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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#批判政治地理學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>批判政治地理學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-批判政治地理學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-著名學者" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#著名學者"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>著名學者</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-著名學者-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">政治地理学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。52种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Geographie" title="Politische Geographie – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Politische Geographie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جغرافيا سياسية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جغرافيا سياسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasi_co%C4%9Frafiya" title="Siyasi coğrafiya – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siyasi coğrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Палітычная геаграфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палітычная геаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политическа география – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Политическа география" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="राजनीतिक भूगोल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="राजनीतिक भूगोल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2" title="রাজনৈতিক ভূগোল – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাজনৈতিক ভূগোল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_geografija" title="Politička geografija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Politička geografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Geografia política – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Geografia política" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%A1_geografie" title="Politická geografie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politická geografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daearyddiaeth_wleidyddol" title="Daearyddiaeth wleidyddol – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Daearyddiaeth wleidyddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_geografi" title="Politisk geografi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Politisk geografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Geographie" title="Politische Geographie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politische Geographie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Political geography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_geografio" title="Politika geografio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Politika geografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geograf%C3%ADa_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Geografía política – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geografía política" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliitiline_geograafia" title="Poliitiline geograafia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poliitiline geograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جغرافیای سیاسی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جغرافیای سیاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliittinen_maantiede" title="Poliittinen maantiede – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poliittinen maantiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_politique" title="Géographie politique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גאוגרפיה פוליטית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאוגרפיה פוליטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="राजनीतिक भूगोल – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राजनीतिक भूगोल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_geografija" title="Politička geografija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Politička geografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikai_f%C3%B6ldrajz" title="Politikai földrajz – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Politikai földrajz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քաղաքական աշխարհագրություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքական աշխարհագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografi_politik" title="Geografi politik – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geografi politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_politica" title="Geografia politica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geografia politica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="政治地理学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政治地理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პოლიტიკური გეოგრაფია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლიტიკური გეოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саяси география – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саяси география" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EC%A7%80%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="정치지리학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정치지리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographia_politica" title="Geographia politica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Geographia politica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politin%C4%97_geografija" title="Politinė geografija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Politinė geografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="राजकीय भूगोल – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राजकीय भूगोल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Geografie política – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Geografie política" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="राजनीतिक भूगोल – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राजनीतिक भूगोल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_geografie" title="Politieke geografie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politieke geografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_geografi" title="Politisk geografi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politisk geografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_polityczna" title="Geografia polityczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geografia polityczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografia_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Geografia política – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geografia política" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografie_politic%C4%83" title="Geografie politică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Geografie politică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политическая география – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политическая география" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_geografija" title="Politička geografija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Politička geografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දේශපාලනික භූ විද්‍යාව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේශපාලනික භූ විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Political geography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%A1_geografia" title="Politická geografia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Politická geografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeografia_politike" title="Gjeografia politike – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjeografia politike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Политичка географија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Политичка географија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_geografi" title="Politisk geografi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politisk geografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ภูมิศาสตร์การเมือง – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมิศาสตร์การเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasi_co%C4%9Frafya" title="Siyasi coğrafya – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyasi coğrafya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Політична географія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політична географія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q191320#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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title="Wikipedia:扩充请求">扩充请求</a>中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>政治地理学</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Political geography</span>）研究<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="人类社会">人类社会</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>现象的空间分布与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" title="地理环境">地理环境</a>关系，為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人文地理学">人文地理学</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="政治学">政治学</a>的次學門。政治地理學探討政治過程與空間結構之間的交互影響，傳統上將研究尺度分為三級：以國家為中心的研究，在前者之上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" class="mw-redirect" title="國際關係">國際關係</a>（或<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%B7%A3%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="地緣政治">地緣政治</a>）的研究，以及在其之下的地方的研究。 </p><p>政治地理学可以追溯到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8_(%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7)" class="mw-redirect" title="政治學 (亞里斯多德)">政治学</a>》和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E9%B8%A0" title="孟德斯鸠">孟德斯鸠</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E" title="論法的精神">论法的精神</a>》。早期主要研究地理环境和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" class="mw-redirect" title="气候">气候</a>因素对<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="政治制度">政治制度</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人">人</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政治行为（页面不存在）">政治行为</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="影响（页面不存在）">影响</a>。19世纪以後转为研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%BC%98%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="地缘政治">地缘政治</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="国家">国家</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F" title="领土">领土</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%86%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="疆界">疆界</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD" title="首都">首都</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="行政区划">行政区划</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="海外属地">海外属地</a>等<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政治现象（页面不存在）">政治现象</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际政治关系（页面不存在）">国际政治关系</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格局（页面不存在）">格局</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" class="mw-disambig" title="发展">发展</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96" title="变化">变化</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8B%E5%8A%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="趋势">趋势</a>等。 </p><p>政治地理學也探討選舉在不同區域中的政黨傾向、支持候選人傾向的差異及其原因。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究領域"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E9.A0.98.E5.9F.9F"></span>研究領域</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：研究領域"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="批判政治地理學"><span id=".E6.89.B9.E5.88.A4.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E5.9C.B0.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8"></span>批判政治地理學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：批判政治地理學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="批判地理學">批判地理學</a></div> <p>批判政治地理學探討傳統政治地理學在現代趨勢中的批判，與批判地理學的走向一樣，立論多關注於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="後現代主義">後現代</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後結構主義">後結構</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后殖民主义">後殖民</a>理論<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如： </p> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女權主義地理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feminist geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女權主義地理學（页面不存在）">女權主義地理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_geography" class="extiw" title="en:Feminist geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feminist geography</span></a></span>）</span></span>主張將權力關係辨認為<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E6%AC%8A" title="父權">父權</a>結構，並嘗試理論化<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%80%A7" title="人格同一性">身份</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E8%AA%8D%E5%90%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="身份認同政治">身份認同政治</a>的其他概念<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。相關研究包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B7%E5%85%92%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="酷兒理論">酷兒理論</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="青年研究（页面不存在）">青年研究</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后殖民主义">後殖民主義</a>理論重視<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="帝國主義">帝國主義</a>，嘗試將政治地理學的核心理論適用於各學門，重點學門包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="發展地理學">發展地理學</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環境正義（页面不存在）">環境正義</a>認為在環境法規與政策發展、實施和執法的場域中，所有參與人應獲公平待遇以及具有意義的參與過程，無論其種族、膚色或收入等<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它主張平等享受健康環境帶來的益處是一種普世的人權<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="著名學者"><span id=".E8.91.97.E5.90.8D.E5.AD.B8.E8.80.85"></span>著名學者</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：著名學者"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E7%B4%90" title="約翰·阿格紐">約翰·阿格紐</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西蒙·達爾比" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Simon Dalby"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西蒙·達爾比（页面不存在）">西蒙·達爾比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Dalby" class="extiw" title="en:Simon Dalby"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Simon Dalby</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克勞斯·道德斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Klaus Dodds"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克勞斯·道德斯（页面不存在）">克勞斯·道德斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Dodds" class="extiw" title="en:Klaus Dodds"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Klaus Dodds</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德瑞克·格雷戈里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Derek Gregory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德瑞克·格雷戈里（页面不存在）">德瑞克·格雷戈里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Gregory" class="extiw" title="en:Derek Gregory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Derek Gregory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AF%9F%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%8C%A8%E9%9C%8D%E6%81%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="理察·哈茨霍恩">理察·哈茨霍恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF%E9%9C%8D%E5%BC%97%E7%88%BE" title="卡爾·豪斯霍弗爾">卡爾·豪斯霍弗爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF" title="罗纳德·约翰·约翰斯顿">羅納德·約翰斯頓</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="李斯·瓊斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reece Jones (geographer)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%93%8A%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="李斯·瓊斯（页面不存在）">李斯·瓊斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reece_Jones_(geographer)" class="extiw" title="en:Reece Jones (geographer)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reece Jones (geographer)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="辛蒂·卡茲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cindi Katz"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%9B%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%8C%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辛蒂·卡茲（页面不存在）">辛蒂·卡茲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindi_Katz" class="extiw" title="en:Cindi Katz"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cindi Katz</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%AD%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%A1%9E%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%AD%AF%E6%B3%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="彼得·阿歷克塞維奇·克魯泡特金">彼得·克魯泡特金</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊夫·拉科斯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yves Lacoste"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊夫·拉科斯特（页面不存在）">伊夫·拉科斯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Lacoste" class="extiw" title="en:Yves Lacoste"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yves Lacoste</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E9%87%91%E5%BE%B7" title="哈尔福德·麦金德">哈爾福德·麥金德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B5%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E7%91%AA%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="朵琳·瑪西">朵琳·瑪西</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="傑拉德·托爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gerard Toal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%91%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傑拉德·托爾（页面不存在）">傑拉德·托爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Toal" class="extiw" title="en:Gerard Toal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gerard Toal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="喬·派特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joe Painter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AC%C2%B7%E6%B4%BE%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喬·派特（页面不存在）">喬·派特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Painter" class="extiw" title="en:Joe Painter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joe Painter</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%87%87%E5%B0%94" title="弗里德里希·拉采尔">弗里德里希·拉采爾</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="愛倫·邱吉爾·珊波" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ellen Churchill Semple"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E9%82%B1%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%8F%8A%E6%B3%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛倫·邱吉爾·珊波（页面不存在）">愛倫·邱吉爾·珊波</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Churchill_Semple" class="extiw" title="en:Ellen Churchill Semple"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ellen Churchill Semple</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="彼得·泰勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter J. Taylor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92" class="mw-disambig" title="彼得·泰勒">彼得·泰勒</a></span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%BC%98%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="地缘政治学">地缘政治学</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simandan D. 2010. Beware of contingency. Environment and planning. D: Society and Space, 28(3), pp. 388-396. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1068/d2310">https://doi.org/10.1068/d2310</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharp, J., 2007. Geography and gender: Finding feminist political geographies. Progress in Human Geography, 31(3), pp.381-387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, J., 2003. Political geography in a postcolonial context. Political Geography, 22(6), pp.647-651.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/environmentaljus00sand">Environmental Justice and Environmentalism: The Social Justice Challenge to the Environmental Movement</a>. The MIT Press. 2007: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/environmentaljus00sand/page/29">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0262195526" title="Special:网络书源/0262195526"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0262195526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Environmental+Justice+and+Environmentalism%3A+The+Social+Justice+Challenge+to+the+Environmental+Movement&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0262195526&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenvironmentaljus00sand&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/environmentaljus0000unse_m2w5">The Environmental Justice Reader: Politics, Poetics, & Pedagogy</a>. The University of Arizona Press. 2002: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/environmentaljus0000unse_m2w5/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0816522065" title="Special:网络书源/0816522065"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0816522065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=The+Environmental+Justice+Reader%3A+Politics%2C+Poetics%2C+%26+Pedagogy&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0816522065&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+University+of+Arizona+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenvironmentaljus0000unse_m2w5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:人文地理學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:人文地理學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:人文地理學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="人文地理学的分支和方法" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人文地理学">人文地理学</a>的分支和方法</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">分支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="行為地理學">行為地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="文化地理学">文化地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="發展地理學">發展地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="环境地理学">环境地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學地理學">醫學地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="历史地理学">历史地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="語言地理學">語言地理學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地理營銷" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Geomarketing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E7%87%9F%E9%8A%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理營銷（页面不存在）">地理營銷</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomarketing" class="extiw" title="en:Geomarketing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Geomarketing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="军事地理学">军事地理学</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">政治地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人口地理学">人口地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教地理学">宗教地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="社会地理学">社会地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="战略地理">戰略地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="旅游地理学">旅游地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%90%E8%BE%93%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="交通运输地理学">交通运输地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="城市地理学">城市地理学</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pepsi_in_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waking up on a sidewalk in Bijapur, India"><img alt="Waking up on a sidewalk in Bijapur, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pepsi_in_India.jpg/110px-Pepsi_in_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pepsi_in_India.jpg/165px-Pepsi_in_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pepsi_in_India.jpg/220px-Pepsi_in_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="471" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">方法</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="批判地理學">批判地理學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文化理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Culture theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化理論（页面不存在）">文化理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Culture theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Culture theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女性主義地理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feminist geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女性主義地理學（页面不存在）">女性主義地理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_geography" class="extiw" title="en:Feminist geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feminist geography</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬克思主義地理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marxist geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="马克思主义地理学">馬克思主義地理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_geography" class="extiw" title="en:Marxist geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marxist geography</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人文主義地理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="humanistic geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人文主義地理學（页面不存在）">人文主義地理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/humanistic_geography" class="extiw" title="en:humanistic geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">humanistic geography</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非表象理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Non-representational theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E8%A1%A8%E8%B1%A1%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非表象理論（页面不存在）">非表象理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-representational_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Non-representational theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Non-representational theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="現代主義">現代主義</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="結構主義">結構主義</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="符號學">符號學</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后现代主义">后现代主义</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後結構主義">後結構主義</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="解構主義">解構主義</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学方法">科学方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="時間地理學">時間地理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:人文地理學">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:地理学">主题</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_geography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human geography">维基共享</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="地理学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_topics" title="Template:Geography topics"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_topics" title="Template talk:Geography topics"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Geography_topics" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Geography topics"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="地理学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地理学">地理学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地理學術語表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of geography terms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理學術語表（页面不存在）">術語表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of geography terms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of geography terms</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="地理學史">歷史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地理學條目索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of geography articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理學條目索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of geography articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of geography articles</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地理學大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理學大綱（页面不存在）">大綱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of geography</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">學科分支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人文地理学">人文地理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="行為地理學">行為地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="批判地理學">批判地理學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女性主義地理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feminist geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女性主義地理學（页面不存在）">女性主義地理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_geography" class="extiw" title="en:Feminist geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feminist geography</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="馬克思主義地理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marxist geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="马克思主义地理学">馬克思主義地理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist_geography" class="extiw" title="en:Marxist geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marxist geography</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="文化地理学">文化地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教地理学">宗教地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="音樂地理學">音樂地理學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人口地理学">人口地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="發展地理學">發展地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="经济地理学">经济地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="农业地理学">农业地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="工业地理学">工业地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="商业地理学">商业地理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學地理學">医学地理学（健康地理學）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="历史地理学">历史地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="語言地理學">語言地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="军事地理学">军事地理学</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">政治地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="社会地理学">社会地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E7%95%A5%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="战略地理">戰略地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="旅游地理学">旅游地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E8%90%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="聚落地理学">聚落地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="城市地理学">城市地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="区域地理学">区域地理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%90%E8%BE%93%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="交通运输地理学">交通运输地理学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="自然地理學">自然地理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="植物地理学">植物地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="动物地理学">动物地理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海岸地理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Coastal geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海岸地理學（页面不存在）">海岸地理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_geography" class="extiw" title="en:Coastal geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Coastal geography</span></a></span>）</span></span>／<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋学">海洋学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地球科学">地球科学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="大气科学">大气科学</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="气象学">气象学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="环境科学">环境科学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6" title="气候学">气候学</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E5%AD%B8" title="古氣候學">古氣候學</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="古地理学">古地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="地球生物学">地球生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地球物理学">地球物理学</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%A6" title="大地测量学">大地测量学</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地球系統科學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Earth system science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地球系統科學（页面不存在）">地球系統科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_system_science" class="extiw" title="en:Earth system science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Earth system science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C%E5%AD%A6" title="地貌学">地貌学</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="地质学">地质学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D%E5%AD%A6" title="冰川学">冰川学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学">水文学</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B2%BC%E5%AD%B8" title="湖沼學">湖沼學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="土壤学">土壤学</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="耕作土壤學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edaphology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%95%E4%BD%9C%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耕作土壤學（页面不存在）">耕作土壤學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edaphology" class="extiw" title="en:Edaphology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edaphology</span></a></span>）</span></span>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="土壤科學">土壤科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="土壤地理学">土壤地理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第四紀科學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quaternary science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%B4%80%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第四紀科學（页面不存在）">第四紀科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_science" class="extiw" title="en:Quaternary science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quaternary science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="环境地理学">綜合學科</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="环境地理学">环境地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="環境社會科學">環境社會科學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="环境研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="環境研究">环境研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental studies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%80%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="景觀設計">景觀設計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%82%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="景观生态学">景观生态学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="時間地理學">時間地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="系統地理學">系統地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="地名学">地名学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="地誌學">地誌學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="區域研究">區域研究</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地理學大綱#地理學的任務和工具" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of geography#Tasks and tools of geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理學大綱（页面不存在）">技術和工具</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography#Tasks_and_tools_of_geography" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of geography#Tasks and tools of geography</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地理信息科学">地理信息科學</a>／<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地数学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Geomathematics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地数学（页面不存在）">地数学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomathematics" class="extiw" title="en:Geomathematics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Geomathematics</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6" title="地图学">地图学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地质建模" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Geologic modelling"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%BB%BA%E6%A8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地质建模（页面不存在）">地质建模</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_modelling" class="extiw" title="en:Geologic modelling"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Geologic modelling</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" title="地理统计">地理统计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="地理信息系统">地理信息系统</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="地质年代学">地质年代学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地球空间信息科学">地球空间信息科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="水文地理学">水文地理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F%E6%B3%95" title="摄影测量法">摄影测量法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A5%E6%84%9F" title="遥感">遥感</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土地变化模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Land change modeling"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土地变化模型（页面不存在）">土地变化模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_change_modeling" class="extiw" title="en:Land change modeling"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Land change modeling</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">組織和機構</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E8%88%87%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Category:地理資料與資訊組織">地理数据與資訊組織</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地理學會列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of geographical societies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理學會列表（页面不存在）">地理學會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_societies" class="extiw" title="en:List of geographical societies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of geographical societies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地球科學組織列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of geoscience organizations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地球科學組織列表（页面不存在）">地球科學學會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geoscience_organizations" class="extiw" title="en:List of geoscience organizations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of geoscience organizations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="國家測繪機構" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National mapping agency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%B8%AC%E7%B9%AA%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國家測繪機構（页面不存在）">國家測繪機構</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_mapping_agency" class="extiw" title="en:National mapping agency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National mapping agency</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="美國地理學協會">美國地理學協會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="美国地理学家协会">美国地理学家协会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="國家地理學會">國家地理學會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="加拿大皇家地理學會">加拿大皇家地理學會</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐洲地理協會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="European Geography Association"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲地理協會（页面不存在）">歐洲地理協會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Geography_Association" class="extiw" title="en:European Geography Association"><span lang="en" dir="auto">European Geography Association</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="皇家地理學會">皇家地理學會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="皇家蘇格蘭地理學會">皇家蘇格蘭地理學會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="巴黎地理學會">巴黎地理學會</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里斯本地理學會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lisbon Geographic Society"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里斯本地理學會（页面不存在）">里斯本地理學會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Geographic_Society" class="extiw" title="en:Lisbon Geographic Society"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lisbon Geographic Society</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="俄羅斯地理學會">俄羅斯地理學會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A_(%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC)" title="中国地理学会 (北京)">中華人民共和國地理學會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A_(%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97)" class="mw-redirect" title="中国地理学会 (台北)">中華民國地理學會</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="香港地理學會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hong Kong Geographical Association"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="香港地理學會（页面不存在）">香港地理學會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Geographical_Association" class="extiw" title="en:Hong Kong Geographical Association"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hong Kong Geographical Association</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沙烏地地理學會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Saudi Geographical Society"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E7%83%8F%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙烏地地理學會（页面不存在）">沙特地理學會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Geographical_Society" class="extiw" title="en:Saudi Geographical Society"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Saudi Geographical Society</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83" title="國際地理聯合會">國際地理聯合會</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女性地理學家協會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Society of Woman Geographers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女性地理學家協會（页面不存在）">女性地理學家協會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo-literacy" class="extiw" title="en:Geo-literacy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Geo-literacy</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B" title="國際地理奧林匹克">國際地理奧林匹克</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="空間公民權" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spatial citizenship"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空間公民權（页面不存在）">空間公民權</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_citizenship" class="extiw" title="en:Spatial citizenship"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spatial citizenship</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" 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