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earing" title="Earing">Earing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairlead" title="Fairlead">Fairlead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footrope" title="Footrope">Footrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasket_(sailing)" title="Gasket (sailing)">Gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrel_beads" title="Parrel beads">Parrel beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_bolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring bolt">Ring bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_furling" title="Roller furling">Roller furling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackle" title="Shackle">Shackle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel" title="Swivel">Swivel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gooseneck_(sailing)" title="Gooseneck (sailing)">gooseneck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapeze_(sailing)" title="Trapeze (sailing)">Trapeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical traveller">Traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnbuckle" title="Turnbuckle">Turnbuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winch" title="Winch">Winch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propulsion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">Rutter (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and<br />harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> (Podouke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (Kadaram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and<br />exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Mediterranean:</b>   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus–Mesopotamia relations">Indus–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Maritime Jade Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age#Economy_of_Iron_Age_Britain" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks<br />and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental<br />archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl"><i>Ra</i> and <i>Ra II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesian replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Maritime_Museum#Seaworthy_ships" title="New Zealand Maritime Museum">Aotearoa One</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)"><i>Ivlia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)"><i>The Histories</i> (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)"><i>The Histories</i> (Polybius)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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