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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Boundaries and definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundaries_and_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography and ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epirus_in_the_Classical_and_Hellenistic_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epirus_in_the_Classical_and_Hellenistic_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Epirus in the Classical and Hellenistic periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epirus_in_the_Classical_and_Hellenistic_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_and_Byzantine_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_and_Byzantine_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Roman and Byzantine rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_and_Byzantine_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epirus_as_a_Roman_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epirus_as_a_Roman_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Epirus as a Roman province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epirus_as_a_Roman_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Late Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epirus_from_the_Slavic_invasions_until_1204" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epirus_from_the_Slavic_invasions_until_1204"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Epirus from the Slavic invasions until 1204</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epirus_from_the_Slavic_invasions_until_1204-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Despotate_of_Epirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Despotate_of_Epirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Despotate of Epirus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Despotate_of_Epirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_century_until_the_Ottoman_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_century_until_the_Ottoman_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>14th century until the Ottoman conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_century_until_the_Ottoman_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ottoman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-century_Epirus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_Epirus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>20th-century Epirus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_Epirus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Epirus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%8C%B2%E1%88%AE%E1%88%B5" title="ኤጲሮስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤጲሮስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9)" title="إبيروس (منطقة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبيروس (منطقة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiro" title="Epiro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Epiro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80" title="Эпір – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эпір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Епир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Епир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epir_(regi%C3%B3_hist%C3%B2rica)" title="Epir (regió històrica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Epir (regió històrica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Epirus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiros" title="Epiros – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Epiros" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_(historische_Region)" title="Epirus (historische Region) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Epirus (historische Region)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epeiros" title="Epeiros – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Epeiros" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%89%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE)" title="Ήπειρος (περιοχή) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ήπειρος (περιοχή)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiro" title="Epiro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Epiro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiro_(historia_regiono)" title="Epiro (historia regiono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Epiro (historia regiono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiro" title="Epiro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Epiro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اپیروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اپیروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89pire" title="Épire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiro" title="Epiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Epiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%BC%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A7%80%EC%97%AD" title="이피로스 지역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이피로스 지역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BA%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Էպիրուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էպիրուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epir" title="Epir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Epir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Epirus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiros" title="Epiros – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Epiros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%ADrus" title="Epírus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Epírus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiro" title="Epiro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Epiro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Эпир – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эпир" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_(regio_historica)" title="Epirus (regio historica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Epirus (regio historica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C4%ABra" title="Epīra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Epīra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epyras" title="Epyras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Epyras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirusz_(t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti_r%C3%A9gi%C3%B3)" title="Epirusz (történeti régió) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Epirusz (történeti régió)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Епир (регион) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Епир (регион)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epir%C3%B4sy" title="Epirôsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Epirôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="एपायरस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एपायरस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_(historische_regio)" title="Epirus (historische regio) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Epirus (historische regio)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epir" title="Epir – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Epir" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epir" title="Epir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Epir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اپیروس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اپیروس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epir" title="Epir – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Epir" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_(regiune)" title="Epirus (regiune) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epirus (regiune)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Эпир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эпир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiri" title="Epiri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Epiri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus_(historick%C3%A9_%C3%BAzemie)" title="Epirus (historické územie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Epirus (historické územie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epir" title="Epir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Epir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Епир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Епир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epir_(region)" title="Epir (region) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Epir (region)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Epirus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiro" title="Epiro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Epiro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_(%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84)" title="อิไพรัส (ภูมิภาค) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิไพรัส (ภูมิภาค)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epir" title="Epir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Epir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Епір (географічний регіон) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Епір (географічний регіон)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اپیروس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اپیروس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Epirus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BA%87%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="伊庇鲁斯地区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊庇鲁斯地区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q565751#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region in the Balkans</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Epirus (disambiguation)">Epirus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region in Divided between Greece and Albania</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Epirus</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ήπειρος</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">Epiri</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>: <i lang="rup">Epiru</i></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">Historical region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epirus_antiquus_tabula.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of ancient Epirus by Heinrich Kiepert, 1902"><img alt="Map of ancient Epirus by Heinrich Kiepert, 1902" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Epirus_antiquus_tabula.jpg/250px-Epirus_antiquus_tabula.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Epirus_antiquus_tabula.jpg/375px-Epirus_antiquus_tabula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Epirus_antiquus_tabula.jpg/500px-Epirus_antiquus_tabula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="954" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of ancient Epirus by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kiepert" title="Heinrich Kiepert">Heinrich Kiepert</a>, 1902</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Present status</th><td class="infobox-data">Divided between <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Epirote</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">Central European Time</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">Eastern European Time</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Epirus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Region#Geographical_regions" title="Region">geographical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">southeastern Europe</a>, now shared between <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. It lies between the <a href="/wiki/Pindus_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindus Mountains">Pindus Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>, stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Vlor%C3%AB" title="Bay of Vlorë">Bay of Vlorë</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ceraunian_Mountains" title="Ceraunian Mountains">Acroceraunian Mountains</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Ambracian_Gulf" title="Ambracian Gulf">Ambracian Gulf</a> and the ruined <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OCD527_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD527-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently divided between the <a href="/wiki/Modern_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern regions of Greece">region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a> in northwestern Greece and the counties of <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_County" title="Gjirokastër County">Gjirokastër</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB_County" title="Vlorë County">Vlorë</a> in southern Albania. The largest city in Epirus is <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>, seat of the Greek region of Epirus, with <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a> the largest city in the Albanian part of Epirus.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rugged and mountainous region, Epirus was the north-west area of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD527_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD527-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was inhabited by the Greek tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Chaonians" title="Chaonians">Chaonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molossians" title="Molossians">Molossians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thesprotians" title="Thesprotians">Thesprotians</a>. It was home to the sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a>, the oldest <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> in ancient Greece, and the second most prestigious after <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>. Unified into a <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">single state</a> in 370 BC by the <a href="/wiki/Aeacidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeacidae">Aeacidae</a> dynasty, Epirus achieved fame during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a> who fought the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_War" title="Pyrrhic War">a series of campaigns</a>. Epirus subsequently became part of the Roman Republic along with the rest of Greece in 146 BC, which was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">sack of Constantinople</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> (1204), Epirus became the center of the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>, one of the successor states to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. In the 14th century, Epirus was brought under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologoi">restored Byzantine Empire</a>, before being briefly conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>. The region was then divided amongst a number of despotates and political entities, including the Despotate of Epirus, the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zenebishi_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenebishi family">Zenebishi family</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, before being conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the 15th century. Epirus became part of the semi-independent <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Yanina" title="Pashalik of Yanina">Pashalik</a> governed by the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Ioannina" title="Ali Pasha of Ioannina">Ali Pasha</a> in the early 19th century, but the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> re-asserted its control in 1821. Following the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, southern Epirus became part of Greece, while <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">northern Epirus</a> became part of Albania. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_etymology">Name and etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epirus234bc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Epirus234bc.jpg/250px-Epirus234bc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Epirus234bc.jpg/330px-Epirus234bc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Epirus234bc.jpg/440px-Epirus234bc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>Coin of the Epirote League, depicting Zeus (left) and a lightning bolt with the word "ΑΠΕΙΡΩΤΑΝ" <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">of the Epirotes</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>The name <i>Epirus</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ἤπειρος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Ḗpeiros</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric Greek language">Doric Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἄπειρος</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Doric Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ápeiros</i></span>), meaning "mainland" or <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terra_firma" class="extiw" title="wikt:terra firma">terra firma</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilos2018p._215,_footnote_#1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilos2018p._215,_footnote_#1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought to come from an <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> root <i>*apero-</i> 'coast',<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was applied to the mainland of north-west Greece opposite <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian islands">Ionian islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local name was struck on the coinage of the <a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">unified Epirote commonwealth</a>: "ΑΠΕΙΡΩΤΑΝ" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀπειρωτᾶν</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Āpeirōtân</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Attic Greek language">Attic Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἠπειρωτῶν</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Attic Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Ēpeirōtôn</i></span>, i.e. "of the Epirotes", see adjacent image). The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> name for the region, which derives from the Greek, is <span title="Albanian-language text"><i lang="sq">Epiri</i></span>. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a> name for Epirus, which is also Greek-derived, is <span title="Aromanian-language text"><i lang="rup">Epiru</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries_and_definitions">Boundaries and definitions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epirus_landsat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Epirus_landsat.jpg/220px-Epirus_landsat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Epirus_landsat.jpg/330px-Epirus_landsat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Epirus_landsat.jpg/440px-Epirus_landsat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> satellite image of Epirus</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, the geographical area of Epirus proper is defined within the lines drawn from <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Gjuh%C3%ABz" title="Cape of Gjuhëz">Cape Gjuhëz</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ceraunian_Mountains" title="Ceraunian Mountains">Ceraunian Mountains</a> in the north-west, to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Qelq%C3%ABz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Qelqëz">Mount Qelqëz</a> in the north-east, to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Gavrovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Gavrovo (page does not exist)">Mount Gavrovo</a> in the south-east, to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Ambracian_Gulf" title="Ambracian Gulf">Ambracian Gulf</a> in the south-west.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern boundary of ancient Epirus is alternatively given as the <a href="/wiki/Vjosa" title="Vjosa">Vjosa</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epirus's eastern boundary is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Pindus_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindus Mountains">Pindus Mountains</a>, that form the spine of mainland Greece and separate Epirus from <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the west, Epirus faces the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>. The island of <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> is situated off the Epirote coast but is not regarded as part of Epirus. </p><p>The definition of Epirus has changed over time, such that modern administrative boundaries do not correspond to the boundaries of ancient Epirus. The <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">region of Epirus</a> in Greece only comprises a fraction of classical Epirus and does not include its easternmost portions, which lie in Thessaly. In Albania, where the concept of Epirus is never used in an official context, the counties of Gjirokastër, <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB_County" title="Vlorë County">Vlorë</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berat_County" title="Berat County">Berat</a> extend well beyond the northern and northeastern boundaries of classical Epirus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_ecology">Geography and ecology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smolikas_IMG_0118.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Smolikas_IMG_0118.jpg/250px-Smolikas_IMG_0118.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Smolikas_IMG_0118.jpg/330px-Smolikas_IMG_0118.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Smolikas_IMG_0118.jpg/500px-Smolikas_IMG_0118.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Smolikas" title="Smolikas">Mount Smolikas</a> (2637m/8652f), the highest point in Epirus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zagori_Vikos_gorge_Oxia_towards_Vikos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Zagori_Vikos_gorge_Oxia_towards_Vikos.jpg/250px-Zagori_Vikos_gorge_Oxia_towards_Vikos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Zagori_Vikos_gorge_Oxia_towards_Vikos.jpg/330px-Zagori_Vikos_gorge_Oxia_towards_Vikos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Zagori_Vikos_gorge_Oxia_towards_Vikos.jpg/500px-Zagori_Vikos_gorge_Oxia_towards_Vikos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vikos_Gorge" title="Vikos Gorge">Vikos Gorge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vikos%E2%80%93Ao%C3%B6s_National_Park" title="Vikos–Aoös National Park">Vikos–Aoös National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Epirus is a predominantly rugged and mountainous region. It is largely made up of the <a href="/wiki/Pindus_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindus Mountains">Pindus Mountains</a>, a series of parallel <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> ridges that are a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pindus mountains form the spine of mainland Greece and separate Epirus from Macedonia and Thessaly to the east. The ridges of the Pindus are parallel to the sea and generally so steep that the valleys between them are mostly suitable for pasture rather than large-scale agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altitude increases as one moves east, away from the coast, reaching a maximum of 2,637 m at <a href="/wiki/Smolikas" title="Smolikas">Mount Smolikas</a>, the highest point in Epirus. Other important ranges include <a href="/wiki/Tymfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tymfi">Tymfi</a> (2,496 m at Mount Gamila), <a href="/wiki/Lygkos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lygkos">Lygkos</a> (2,249 m), to the west and east of Smolikas respectively, <a href="/wiki/Gramos" title="Gramos">Gramos</a> (2,523 m) in the northeast, Tzoumerka (2,356 m) in the southeast, Tomaros (1,976 m) in the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Mitsikeli" title="Mitsikeli">Mitsikeli</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a> (1,810 m), <a href="/wiki/Mourgana" title="Mourgana">Mourgana</a> (1,806 m), and <a href="/wiki/Nemercke" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemercke">Nemercke/Aeoropos</a> (2,485 m) on the border between Greece and Albania, and the <a href="/wiki/Ceraunian_Mountains" title="Ceraunian Mountains">Ceraunian Mountains</a> (2,000 m) near <a href="/wiki/Himara" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara">Himara</a> in Albania. Most of Epirus lies on the windward side of the Pindus, and the prevailing winds from the Ionian Sea make the region the rainiest in mainland Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant lowlands are to be found only near the coast, in the southwest near <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Greece" title="Arta, Greece">Arta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preveza" title="Preveza">Preveza</a>, in the Acheron plain between <a href="/wiki/Paramythia" title="Paramythia">Paramythia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fanari,_Preveza" title="Fanari, Preveza">Fanari</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Igoumenitsa" title="Igoumenitsa">Igoumenitsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sagiada" title="Sagiada">Sagiada</a>, and also near <a href="/wiki/Saranda" class="mw-redirect" title="Saranda">Saranda</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Zagori" title="Zagori">Zagori</a> area is a scenic upland plateau surrounded by mountain on all sides. </p><p>The main river flowing through Epirus is the <a href="/wiki/Vjos%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vjosë">Vjosë</a>, which flows in a northwesterly direction from the Pindus mountains in Greece to its mouth north of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Vlor%C3%AB" title="Bay of Vlorë">Bay of Vlorë</a> in Albania. Other important rivers include the <a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron river</a>, famous for its religious significance in ancient Greece and site of the <a href="/wiki/Necromanteion" class="mw-redirect" title="Necromanteion">Necromanteion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arachthos_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachthos river">Arachthos river</a>, crossed by the historic <a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Arta" title="Bridge of Arta">Bridge of Arta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Louros_(river)" title="Louros (river)">Louros</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thyamis" title="Thyamis">Thyamis</a> or Kalamas, and the Voidomatis, a tributary of the Vjosë flowing through the <a href="/wiki/Vikos_Gorge" title="Vikos Gorge">Vikos Gorge</a>. The Vikos Gorge, one of the deepest in the world, forms the centerpiece of the <a href="/wiki/Vikos%E2%80%93Ao%C3%B6s_National_Park" title="Vikos–Aoös National Park">Vikos–Aoös National Park</a>, known for its scenic beauty. The only significant lake in Epirus is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Pamvotis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Pamvotis">Lake Pamvotis</a>, on whose shores lies the city of <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>, the region's largest and traditionally most important city. </p><p>The climate of Epirus is <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> along the coast and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine</a> in the interior. Epirus is heavily forested, mainly by coniferous species. The fauna in Epirus is especially rich and features species such as <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">lynxes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png/220px-Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png/330px-Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png/440px-Proto_Greek_Area_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Epirus was part of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> area, according to linguist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev" title="Vladimir I. Georgiev">Vladimir I. Georgiev</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EpirusMycynaen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/EpirusMycynaen.jpg/250px-EpirusMycynaen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/EpirusMycynaen.jpg/330px-EpirusMycynaen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/EpirusMycynaen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean civilization">Mycenaean</a> sites in the <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">region of Epirus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Neolithic period Epirus was populated by seafarers along the coast and by shepherds and hunters from the southwestern Balkans who brought with them the Greek language. These people buried their leaders in large mounds containing shaft graves. Similar burial chambers were subsequently used by the Mycenaean civilization, suggesting that the founders of <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> may have come from Epirus and central <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. Epirus itself remained culturally backward during this time, but Mycenaean remains have been found at two religious shrines of great antiquity in the region: the Oracle of the Dead on the Acheron River, familiar to the heroes of Homer’s <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, and the Oracle of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> at Dodona, to whom Achilles prayed in the Iliad.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Middle Bronze Age, Epirus was inhabited by the same nomadic Hellenic tribes that went on to settle in the rest of Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle considered the region around Dodona to have been part of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Hellas</a> and the region where the <a href="/wiki/Hellenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenes">Hellenes</a> originated.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bulgarian linguist <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev" title="Vladimir I. Georgiev">Vladimir I. Georgiev</a>, Epirus was part of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek linguistic area</a> during the Late Neolithic period.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1st millennium BC, all fourteen Epirote tribes including the <a href="/wiki/Chaonians" title="Chaonians">Chaonians</a> in northwestern Epirus, the <a href="/wiki/Molossians" title="Molossians">Molossians</a> in the centre and the <a href="/wiki/Thesprotians" title="Thesprotians">Thesprotians</a> in the south, were speakers of a strong west Greek dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OCD527_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD527-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epirus_in_the_Classical_and_Hellenistic_periods">Epirus in the Classical and Hellenistic periods</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D70-0404-dodona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/D70-0404-dodona.jpg/350px-D70-0404-dodona.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/D70-0404-dodona.jpg/525px-D70-0404-dodona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/D70-0404-dodona.jpg/700px-D70-0404-dodona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8634" data-file-height="2541" /></a><figcaption>The theater of <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tomaros" title="Tomaros">Mt. Tomarus</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece-es.svg/250px-Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece-es.svg/500px-Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece-es.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Regions of mainland Greece and environments in antiquity</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus (ancient state)</a></div> <p>Geographically on the edge of the Greek world, Epirus remained for the most part outside the limelight of Greek history until relatively late, much like the neighbouring Greek regions of Macedonia, Aetolia, and Acarnania, with which Epirus had political, cultural, linguistic and economic connections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilos2018p._215:_"Epirus_[...]_was_geographically_placed_on_the_fringe_of_the_Greek_world_and_remained_almost_until_the_(early)_Hellenistic_period_on_the_sidelines_of_the_political,_socio-economic_and_cultural_characteristics_that_characterized_the_southern_Greek_city-states_and_their_overseas_colonies_from_as_early_as_the_Archaic_period._In_that_respect,_Epirus_shows_clear_similarities_to_neighboring_Greek_regions,_such_as_Macedonia,_Aetolia_and_Acarnania,_which_also_stayed_out_of_the_limelight_of_Greek_history_until_a_relatively_late_period;_[...]_Epirus_was_closely_related_to_those_areas,_and_in_fact_not_only_in_political_and_economic_terms,_but_also_in_a_cultural_and_linguistic_manner"_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilos2018p._215:_"Epirus_[...]_was_geographically_placed_on_the_fringe_of_the_Greek_world_and_remained_almost_until_the_(early)_Hellenistic_period_on_the_sidelines_of_the_political,_socio-economic_and_cultural_characteristics_that_characterized_the_southern_Greek_city-states_and_their_overseas_colonies_from_as_early_as_the_Archaic_period._In_that_respect,_Epirus_shows_clear_similarities_to_neighboring_Greek_regions,_such_as_Macedonia,_Aetolia_and_Acarnania,_which_also_stayed_out_of_the_limelight_of_Greek_history_until_a_relatively_late_period;_[...]_Epirus_was_closely_related_to_those_areas,_and_in_fact_not_only_in_political_and_economic_terms,_but_also_in_a_cultural_and_linguistic_manner"-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike most other Greeks of this time, who lived in or around <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>, the inhabitants of Epirus lived in small villages and their way of life was foreign to that of the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">poleis</a> of southern Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their region lay on the periphery of the Greek world<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was far from peaceful; for many centuries, it remained a <a href="/wiki/Frontier" title="Frontier">frontier</a> area contested with the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian peoples">Illyrian peoples</a> to the north. However, Epirus had a far greater religious significance than might have been expected given its geographical remoteness, due to the presence of the shrine and oracle at <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a> – regarded as second only to the more famous oracle at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>. </p><p>The Epirotes, speakers of a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Greek">Northwest Greek</a> dialect, different from the Doric of the Greek colonies on the Ionian islands, and bearers of mostly Greek names, as evidenced by epigraphy, seem to have been regarded with some disdain by some classical writers. The 5th-century BC Athenian historian <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> describes them as "<a href="/wiki/Barbarian#Origin_of_the_term" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>" in his <i>History of the Peloponnesian War</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as does <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> in his <i>Geography</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the latter clearly distinguishes them from the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describe them as Greeks. Similarly, Epirote tribes/states are included in the <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurian</a> lists of the Greek Thearodokoi (hosts of sacred envoys).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2002234–258_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2002234–258-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> mentions an interesting element of Epirote folklore regarding Achilles: In his biography of King <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a>, he claims that Achilles "had a divine status in Epirus and in the local dialect he was called Aspetos" (meaning <i>unspeakable</i>, <i>unspeakably great</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Marble_Muse_Terpsichore,_Late_4th_to_Mid_2nd_BC_(10451853483).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Greek_Marble_Muse_Terpsichore%2C_Late_4th_to_Mid_2nd_BC_%2810451853483%29.jpg/250px-Greek_Marble_Muse_Terpsichore%2C_Late_4th_to_Mid_2nd_BC_%2810451853483%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Greek_Marble_Muse_Terpsichore%2C_Late_4th_to_Mid_2nd_BC_%2810451853483%29.jpg/330px-Greek_Marble_Muse_Terpsichore%2C_Late_4th_to_Mid_2nd_BC_%2810451853483%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Greek_Marble_Muse_Terpsichore%2C_Late_4th_to_Mid_2nd_BC_%2810451853483%29.jpg/500px-Greek_Marble_Muse_Terpsichore%2C_Late_4th_to_Mid_2nd_BC_%2810451853483%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terpsichore_statuette_from_Dodona" title="Terpsichore statuette from Dodona">Terpsichore of Dodona</a>, 2nd-century BC Hellenistic statue from Epirus</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 370 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Molossian" class="mw-redirect" title="Molossian">Molossian</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeacidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeacidae">Aeacidae</a> dynasty built a <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">centralized state in Epirus</a> and began expanding their power at the expense of rival tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aeacids allied themselves with the increasingly powerful kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>, in part against the common threat of <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> raids,<sup id="cite_ref-Companion_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Companion-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 359 BC the Molossian princess <a href="/wiki/Olympias" title="Olympias">Olympias</a>, niece of <a href="/wiki/Arybbas_of_Epirus" title="Arybbas of Epirus">Arybbas of Epirus</a>, married King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was to become the mother of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. </p><p>On the death of Arybbas, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander of Epirus">Alexander of Epirus</a> succeeded to the throne and the title <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">King of Epirus</a> in 334 BC. He invaded Italy, but was killed in battle by a <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucanian</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pandosia" title="Battle of Pandosia">Battle of Pandosia</a> against several <a href="/wiki/Italic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Italic tribes">Italic tribes</a> 331 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aeacides_of_Epirus" title="Aeacides of Epirus">Aeacides of Epirus</a>, who succeeded Alexander, espoused the cause of Olympias against <a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a>, but was dethroned in 313 BC. His son <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a> came to throne in 295 BC, and for six years fought against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Romans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carthage_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthage (state)">Carthaginians</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. The high cost of his victories against the Romans gave Epirus a new, but brief, importance, as well as a lasting contribution to the Greek language with the concept of a "<a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">Pyrrhic victory</a>". Pyrrhus nonetheless brought great prosperity to Epirus, building the great theater of <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a> and a new suburb at <a href="/wiki/Ambracia" title="Ambracia">Ambracia</a> (now modern <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Greece" title="Arta, Greece">Arta</a>), which he made his capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Aeacid dynasty ended in 232 BC, but Epirus remained a substantial power, unified under the auspices of the Epirote League as a federal state with its own parliament, or <i>synedrion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was faced with the growing threat of the expansionist <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, which fought a series of wars against <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>. The League steered an uneasy neutral course in the first two Macedonian Wars but split in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian War</a> (171–168 BC), with the Molossians siding with the Macedonians and the Chaonians and Thesprotians siding with Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outcome was disastrous for Epirus; Molossia fell to Rome in 167 BC and 150,000 of its inhabitants were enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_and_Byzantine_rule">Roman and Byzantine rule</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epirus_as_a_Roman_province">Epirus as a Roman province</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus (Roman province)</a></div> <p>The region of Epirus was placed under the <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Senatorial province">senatorial province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a> in 27 BC, with the exception of its northernmost part, which remained part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198147_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198147-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, sometime between 103 and 114 AD, Epirus became a separate province, under a <i><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">procurator</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augusti</a></i>. The new province extended from the Gulf of Aulon (<a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Acroceraunian_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Acroceraunian Mountains">Acroceraunian Mountains</a> in the north to the lower course of the <a href="/wiki/Acheloos_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheloos River">Acheloos River</a> in the south, and included the northern Ionian Islands of <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lefkada" title="Lefkada">Lefkada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cephallonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephallonia">Cephallonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zakynthos" title="Zakynthos">Zakynthos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198147_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198147-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Antiquity">Late Antiquity</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moesia_-_AD_400.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Moesia_-_AD_400.png/250px-Moesia_-_AD_400.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Moesia_-_AD_400.png/330px-Moesia_-_AD_400.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Moesia_-_AD_400.png/500px-Moesia_-_AD_400.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a> in the Balkans, including <i>Epirus Vetus</i> and <i>Epirus Nova</i>, ca. 400 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Probably during the provincial reorganization by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (r. 284–305), the western portion of the province of Macedonia along the Adriatic coast was split off into the province of New Epirus (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Epirus Nova</i>). Although this territory was not traditionally part of Epirus proper as defined by the ancient geographers, and was historically inhabited by Illyrian tribes and Greeks, the name reflects the fact that under Roman rule, the area had been subject to increasing Hellenization and settlement by Epirote tribes from the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198147_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198147-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two Epirote provinces became part of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Moesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Moesia">Diocese of Moesia</a>, until it was divided in ca. 369 into the dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Dacia</a>, when they became part of the former.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198147–48_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198147–48-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 4th century, Epirus was still a stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>, and was aided by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> (r. 361–363) and his <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Mamertinus" title="Claudius Mamertinus">Claudius Mamertinus</a> through reduction in taxes and the rebuilding of the provincial capital, <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, in 380 the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> raided the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the division of the Empire on the death of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> in 395, Epirus became part of the Eastern Roman or <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 395–397, the Visigoths under <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric</a> plundered Greece. They remained in Epirus for a few years, until 401, and again in 406–407, during Alaric's alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Roman">Western Roman</a> generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Stilicho" title="Stilicho">Stilicho</a> in order to wrest the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Illyricum">Eastern Illyricum</a> from the Eastern Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butrint-111198.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Butrint-111198.jpg/250px-Butrint-111198.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Butrint-111198.jpg/330px-Butrint-111198.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Butrint-111198.jpg/500px-Butrint-111198.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Buthrotum" class="mw-redirect" title="Buthrotum">Buthrotum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Synecdemus" title="Synecdemus">Synecdemus</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Hierocles_(author_of_Synecdemus)" title="Hierocles (author of Synecdemus)">Hierocles</a>, composed in ca. 527/8 AD but probably reflecting the situation in the first half of the 5th century, reports 11 cities for Old Epirus (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Παλαιὰ Ἤπειρος</span>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Epirus Vetus</i>): the capital Nicopolis, <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euroea_in_Epiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Euroea in Epiro">Euroea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dropull" title="Dropull">Hadrianopolis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appon (page does not exist)">Appon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenice" title="Phoenice">Phoenice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anchiasmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchiasmos">Anchiasmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buthrotum" class="mw-redirect" title="Buthrotum">Buthrotum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photike" class="mw-redirect" title="Photike">Photike</a>, Corfu Island, and Ithaca Island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148–49_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148–49-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Epirus, with capital at <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrhachium">Dyrrhachium</a>, comprised 9 cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 467 on, the Ionian Islands and the coasts of Epirus became subject to raids by the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, who had taken over the <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> provinces and established their <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Vandals" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Vandals">own kingdom</a> centred on <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>. The Vandals notably seized Nicopolis in 474 as a bargaining chip in their negotiations with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a>, and plundered Zakynthos, killing many of its inhabitants and ferrying off others into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198149_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198149-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a> became a battleground in the rebellions of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> after 479.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198149_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198149-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 517, a raid of the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antae" class="mw-redirect" title="Antae">Antae</a> reached Greece, including <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198149_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198149-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The claim of <a href="/wiki/Procopius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Procopius of Caesarea">Procopius of Caesarea</a> in his <i>Secret History</i>, that under <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> (r. 527–565) the entirety of the Balkan provinces was raided by barbarians every year, is considered rhetorical hyperbole by modern scholars; only a single Slavic raid to the environs of Dyrrhachium, in 548/9, has been documented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198149_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198149-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procopius further reports that in 551, in an attempt to interdict the Byzantines' lines of communication with Italy during the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War</a>, the Ostrogoth king <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a> sent his fleet to raid the shores of Epirus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198150_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198150-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to these raids, and to repair the damage done by two destructive earthquakes in 522, Justinian initiated a wide-ranging programme of reconstruction and re-fortification: Hadrianopolis was rebuilt, albeit in reduced extent, and renamed Justinianopolis, while <a href="/wiki/Euroea_in_Epiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Euroea in Epiro">Euroea</a> was moved further inland (traditionally identified with the founding of <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>), while Procopius claims that no less than 36 smaller fortresses in Epirus Vetus—most of them not identifiable today—were either rebuilt or built anew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198150_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198150-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epirus_from_the_Slavic_invasions_until_1204">Epirus from the Slavic invasions until 1204</h4></div> <p>In the late 6th century, much of Greece, including Epirus, fell under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> and their Slavic allies. This is placed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Monemvasia" title="Chronicle of Monemvasia">Chronicle of Monemvasia</a></i> in the year 587, and is further corroborated by evidence that several sees were abandoned by their bishops by 591. Thus in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 590</span> the bishop, clergy and people of Euroea fled their city, carrying with them the relics of their patron saint, <a href="/wiki/Donatus_of_Evorea" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatus of Evorea">St. Donatus</a>, to Cassiope in Corfu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198151_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198151-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the various Slavic tribes, only the <a href="/wiki/Baiounitai" title="Baiounitai">Baiounitai</a>, first attested <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 615</span>, are known by name, giving their name to their region of settlement: "<a href="/wiki/Vagenetia" title="Vagenetia">Vagenetia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198151_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198151-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the density of the Slavic toponyms in Epirus, the Slavs must have settled in the region, although the extent of this settlement is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-EllisKlusakova2007_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EllisKlusakova2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavic toponyms occur mainly in the mountainous areas of the interior and the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a>, indicative of the fact that this was the avenue used by most of the Slavs who crossed the Gulf into the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>. With the exception of some few toponyms on Corfu, the Ionian Islands seem to not have been affected by Slavic settlement. The linguistic analysis of the toponyms reveals that they date mostly to the early wave of Slavic settlement at the turn of the 6th/7th centuries. Due to scarcity of textual evidence, it is unclear how much the area was affected by the second wave of Slavic migration, which began in the middle of the 8th century due to <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgar</a> pressure in the northern Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198151–52_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198151–52-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavic toponyms are nearly lacking in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Lab%C3%ABria" title="Labëria">Labëria</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/Kurvelesh_(region)" title="Kurvelesh (region)">Kurvelesh plateau</a>), in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian coast</a> where today <a href="/wiki/Lab_Albanian_dialect" title="Lab Albanian dialect">Lab Albanian</a> villages neighbour with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek-speaking</a> ones, therefore it can be assumed that the expansion of the Slavs had not reach this region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesnickaja197348_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesnickaja197348-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in eastern Greece, the restoration of Byzantine rule seems to have proceeded from the islands, chiefly Cephallonia, which was certainly under firm Imperial control in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 702</span>, when <a href="/wiki/Philippicus_Bardanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippicus Bardanes">Philippicus Bardanes</a> was banished there. The gradual restoration of Imperial rule is evidenced further from the participation of local bishops in councils in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>: whereas only the bishop of Dyrrhachium participated in the Ecumenical Councils of <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">680/1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">692</a>, a century later the bishops of Dyrrhachium, Nicopolis, Corfu, Cephallonia, and Zakynthos are attested in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> in 787.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198152_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198152-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In about the middle of the 8th century, the <a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Cephallenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Cephallenia">Theme of Cephallenia</a> was established, but at least initially it was more oriented towards restoring Byzantine control over the Ionian and Adriatic seas, combating Saracen piracy, and securing communications with the remaining Byzantine possessions in Italy, rather than any systematic effort at subduing the Epirote mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198152_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198152-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, following the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Muslim conquest of Sicily</a> in 827, the Ionian became particularly exposed to Arab raids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198153_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198153-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Greece_ca_900_AD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Byzantine_Greece_ca_900_AD.svg/250px-Byzantine_Greece_ca_900_AD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Byzantine_Greece_ca_900_AD.svg/330px-Byzantine_Greece_ca_900_AD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Byzantine_Greece_ca_900_AD.svg/500px-Byzantine_Greece_ca_900_AD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a> ca. 900 AD, with the themes and major settlements</figcaption></figure> <p>The 9th century saw great progress in the restoration of Imperial control in the mainland, as evidenced by the participation of the bishops of Ioannina, <a href="/wiki/Naupaktos" class="mw-redirect" title="Naupaktos">Naupaktos</a>, Hadrianopolis, and Vagenetia (evidently by now organized as a <i><a href="/wiki/Sklavinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sklavinia">Sklavinia</a></i> under imperial rule) in the Ecumenical Councils of <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic)">869/70</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">879/80</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198153_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198153-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantine recovery resulted in an influx of Greeks from southern Italy and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> into the Greek interior, while remaining Slavs were Christianized and <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199164_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199164-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eventual success of the Hellenization campaign also suggests a continuity of the original Greek population, and that the Slavs had settled among many Greeks, in contrast to areas further north, in what is now Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia, as those areas could not be Hellenized when they were recovered by the Byzantines in the early 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199164_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199164-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cephalonia" title="Battle of Cephalonia">great naval victory</a> of admiral <a href="/wiki/Nasar" title="Nasar">Nasar</a> in 880, and the beginning of the Byzantine offensive against the Arabs in southern Italy in the 880s, the security situation improved and the <a href="/wiki/Theme_of_Nicopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme of Nicopolis">Theme of Nicopolis</a> was established, most likely after 886.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198153_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198153-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan19911485_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan19911485-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the ancient capital of Epirus had been laid waste by the Slavs, the capital of the new theme became Naupaktos further south. The extent of the new province is unclear, but probably matched the extent of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Naupaktos" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolis of Naupaktos">Metropolis of Naupaktos</a>, established at about the same time, encompassing the sees of Vonditsa, Aetos, Acheloos, <a href="/wiki/Rogoi" title="Rogoi">Rogoi</a>, Ioannina, Hadrianopolis, Photike, and Buthrotum. Vagenetia notably no longer appears as a bishopric. As the authors of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabula_Imperii_Byzantini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabula Imperii Byzantini (page does not exist)">Tabula Imperii Byzantini</a></i> comment, it appears that "the Byzantine administration had brought the strongly Slavic-settled areas in the mainland somewhat under its control, and a certain Re-Hellenization had set in".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198153–54_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198153–54-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further north, the region around <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrhachium">Dyrrhachium</a> existed as the <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium_(theme)" title="Dyrrhachium (theme)">homonymous theme</a> possibly as early as the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991668_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991668-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early 10th century, the themes of Cephallenia and Nicopolis appear mostly as bases for expeditions against southern Italy and Sicily, while <a href="/wiki/Mardaites" title="Mardaites">Mardaites</a> from both themes are listed in the large but unsuccessful expedition of 949 against the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198154_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198154-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 930</span>, the Theme of Nicopolis was raided by the Bulgarians, who even occupied some parts until driven out or subjugated by the Byzantines years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198154_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198154-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the extreme north of Epirus seems to have remained consistently under Bulgarian rule in the period, but under Tsar <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Bulgaria" title="Samuel of Bulgaria">Samuel</a>, who moved the centre of Bulgarian power south and west to <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>, probably all of Epirus down to the <a href="/wiki/Ambracian_Gulf" title="Ambracian Gulf">Ambracian Gulf</a> came under Bulgarian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198155_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198155-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is evidenced from the fact that the territories that were under Bulgarian rule formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Autocephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a> <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid" title="Archbishopric of Ohrid">Archbishopric of Ohrid</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria" title="Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria">Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria</a> by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> in 1018: thus in Epirus the sees of <a href="/wiki/Chimara" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimara">Chimara</a>, Hadrianopolis, Bela, Buthrotum, Ioannina, Kozyle, and Rogoi passed under the jurisdiction of Ohrid, while the Metropolitan of Naupaktos retained only the sees of Bonditza, Aetos, and Acheloos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198155_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198155-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basil II also established new, smaller themes in the region: <a href="/wiki/Kolonje" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolonje">Koloneia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dryinopolis" title="Dryinopolis">Dryinopolis</a> (Hadrianopolis).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198155_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198155-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region joined the <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Petar_Delyan" title="Uprising of Petar Delyan">uprising of Petar Delyan</a> in 1040, and suffered in the <a href="/wiki/First_Norman_invasion_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="First Norman invasion of the Balkans">First Norman invasion of the Balkans</a>: Dyrrhachium was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(1081)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081)">occupied</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> in 1081–1084, <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Greece" title="Arta, Greece">Arta</a> was unsuccessfully besieged, and Ioannina was captured by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198155–56_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198155–56-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanian</a> presence in Epirus is first mentioned in the late 11th century, while Jewish communities are attested throughout the medieval period in Arta and Ioannina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007129_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007129-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Despotate_of_Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epirus_1205-1230-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Balkans, with the original core of Epirus and its conquered territories shown in various shades of green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Epirus_1205-1230-en.svg/250px-Epirus_1205-1230-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Epirus_1205-1230-en.svg/330px-Epirus_1205-1230-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Epirus_1205-1230-en.svg/500px-Epirus_1205-1230-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a> in the early 13th century</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> fell to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> in 1204, the <i><a href="/wiki/Partitio_Romaniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitio Romaniae">partitio Romaniae</a></i> assigned Epirus to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, but the Venetians were largely unable to effectively establish their authority, except over Dyrrhachium (the "<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Durazzo_(Republic_of_Venice)" title="Duchy of Durazzo (Republic of Venice)">Duchy of Durazzo</a>"). The Greek noble <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Michael I Komnenos Doukas">Michael Komnenos Doukas</a>, who had married the daughter of a local magnate, took advantage of this, and within a few years consolidated his control over most of Epirus, first as a Venetian <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> and eventually as an independent ruler. By the time of his death in 1214/5, Michael had established a strong state, the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>, with the former theme of Nicopolis at its core and Arta as its capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198159–61_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198159–61-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007132_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007132-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epirus, and the city of Ioannina in particular, became a haven for Greek refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Empire of Constantinople">Latin Empire of Constantinople</a> for the next half century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007132_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007132-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Despotate of Epirus ruled over Epirus and western Greece as far south as Naupaktos and the Gulf of Corinth, much of Albania (including Dyrrhachium), Thessaly, and the western portion of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, extending its rule briefly over central Macedonia and most of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> following the aggressive expansionism of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Theodore Komnenos Doukas">Theodore Komnenos Doukas</a>, who established the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Empire of Thessalonica</a> in 1224.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1984"Introduction",_pp._4–5_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984"Introduction",_pp._4–5-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007133_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007133-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the definition of Epirus came to encompass the entire coastal region from the Ambracian Gulf to Dyrrhachium, and the hinterland to the west up to the highest peaks of the <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> mountain range. Some of the most important cities in Epirus, such as Gjirokastër (Argyrokastron), were founded during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiakoumis2002176_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiakoumis2002176-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest reference to <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> in Epirus is from a Venetian document dating to 1210, which states that "the continent facing the island of Corfu is inhabited by Albanians". Kosta Giakoumis believes that the use of hypothetical immigrations to explain the accounts of Albanian presence in Epirote territory prior to the 13th-14th century is somewhat arbitrary.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="14th_century_until_the_Ottoman_conquest">14th century until the Ottoman conquest</h4></div> <p>In 1337, Epirus was once again brought under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologoi">restored Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007133_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007133-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1348, taking advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">civil war</a> between the Byzantine emperors <a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a>, the Serbian king <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_IV_Du%C5%A1an" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Uroš IV Dušan">Stefan Uroš IV Dušan</a> conquered Epirus, with a number of Albanian mercenaries assisting him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007135_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007135-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantine authorities in Constantinople soon re-established a measure of control by making the Despotate of Epirus a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a>, but Albanian clans proceeded to invade and seize most of the region. Under <a href="/wiki/Peter_Losha" title="Peter Losha">Pjetër Losha</a>, the Albanian <a href="/wiki/Malakasioi" title="Malakasioi">Malakasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazreku_(Epirus)" title="Mazreku (Epirus)">Mazaraki</a> tribes defeated <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Orsini" title="Nikephoros II Orsini">Nikephoros II Orsini</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Achelous_(1359)" title="Battle of Achelous (1359)">Battle of Achelous</a> in 1359, which won Pjetër Losha the rule of <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Greece" title="Arta, Greece">Arta</a>; Losha then founded the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a> (1358-1416) with the help of the Mazaraki and Malakasi clans.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_southern_Balkans,_1410.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_the_southern_Balkans%2C_1410.svg/200px-Map_of_the_southern_Balkans%2C_1410.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_the_southern_Balkans%2C_1410.svg/300px-Map_of_the_southern_Balkans%2C_1410.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_of_the_southern_Balkans%2C_1410.svg/400px-Map_of_the_southern_Balkans%2C_1410.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2217" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption>Map of the southern Balkans and western Anatolia in 1410</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Albanian clans gained control of most of the region by 1366/7, their continued division into rival clans meant that they could not establish a single central authority.<sup id="cite_ref-mb_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mb-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ioannina became a center of Greek resistance to the Albanian clans. The Greeks of Ioannina offered power to three foreign rulers during this time, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_II_Preljubovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas II Preljubović">Thomas II Preljubović</a> (1367–1384), whose rule was marked by hostilities in the region, as Ioannina came under constant siege by the Mazaraki and Malakasi clans under Losha. These tribes would besiege Ioannina a second time in 1374–1375.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESansaridou-Hendrickx2017294_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESansaridou-Hendrickx2017294-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1984142–145_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984142–145-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sakellariou1997_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakellariou1997-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A truce was signed when Pjetër's son Gjin was betrothed to Thomas's daughter Irina, but she would soon die in the 1375 plague and hostilities would recommence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1984142–145Fine1994351–352Sansaridou-Hendrickx2017294_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984142–145Fine1994351–352Sansaridou-Hendrickx2017294-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preljubović attempted to pacify the Albanians of Epirus; however, under <a href="/wiki/Gjin_Bua_Shpata" title="Gjin Bua Shpata">Gjin Bua Shpata</a>, the Albanians defeated him.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reign of <a href="/wiki/Esau_de%27_Buondelmonti" title="Esau de' Buondelmonti">Esau de' Buondelmonti</a> (1385–1411) in Ioannina followed, and with an army that consisted of the Albanian tribes of the Mazaraki and Malakasi, he marched against the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Gjirokast%C3%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Gjirokastër">Principality of Gjirokastër</a>. He was defeated and captured by Albanian nobleman <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Zenebishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjon Zenebishi">Gjon Zenebishi</a>, and ransomed for 10,000 gold pieces on the intervention of the Venetian governor of <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time the Zenebishi clan controlled the area around Gjirokastër (1386–1411), while only the city of Ioannina remained under Greek control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007134_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007134-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carlo_I_Tocco" title="Carlo I Tocco">Carlo I Tocco</a> (1411–1429) then assumed control of Ioannina, commencing heavy conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_Spata" title="Yaqub Spata">Jakob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Spata" title="Maurice Spata">Muriq</a> Shpata, the Albanian leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a>. The Shpata were originally defeated by Carlo's brother <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_II_Tocco" title="Leonardo II Tocco">Leonardo II Tocco</a> at Mazoma near ancient <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a>, but Carlo's son Torno was in turn defeated by the Albanians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP26521._Σπάτας_Γιαγούπης_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP26521._Σπάτας_Γιαγούπης-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1984186_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984186-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Tocchi succeeded in capturing Rhiniasa, Leonardo tried to take Rogoi and Carlo attempted to take Arta, but Jakob and Muriq succeeded in defending their capital for the time being. Carlo withdrew to Ioannina, but soon after was able to lure Jakob to an ambush near Vobliana: Jakob was captured and immediately executed (1 October 1416).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP26521._Σπάτας_Γιαγούπης_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP26521._Σπάτας_Γιαγούπης-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1984186_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984186-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carlo had effectively ended the rule of the Albanian clans in southernmost Epirus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007136_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007136-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, internal dissension eased the Ottoman conquest, which began with the capture of Ioannina in 1430 and continued with Arta in 1449, <a href="/wiki/Angelokastro,_Aetolia-Acarnania" title="Angelokastro, Aetolia-Acarnania">Angelokastro</a> in 1460, <a href="/wiki/Riniasa_Castle" title="Riniasa Castle">Riniasa Castle</a> and its environs (in what is now <a href="/wiki/Preveza" title="Preveza">Preveza</a>) in 1463,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally <a href="/wiki/Vonitsa" title="Vonitsa">Vonitsa</a> in 1479. With the exception of several coastal Venetian possessions, this was also the end of Latin rule in mainland Greece. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/60px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/120px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Epirus" title="Talk:Epirus">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_palikars_19th_century_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Albanian_palikars_19th_century_engraving.jpg/250px-Albanian_palikars_19th_century_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Albanian_palikars_19th_century_engraving.jpg/330px-Albanian_palikars_19th_century_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Albanian_palikars_19th_century_engraving.jpg/500px-Albanian_palikars_19th_century_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Souliotes" title="Souliotes">Souliot</a> warriors, by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Cockerell" title="Charles Robert Cockerell">Charles Robert Cockerell</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnographic_map_of_Epirus,_based_on_P._Aravandinos,_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ethnographic_map_of_Epirus%2C_based_on_P._Aravandinos%2C_1878.jpg/250px-Ethnographic_map_of_Epirus%2C_based_on_P._Aravandinos%2C_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ethnographic_map_of_Epirus%2C_based_on_P._Aravandinos%2C_1878.jpg/500px-Ethnographic_map_of_Epirus%2C_based_on_P._Aravandinos%2C_1878.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2696" data-file-height="3101" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic (big) and religious (small) map of the Epirus region, 1878. German maker, H. Kiepert; information provided by Greek scholar, P. Aravandinos. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFC0CB; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Greek speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#99BADD; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Greek and Vlach speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFBF00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Greek and Albanian speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FBEC5D; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Albanian speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1E90FF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Greek Orthodox entirely</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008080; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Greek Orthodox majority</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4F7942; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Greek Orthodox – Muslim equivalence</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#addfad; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Muslim majority</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FBEC5D; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Muslim entirely</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> ruled Epirus for almost 500 years. Their rule in Epirus proved particularly damaging; the region was subjected to deforestation and excessive cultivation, which damaged the soil and drove many Epirotes to emigrate so as to escape the region's pervasive poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the Ottomans did not enjoy total control of Epirus. The <a href="/wiki/Himara" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara">Himara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zagori" title="Zagori">Zagori</a> regions managed to successfully resist Ottoman rule and maintained a degree of independence throughout this period. The Ottomans expelled the Venetians from almost the whole area in the late 15th century. </p><p>Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the city of Ioannina attained great prosperity and became a major center of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">modern Greek Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous schools were founded, such as the Balaneios, <a href="/wiki/Maroutsaia_School" title="Maroutsaia School">Maroutsaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaplaneios_School" title="Kaplaneios School">Kaplaneios</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zosimaia_School" title="Zosimaia School">Zosimaia</a>, teaching subjects such as literature, philosophy, mathematics and physical sciences. In the 18th century, as the power of the Ottoman Empire declined, Epirus became a <i>de facto</i> independent region under the despotic rule of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Tepelena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha of Tepelena">Ali Pasha of Tepelena</a>, a Muslim <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> brigand who rose to become the provincial governor of Ioannina in 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the height of his power, he controlled all of Epirus, and much of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, central Greece, and parts of western <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali Pasha's campaign to subjugate the confederation of the settlements of <a href="/wiki/Souli" title="Souli">Souli</a> met with fierce resistance by the <a href="/wiki/Souliotes" title="Souliotes">Souliot</a> warriors of the mountainous area. After numerous failed attempts to defeat the Souliotes, his troops succeeded in conquering the area in 1803. On the other hand, Ali, who used Greek as official language, witnessed an increase of Greek cultural activity with the establishment of several educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming199964_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming199964-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> broke out, the inhabitants of Epirus contributed greatly. Two of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a> (the secret society of the Greek revolutionaries), <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Skoufas" title="Nikolaos Skoufas">Nikolaos Skoufas</a> and Athanasios Tsakalov, came from the <a href="/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)" title="Arta (regional unit)">Arta</a> area and the city of <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>, respectively. Greece's first constitutional prime minister (1844–1847), <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kolettis" title="Ioannis Kolettis">Ioannis Kolettis</a>, was a native of the village of Syrrako in Epirus and was a former personal physician to Ali Pasha. Ali Pasha tried to use the war as an opportunity to make himself a fully independent ruler, but was assassinated by Ottoman agents in 1822. When Greece became independent in 1830, however, Epirus remained under Ottoman rule. In 1854, during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, a major local <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1854" title="Epirus Revolt of 1854">rebellion broke out</a>. Although the newly found Greek state tried tacitly to support it, the rebellion was suppressed by Ottoman forces after a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid2000_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2000-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another failed rebellion by local Greeks <a href="/wiki/Epirus_revolt_of_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus revolt of 1878">broke out in 1878</a>. During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> managed to shut down the few Albanian schools, considering teaching in Albanian a factor that would diminish its influence and lead to the creation of separate Albanian church, while publications in Albanian were banned by the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJelavichJelavich1977226_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJelavichJelavich1977226-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramet1998_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramet1998-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th century, the Kingdom of Italy opened various schools in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preveza" title="Preveza">Preveza</a> in order to influence the local population. These schools began to attract students from the Greek language schools, but were ultimately closed after intervention and harassment by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumi200257_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumi200257-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout, the late period of Ottoman rule (from the 18th century) Greek and Aromanian population of the region suffered from Albanians raiders, that sporadically continued after Ali Pasha's death, until 1912–1913.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond1976p._41:_"Throughout_this_period_bands_of_Albanians_raiders_pillaged_and_destroyed_the_villages_of_the_Vlachs_and_the_Greeks_in_Epirus,_northern_Pindus,_the_lakeland_of_Prespa_and_Ochrid,_and_parts_of_western_Macedonia._One_Albanian_leader,_'Ali_the_Lion',_emulated_the_achievements_of_'John_the_Sword'_and_'Peter_the_Pockmark'_when_he_established_himself_as_Ali_Pasha,_independent_ruler_of_Ioannina._He_and_his_Albanian_soldiers,_recruited_mainly_from_his_homeland_in_the_Kurvelesh_and_the_Drin_valley_of_North_Epirus,_controlled_the_whole_of_Epirus_and_carried_their_raids_far_into_western_Macedonia_and_Thessaly._As_we_have_seen,_they_destroyed_the_Vlach_settlements_in_the_lakeland_and_weakened_those_farther_south._After_the_assassination_of_Ali_Pasha_in_1822_sporadic_raids_by_bands_of_Albanians_were_a_feature_of_life_in_northern_Greece_until_the_liberation_of_1912–13"_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1976p._41:_"Throughout_this_period_bands_of_Albanians_raiders_pillaged_and_destroyed_the_villages_of_the_Vlachs_and_the_Greeks_in_Epirus,_northern_Pindus,_the_lakeland_of_Prespa_and_Ochrid,_and_parts_of_western_Macedonia._One_Albanian_leader,_'Ali_the_Lion',_emulated_the_achievements_of_'John_the_Sword'_and_'Peter_the_Pockmark'_when_he_established_himself_as_Ali_Pasha,_independent_ruler_of_Ioannina._He_and_his_Albanian_soldiers,_recruited_mainly_from_his_homeland_in_the_Kurvelesh_and_the_Drin_valley_of_North_Epirus,_controlled_the_whole_of_Epirus_and_carried_their_raids_far_into_western_Macedonia_and_Thessaly._As_we_have_seen,_they_destroyed_the_Vlach_settlements_in_the_lakeland_and_weakened_those_farther_south._After_the_assassination_of_Ali_Pasha_in_1822_sporadic_raids_by_bands_of_Albanians_were_a_feature_of_life_in_northern_Greece_until_the_liberation_of_1912–13"-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-century_Epirus">20th-century Epirus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/60px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/120px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Epirus" title="Talk:Epirus">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epirote_women_Aug1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Epirote_women_Aug1914.jpg/250px-Epirote_women_Aug1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Epirote_women_Aug1914.jpg/330px-Epirote_women_Aug1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Epirote_women_Aug1914.jpg/500px-Epirote_women_Aug1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Detachment of armed Epirote women in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a> awarded large parts of Epirus to Greece, opposition by the Ottomans and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a> resulted in only the region of <a href="/wiki/Arta_(regional_unit)" title="Arta (regional unit)">Arta</a> being ceded to Greece in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-Gawrych2006_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gawrych2006-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only following the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> of 1912–1913 and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a> that the rest of southern Epirus, including <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a>, was incorporated into Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greece had also seized northern Epirus during the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a>, which concluded the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>, assigned <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a> to Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg2002p._105_"The_Second_Balkan_War_had_short_duration_and_the_Bulgarians_were_soon_dragged_to_the_table_of_negotiations._By_the_Treaty_of_Bucharest_(August_1913)_Bulgaria_was_forced_to_accept_a_little_favourable_regulation_of_the_borders,_even_if_she_kept_a_way_to_the_Aegean,_in_Degeagatch_(modern_Alexandroupolis)._The_sovereignty_of_Greece_over_Crete_was_now_recognised,_but_her_ambition_to_annex_Northern_Epirus_with_its_large_Greek_population_was_stopped_by_the_annexation_of_the_area_to_an_independent_Albania"_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg2002p._105_"The_Second_Balkan_War_had_short_duration_and_the_Bulgarians_were_soon_dragged_to_the_table_of_negotiations._By_the_Treaty_of_Bucharest_(August_1913)_Bulgaria_was_forced_to_accept_a_little_favourable_regulation_of_the_borders,_even_if_she_kept_a_way_to_the_Aegean,_in_Degeagatch_(modern_Alexandroupolis)._The_sovereignty_of_Greece_over_Crete_was_now_recognised,_but_her_ambition_to_annex_Northern_Epirus_with_its_large_Greek_population_was_stopped_by_the_annexation_of_the_area_to_an_independent_Albania"-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This outcome was unpopular among local Greeks, as a substantial Greek population existed on the Albanian side of the border.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Greeks, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">northern Epirus</a> was henceforth regarded as <i><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">terra irredenta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Konidaris_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konidaris-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local Greeks in northern Epirus revolted, declared <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirote_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Northern Epirote Declaration of Independence">their independence</a> and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus</a> in February 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinnifrith2002130_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinnifrith2002130-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After fierce guerrilla fighting, they managed to gain full autonomy under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_of_Corfu" title="Protocol of Corfu">Protocol of Corfu</a>, signed by Albanian and Northern Epirote representatives and approved by the Great Powers. The signing of the Protocol ensured that the region would have its own administration, recognized the rights of the local Greeks and provided self-government under nominal Albanian sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-Triadafilopoulos_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Triadafilopoulos-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republic, however, was short-lived, as when <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out, Albania collapsed, and northern Epirus was alternately controlled by Greece, Italy and France at various intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-Konidaris_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konidaris-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TuckerRoberts2005_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TuckerRoberts2005-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epirus_across_Greece_Albania4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Epirus_across_Greece_Albania4.svg/250px-Epirus_across_Greece_Albania4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Epirus_across_Greece_Albania4.svg/500px-Epirus_across_Greece_Albania4.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>The region of Epirus in the 20th century, divided between Greece and Albania. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fcc45f; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Greek <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">region of Epirus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dcc9a7; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> approx. extent of Epirus in antiquity</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#77da9b; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> approx. extent of largest concentration of Greeks in "Northern Epirus", early 20th century<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></div><br /><b>Red dotted line</b>: Territory of Autonomous State of Northern Epirus</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> of 1919 awarded Northern Epirus to Greece, developments such as the Greek defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> and, crucially, Italian lobbying in favor of Albania meant that Greece would not keep Northern Epirus. In 1924, the area was again ceded to Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, Italy <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">occupied Albania</a>, and in 1940 <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">invaded Greece</a>. The Italians were driven back into Albania, however, and Greek forces again took control of northern Epirus. The conflict marked the first tactical victory of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> himself supervised the spring counter-offensive of his divisions in spring 1941, only to be repulsed again by the poorly equipped, but determined, Greeks. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> then <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">intervened</a> in April 1941 to avert an Italian defeat. The German military performed rapid military maneuvers through <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and forced the encircled Greek forces of the Epirus front to surrender. </p><p>The whole of Epirus was then placed under Italian <a href="/wiki/Axis_Occupation_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Occupation of Greece">occupation</a> until 1943, when the Germans took over following the <a href="/wiki/Italian_armistice" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian armistice">Italian surrender</a> to the Allies. Due to the extensive activity of the anti-Nazi Greek resistance (mainly under <a href="/wiki/EDES" title="EDES">EDES</a>), the Germans carried out large scaled anti-partisan sweeps, making wide use of <a href="/wiki/Axis-Cham_Albanian_collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis-Cham Albanian collaboration">Nazi-collaborationist bands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham Albanians</a>, who committed numerous atrocities against the civilian population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKonidaris201367_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonidaris201367-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They fought fiercely against the Greek partisans of the EDES, the latter being ordered by the Allied command to push them out of Greece into Albania. The violent clashes and the reprisals that followed by the Greek guerillas resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Cham_Albanians" title="Expulsion of Cham Albanians">expulsion</a> to Albania of almost the entire Cham population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKonidaris201367_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonidaris201367-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the liberation of Greece and the start of the first round of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a> at the end of 1944, the highlands of Epirus became a major theater of guerrilla warfare between the leftist <a href="/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek People's Liberation Army">Greek People's Liberation Army</a> (ELAS) and the right-wing <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Greek_League" class="mw-redirect" title="National Republican Greek League">National Republican Greek League</a> (EDES). In subsequent years (1945–1949), the mountains of Epirus also became the scene of some of the fiercest fighting of the second and bloodier round of the Greek Civil War. The final episode of the war took place on <a href="/wiki/Gramos" title="Gramos">Mount Grammos</a> in 1949, ending with the defeat of the Communists. Peace returned to the region in 1949, although because of official Albanian active involvement in the civil war on the side of the communists, the formal state of war between Greece and Albania remained in effect until 1987. Another reason for the continuation of the state of war until 1987 was that during the entire period of Communist rule in Albania, the Greek population of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a> experienced forced <a href="/wiki/Albanisation" title="Albanisation">Albanisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettifer20017_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettifer20017-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a Greek minority was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Hoxha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoxha">Hoxha</a> regime, this recognition only applied to an "official minority zone" consisting of 99 villages, leaving out important areas of Greek settlement, such as <a href="/wiki/Himara" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara">Himara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Konidaris_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konidaris-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People outside the official minority zone received no education in the Greek language, which was prohibited in public.<sup id="cite_ref-Konidaris_85-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konidaris-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hoxha regime also diluted the ethnic demographics of the region by relocating Greeks living there and settling in their stead Albanians from other parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Konidaris_85-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konidaris-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations began to improve in the 1980s with Greece's abandonment of any territorial claims over Northern Epirus and the lifting of the official state of war between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Konidaris_85-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konidaris-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_port_of_igoumenitsa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/New_port_of_igoumenitsa.JPG/250px-New_port_of_igoumenitsa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/New_port_of_igoumenitsa.JPG/330px-New_port_of_igoumenitsa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/New_port_of_igoumenitsa.JPG/500px-New_port_of_igoumenitsa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Igoumenitsa" title="Igoumenitsa">Igoumenitsa</a> is the main port in Epirus, and links the region to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A rugged topography, poor soils, and fragmented landholdings have kept agricultural production low and have resulted in a low population density.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animal husbandry is the main industry and corn the chief crop.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oranges and olives are grown in the western lowlands, while tobacco is grown around Ioannina.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epirus has few natural resources and industries, and the population has been depleted by migration.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population is centered around Ioannina, which has the largest number of industrial establishments.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <p>Epirus has historically been a remote and isolated region due to its location between the Pindus mountains and the sea. In antiquity, the Roman <a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a> passed through <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a>, which linked Byzantium and Thessalonica to <a href="/wiki/Dyrrachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrachium">Dyrrachium</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>. The modern <i>Egnatia Odos</i>, the <a href="/wiki/A2_motorway_(Greece)" title="A2 motorway (Greece)">A2 motorway</a>, which links <a href="/wiki/Ioannina" title="Ioannina">Ioannina</a> to the Greek province of Macedonia and terminating at <a href="/wiki/Igoumenitsa" title="Igoumenitsa">Igoumenitsa</a>, is the only highway through the Pindus mountains and has served to greatly reduce the region's isolation from the east, while the <a href="/wiki/Ionia_Odos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionia Odos">Ionia Odos highway</a>, connecting Epirus with <a href="/wiki/Western_Greece" title="Western Greece">Western Greece</a>, helped reducing the region's isolation from the south. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Aktio-Preveza_Undersea_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktio-Preveza Undersea Tunnel">Aktio-Preveza Undersea Tunnel</a> connects the southernmost tip of Epirus, near <a href="/wiki/Preveza" title="Preveza">Preveza</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Aetolia-Acarnania" title="Aetolia-Acarnania">Aetolia-Acarnania</a> in western Greece. Ferry services from <a href="/wiki/Igoumenitsa" title="Igoumenitsa">Igoumenitsa</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian islands">Ionian islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> exist. The only airport in Epirus is the <a href="/wiki/Ioannina_National_Airport" title="Ioannina National Airport">Ioannina National Airport</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Aktion_National_Airport" title="Aktion National Airport">Aktion National Airport</a> is located just south of Preveza in <a href="/wiki/Aetolia-Acarnania" title="Aetolia-Acarnania">Aetolia-Acarnania</a>. There are no railroads in Epirus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Br%C3%BCcke_Arta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bridge of Arta"><img alt="The Bridge of Arta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Br%C3%BCcke_Arta.jpg/120px-Br%C3%BCcke_Arta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Br%C3%BCcke_Arta.jpg/250px-Br%C3%BCcke_Arta.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Arta" title="Bridge of Arta">Bridge of Arta</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aetomilitsa-Densko.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The village of Aetomilitsa on Mount Gramos, in the Pindus mountains"><img alt="The village of Aetomilitsa on Mount Gramos, in the Pindus mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Aetomilitsa-Densko.jpg/120px-Aetomilitsa-Densko.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Aetomilitsa-Densko.jpg/180px-Aetomilitsa-Densko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Aetomilitsa-Densko.jpg/240px-Aetomilitsa-Densko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The village of Aetomilitsa on Mount <a href="/wiki/Gramos" title="Gramos">Gramos</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Pindus_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindus mountains">Pindus mountains</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikos_river,_Epirus,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Vikos river, Vikos–Aoös National Park"><img alt="The Vikos river, Vikos–Aoös National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vikos_river%2C_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg/120px-Vikos_river%2C_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vikos_river%2C_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg/180px-Vikos_river%2C_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vikos_river%2C_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg/240px-Vikos_river%2C_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Vikos river, <a href="/wiki/Vikos%E2%80%93Ao%C3%B6s_National_Park" title="Vikos–Aoös National Park">Vikos–Aoös National Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikos_Gorge_from_Beloe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Vikos Gorge"><img alt="The Vikos Gorge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Vikos_Gorge_from_Beloe.jpg/120px-Vikos_Gorge_from_Beloe.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Vikos_Gorge_from_Beloe.jpg/250px-Vikos_Gorge_from_Beloe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Vikos_Gorge" title="Vikos Gorge">Vikos Gorge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:120_2821-Aoos-Onno-Zweers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The old bridge of Konitsa over the Aoos river"><img alt="The old bridge of Konitsa over the Aoos river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/120_2821-Aoos-Onno-Zweers.jpg/120px-120_2821-Aoos-Onno-Zweers.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/120_2821-Aoos-Onno-Zweers.jpg/180px-120_2821-Aoos-Onno-Zweers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/120_2821-Aoos-Onno-Zweers.jpg/240px-120_2821-Aoos-Onno-Zweers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The old bridge of <a href="/wiki/Konitsa" title="Konitsa">Konitsa</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Vjosa" title="Vjosa">Aoos</a> river</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zagori_Dragonlake_and_Gamila_summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The high altitude Lake Drakolimni (Dragon Lake), on Mount Gamila in the Pindus mountains"><img alt="The high altitude Lake Drakolimni (Dragon Lake), on Mount Gamila in the Pindus mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Zagori_Dragonlake_and_Gamila_summit.jpg/120px-Zagori_Dragonlake_and_Gamila_summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Zagori_Dragonlake_and_Gamila_summit.jpg/180px-Zagori_Dragonlake_and_Gamila_summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Zagori_Dragonlake_and_Gamila_summit.jpg/240px-Zagori_Dragonlake_and_Gamila_summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The high altitude <a href="/wiki/Drakolimni" title="Drakolimni">Lake Drakolimni</a> (Dragon Lake), on Mount Gamila in the <a href="/wiki/Pindus_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindus mountains">Pindus mountains</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acherons_utspr%C3%A5ng,_Grekland.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A canyon of the Acheron river"><img alt="A canyon of the Acheron river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Acherons_utspr%C3%A5ng%2C_Grekland.JPG/120px-Acherons_utspr%C3%A5ng%2C_Grekland.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Acherons_utspr%C3%A5ng%2C_Grekland.JPG/250px-Acherons_utspr%C3%A5ng%2C_Grekland.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A canyon of the <a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a> river</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirrako_Village_in_Epirus,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The village of Sirako"><img alt="The village of Sirako" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sirrako_Village_in_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg/120px-Sirrako_Village_in_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sirrako_Village_in_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg/180px-Sirrako_Village_in_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Sirrako_Village_in_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg/240px-Sirrako_Village_in_Epirus%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The village of <a href="/wiki/Sirako" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirako">Sirako</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicopolis_LR_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The walls of ancient Nicopolis"><img alt="The walls of ancient Nicopolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Nicopolis_LR_wall.jpg/120px-Nicopolis_LR_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Nicopolis_LR_wall.jpg/180px-Nicopolis_LR_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Nicopolis_LR_wall.jpg/240px-Nicopolis_LR_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The walls of ancient <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodona_Theatre_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hellenistic theater of Dodona"><img alt="The Hellenistic theater of Dodona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dodona_Theatre_1.jpg/120px-Dodona_Theatre_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dodona_Theatre_1.jpg/180px-Dodona_Theatre_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dodona_Theatre_1.jpg/240px-Dodona_Theatre_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Hellenistic theater of <a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheep_in_shadow,_Konitsa,_Ioannina_prefecture,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sheep under the shade of a tree near Konitsa"><img alt="Sheep under the shade of a tree near Konitsa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sheep_in_shadow%2C_Konitsa%2C_Ioannina_prefecture%2C_Greece.jpg/90px-Sheep_in_shadow%2C_Konitsa%2C_Ioannina_prefecture%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sheep_in_shadow%2C_Konitsa%2C_Ioannina_prefecture%2C_Greece.jpg/135px-Sheep_in_shadow%2C_Konitsa%2C_Ioannina_prefecture%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sheep_in_shadow%2C_Konitsa%2C_Ioannina_prefecture%2C_Greece.jpg/180px-Sheep_in_shadow%2C_Konitsa%2C_Ioannina_prefecture%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sheep under the shade of a tree near <a href="/wiki/Konitsa" title="Konitsa">Konitsa</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BaiedeParga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The bay of Parga"><img alt="The bay of Parga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BaiedeParga.jpg/120px-BaiedeParga.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BaiedeParga.jpg/250px-BaiedeParga.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The bay of <a href="/wiki/Parga" title="Parga">Parga</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ALB_20070718_img_1368.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The region of Himara seen from the Llogara pass"><img alt="The region of Himara seen from the Llogara pass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/ALB_20070718_img_1368.jpg/120px-ALB_20070718_img_1368.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/ALB_20070718_img_1368.jpg/250px-ALB_20070718_img_1368.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="2110" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The region of <a href="/wiki/Himara" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara">Himara</a> seen from the Llogara pass</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:07Vjosa02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Vjosa river near Tepelena"><img alt="The Vjosa river near Tepelena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/07Vjosa02.jpg/120px-07Vjosa02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/07Vjosa02.jpg/180px-07Vjosa02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/07Vjosa02.jpg/240px-07Vjosa02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Vjosa" title="Vjosa">Vjosa</a> river near <a href="/wiki/Tepelena" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepelena">Tepelena</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A2_Motorway,_Greece_-_Section_Paramythia-Igoumenitsa_-_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Section of the A2 motorway, near Igoumenitsa"><img alt="Section of the A2 motorway, near Igoumenitsa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A2_Motorway%2C_Greece_-_Section_Paramythia-Igoumenitsa_-_16.jpg/120px-A2_Motorway%2C_Greece_-_Section_Paramythia-Igoumenitsa_-_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A2_Motorway%2C_Greece_-_Section_Paramythia-Igoumenitsa_-_16.jpg/180px-A2_Motorway%2C_Greece_-_Section_Paramythia-Igoumenitsa_-_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A2_Motorway%2C_Greece_-_Section_Paramythia-Igoumenitsa_-_16.jpg/240px-A2_Motorway%2C_Greece_-_Section_Paramythia-Igoumenitsa_-_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section of the <a href="/wiki/A2_motorway_(Greece)" title="A2 motorway (Greece)">A2 motorway</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Igoumenitsa" title="Igoumenitsa">Igoumenitsa</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gjirokastra01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gjirokaster, a UNESCO World Heritage Site"><img alt="Gjirokaster, a UNESCO World Heritage Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gjirokastra01.jpg/120px-Gjirokastra01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gjirokastra01.jpg/250px-Gjirokastra01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gjirokaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjirokaster">Gjirokaster</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Preveza_Greece_from_above_dsc06080.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Preveza seen from the air"><img alt="Preveza seen from the air" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Preveza_Greece_from_above_dsc06080.jpg/120px-Preveza_Greece_from_above_dsc06080.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Preveza_Greece_from_above_dsc06080.jpg/250px-Preveza_Greece_from_above_dsc06080.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Preveza" title="Preveza">Preveza</a> seen from the air</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">List of cities in ancient Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Epirotes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Epirotes">List of Epirotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Epirus_from_1913_to_1921" title="History of Northern Epirus from 1913 to 1921">History of Northern Epirus from 1913 to 1921</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/190156/Epirus">"Epirus"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epirus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F190156%2FEpirus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCD527-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCD527_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD527_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD527_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHornblowerSpawforthEidinow2012">Hornblower, Spawforth & Eidinow 2012</a>, "Epirus", p. 527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiddellScott1940">Liddell & Scott 1940</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2347463">ἤπειρ-ος</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilos2018p._215,_footnote_#1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilos2018p._215,_footnote_#1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFilos2018">Filos 2018</a>, p. 215, footnote #1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBabiniotis1998">Babiniotis 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_SacksLisa_R._BrodyOswyn_Murray2005" class="citation book cs1">David Sacks; Lisa R. Brody; Oswyn Murray (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World</i>. Facts on File Library of World History. Facts on File. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816057222" title="Special:BookSources/0816057222"><bdi>0816057222</bdi></a>. <q>... in a region of northwest Greece called Epirus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ancient+Greek+World&rft.series=Facts+on+File+Library+of+World+History&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0816057222&rft.au=David+Sacks&rft.au=Lisa+R.+Brody&rft.au=Oswyn+Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinnifrith2002">Winnifrith 2002</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuha2021">Suha 2021</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenwalt2011">Greenwalt 2011</a>, p. 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1995">Wilkes 1995</a>, p. 92 "Appian's description of the Illyrian territories records a southern boundary with Chaonia and Thesprotia, where ancient Epirus began south of the river Aous (Vijosë)." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C&dq=illyrians%20wilkes&pg=PR20">Map</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBahrJohnstonBloomfield1997">Bahr, Johnston & Bloomfield 1997</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorza1992">Borza 1992</a>, pp. 62, 78, 98; <a href="#CITEREFMinahan2002">Minahan 2002</a>, p. 578.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1986">Hammond 1986</a>, p. 77: "The original home of the Hellenes was 'Hellas', the area round Dodona in Epirus, according to Aristotle. In the Iliad it was the home of Achilles' Hellenes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle. <i>Meteorologica</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.1.i.html">1.14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061102/http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.1.i.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "Rather we must take the cause of all these changes to be that, just as winter occurs in the seasons of the year, so in determined periods there comes a great winter of a great year and with it excess of rain. But this excess does not always occur in the same place. The deluge in the time of Deucalion, for instance, took place chiefly in the Greek world and in it especially about ancient Hellas, the country about Dodona and the Achelous, a river which has often changed its course. Here the Selli dwelt and those who were formerly called Graeci and now Hellenes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgiev1981">Georgiev 1981</a>, p. 192: "<i>Late Neolithic Period</i>: in northwestern Greece the Proto-Greek language had already been formed: this is the original home of the Greeks."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1998">Hammond 1998</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1995">Wilkes 1995</a>, p. 104; <a href="#CITEREFHammond1994">Hammond 1994</a>, pp. 430, 434; <a href="#CITEREFHammond1982">Hammond 1982</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilos2018p._215:_"Epirus_[...]_was_geographically_placed_on_the_fringe_of_the_Greek_world_and_remained_almost_until_the_(early)_Hellenistic_period_on_the_sidelines_of_the_political,_socio-economic_and_cultural_characteristics_that_characterized_the_southern_Greek_city-states_and_their_overseas_colonies_from_as_early_as_the_Archaic_period._In_that_respect,_Epirus_shows_clear_similarities_to_neighboring_Greek_regions,_such_as_Macedonia,_Aetolia_and_Acarnania,_which_also_stayed_out_of_the_limelight_of_Greek_history_until_a_relatively_late_period;_[...]_Epirus_was_closely_related_to_those_areas,_and_in_fact_not_only_in_political_and_economic_terms,_but_also_in_a_cultural_and_linguistic_manner"-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilos2018p._215:_"Epirus_[...]_was_geographically_placed_on_the_fringe_of_the_Greek_world_and_remained_almost_until_the_(early)_Hellenistic_period_on_the_sidelines_of_the_political,_socio-economic_and_cultural_characteristics_that_characterized_the_southern_Greek_city-states_and_their_overseas_colonies_from_as_early_as_the_Archaic_period._In_that_respect,_Epirus_shows_clear_similarities_to_neighboring_Greek_regions,_such_as_Macedonia,_Aetolia_and_Acarnania,_which_also_stayed_out_of_the_limelight_of_Greek_history_until_a_relatively_late_period;_[...]_Epirus_was_closely_related_to_those_areas,_and_in_fact_not_only_in_political_and_economic_terms,_but_also_in_a_cultural_and_linguistic_manner"_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFilos2018">Filos 2018</a>, p. 215: "Epirus [...] was geographically placed on the fringe of the Greek world and remained almost until the (early) Hellenistic period on the sidelines of the political, socio-economic and cultural characteristics that characterized the southern Greek city-states and their overseas colonies from as early as the Archaic period. In that respect, Epirus shows clear similarities to neighboring Greek regions, such as Macedonia, Aetolia and Acarnania, which also stayed out of the limelight of Greek history until a relatively late period; [...] Epirus was closely related to those areas, and in fact not only in political and economic terms, but also in a cultural and linguistic manner".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1967">Hammond 1967</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides. <i>The History of the Peloponnesian War</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.mb.txt">1.8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805021537/http://classics.mit.edu/Thucydides/pelopwar.mb.txt">Archived</a> 5 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo. <i>Geography</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/7G*.html">7.7.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo. <i>Geography</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3Dfragments%3Asection%3D11">7.11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus. <i>Histories</i>, 6.127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius of Halicarnassus. <i>Roman Antiquities</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/20*.html">20.10 (19.11)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias. <i>Description of Greece</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias1A.html">1.11.7–1.12.2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eutropius. <i>Abridgment of Roman History</i> (Historiae Romanae Breviarium), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eutropius_breviarium_2_text.htm">2.11.13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2002234–258-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2002234–258_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2002">Davies 2002</a>, pp. 234–258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2004">Cameron 2004</a>, p. 141: "As for Aspestos, Achilles was honored in Epirus under that name, and the patronymic [Ἀ]σπετίδης is found in a fragmentary poem found on papyrus."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. Athenian secretary: Aspetos, son of Demostratos from <a href="/wiki/Kytheros_(deme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kytheros (deme)">Kytheros</a> c. 340 BC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Companion-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Companion_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnson2010">Anson 2010</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy (1926), 8.24.8–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198147-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198147_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198147_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198147_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198147–48-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198147–48_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148–49-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198148–49_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198149-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198149_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198149_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198149_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198149_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198150-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198150_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198150_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198151-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198151_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198151_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EllisKlusakova2007-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EllisKlusakova2007_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsswald2007">Osswald 2007</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198151–52-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198151–52_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesnickaja197348-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesnickaja197348_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesnickaja1973">Desnickaja 1973</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198152-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198152_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198152_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198153-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198153_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198153_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198153_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199164-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199164_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199164_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1991">Fine 1991</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan19911485-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan19911485_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, p. 1485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198153–54-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198153–54_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991668-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazhdan1991668_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, p. 668.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198154-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198154_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198154_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198155-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198155_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198155_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198155_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198155–56-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198155–56_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007129-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007129_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsswald2007">Osswald 2007</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198159–61-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoustalKoder198159–61_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoustalKoder1981">Soustal & Koder 1981</a>, pp. 59–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007132-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007132_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007132_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsswald2007">Osswald 2007</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984"Introduction",_pp._4–5-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1984"Introduction",_pp._4–5_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1984">Nicol 1984</a>, "Introduction", pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007133-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007133_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007133_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsswald2007">Osswald 2007</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiakoumis2002176-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiakoumis2002176_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiakoumis2002">Giakoumis 2002</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGiakoumis2002">Giakoumis 2002</a>, p. 176: "Are we obliged to see in this a possible earlier Albanian immigration in the Epeirote lands, as Kostas Komis did in the case of the etymology of the toponym 'Preveza'? I believe that the use of hypothetical immigrations as a basis to interpret sources that indicate the presence of Albanians in the Epeirote lands prior to the thirteenth-fourteenth century is somewhat arbitrary."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007135-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007135_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsswald2007">Osswald 2007</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epeirotica 2.220; cf. 222 f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mb-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mb_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1994">Fine 1994</a>, pp. 348–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESansaridou-Hendrickx2017294-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESansaridou-Hendrickx2017294_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSansaridou-Hendrickx2017">Sansaridou-Hendrickx 2017</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984142–145-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1984142–145_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1984">Nicol 1984</a>, pp. 142–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sakellariou1997-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sakellariou1997_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._V._Sakellariou1997" class="citation book cs1">M. V. Sakellariou (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ"><i>Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization</i></a>. Ekdotikē Athēnōn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-213-371-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-213-371-2"><bdi>978-960-213-371-2</bdi></a>. <q>For the Albanian tribes of the Mazarakaioi and the Malakasioi, led by Peter Losha the despot of Arta,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epirus%2C+4000+years+of+Greek+history+and+civilization&rft.pub=Ekdotik%C4%93+Ath%C4%93n%C5%8Dn&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-960-213-371-2&rft.au=M.+V.+Sakellariou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUV1oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984142–145Fine1994351–352Sansaridou-Hendrickx2017294-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1984142–145Fine1994351–352Sansaridou-Hendrickx2017294_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1984">Nicol 1984</a>, pp. 142–145; <a href="#CITEREFFine1994">Fine 1994</a>, pp. 351–352; <a href="#CITEREFSansaridou-Hendrickx2017">Sansaridou-Hendrickx 2017</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VBoAAAAMAAJ">Hammond, 1976 & ps</a><i>"The Albanians and in particular the Mazarakii of the Kalamas valley held firm against him. In 1385 he was assassinated by some of his own bodyguards"</i> (Epeirotica 2.230), p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson1956" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, Richard Wyatt (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.lib.uth.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11615/10744/article.pdf?sequence=1"><i>The Lord of Patras</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. A.G. Kalokairinos. p. 343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+Patras&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=A.G.+Kalokairinos&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Richard+Wyatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.lib.uth.gr%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11615%2F10744%2Farticle.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007134-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007134_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsswald2007">Osswald 2007</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPLP26521._Σπάτας_Γιαγούπης-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP26521._Σπάτας_Γιαγούπης_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPLP26521._Σπάτας_Γιαγούπης_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPLP">PLP</a>, 26521. Σπάτας Γιαγούπης.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1984186-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1984186_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol1984186_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicol1984">Nicol 1984</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007136-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOsswald2007136_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOsswald2007">Osswald 2007</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarabelas2015">Karabelas 2015</a>, pp. 972–975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSakellariou1997">Sakellariou 1997</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleming-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fleming_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFleming1999">Fleming 1999</a>, pp. 63–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greece2001.gr/docs/67-132.pdf">The Era of Enlightenment (Late 7th century–1821)</a></i>. Εθνικό Kέντρο Bιβλίου, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Υπουργείο Εσωτερικών, Αποκέντρωσης και Ηλεκρονικής Διακυβέρνησης <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epirus.gov.gr/portal/index.php/epirus/genika-stoixeia/the-epirus.html">Περιφέρεια Ηπείρου</a>: "Στη δεκαετία του 1790 ο νεοελληνικός διαφωτισμός έφθασε στο κορύφωμά του. Φορέας του πνεύματος στα Ιωάννινα είναι ο Αθανάσιος Ψαλίδας."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming199964-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming199964_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFleming1999">Fleming 1999</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2000-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid2000_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid2000">Reid 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJelavichJelavich1977226-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJelavichJelavich1977226_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJelavichJelavich1977">Jelavich & Jelavich 1977</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet1998-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet1998_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRamet1998">Ramet 1998</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumi200257-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlumi200257_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlumi2002">Blumi 2002</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1976p._41:_"Throughout_this_period_bands_of_Albanians_raiders_pillaged_and_destroyed_the_villages_of_the_Vlachs_and_the_Greeks_in_Epirus,_northern_Pindus,_the_lakeland_of_Prespa_and_Ochrid,_and_parts_of_western_Macedonia._One_Albanian_leader,_'Ali_the_Lion',_emulated_the_achievements_of_'John_the_Sword'_and_'Peter_the_Pockmark'_when_he_established_himself_as_Ali_Pasha,_independent_ruler_of_Ioannina._He_and_his_Albanian_soldiers,_recruited_mainly_from_his_homeland_in_the_Kurvelesh_and_the_Drin_valley_of_North_Epirus,_controlled_the_whole_of_Epirus_and_carried_their_raids_far_into_western_Macedonia_and_Thessaly._As_we_have_seen,_they_destroyed_the_Vlach_settlements_in_the_lakeland_and_weakened_those_farther_south._After_the_assassination_of_Ali_Pasha_in_1822_sporadic_raids_by_bands_of_Albanians_were_a_feature_of_life_in_northern_Greece_until_the_liberation_of_1912–13"-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond1976p._41:_"Throughout_this_period_bands_of_Albanians_raiders_pillaged_and_destroyed_the_villages_of_the_Vlachs_and_the_Greeks_in_Epirus,_northern_Pindus,_the_lakeland_of_Prespa_and_Ochrid,_and_parts_of_western_Macedonia._One_Albanian_leader,_'Ali_the_Lion',_emulated_the_achievements_of_'John_the_Sword'_and_'Peter_the_Pockmark'_when_he_established_himself_as_Ali_Pasha,_independent_ruler_of_Ioannina._He_and_his_Albanian_soldiers,_recruited_mainly_from_his_homeland_in_the_Kurvelesh_and_the_Drin_valley_of_North_Epirus,_controlled_the_whole_of_Epirus_and_carried_their_raids_far_into_western_Macedonia_and_Thessaly._As_we_have_seen,_they_destroyed_the_Vlach_settlements_in_the_lakeland_and_weakened_those_farther_south._After_the_assassination_of_Ali_Pasha_in_1822_sporadic_raids_by_bands_of_Albanians_were_a_feature_of_life_in_northern_Greece_until_the_liberation_of_1912–13"_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammond1976">Hammond 1976</a>, p. 41: "Throughout this period bands of Albanians raiders pillaged and destroyed the villages of the Vlachs and the Greeks in Epirus, northern Pindus, the lakeland of Prespa and Ochrid, and parts of western Macedonia. One Albanian leader, 'Ali the Lion', emulated the achievements of 'John the Sword' and 'Peter the Pockmark' when he established himself as Ali Pasha, independent ruler of Ioannina. He and his Albanian soldiers, recruited mainly from his homeland in the Kurvelesh and the Drin valley of North Epirus, controlled the whole of Epirus and carried their raids far into western Macedonia and Thessaly. As we have seen, they destroyed the Vlach settlements in the lakeland and weakened those farther south. After the assassination of Ali Pasha in 1822 sporadic raids by bands of Albanians were a feature of life in northern Greece until the liberation of 1912–13".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gawrych2006-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych2006_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClogg2002">Clogg 2002</a>, p. 105: "In February 1913 the Greek Army seized Ioannina, the capital of Epirus. The Turks recognized the gains of the Balkan allies by the Treaty of London, in May 1913."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClogg2002p._105_"The_Second_Balkan_War_had_short_duration_and_the_Bulgarians_were_soon_dragged_to_the_table_of_negotiations._By_the_Treaty_of_Bucharest_(August_1913)_Bulgaria_was_forced_to_accept_a_little_favourable_regulation_of_the_borders,_even_if_she_kept_a_way_to_the_Aegean,_in_Degeagatch_(modern_Alexandroupolis)._The_sovereignty_of_Greece_over_Crete_was_now_recognised,_but_her_ambition_to_annex_Northern_Epirus_with_its_large_Greek_population_was_stopped_by_the_annexation_of_the_area_to_an_independent_Albania"-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClogg2002p._105_"The_Second_Balkan_War_had_short_duration_and_the_Bulgarians_were_soon_dragged_to_the_table_of_negotiations._By_the_Treaty_of_Bucharest_(August_1913)_Bulgaria_was_forced_to_accept_a_little_favourable_regulation_of_the_borders,_even_if_she_kept_a_way_to_the_Aegean,_in_Degeagatch_(modern_Alexandroupolis)._The_sovereignty_of_Greece_over_Crete_was_now_recognised,_but_her_ambition_to_annex_Northern_Epirus_with_its_large_Greek_population_was_stopped_by_the_annexation_of_the_area_to_an_independent_Albania"_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClogg2002">Clogg 2002</a>, p. 105 "The Second Balkan War had short duration and the Bulgarians were soon dragged to the table of negotiations. By the Treaty of Bucharest (August 1913) Bulgaria was forced to accept a little favourable regulation of the borders, even if she kept a way to the Aegean, in Degeagatch (modern Alexandroupolis). The sovereignty of Greece over Crete was now recognised, but her ambition to annex Northern Epirus with its large Greek population was stopped by the annexation of the area to an independent Albania".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettifer2001">Pettifer 2001</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konidaris-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Konidaris_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konidaris_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konidaris_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konidaris_85-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konidaris_85-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konidaris_85-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKonidaris2013">Konidaris 2013</a>, pp. 64–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinnifrith2002130-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinnifrith2002130_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinnifrith2002">Winnifrith 2002</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Triadafilopoulos-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Triadafilopoulos_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTriadafilopoulos2000">Triadafilopoulos 2000</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TuckerRoberts2005-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TuckerRoberts2005_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoteriades1918">Soteriades 1918</a>: <a href="/wiki/File:Hellenism_in_the_Near_East_1918.jpg" title="File:Hellenism in the Near East 1918.jpg">Map</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1966">Miller 1966</a>, pp. 543–544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKonidaris201367-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKonidaris201367_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKonidaris201367_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKonidaris2013">Konidaris 2013</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettifer20017-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettifer20017_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettifer2001">Pettifer 2001</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnson2010" class="citation book cs1">Anson, Edward M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC">"Why Study Ancient Macedonia and What This Companion is About"</a>. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). <i>A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</i>. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Study+Ancient+Macedonia+and+What+This+Companion+is+About&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Chichester%2C+%26+Malden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=Anson&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkYFVJ3U-BIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAntoniadis2016" class="citation book cs1">Antoniadis, Vyron (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S99NvgAACAAJ"><i>Tabula Imperii Romani : J 34 - Athens : Epirus</i></a>. Athens: Academy of Athens. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-404-308-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-404-308-8"><bdi>978-960-404-308-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tabula+Imperii+Romani+%3A+J+34+-+Athens+%3A+Epirus&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Academy+of+Athens&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-960-404-308-8&rft.aulast=Antoniadis&rft.aufirst=Vyron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS99NvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBabiniotis1998" class="citation book cs1">Babiniotis, Georgios (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VpJiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Lexiko tis Neas Ellinikis Glossas</i></a>. Athens, Greece: Kentro Lexikologias. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-86190-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/960-86190-0-9"><bdi>960-86190-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexiko+tis+Neas+Ellinikis+Glossas&rft.place=Athens%2C+Greece&rft.pub=Kentro+Lexikologias&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=960-86190-0-9&rft.aulast=Babiniotis&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVpJiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBahrJohnstonBloomfield1997" class="citation book cs1">Bahr, Lauren S.; Johnston, Bernard; Bloomfield, Louise A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0EgUAQAAIAAJ"><i>Collier's Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 11. New York, NY: Collier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Collier&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bahr&rft.aufirst=Lauren+S.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Bloomfield%2C+Louise+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0EgUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlumi2002" class="citation book cs1">Blumi, Isa (2002). "The Role of Education in the Albanian Identity and its Myths". In Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RnDeHFOX8yIC"><i>Albanian Identities: Myth and History</i></a>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21570-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21570-6"><bdi>0-253-21570-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Education+in+the+Albanian+Identity+and+its+Myths&rft.btitle=Albanian+Identities%3A+Myth+and+History&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-253-21570-6&rft.aulast=Blumi&rft.aufirst=Isa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRnDeHFOX8yIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorza1992" class="citation book cs1">Borza, Eugene N. 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Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00880-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00880-9"><bdi>0-691-00880-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Olympus%3A+The+Emergence+of+Macedon&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-691-00880-9&rft.aulast=Borza&rft.aufirst=Eugene+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D614pd07OtfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowden2003" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ElFoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province</i></a>. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-3116-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-3116-0"><bdi>0-7156-3116-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epirus+Vetus%3A+The+Archaeology+of+a+Late+Antique+Province&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gerald+Duckworth+%26+Co.+Limited&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7156-3116-0&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DElFoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCameron2004" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Alan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3H_51913RkC"><i>Greek Mythography in the Roman World</i></a>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517121-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-517121-7"><bdi>0-19-517121-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Mythography+in+the+Roman+World&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-517121-7&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA3H_51913RkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClogg2002" class="citation book cs1">Clogg, Richard (2002) [1992]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00clog_0"><i>A Concise History of Greece</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-100479-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-100479-4"><bdi>978-0-52-100479-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Greece&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-52-100479-4&rft.aulast=Clogg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00clog_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies2002" class="citation book cs1">Davies, J. K. (2002). "13. A Wholly Non-Aristotelian Universe: The Molossians as Ethnos, State, and Monarchy". In Brock, Roger; Hodkinson, Stephen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5Jg8raPTZsC"><i>Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Organization and Community in Ancient Greece</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">234–</span>258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925810-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925810-4"><bdi>0-19-925810-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13.+A+Wholly+Non-Aristotelian+Universe%3A+The+Molossians+as+Ethnos%2C+State%2C+and+Monarchy&rft.btitle=Alternatives+to+Athens%3A+Varieties+of+Political+Organization+and+Community+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E234-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-925810-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=J.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5Jg8raPTZsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDesnickaja1973" class="citation journal cs1">Desnickaja, A. V. (1973). "Language Interferences and Historical Dialectology". <i>Linguistics</i>. <b>11</b> (113): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fling.1973.11.113.41">10.1515/ling.1973.11.113.41</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144569294">144569294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics&rft.atitle=Language+Interferences+and+Historical+Dialectology&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=113&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fling.1973.11.113.41&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144569294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Desnickaja&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFleming1999" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Katherine Elizabeth (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZqbA6Jk0uUC"><i>The Muslim Bonaparte: Diplomacy and Orientalism in Ali Pasha's Greece</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00194-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00194-4"><bdi>0-691-00194-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Bonaparte%3A+Diplomacy+and+Orientalism+in+Ali+Pasha%27s+Greece&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-691-00194-4&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Katherine+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZqbA6Jk0uUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFilos2018" class="citation book cs1">Filos, Panagiotis (2018). "The Dialectal Variety of Epirus". In Giannakis, Georgios; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrxGDwAAQBAJ"><i>Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea</i></a>. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">215–</span>248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110532135" title="Special:BookSources/9783110532135"><bdi>9783110532135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dialectal+Variety+of+Epirus&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects%3A+From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E248&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783110532135&rft.aulast=Filos&rft.aufirst=Panagiotis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUrxGDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFine1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John V. A. Jr.</a> (1991) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C"><i>The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century</i></a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08149-7"><bdi>0-472-08149-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Sixth+to+the+Late+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-472-08149-7&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0NBxG9Id58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John V. A. Jr.</a> (1994) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-08260-4"><bdi>0-472-08260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-472-08260-4&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGawrych2006" class="citation book cs1">Gawrych, George Walter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC"><i>The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman Rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913</i></a>. 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Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781837641932" title="Special:BookSources/9781837641932"><bdi>9781837641932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Examining+Policy+Responses+to+Immigration+in+the+Light+of+Interstate+Relations+and+Foreign+Policy+Objectives%3A+Greece+and+Albania&rft.btitle=The+New+Albanian+Migration&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781837641932&rft.aulast=Konidaris&rft.aufirst=Gerasimos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3LEEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation book cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057"><i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcHenry2003" class="citation book cs1">McHenry, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rIQxAQAAIAAJ"><i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-961-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-961-6"><bdi>978-0-85229-961-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-961-6&rft.aulast=McHenry&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrIQxAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1966" class="citation book cs1">Miller, William (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HaA18-u7mMMC"><i>The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801–1927</i></a>. New York and London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1974-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1974-3"><bdi>978-0-7146-1974-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire+and+Its+Successors%2C+1801%E2%80%931927&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-1974-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHaA18-u7mMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2002" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfnWCQAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World</i></a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313076961" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313076961"><bdi>978-0313076961</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+Ethnic+and+National+Groups+around+the+World&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0313076961&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfnWCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicol1984" class="citation book cs1">Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XIj0FfKto9AC"><i>The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26190-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26190-6"><bdi>978-0-521-26190-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Despotate+of+Epiros%2C+1267%E2%80%931479%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+History+of+Greece&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26190-6&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+MacGillivray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXIj0FfKto9AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsswald2007" class="citation book cs1">Osswald, Brendan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3zXFCs9EfEYC&pg=PA125">"The Ethnic Composition of Medieval Epirus"</a>. In Ellis, Steven G.; Klusáková, Lud'a (eds.). <i>Imagining Frontiers, Contesting Identities</i>. Pisa: Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-466-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-466-7"><bdi>978-88-8492-466-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ethnic+Composition+of+Medieval+Epirus&rft.btitle=Imagining+Frontiers%2C+Contesting+Identities&rft.place=Pisa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.pub=Edizioni+Plus+%E2%80%93+Pisa+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-8492-466-7&rft.aulast=Osswald&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3zXFCs9EfEYC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPettifer2001" class="citation book cs1">Pettifer, James (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100521003813/http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/arag/document-listings/balkan/G97"><i>The Greek Minority in Albania – In the Aftermath of Communism</i></a>. Camberley, Surrey: Conflict Studies Research Centre, Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903584-35-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-903584-35-3"><bdi>1-903584-35-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.da.mod.uk/colleges/arag/document-listings/balkan/G97">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Minority+in+Albania+%E2%80%93+In+the+Aftermath+of+Communism&rft.place=Camberley%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Conflict+Studies+Research+Centre%2C+Royal+Military+Academy+Sandhurst&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-903584-35-3&rft.aulast=Pettifer&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.da.mod.uk%2Fcolleges%2Farag%2Fdocument-listings%2Fbalkan%2FG97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPLP" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trapp, Erich; Beyer, Hans-Veit; Walther, Rainer; Sturm-Schnabl, Katja; Kislinger, Ewald; Leontiadis, Ioannis; Kaplaneres, Sokrates (1976–1996). <i><a href="/wiki/Prosopographisches_Lexikon_der_Palaiologenzeit" title="Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit">Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit</a></i> (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7001-3003-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7001-3003-1"><bdi>3-7001-3003-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosopographisches+Lexikon+der+Palaiologenzeit&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1976%2F1996&rft.isbn=3-7001-3003-1&rft.aulast=Trapp&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft.au=Beyer%2C+Hans-Veit&rft.au=Walther%2C+Rainer&rft.au=Sturm-Schnabl%2C+Katja&rft.au=Kislinger%2C+Ewald&rft.au=Leontiadis%2C+Ioannis&rft.au=Kaplaneres%2C+Sokrates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamet1998" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvMi6paTOlcC"><i>Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia</i></a>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2070-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-2070-3"><bdi>0-8223-2070-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihil+Obstat%3A+Religion%2C+Politics%2C+and+Social+Change+in+East-Central+Europe+and+Russia&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8223-2070-3&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvMi6paTOlcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReid2000" class="citation book cs1">Reid, James J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zgg6c_Ndtu4C"><i>Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878</i></a>. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07687-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-07687-5"><bdi>3-515-07687-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Prelude+to+Collapse+1839%E2%80%931878&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-515-07687-5&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgg6c_Ndtu4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuches1965" class="citation book cs1">Ruches, Pyrrhus J. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2k9pAAAAMAAJ"><i>Albania's Captives</i></a>. Chicago, IL: Argonaut Incorporated, Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania%27s+Captives&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=Argonaut+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Ruches&rft.aufirst=Pyrrhus+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2k9pAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSakellariou1997" class="citation book cs1">Sakellariou, M. V. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ"><i>Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization</i></a>. Athens, Greece: Ekdotikē Athēnōn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-213-371-6" title="Special:BookSources/960-213-371-6"><bdi>960-213-371-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epirus%2C+4000+Years+of+Greek+History+and+Civilization&rft.place=Athens%2C+Greece&rft.pub=Ekdotik%C4%93+Ath%C4%93n%C5%8Dn&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=960-213-371-6&rft.aulast=Sakellariou&rft.aufirst=M.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUV1oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSansaridou-Hendrickx2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sansaridou-Hendrickx, Thekla (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10226486.2010.11879131">"The Albanians in the Chronicle(s) of Ioannina: An Anthropological Approach"</a>. <i>Acta Patristica et Byzantina</i>. <b>21</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">287–</span>306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10226486.2010.11879131">10.1080/10226486.2010.11879131</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163742869">163742869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Patristica+et+Byzantina&rft.atitle=The+Albanians+in+the+Chronicle%28s%29+of+Ioannina%3A+An+Anthropological+Approach&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10226486.2010.11879131&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163742869%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sansaridou-Hendrickx&rft.aufirst=Thekla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F10226486.2010.11879131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoteriades1918" class="citation book cs1">Soteriades, Georgios (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m02ZQAAACAAJ"><i>An Ethnological Map Illustrating Hellenism in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor</i></a>. London: Edward Stanford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ethnological+Map+Illustrating+Hellenism+in+the+Balkan+Peninsula+and+Asia+Minor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Stanford&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Soteriades&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm02ZQAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoustalKoder1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Soustal, Peter; Koder, Johannes (1981). <i>Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 3: Nikopolis und Kephallēnia</i> (in German). Vienna: <a href="/wiki/Verlag_der_%C3%96sterreichischen_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften">Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-0399-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-0399-8"><bdi>978-3-7001-0399-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tabula+Imperii+Byzantini%2C+Band+3%3A+Nikopolis+und+Kephall%C4%93nia&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3-7001-0399-8&rft.aulast=Soustal&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Koder%2C+Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuha2021" class="citation thesis cs1">Suha, Mikko (2021). <i>Late Classical – Hellenistic Fortifications in Epirus: Fourth to Second Century BC</i> (Thesis). Unigrafia, University of Helsinki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-51-7673-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-51-7673-8"><bdi>978-951-51-7673-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Late+Classical+%E2%80%93+Hellenistic+Fortifications+in+Epirus%3A+Fourth+to+Second+Century+BC&rft.inst=Unigrafia%2C+University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-951-51-7673-8&rft.aulast=Suha&rft.aufirst=Mikko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTandy2001" class="citation book cs1">Tandy, David W. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BiqTCaFkvdYC&q=david+tandy"><i>Prehistory and History: Ethnicity, Class and Political Economy</i></a>. Montréal, Québec, Canada: Black Rose Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55164-188-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55164-188-7"><bdi>1-55164-188-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistory+and+History%3A+Ethnicity%2C+Class+and+Political+Economy&rft.place=Montr%C3%A9al%2C+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books+Limited&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55164-188-7&rft.aulast=Tandy&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBiqTCaFkvdYC%26q%3Ddavid%2Btandy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTriadafilopoulos2000" class="citation journal cs1">Triadafilopoulos, Triadafilos (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713683343">"Power politics and nationalist discourse in the struggle for 'Northern Epirus': 1919-1921"</a>. <i>Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">149–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713683343">10.1080/713683343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1461-3190">1461-3190</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140687333">140687333</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+Europe+and+the+Balkans&rft.atitle=Power+politics+and+nationalist+discourse+in+the+struggle+for+%27Northern+Epirus%27%3A+1919-1921&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140687333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1461-3190&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713683343&rft.aulast=Triadafilopoulos&rft.aufirst=Triadafilos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F713683343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C"><i>World War I: Encyclopedia</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-420-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-420-2"><bdi>1-85109-420-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO+Incorporated&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85109-420-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YqjfHLyyj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1995" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C"><i>The Illyrians</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5"><bdi>0-631-19807-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Limited&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-631-19807-5&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Nv6SPRKqs8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinnifrith2002" class="citation book cs1">Winnifrith, Tom (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dkRoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Badlands, Borderlands: A History of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania</i></a>. London: Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-3201-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-3201-9"><bdi>0-7156-3201-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Badlands%2C+Borderlands%3A+A+History+of+Northern+Epirus%2FSouthern+Albania&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7156-3201-9&rft.aulast=Winnifrith&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdkRoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpirus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macedonian-heritage.gr/HellenicMacedonia/en/img_A163a.html">Didrachm of the Epirote League</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040122193906/http://epirus.info/">Epirus Info Guide</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panepirotic.org/">Panepirotic Federation of America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611160243/http://www.panepirotic.org/">Archived</a> 11 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panepirotiki.com/">Panepirotic Federation of Greece</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126113309/http://www.panipirotikos-kairou.org/greek/">Panepirotic Society of Cairo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://longreads.com/2018/09/14/the-dead-end-on-my-record-shelf/">Folk music in Epirus</a> by musicologist Christopher C. King</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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