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</ul></div></nav><div class="site-inner"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content"><article class="post-174 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail entry" aria-label="Robert Hooke" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Robert Hooke</h1> </header><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"><p>Robert Hooke was a Renaissance Man – a jack of all trades, and a master of many.</p> <p>He wrote one of the most significant scientific books ever written, <em>Micrographia</em>, and made contributions to human knowledge spanning Architecture, Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Surveying & Map Making, and the design and construction of scientific instruments. </p> <div id="attachment_6665" style="width: 510px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif" data-lazy-src="//www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-blue-mold.png" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6665" alt="Robert Hooke Blue Mold" width="500" height="349" class="size-full wp-image-6665" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-blue-mold.png 500w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-blue-mold-300x209.png 300w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-blue-mold-100x69.png 100w" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px"><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6665" src="//www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-blue-mold.png" alt="Robert Hooke Blue Mold" width="500" height="349" class="size-full wp-image-6665" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-blue-mold.png 500w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-blue-mold-300x209.png 300w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-blue-mold-100x69.png 100w" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /></noscript><p id="caption-attachment-6665" class="wp-caption-text">Robert Hooke placed a sample of blue mold under his microscope and discovered that the mold was actually what he called ‘Microscopical Mushrooms.’</p></div> <h3>Early Life and Education</h3> <p>Robert Hooke was born on the Isle of Wight, England on July 28, 1635. His parents were John Hooke, a clergyman, and Cecily Gyles. He was the youngest of their four children. For most his childhood, and indeed his whole life, Robert Hooke’s health was delicate. He spent much of his school time at home. </p> <p>When Robert was still a young boy, his father noticed he was amazingly talented at intricate work. Watching him work on mechanical instruments and admiring the fine detailed pictures he drew, he became convinced that Robert would end up becoming a clockmaker or an artist.</p> <p>In 1648, Robert Hooke’s father died, leaving him a legacy of 40 pounds – a significant amount of money. The 13-year-old boy traveled to London to be educated at Westminster School, where he learned the classical languages of Greek and Latin, and studied mathematics and mechanics.</p> <p>In 1653, aged 18, he enrolled at the University of Oxford’s Christ Church College, where he studied experimental science and became a chorister.</p> <div class="center-340"> <span class="adstyle">Advertisements</span><br /> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9461632227417539" data-ad-slot="4853610001" data-ad-format="auto"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script> </div> <h3>Hooke Becomes a Scientist</h3> <p>In 1655, aged 20, Hooke edged closer to becoming a scientist.</p> <p>His capabilites with mechanical instruments had reached expert level and he secured work in Oxford as an assistant to one of the founders of modern chemistry, <a class="post" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-boyle/">Robert Boyle</a>. Hooke worked with Boyle for seven years, during which time his employer discovered Boyle’s Law using equipment designed and built largely by Hooke.</p> <h3>A Big Job with the Royal Society</h3> <p>In 1660, Boyle helped found the Royal Society, to advance scientific understanding of the world. In 1662, he helped the 27-year-old Hooke become the Society’s Curator of Experiments. With its motto <em>Nullus In Verba</em> – <em>Take Nobody’s Word For It</em>, the Society focused on learning about the world by experiment rather than through philosophy. Hooke’s new job, with responsibility for the Society’s experiments, was a big one.</p> <p>He moved from Oxford to London where he held the Curator’s position for forty years. </p> <h2 class="bluebold">Robert Hooke’s Scientific Discoveries</h2> <h3 class="greenbold">The Measurement of Time</h3> <p>In about 1657, Hooke greatly improved the pendulum clock by inventing the anchor escapement. This was a cog which gave a small push to every swing a pendulum took, preventing it running down, while also moving the hands of the clock forward.</p> <p>In about 1660, Hooke invented the balance spring, vital for accurate timekeeping in pocket watches, one of which he made for his own use. A pendulum cannot be used in a pocket watch, so another way of marking the passage of time is needed. </p> <p>Hooke’s balance spring was attached to a balance wheel and produced a regular oscillation which allowed time to be kept accurately. Christiaan Huygens invented the balance spring independently of Hooke over a decade later.</p> <h3 class="greenbold">Hooke’s Law</h3> <p>In 1660, Hooke discovered Hooke’s Law, which states that the tension force in a spring increases in direct proportion to the length it is stretched to.</p> <h3 class="greenbold">Micrographia and Microscopy</h3> <p>In 1665, at age 30, Hooke published the first ever scientific bestseller: <em>Micrographia</em>. </p> <p>The book was a showcase for Hooke’s particular talents – his understanding of nature and light, his highly developed skills in designing and constructing scientific instruments, and his skills as an artist.</p> <p>Hooke built a compound microscope with a new, screw-operated focusing mechanism he had designed. Previously, people needed to move the specimen to get it in focus. </p> <p>He further improved the microscope with lighting. He placed a water-lens beside the microscope to focus light from an oil-lamp on his specimens to illuminate them brightly.</p> <div id="attachment_6661" style="width: 510px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif" data-lazy-src="//www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-compound-microscope.png" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6661" alt="Robert Hooke's Compound Microscope" width="500" height="562" class="size-full wp-image-6661" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-compound-microscope.png 500w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-compound-microscope-266x300.png 266w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-compound-microscope-88x100.png 88w" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px"><noscript><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6661" src="//www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-compound-microscope.png" alt="Robert Hooke's Compound Microscope" width="500" height="562" class="size-full wp-image-6661" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-compound-microscope.png 500w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-compound-microscope-266x300.png 266w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-compound-microscope-88x100.png 88w" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /></noscript><p id="caption-attachment-6661" class="wp-caption-text">Robert Hooke’s own illustration of his compound microscope, with labels added by this website.</p></div> <div style="line-height:10px"> </div> <p>Hooke used his microscope to observe the smallest, previously hidden details of the natural world. His book <em>Micrographia</em> revealed and described his discoveries.</p> <p>Some people disputed his diagrams because they refused to believe what they showed. The world Hooke had discovered was too alien for them!</p> <div id="attachment_6651" style="width: 410px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif" data-lazy-src="//www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-fly-eyes.jpg" loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6651" alt="Fly Eyes" width="400" height="375" class="size-full wp-image-6651" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-fly-eyes.jpg 400w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-fly-eyes-300x281.jpg 300w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-fly-eyes-100x93.jpg 100w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6651" src="//www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-fly-eyes.jpg" alt="Fly Eyes" width="400" height="375" class="size-full wp-image-6651" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-fly-eyes.jpg 400w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-fly-eyes-300x281.jpg 300w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-fly-eyes-100x93.jpg 100w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></noscript><p id="caption-attachment-6651" class="wp-caption-text">Robert Hooke’s drawing from <em>Micrographia</em> of a dronefly’s head, showing detailed eye-structure. Images like this were too worryingly alien for some people to believe genuine.</p></div> <div style="line-height:10px"> </div> <div class="bluebold">The Importance of Hooke’s Micrographia</div> <p>Micrographia was one of the most important scientific books ever written, because it revealed a new world that people had never imagined could exist. Our knowledge of microbiology, quantum physics, and nanotechnology can all be traced back to Hooke’s <em>Micrographia</em> and the path some scientists were inspired to follow after seeing the world Hooke revealed.</p> <div class="bluebold">Hooke’s Discovery of Microscopic Fungi</div> <p>Hooke discovered the first known microorganisms, in the form of microscopic fungi, in 1665. This preceded <a class="post" href="//www.famousscientists.org/antonie-van-leeuwenhoek/">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek’s</a> discovery of single-celled life by nine years.</p> <div class="bluebold">Hooke’s Discovery of Plant Cells</div> <p>Hooke looked at the bark of a cork tree and observed its microscopic structure. In doing so, he discovered and named the <em>cell</em> – the building block of life. He thought the objects he had discovered looked like the individual rooms in a monastery, which were known as cells. Hooke did not discover the true biological function of cells.</p> <div id="attachment_6648" style="width: 410px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif" data-lazy-src="//www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-plant-cells.png" loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6648" alt="Robert Hooke - Plant Cells" width="400" height="200" class="size-full wp-image-6648" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-plant-cells.png 400w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-plant-cells-300x150.png 300w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-plant-cells-100x50.png 100w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6648" src="//www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-plant-cells.png" alt="Robert Hooke - Plant Cells" width="400" height="200" class="size-full wp-image-6648" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-plant-cells.png 400w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-plant-cells-300x150.png 300w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-plant-cells-100x50.png 100w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></noscript><p id="caption-attachment-6648" class="wp-caption-text">Plant cells, discovered, named and drawn by Robert Hooke. This illustration was first published in Hooke’s book <em>Micrographia</em>, in 1665.</p></div> <div style="line-height:0px"> </div> <div id="attachment_6650" style="width: 432px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif" data-lazy-src="//www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-frozen-urine.png" loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6650" alt="Crystals of Frozen Urine" width="422" height="380" class="size-full wp-image-6650" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-frozen-urine.png 422w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-frozen-urine-300x270.png 300w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-frozen-urine-100x90.png 100w" sizes="(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6650" src="//www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-frozen-urine.png" alt="Crystals of Frozen Urine" width="422" height="380" class="size-full wp-image-6650" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-frozen-urine.png 422w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-frozen-urine-300x270.png 300w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-frozen-urine-100x90.png 100w" sizes="(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px" /></noscript><p id="caption-attachment-6650" class="wp-caption-text">Hooke’s drawings of crystals taken from frozen urine</p></div> <div style="line-height:20px"> </div> <div id="attachment_6659" style="width: 510px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif" data-lazy-src="//www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-bee-sting.png" loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6659" alt="Robert Hooke Bee Sting" width="500" height="283" class="size-full wp-image-6659" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-bee-sting.png 500w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-bee-sting-300x169.png 300w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-bee-sting-100x56.png 100w" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-6659" src="//www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-bee-sting.png" alt="Robert Hooke Bee Sting" width="500" height="283" class="size-full wp-image-6659" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-bee-sting.png 500w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-bee-sting-300x169.png 300w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/robert-hooke-bee-sting-100x56.png 100w" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /></noscript><p id="caption-attachment-6659" class="wp-caption-text">Robert Hooke’s illustration of a bee’s sting. Hooke found that bee stings have barbs at the end. Image 2 is a more detailed illustration of the barbed end of the sting.</p></div> <div class="quoteblue"><img src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif" data-lazy-src="//www.famousscientists.org/images1/100-samuel-pepys.jpg" loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt width="100" height="100" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-7013"><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="//www.famousscientists.org/images1/100-samuel-pepys.jpg" alt="" width="100" height="100" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-7013" /></noscript>“Before I went to bed, I sat up till 2 a-clock in my chamber, reading of Mr. Hooke’s Microscopical Observations, the most ingenious book that I ever read in my life.”</p> <div class="quotename">Samuel Pepys</div> <div class="quoto">Diarist and Member of Parliament</div> </div> <div style="line-height:20px"> </div> <h3 class="greenbold">Micrographia and Paleontology</h3> <p>Hooke used his microscope to study the ancient cells in fossilized wood. He concluded that fossils had once been living creatures whose cells had become mineralized. He also concluded that some species that had once existed must have become extinct. Although this is now accepted by almost everyone his proposal was controversial when he made it.</p> <h3 class="greenbold">The Force of Gravity</h3> <p>In a lecture in 1670, Hooke correctly said that gravity applied to all celestial bodies and that the force of gravity between bodies decreases with the distance between them. If the force were to be removed, the celestial bodies would move in straight lines.</p> <h3>Hooke the Architect</h3> <p>While working as a scientist, Hooke developed a sideline career as an architect. People liked his designs for buildings, and he was appointed to be Surveyor to the City of London. In fact, he made much more money as an architect than as a scientist, because he designed many of the buildings that replaced those destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666.</p> <h3>The End</h3> <p>In his later years, Hooke became increasingly grumpy, engaging in a number of feuds with other scientists, often about who said what first. Hooke’s most famous feud was with Isaac Newton. Hooke thought Newton failed to give hime enough credit for his ideas about gravity. </p> <p>Artists almost certainly painted pictures of Hooke in his lifetime, but none survive. Historians think that, although nobody deliberately set out to destroy paintings of Hooke, nobody made any great effort to preserve them either. The result is that we have no likenesses of this great scientist. </p> <p>Robert Hooke died aged 67, on March 3, 1703, in London. He had suffered ill-health for some years, but the precise cause of his death was not recorded. Thanks mainly to his work as an architect, he died a very wealthy man. </p> <p>From Hooke’s <em>Micrographia</em>:</p> <blockquote><p>By the means of Telescopes, there is nothing so far distant but may be represented to our view; and by the help of Microscopes, there is nothing so small as to escape our inquiry; hence there is a new visible World discovered to the understanding.</p></blockquote> <div style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:16px;"> <span style="color:#ccc;font-size:0.8em;">Advertisements</span><br /> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:336px;height:280px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-9461632227417539" data-ad-slot="6240434405"></ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script> </div> <p><strong>Author of this page: <a class="post" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.famousscientists.org/about/">The Doc</a></strong><br /> © All rights reserved. </p> <h5>Cite this Page</h5> <p>Please use the following MLA compliant citation:</p> <pre class='code'> "Robert Hooke." Famous Scientists. famousscientists.org. 15 Oct. 2014. 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data-lazy-src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-antonie-van-leeuwenhoek-100x100.jpg" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="crp_featured crp_thumb crp_thumbnail" alt="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-antonie-van-leeuwenhoek-100x100.jpg 100w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-antonie-van-leeuwenhoek.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-antonie-van-leeuwenhoek-100x100.jpg" class="crp_featured crp_thumb crp_thumbnail" alt="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-antonie-van-leeuwenhoek-100x100.jpg 100w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-antonie-van-leeuwenhoek.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-antonie-van-leeuwenhoek-100x100.jpg 100w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-antonie-van-leeuwenhoek.jpg 150w" /></noscript></figure><span class="crp_title">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.famousscientists.org/robert-boyle/" class="crp_link page-1070"><figure><img src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif" data-lazy-src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-robert-boyle-100x100.jpg" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="crp_featured crp_thumb crp_thumbnail" alt="robert-boyle" title="Robert Boyle" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-robert-boyle-100x100.jpg 100w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-robert-boyle.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-robert-boyle-100x100.jpg" class="crp_featured crp_thumb crp_thumbnail" alt="robert-boyle" title="Robert Boyle" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-robert-boyle-100x100.jpg 100w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-robert-boyle.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-robert-boyle-100x100.jpg 100w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/150-robert-boyle.jpg 150w" /></noscript></figure><span class="crp_title">Robert Boyle</span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.famousscientists.org/francis-bacon/" class="crp_link page-988"><figure><img src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif" data-lazy-src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/150-francis-bacon-100x100.jpg" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="crp_featured crp_thumb crp_thumbnail" alt="francis bacon" title="Francis Bacon" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/150-francis-bacon-100x100.jpg 100w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/150-francis-bacon.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px"><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/150-francis-bacon-100x100.jpg" class="crp_featured crp_thumb crp_thumbnail" alt="francis bacon" title="Francis Bacon" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/150-francis-bacon-100x100.jpg 100w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/150-francis-bacon.jpg 150w" sizes="(max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px" srcset="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/150-francis-bacon-100x100.jpg 100w, https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/150-francis-bacon.jpg 150w" /></noscript></figure><span class="crp_title">Francis Bacon</span></a></li></ul><div class="crp_clear"></div></div></div></article><div class="entry-comments" id="comments"><h3>Comments</h3><ol class="comment-list"> <li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-2473"> <article id="article-comment-2473" itemprop="comment" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <img src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif" data-lazy-src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7045c70e40cf23105712b5481d1a846e?s=48&d=identicon&r=g" alt srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7045c70e40cf23105712b5481d1a846e?s=96&d=identicon&r=g 2x" class="avatar avatar-48 photo" height="48" width="48" loading="lazy" decoding="async"><noscript><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7045c70e40cf23105712b5481d1a846e?s=48&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7045c70e40cf23105712b5481d1a846e?s=96&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/></noscript><span class="comment-author-name" itemprop="name"><a href="http://thehobitbilbo.com" class="comment-author-link" rel="external nofollow" itemprop="url">bilbo</a></span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time" datetime="2014-11-26T15:51:50-06:00" itemprop="datePublished"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.famousscientists.org/robert-hooke/#comment-2473" itemprop="url">November 26, 2014 at 3:51 pm</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content" itemprop="text"> <p>this is a really good website</p> </div> </article> </li> <li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-2435"> <article id="article-comment-2435" itemprop="comment" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Comment"> <header class="comment-header"> <p class="comment-author" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <img src="https://www.famousscientists.org/fs/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif" data-lazy-src="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/470f4672854c95019d5808df86a04d01?s=48&d=identicon&r=g" alt srcset="https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/470f4672854c95019d5808df86a04d01?s=96&d=identicon&r=g 2x" class="avatar avatar-48 photo" height="48" width="48" loading="lazy" decoding="async"><noscript><img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/470f4672854c95019d5808df86a04d01?s=48&d=identicon&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/470f4672854c95019d5808df86a04d01?s=96&d=identicon&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/></noscript><span class="comment-author-name" itemprop="name">anoonymous</span> <span class="says">says</span> </p> <p class="comment-meta"><time class="comment-time" datetime="2014-11-24T11:15:18-06:00" itemprop="datePublished"><a class="comment-time-link" href="https://www.famousscientists.org/robert-hooke/#comment-2435" itemprop="url">November 24, 2014 at 11:15 am</a></time></p> </header> <div class="comment-content" itemprop="text"> <p>This really helped me me for my homework and I didn’t even know who Robert Hooke was now I know every bit of info about him and it was really a excitement to learn about this…</p> </div> </article> </li> </ol></div></main><aside class="sidebar sidebar-primary widget-area" 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Establishment</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/linus-pauling/">Linus Pauling</a><span class="lwr">: Maverick Giant of Chemistry</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/wilhelm-rontgens-discovery-of-x-rays/">William Röntgen</a><span class="lwr">: The Discovery of X-rays</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/howard-florey/">Howard Florey</a><span class="lwr">: Brought penicillin to the world</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/henrietta-swan-leavitt/">Henrietta Leavitt</a><span class="lwr">: The key to the size of the universe</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/archimedes/">Archimedes</a><span class="lwr">: A mind beyond his time</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/stanley-milgram/">Stanley Milgram</a><span class="lwr">: The infamous Obedience Experiments</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/c-v-raman/">C. V. Raman</a><span class="lwr">: Color change allows harm-free health check of living cells</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/rosalind-franklin/">Rosalind Franklin</a><span class="lwr">: Shape-shifting DNA</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-boyle/">Robert Boyle</a><span class="lwr">: A new science is born: chemistry</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/carl-woese/">Carl Woese</a><span class="lwr">: Rewrote Earth’s history of life</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-wegener/">Alfred Wegener</a><span class="lwr">: Shunned after he discovered that continents move</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/henri-poincare/">Henri Poincaré</a><span class="lwr">: Is the solar system stable?</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/polly-matzinger/">Polly Matzinger</a><span class="lwr">: The dog whisperer who rewrote our immune system’s rules</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/otto-von-guericke/">Otto Guericke</a><span class="lwr">: In the 1600s found that space is a vacuum </span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/alister-hardy/">Alister Hardy</a><span class="lwr">: Aquatic ape theory: our species evolved in water </span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/elizebeth-smith-friedman/">Elizebeth Friedman</a><span class="lwr">: Became the world’s most famous codebreaker </span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/evangelista-torricelli/">Evangelista Torricelli</a><span class="lwr">: We live at the bottom of a tremendously heavy sea of air </span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/eudoxus-of-cnidus/">Eudoxus</a><span class="lwr">: The first mathematical model of the universe </span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-black/">James Black</a><span class="lwr">: Revolutionized drug design with the Beta-blocker</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/inge-lehmann/">Inge Lehmann</a><span class="lwr">: Discovered our planet’s solid inner core</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/chen-ning-yang/">Chen-Ning Yang</a><span class="lwr">: Shattered a fundamental belief of physicists</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-hooke/">Robert Hooke</a><span class="lwr">: Unveiled the spectacular microscopic world</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/barbara-mcclintock/">Barbara McClintock</a><span class="lwr">: A Nobel Prize after years of rejection</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/pythagoras/">Pythagoras</a><span class="lwr">: The cult of numbers and the need for proof</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/j-j-thomson/">J. J. Thomson</a><span class="lwr">: Discovered the electron </span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/johannes-kepler/">Johannes Kepler</a><span class="lwr">: Solved the mystery of the planets </span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/dmitri-mendeleev/">Dmitri Mendeleev</a><span class="lwr">: Discovered 8 new chemical elements by thinking </span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/maurice-hilleman/">Maurice Hilleman</a><span class="lwr">: Record breaking inventor of over 40 vaccines </span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/marie-curie/">Marie Curie</a><span class="lwr">: Won – uniquely – both the chemistry & physics Nobel Prizes </span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/jacques-cousteau/">Jacques Cousteau</a><span class="lwr">: Marine pioneer, inventor, Oscar winner </span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/niels-bohr/">Niels Bohr</a><span class="lwr">: Founded the bizarre science of quantum mechanics </span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/srinivasa-ramanujan/">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a><span class="lwr">: Untrained genius of mathematics</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/milutin-milankovic/">Milutin Milankovic</a><span class="lwr">: Proved Earth’s climate is regulated by its orbit</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/antoine-lavoisier/">Antoine Lavoisier</a><span class="lwr">: The giant of chemistry who was executed</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/emmy-noether/">Emmy Noether</a><span class="lwr">: The greatest of female mathematicians, she unlocked a secret of the universe</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/wilder-penfield/">Wilder Penfield</a><span class="lwr">: Pioneer of brain surgery; mapped the brain’s functions</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-nicolle/">Charles Nicolle</a><span class="lwr">: Eradicated typhus epidemics</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/samuel-morse/">Samuel Morse</a><span class="lwr">: The telegraph and Morse code</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/jane-goodall/">Jane Goodall</a><span class="lwr">: Major discoveries in chimpanzee behavior</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-philoponus/">John Philoponus</a><span class="lwr">: 6th century anticipation of Galileo and Newton</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-perkin/">William Perkin</a><span class="lwr">: Youthful curiosity brought the color purple to all</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/democritus/">Democritus</a><span class="lwr">: Atomic theory BC and a universe of diverse inhabited worlds</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/susumu-tonegawa/">Susumu Tonegawa</a><span class="lwr">: Discovered how our bodies make millions of different antibodies</span></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/cecilia-payne-gaposchkin/">Cecilia Payne</a><span class="lwr">: Discovered that stars are almost entirely hydrogen and helium</span></li> </ul> </div> </div></section> <section id="text-10" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">Top 100 Scientists</h4> <div class="textwidget"><ul> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/popular/">Our Top 100 Scientists</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></section> <section id="text-11" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">Our Most Popular Scientists</h4> <div class="textwidget"><ul> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/top-astronomers/">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/top-biologists/">Biologists & Health Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/top-chemists/">Chemists</a></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/top-geologists/">Geologists and Paleontologists</a></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/top-mathematicians/">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/top-physicists/">Physicists</a></li> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/top-scientists-in-antiquity/">Scientists in Ancient Times</a></li> </ul></div> </div></section> <section id="text-12" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"><h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">List of Scientists</h4> <div class="textwidget"><ul> <li><a href="//www.famousscientists.org/list/">Alphabetical List</a></li> </ul> </div> </div></section> </aside></div><aside class="sidebar sidebar-secondary widget-area" role="complementary" aria-label="Secondary Sidebar" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WPSideBar"> <section id="recent-posts-3" class="widget widget_recent_entries"><div class="widget-wrap"> <h4 class="widget-title widgettitle">Recent Posts</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="https://www.famousscientists.org/perfect-numbers-tiny-universe/">Perfect Numbers and our Tiny 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Scientists</h4> <div class="textwidget"><p><a title="Louis Agassiz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/louis-agassiz/">Louis Agassiz</a> | <a title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi" href="//www.famousscientists.org/maria-gaetana-agnesi/">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a> | <a title="Al-Battani" href="//www.famousscientists.org/al-battani/">Al-Battani</a><a title="Abu Nasr Al-Farabi" href="//www.famousscientists.org/abu-nasr-al-farabi/">Abu Nasr Al-Farabi</a> | <a title="Alhazen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alhazen/">Alhazen</a> | <a title="Jim Al-Khalili" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jim-al-khalili/">Jim Al-Khalili</a> | <a title="Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi" href="//www.famousscientists.org/muhammad-ibn-musa-al-khwarizmi/">Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi</a> | <a title="Mihailo Petrovic Alas" href="//www.famousscientists.org/mihailo-petrovic-alas/">Mihailo Petrovic Alas</a> | <a title="Angel Alcala" href="//www.famousscientists.org/angel-alcala/">Angel Alcala</a> | <a title="Salim Ali" href="//www.famousscientists.org/salim-ali/">Salim Ali</a> | <a title="Luis Alvarez" href="//www.famousscientists.org/luis-alvarez/">Luis Alvarez</a> | <a title="Andre Marie Ampère" href="//www.famousscientists.org/andre-marie-ampere/">Andre Marie Ampère</a> | <a title="Anaximander" href="//www.famousscientists.org/anaximander/">Anaximander</a> | <a title="Carl Anderson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/carl-anderson/">Carl Anderson</a> | <a title="Mary Anning" href="//www.famousscientists.org/mary-anning/">Mary Anning</a> | <a title="Virginia Apgar" href="//www.famousscientists.org/virginia-apgar/">Virginia Apgar</a> | <a title="Archimedes" href="//www.famousscientists.org/archimedes/">Archimedes</a> | <a title="Agnes Arber" href="//www.famousscientists.org/agnes-arber/">Agnes Arber</a> | <a title="Aristarchus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/aristarchus/">Aristarchus</a> | <a title="Aristotle" href="//www.famousscientists.org/aristotle/">Aristotle</a> | <a title="Svante Arrhenius" href="//www.famousscientists.org/svante-arrhenius/">Svante Arrhenius</a> | <a title="Oswald Avery" href="//www.famousscientists.org/oswald-avery/">Oswald Avery</a> | <a title="Amedeo Avogadro" href="//www.famousscientists.org/amedeo-avogadro/">Amedeo Avogadro</a> | <a title="Avicenna" href="//www.famousscientists.org/avicenna/">Avicenna</a></p> <p><a title="Charles Babbage" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-babbage/">Charles Babbage</a> | <a title="Francis Bacon" href="//www.famousscientists.org/francis-bacon/">Francis Bacon</a> | <a title="Alexander Bain" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-bain/">Alexander Bain</a> | <a title="John Logie Baird" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-logie-baird/">John Logie Baird</a> | <a title="Joseph Banks" href="//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-banks/">Joseph Banks</a> | <a title="Ramon Barba" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ramon-barba/">Ramon Barba</a> | <a title="John Bardeen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-bardeen/">John Bardeen</a> | <a title="Charles Barkla" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-barkla/">Charles Barkla</a> | <a title="Ibn Battuta" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ibn-battuta/">Ibn Battuta</a> | <a title="William Bayliss" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-bayliss/">William Bayliss</a> | <a title="George Beadle" href="//www.famousscientists.org/george-beadle/">George Beadle</a> | <a title="Arnold Orville Beckman" href="//www.famousscientists.org/arnold-orville-beckman/">Arnold Orville Beckman</a> | <a title="Henri Becquerel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henri-becquerel/">Henri Becquerel</a> | <a title="Emil Adolf Behring" href="//www.famousscientists.org/emil-adolf-behring/">Emil Adolf Behring</a> | <a title="Alexander Graham Bell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-graham-bell/">Alexander Graham Bell</a> | <a title="Emile Berliner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/emil-berliner/">Emile Berliner</a> | <a title="Claude Bernard" href="//www.famousscientists.org/claude-bernard/">Claude Bernard</a> | <a title="Timothy John Berners-Lee" href="//www.famousscientists.org/timothy-john-berners-lee/">Timothy John Berners-Lee</a> | <a title="Daniel Bernoulli" href="//www.famousscientists.org/daniel-bernoulli/">Daniel Bernoulli</a> | <a title="Jacob Berzelius" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jacob-berzelius/">Jacob Berzelius</a> | <a title="Henry Bessemer" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henry-bessemer/">Henry Bessemer</a> | <a title="Hans Bethe" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hans-bethe/">Hans Bethe</a> | <a title="Homi Jehangir Bhabha" href="//www.famousscientists.org/homi-jehangir-bhabha/">Homi Jehangir Bhabha</a> | <a title="Alfred Binet" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-binet/">Alfred Binet</a> | <a title="Clarence Birdseye" href="//www.famousscientists.org/clarence-birdseye/">Clarence Birdseye</a> | <a title="Kristian Birkeland" href="//www.famousscientists.org/kristian-birkeland/">Kristian Birkeland</a> | <a title="James Black" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-black/">James Black</a> | <a title="Elizabeth Blackwell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/elizabeth-blackwell/">Elizabeth Blackwell</a> | <a title="Alfred Blalock" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-blalock/">Alfred Blalock</a> | <a title="Katharine Burr Blodgett" href="//www.famousscientists.org/katharine-burr-blodgett/">Katharine Burr Blodgett</a> | <a title="Franz Boas" href="//www.famousscientists.org/franz-boas/">Franz Boas</a> | <a title="David Bohm" href="//www.famousscientists.org/david-bohm/">David Bohm</a> | <a title="Aage Bohr" href="//www.famousscientists.org/aage-bohr/">Aage Bohr</a> | <a title="Niels Bohr" href="//www.famousscientists.org/niels-bohr/">Niels Bohr</a> | <a title="Ludwig Boltzmann" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ludwig-boltzmann/">Ludwig Boltzmann</a> | <a title="Max Born" href="//www.famousscientists.org/max-born/">Max Born</a> | <a title="Carl Bosch" href="//www.famousscientists.org/carl-bosch/">Carl Bosch</a> | <a title="Robert Bosch" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-bosch/">Robert Bosch</a> | <a title="Jagadish Chandra Bose" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jagadish-chandra-bose/">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a> | <a title="S. N. Bose" href="//www.famousscientists.org/s-n-bose/">Satyendra Nath Bose</a> | <a title="Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe" href="//www.famousscientists.org/walther-wilhelm-georg-bothe/">Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe</a> | <a title="Robert Boyle" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-boyle/">Robert Boyle</a> | <a title="Lawrence Bragg" href="//www.famousscientists.org/lawrence-bragg/">Lawrence Bragg</a> | <a title="Tycho Brahe" href="//www.famousscientists.org/tycho-brahe/">Tycho Brahe</a> | <a title="Brahmagupta" href="//www.famousscientists.org/brahmagupta/">Brahmagupta</a> | <a title="Hennig Brand" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hennig-brand/">Hennig Brand</a> | <a title="Georg Brandt" href=" //www.famousscientists.org/georg-brandt/">Georg Brandt</a> | <a title="Wernher Von Braun" href="//www.famousscientists.org/wernher-von-braun/">Wernher Von Braun</a> | <a title="J Harlen Bretz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/j-harlen-bretz/">J Harlen Bretz</a> | <a title="Louis de Broglie" href="//www.famousscientists.org/louis-de-broglie/">Louis de Broglie</a> | <a title="Alexander Brongniart" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-brongniart/">Alexander Brongniart</a> | <a title="Robert Brown" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-brown/">Robert Brown</a> | <a title="Michael E. Brown" href="//www.famousscientists.org/michael-e-brown/">Michael E. Brown</a> | <a title="Lester R. Brown" href="//www.famousscientists.org/lester-r-brown/">Lester R. Brown</a> | <a title="Eduard Buchner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/eduard-buchner//">Eduard Buchner</a> | <a title="Linda Buck" href="//www.famousscientists.org/linda-buck/">Linda Buck</a> | <a title="William Buckland" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-buckland/">William Buckland</a> | <a title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon" href="//www.famousscientists.org/georges-louis-leclerc-comte-de-buffon/">Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a> | <a title="Robert Bunsen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-bunsen/">Robert Bunsen</a> | <a title="Luther Burbank" href="//www.famousscientists.org/luther-burbank/">Luther Burbank</a> | <a title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jocelyn-bell-burnell/">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> | <a title="Macfarlane" href="//www.famousscientists.org/macfarlane-burnet/">Macfarlane Burnet</a> | <a title="Thomas Burnet" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-burnet/">Thomas Burnet</a></p> <p><a title="Benjamin Cabrera" href="//www.famousscientists.org/benjamin-cabrera/">Benjamin Cabrera</a> | <a title="Santiago Ramon y Cajal" href="//www.famousscientists.org/santiago-ramon-y-cajal/">Santiago Ramon y Cajal</a> | <a title="Rachel Carson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/rachel-carson/">Rachel Carson</a> | <a title="George Washington Carver" href="//www.famousscientists.org/george-washington-carver/">George Washington Carver</a> | <a title="Henry Cavendish" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henry-cavendish/">Henry Cavendish</a> | <a title="Anders Celsius" href="//www.famousscientists.org/anders-celsius/">Anders Celsius</a> | <a title="James Chadwick" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-chadwick/">James Chadwick</a> | <a title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar" href="//www.famousscientists.org/subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar/">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> | <a title="Erwin Chargaff" href="//www.famousscientists.org/erwin-chargaff/">Erwin Chargaff</a> | <a title="Noam Chomsky" href="//www.famousscientists.org/noam-chomsky/">Noam Chomsky</a> | <a title="Steven Chu" href="//www.famousscientists.org/steven-chu/">Steven Chu</a> | <a title="Leland Clark" href="//www.famousscientists.org/leland-clark/">Leland Clark</a> | <a title="John Cockcroft" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-cockcroft/">John Cockcroft</a> | <a title="Arthur Compton" href="//www.famousscientists.org/arthur-compton/">Arthur Compton</a> | <a title="Nicolaus Copernicus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/nicolaus-copernicus/">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> | <a title="Gerty Theresa Cori" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gerty-theresa-cori/">Gerty Theresa Cori</a> | <a title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-augustin-de-coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a> | <a title="Jacques Cousteau" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jacques-cousteau/">Jacques Cousteau</a> | <a title="Brian Cox" href="//www.famousscientists.org//brian-cox/">Brian Cox</a> | <a title="Francis Crick" href="//www.famousscientists.org/francis-crick/">Francis Crick</a> | <a title="James Croll" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-croll/">James Croll</a> | <a title="Nicholas Culpeper" href="//www.famousscientists.org/nicholas-culpeper/">Nicholas Culpeper</a> | <a title="Marie Curie" href="//www.famousscientists.org/marie-curie/">Marie Curie</a> | <a title="Pierre Curie" href="//www.famousscientists.org/pierre-curie/">Pierre Curie</a> | <a title="Georges Cuvier" href="//www.famousscientists.org/georges-cuvier/">Georges Cuvier</a> | <a title="Adalbert Czerny" href="//www.famousscientists.org/adalbert-czerny/">Adalbert Czerny</a></p> <p><a title="Gottlieb Daimler" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gottlieb-daimler/">Gottlieb Daimler</a> | <a title="John Dalton" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-dalton/">John Dalton</a> | <a title="James Dwight Dana" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-dwight-dana/">James Dwight Dana</a> | <a title="Charles Darwin" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-darwin/">Charles Darwin</a> | <a title="Humphry Davy" href="//www.famousscientists.org/humphry-davy/">Humphry Davy</a> | <a title="Peter Debye" href="//www.famousscientists.org/peter-debye/">Peter Debye</a> | <a title="Max Delbruck" href="//www.famousscientists.org/max-delbruck/">Max Delbruck</a> | <a title="Jean Andre Deluc" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jean-andre-deluc/">Jean Andre Deluc</a> | <a title="Democritus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/democritus/">Democritus</a> | <a title="René Descartes" href="//www.famousscientists.org/rene-descartes/">René Descartes</a> | <a title="Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/rudolf-christian-karl-diesel/">Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel</a> | <a title="Diophantus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/diophantus/">Diophantus</a> | <a title="Paul Dirac" href="//www.famousscientists.org/paul-dirac/">Paul Dirac</a> | <a title="Prokop Divis" href="//www.famousscientists.org/prokop-divis/">Prokop Divis</a> | <a title="Theodosius Dobzhansky" href="//www.famousscientists.org/theodosius-dobzhansky/">Theodosius Dobzhansky</a> | <a title="Frank Drake" href="//www.famousscientists.org/frank-drake/">Frank Drake</a> | <a title="K. Eric Drexler" href="//www.famousscientists.org/k-eric-drexler/">K. Eric Drexler</a></p> <p><a title="John Eccles" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-eccles/">John Eccles</a> | <a title="Arthur Eddington" href="//www.famousscientists.org/arthur-eddington/">Arthur Eddington</a> | <a title="Thomas Alva Edison" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-alva-edison/">Thomas Edison</a> | <a title="Paul Ehrlich" href="//www.famousscientists.org/paul-ehrlich/">Paul Ehrlich</a> | <a title="Albert Einstein" href="//www.famousscientists.org/albert-einstein/">Albert Einstein</a> | <a title="Gertrude Elion" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gertrude-b-elion/">Gertrude Elion</a> | <a title="Empedocles" href="//www.famousscientists.org/empedocles/">Empedocles</a> | <a title="Eratosthenes" href="//www.famousscientists.org/eratosthenes/">Eratosthenes</a> | <a title="Euclid" href="//www.famousscientists.org/euclid/">Euclid</a> | <a title="Eudoxus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/eudoxus-of-cnidus/">Eudoxus</a> | <a title="Leonhard Euler" href="//www.famousscientists.org/leonhard-euler/">Leonhard Euler</a></p> <p><a title="Michael Faraday" href="//www.famousscientists.org/michael-faraday/">Michael Faraday</a> | <a title="Pierre de Fermat" href="//www.famousscientists.org/pierre-de-fermat/">Pierre de Fermat</a> | <a title="Enrico Fermi" href="//www.famousscientists.org/enrico-fermi/">Enrico Fermi</a> | <a title="Richard Feynman" href="//www.famousscientists.org/richard-feynman/">Richard Feynman</a> | <a title="Fibonacci" href="//www.famousscientists.org/fibonacci-leonardo-of-pisa/">Fibonacci – Leonardo of Pisa</a> | <a title="Emil Fischer" href="//www.famousscientists.org/emil-fischer/">Emil Fischer</a> | <a title="Ronald Fisher" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ronald-fisher/">Ronald Fisher</a> | <a title="Alexander Fleming" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-fleming/">Alexander Fleming</a> | <a title="John Ambrose Fleming" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-ambrose-fleming/">John Ambrose Fleming</a> | <a title="Howard Florey" href="//www.famousscientists.org/howard-florey/">Howard Florey</a> | <a title="Henry Ford" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henry-ford/">Henry Ford</a> | <a title="Lee De Forest" href="//www.famousscientists.org/lee-de-forest/">Lee De Forest</a> | <a title="Dian Fossey" href="//www.famousscientists.org/dian-fossey-2/">Dian Fossey</a> | <a title="Leon Foucault" href="//www.famousscientists.org/leon-foucault/">Leon Foucault</a> | <a title="Benjamin Franklin" href="//www.famousscientists.org/benjamin-franklin/">Benjamin Franklin</a> | <a title="Rosalind Franklin" href="//www.famousscientists.org/rosalind-franklin/">Rosalind Franklin</a> | <a title="Sigmund Freud" href="//www.famousscientists.org/sigmund-freud/">Sigmund Freud</a> | <a title="Elizebeth Smith Friedman" href="//www.famousscientists.org/elizebeth-smith-friedman/">Elizebeth Smith Friedman</a></p> <p><a title="Galen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/galen/">Galen</a> | <a title="Galileo Galilei" href="//www.famousscientists.org/galileo-galilei/">Galileo Galilei</a> | <a title="Francis Galton" href="//www.famousscientists.org/francis-galton/">Francis Galton</a> | <a title="Luigi Galvani" href="//www.famousscientists.org/luigi-galvani/">Luigi Galvani</a> | <a title="George Gamow" href="//www.famousscientists.org/george-gamow/">George Gamow</a> | <a title="Martin Gardner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/martin-gardner/">Martin Gardner</a> | <a title="Carl Friedrich Gauss" href="//www.famousscientists.org/carl-friedrich-gauss/">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> | <a title="Murray Gell-Mann" href="//www.famousscientists.org/murray-gell-mann/">Murray Gell-Mann</a> | <a title="Sophie Germain" href="//www.famousscientists.org/sophie-germain/">Sophie Germain</a> | <a title="Willard Gibbs" href="//www.famousscientists.org/j-willard-gibbs/">Willard Gibbs</a> | <a title="William Gilbert" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-gilbert/">William Gilbert</a> | <a title="Sheldon Lee Glashow" href="//www.famousscientists.org/sheldon-lee-glashow/">Sheldon Lee Glashow</a> | <a title="Robert Goddard" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-goddard/">Robert Goddard</a> | <a title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer" href="//www.famousscientists.org/maria-goeppert-mayer/">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a> | <a title="Thomas Gold" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-gold/">Thomas Gold</a> | <a title="Jane Goodall" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jane-goodall/">Jane Goodall</a> | <a title="Stephen Jay Gould" href="//www.famousscientists.org/stephen-jay-gould/">Stephen Jay Gould</a> | <a title="Otto von Guericke" href="//www.famousscientists.org/otto-von-guericke/">Otto von Guericke</a></p> <p><a title="Fritz Haber" href="//www.famousscientists.org/fritz-haber/">Fritz Haber</a> | <a title="Ernst Haeckel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernst-haeckel/">Ernst Haeckel</a> | <a title="Otto Hahn" href="//www.famousscientists.org/otto-hahn/">Otto Hahn</a> | <a title="Albrecht von Haller" href="//www.famousscientists.org/albrecht-von-haller/">Albrecht von Haller</a> | <a title="Edmund Halley" href="//www.famousscientists.org/edmund-halley/">Edmund Halley</a> | <a title="Alister Hardy" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alister-hardy/">Alister Hardy</a> | <a title="Thomas Harriot" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-harriot/">Thomas Harriot</a> | <a title="William Harvey" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-harvey/">William Harvey</a> | <a title="Stephen Hawking" href="//www.famousscientists.org/stephen-hawking/">Stephen Hawking</a> | <a title="Otto Haxel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/otto-haxel/">Otto Haxel</a> | <a title="Werner Heisenberg" href="//www.famousscientists.org/werner-heisenberg/">Werner Heisenberg</a> | <a title="Hermann von Helmholtz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hermann-von-helmholtz/">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> | <a title="Jan Baptist von Helmont" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jan-baptist-von-helmont/">Jan Baptist von Helmont</a> | <a title="Joseph Henry" href="//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-henry-2/">Joseph Henry</a> | <a title="Caroline Herschel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/caroline-herschel/">Caroline Herschel</a> | <a title="John Herschel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-herschel/">John Herschel</a> | <a title="William Herschel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-herschel/">William Herschel</a> | <a title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gustav-ludwig-hertz/">Gustav Ludwig Hertz</a> | <a title="Heinrich Hertz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/heinrich-hertz/">Heinrich Hertz</a> | <a title="Karl F. Herzfeld" href="//www.famousscientists.org/karl-f-herzfeld/">Karl F. Herzfeld</a> | <a title="George de Hevesy" href="//www.famousscientists.org/george-de-hevesy/">George de Hevesy</a> | <a title="Antony Hewish" href="//www.famousscientists.org/antony-hewish/">Antony Hewish</a> | <a title="David Hilbert" href="//www.famousscientists.org/david-hilbert/">David Hilbert</a> | <a title="Maurice Hilleman" href="//www.famousscientists.org/maurice-hilleman/">Maurice Hilleman</a> | <a title="Hipparchus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hipparchus/">Hipparchus</a> | <a title="Hippocrates" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hippocrates/">Hippocrates</a> | <a title="Shintaro Hirase" href="//www.famousscientists.org/shintaro-hirase/">Shintaro Hirase</a> | <a title="Dorothy Hodgkin" href="//www.famousscientists.org/dorothy-hodgkin/">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> | <a title="Robert Hooke" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-hooke/">Robert Hooke</a> | <a title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins" href="//www.famousscientists.org/frederick-gowland-hopkins/">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> | <a title="William Hopkins" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-hopkins/">William Hopkins</a> | <a title="Grace Murray Hopper" href="//www.famousscientists.org/grace-murray-hopper/">Grace Murray Hopper</a> | <a title="Frank Hornby" href="//www.famousscientists.org/frank-hornby/">Frank Hornby</a> | <a title="Jack Horner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jack-horner/">Jack Horner</a> | <a title="Bernardo Houssay" href="//www.famousscientists.org/bernardo-houssay/">Bernardo Houssay</a> | <a title="Fred Hoyle" href=" //www.famousscientists.org/fred-hoyle/">Fred Hoyle</a> | <a title="Edwin Hubble" href="//www.famousscientists.org/edwin-hubble/">Edwin Hubble</a> | <a title="Alexander von Humboldt" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alexander-von-humboldt/">Alexander von Humboldt</a> | <a title="Zora Neale Hurston" href="//www.famousscientists.org/zora-neale-hurston/">Zora Neale Hurston</a> | <a title="James Hutton" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-hutton/">James Hutton</a> | <a title="Christiaan Huygens" href="//www.famousscientists.org/christiaan-huygens/">Christiaan Huygens</a> | <a title="Hypatia" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hypatia/">Hypatia</a></p> <p><a title="Ernesto Illy" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernesto-illy/">Ernesto Illy</a> | <a title="Jan Ingenhousz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jan-ingenhousz/">Jan Ingenhousz</a> | <a title="Ernst Ising" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernst-ising/">Ernst Ising</a> | <a title="Keisuke Ito" href="//www.famousscientists.org/keisuke-ito/">Keisuke Ito</a></p> <p><a title="Mae Carol Jemison" href="//www.famousscientists.org/mae-carol-jemison/">Mae Carol Jemison</a> | <a title="Edward Jenner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/edward-anthony-jenner/">Edward Jenner</a> | <a title="J. Hans D. Jensen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/j-hans-d-jensen/">J. Hans D. Jensen</a> | <a title="Irene Joliot-Curie" href="//www.famousscientists.org/irene-joliot-curie/">Irene Joliot-Curie</a> | <a title="James Prescott Joule" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-prescott-joule/">James Prescott Joule</a> | <a title="Percy Lavon Julian" href="//www.famousscientists.org/percy-lavon-julian/">Percy Lavon Julian</a></p> <p><a title="Michio Kaku" href="//www.famousscientists.org/michio-kaku/">Michio Kaku</a> | <a title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes" href="//www.famousscientists.org/heike-kamerlingh-onnes/">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> | <a title="Pyotr Kapitsa" href="//www.famousscientists.org/pyotr-kapitsa/">Pyotr Kapitsa</a> | <a title="Friedrich August Kekulé" href="//www.famousscientists.org/friedrich-august-kekule/">Friedrich August Kekulé</a> | <a title="Frances Kelsey" href="//www.famousscientists.org/frances-kelsey/">Frances Kelsey</a> | <a title="Pearl Kendrick" href="//www.famousscientists.org/pearl-kendrick/">Pearl Kendrick</a> | <a title="Johannes Kepler" href="//www.famousscientists.org/johannes-kepler/">Johannes Kepler</a> | <a title="Abdul Qadeer Khan" href="//www.famousscientists.org/abdul-qadeer-khan/">Abdul Qadeer Khan</a> | <a title="Omar Khayyam" href="//www.famousscientists.org/omar-khayyam/">Omar Khayyam</a> | <a title="Alfred Kinsey" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-kinsey/">Alfred Kinsey</a> | <a title="Gustav Kirchoff" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gustav-kirchoff/">Gustav Kirchoff</a> | <a title="Martin Klaproth" href="//www.famousscientists.org/martin-klaproth/">Martin Klaproth</a> | <a title="Robert Koch" href="//www.famousscientists.org/robert-koch/">Robert Koch</a> | <a title="Emil Kraepelin" href="//www.famousscientists.org/emil-kraepelin/">Emil Kraepelin</a> | <a title="Thomas Kuhn" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-kuhn/">Thomas Kuhn</a> | <a title="Stephanie Kwolek" href="//www.famousscientists.org/stephanie-kwolek/">Stephanie Kwolek</a></p> <p><a title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange" href="//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-louis-lagrange/">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a> | <a title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jean-baptiste-lamarck/">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> | <a title="Hedy Lamarr" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hedy-lamarr/">Hedy Lamarr</a> | <a title="Edwin Herbert Land" href="//www.famousscientists.org/edwin-herbert-land/">Edwin Herbert Land</a> | <a title="Karl Landsteiner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/karl-landsteiner/">Karl Landsteiner</a> | <a title="Pierre-Simon Laplace" href="//www.famousscientists.org/pierre-simon-laplace/">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a> | <a title="Max von Laue" href="//www.famousscientists.org/max-von-laue/">Max von Laue</a> | <a title="Antoine Lavoisier" href="//www.famousscientists.org/antoine-lavoisier/">Antoine Lavoisier</a> | <a title="Ernest Lawrence" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernest-lawrence/">Ernest Lawrence</a> | <a title="Henrietta Swan Leavitt" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henrietta-swan-leavitt/">Henrietta Leavitt</a> | <a title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek" href="//www.famousscientists.org/antonie-van-leeuwenhoek/">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a> | <a title="Inge Lehmann" href="//www.famousscientists.org/inge-lehmann/">Inge Lehmann</a> | <a title="Gottfried Leibniz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gottfried-leibniz/">Gottfried Leibniz</a> | <a title="Georges Lemaître" href="//www.famousscientists.org/georges-lemaitre/">Georges Lemaître</a> | <a title="Leonardo da Vinci" href="//www.famousscientists.org/leonardo-da-vinci/">Leonardo da Vinci</a> | <a title="Niccolo Leoniceno" href="//www.famousscientists.org/niccolo-leoniceno/">Niccolo Leoniceno</a> | <a title="Aldo Leopold" href="//www.famousscientists.org/aldo-leopold/">Aldo Leopold</a> | <a title="Rita Levi-Montalcini" href="//www.famousscientists.org/rita-levi-montalcini/">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a> | <a title="Claude Levi-Strauss" href="//www.famousscientists.org/claude-levi-strauss/">Claude Levi-Strauss</a> | <a title="Willard Frank Libby" href="//www.famousscientists.org/willard-frank-libby/">Willard Frank Libby</a> | <a title="Justus von Liebig" href="//www.famousscientists.org/justus-von-liebig/">Justus von Liebig</a> | <a title="Carolus Linnaeus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/carolus-linnaeus/">Carolus Linnaeus</a> | <a title="Joseph Lister" href="//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-lister/">Joseph Lister</a> | <a title="John Locke" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-locke/">John Locke</a> | <a title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hendrik-antoon-lorentz/">Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</a> | <a title="Konrad Lorenz" href="//www.famousscientists.org/konrad-lorenz/">Konrad Lorenz</a> | <a title="Ada Lovelace" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ada-lovelace/">Ada Lovelace</a> | <a title="Percival Lowell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/percival-lowell/">Percival Lowell</a> | <a title="Lucretius" href="//www.famousscientists.org/lucretius/">Lucretius</a> | <a title="Charles Lyell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-lyell/">Charles Lyell</a> | <a title="Trofim Lysenko" href="//www.famousscientists.org/trofim-lysenko/">Trofim Lysenko</a></p> <p><a title="Ernst Mach" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernst-mach/">Ernst Mach</a> | <a title="Marcello Malpighi" href="//www.famousscientists.org/marcello-malpighi/">Marcello Malpighi</a> | <a title="Jane Marcet" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jane-marcet/">Jane Marcet</a> | <a title="Guglielmo Marconi" href="//www.famousscientists.org/guglielmo-marconi/">Guglielmo Marconi</a> | <a title="Lynn Margulis" href="//www.famousscientists.org/lynn-margulis/">Lynn Margulis</a> | <a title="Barry Marshall" href="//www.famousscientists.org/barry-marshall/">Barry Marshall</a> | <a title="Polly Matzinger" href="//www.famousscientists.org/polly-matzinger/">Polly Matzinger</a> | <a title="Matthew Maury" href="//www.famousscientists.org/matthew-maury/">Matthew Maury</a> | <a title="James Clerk Maxwell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-clerk-maxwell/">James Clerk Maxwell</a> | <a title="Ernst Mayr" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernst-mayr/">Ernst Mayr</a> | <a title="Barbara McClintock" href="//www.famousscientists.org/barbara-mcclintock/">Barbara McClintock</a> | <a title="Lise Meitner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/lise-meitner/">Lise Meitner</a> | <a title="Gregor Mendel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gregor-mendel/">Gregor Mendel</a> | <a title="Dmitri Mendeleev" href="//www.famousscientists.org/dmitri-mendeleev/">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> | <a title="Franz Mesmer" href="//www.famousscientists.org/franz-mesmer/">Franz Mesmer</a> | <a title="Antonio Meucci" href="//www.famousscientists.org/antonio-meucci/">Antonio Meucci</a> | <a title="John Michell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-michell/">John Michell</a> | <a title="Albert Abraham Michelson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/albert-abraham-michelson/">Albert Abraham Michelson</a> | <a title="Thomas Midgeley Jr." href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-midgeley-jr/">Thomas Midgeley Jr.</a> | <a title="Milutin Milankovitch" href="//www.famousscientists.org/milutin-milankovic/">Milutin Milankovic</a> | <a title="Maria Mitchell" href="//www.famousscientists.org/maria-mitchell/">Maria Mitchell</a> | <a title="Mario Molina" href="//www.famousscientists.org/mario-molina/">Mario Molina</a> | <a title="Thomas Hunt Morgan" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-hunt-morgan/">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> | <a title="Samuel Morse" href="//www.famousscientists.org/samuel-morse/">Samuel Morse</a> | <a title="Henry Moseley" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henry-moseley/">Henry Moseley</a></p> <p><a title="Ukichiro Nakaya" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ukichiro-nakaya/">Ukichiro Nakaya</a> | <a title="John Napier" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-napier/">John Napier</a> | <a title="Giulio Natta" href="//www.famousscientists.org/giulio-natta/">Giulio Natta</a> | <a title="John Needham" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-needham/">John Needham</a> | <a title="John von Neumann" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-von-neumann/">John von Neumann</a> | <a title="Thomas Newcomen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-Newcomen/">Thomas Newcomen</a> | <a title="Isaac Newton" href="//www.famousscientists.org/isaac-newton/">Isaac Newton</a> | <a title="Charles Nicolle" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-nicolle/">Charles Nicolle</a> | <a title="Florence Nightingale" href="//www.famousscientists.org/florence-nightingale/">Florence Nightingale</a> | <a title="Tim Noakes" href="//www.famousscientists.org/tim-noakes/">Tim Noakes</a> | <a title="Alfred Nobel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-nobel/">Alfred Nobel</a> | <a title="Emmy Noether" href="//www.famousscientists.org/emmy-noether/">Emmy Noether</a> | <a title="Christiane Nusslein-Volhard" href="//www.famousscientists.org/christiane-nusslein-volhard/">Christiane Nusslein-Volhard</a> | <a title="Bill Nye" href="//www.famousscientists.org/bill-nye/">Bill Nye</a></p> <p><a title="Hans Christian Oersted" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hans-christian-oersted/">Hans Christian Oersted</a> | <a title="Georg Ohm" href="//www.famousscientists.org/georg-ohm/">Georg Ohm</a> | <a title="J. Robert Oppenheimer" href="//www.famousscientists.org/j-robert-oppenheimer/">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a> | <a title="Wilhelm Ostwald" href="//www.famousscientists.org/wilhelm-ostwald/">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> | <a title="William Oughtred" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-oughtred/">William Oughtred</a></p> <p><a title="Blaise Pascal" href="//www.famousscientists.org/blaise-pascal/">Blaise Pascal</a> | <a title="Louis Pasteur" href="//www.famousscientists.org/louis-pasteur/">Louis Pasteur</a> | <a title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli" href="//www.famousscientists.org/wolfgang-ernst-pauli/">Wolfgang Ernst Pauli</a> | <a title="Linus Pauling" href="//www.famousscientists.org/linus-pauling/">Linus Pauling</a> | <a title="Randy Pausch" href="//www.famousscientists.org/randy-pausch/">Randy Pausch</a> | <a title="Ivan Pavlov" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ivan-pavlov/">Ivan Pavlov</a> | <a title="Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin" href="//www.famousscientists.org/cecilia-payne-gaposchkin/">Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin</a> | <a title="Wilder Penfield" href="//www.famousscientists.org/wilder-penfield/">Wilder Penfield</a> | <a title="Marguerite Perey" href="//www.famousscientists.org/marguerite-perey/">Marguerite Perey</a> | <a title="William Perkin" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-perkin/">William Perkin</a> | <a title="John Philoponus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-philoponus/">John Philoponus</a> | <a title="Jean Piaget" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jean-piaget/">Jean Piaget</a> | <a title="Philippe Pinel" href="//www.famousscientists.org/philippe-pinel/">Philippe Pinel</a> | <a title="Max Planck" href="//www.famousscientists.org/max-planck/">Max Planck</a> | <a title="Pliny the Elder" href="//www.famousscientists.org/pliny-the-elder/">Pliny the Elder</a> | <a title="Henri Poincaré" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henri-poincare/">Henri Poincaré</a> | <a title="Karl Popper" href="//www.famousscientists.org/karl-popper/">Karl Popper</a> | <a title="Beatrix Potter" href="//www.famousscientists.org/beatrix-potter/">Beatrix Potter</a> | <a title="Joseph Priestley" href="//www.famousscientists.org/joseph-priestley/">Joseph Priestley</a> | <a title="Proclus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/proclus/">Proclus</a> | <a title="Claudius Ptolemy" href="//www.famousscientists.org/claudius-ptolemy/">Claudius Ptolemy</a> | <a title="Pythagoras" href="//www.famousscientists.org/pythagoras/">Pythagoras</a></p> <p><a title="Adolphe Quetelet" href="//www.famousscientists.org/adolphe-quetelet/">Adolphe Quetelet</a> | <a title="Harriet Quimby" href="//www.famousscientists.org/harriet-quimby/">Harriet Quimby</a> | <a title="Thabit ibn Qurra" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thabit-ibn-qurra/">Thabit ibn Qurra</a></p> <p><a title="C. V. Raman" href="//www.famousscientists.org/c-v-raman/">C. V. Raman</a> | <a title="Srinivasa Ramanujan" href="//www.famousscientists.org/srinivasa-ramanujan/">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a> | <a title="William Ramsay" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-ramsay/">William Ramsay</a> | <a title="John Ray" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-ray/">John Ray</a> | <a title="Prafulla Chandra Ray" href="//www.famousscientists.org/prafulla-chandra-ray/">Prafulla Chandra Ray</a> | <a title="Francesco Redi" href="//www.famousscientists.org/francesco-redi/">Francesco Redi</a> | <a title="Sally Ride" href="//www.famousscientists.org/sally-ride/">Sally Ride</a> | <a title="Bernhard Riemann" href="//www.famousscientists.org/bernhard-riemann/">Bernhard Riemann</a> | <a title="Wilhelm Röntgen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/wilhelm-rontgen/">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> | <a title="Hermann Rorschach" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hermann-rorschach/">Hermann Rorschach</a> | <a title="Ronald Ross" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ronald-ross/">Ronald Ross</a> | <a title="Ibn Rushd" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ibn-rushd/">Ibn Rushd</a> | <a title="Ernest Rutherford" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernest-rutherford/">Ernest Rutherford</a></p> <p><a title="Carl Sagan" href="//www.famousscientists.org/carl-sagan/">Carl Sagan</a> | <a title="Abdus Salam" href="//www.famousscientists.org/mohammad-abdus-salam/">Abdus Salam</a> | <a title="Jonas Salk" href="//www.famousscientists.org/jonas-salk/">Jonas Salk</a> | <a title="Frederick Sanger" href="//www.famousscientists.org/frederick-sanger/">Frederick Sanger</a> | <a title="Alberto Santos-Dumont" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alberto-santos-dumont/">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a> | <a title="Walter Schottky" href="//www.famousscientists.org/walter-schottky/">Walter Schottky</a> | <a title="Erwin Schrödinger" href="//www.famousscientists.org/erwin-schrodinger/">Erwin Schrödinger</a> | <a title="Theodor Schwann" href="//www.famousscientists.org/theodor-schwann/">Theodor Schwann</a> | <a title="Glenn Seaborg" href="//www.famousscientists.org/glenn-seaborg/">Glenn Seaborg</a> | <a title="Hans Selye" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hans-selye/">Hans Selye</a> | <a title="Charles Sherrington" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-sherrington/">Charles Sherrington</a> | <a title="Gene Shoemaker" href="//www.famousscientists.org/gene-shoemaker/">Gene Shoemaker</a> | <a title="Ernst Werner von Siemens" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernstwerner-von-siemens/">Ernst Werner von Siemens</a> | <a title="George Gaylord Simpson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/george-gaylord-simpson/">George Gaylord Simpson</a> | <a title="B. F. Skinner" href="//www.famousscientists.org/b-f-skinner/">B. F. Skinner</a> | <a title="William Smith" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-smith/">William Smith</a> | <a title="Frederick Soddy" href="//www.famousscientists.org/frederick-soddy/">Frederick Soddy</a> | <a title="Mary Somerville" href="//www.famousscientists.org/mary-somerville/">Mary Somerville</a> | <a title="Arnold Sommerfeld" href="//www.famousscientists.org/arnold-sommerfeld/">Arnold Sommerfeld</a> | <a title="Hermann Staudinger" href="//www.famousscientists.org/hermann-staudinger/">Hermann Staudinger</a> | <a title="Nicolas Steno" href="//www.famousscientists.org/nicolas-steno/">Nicolas Steno</a> | <a title="Nettie Stevens" href="//www.famousscientists.org/nettie-stevens/">Nettie Stevens</a> | <a title="William John Swainson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-john-swainson/">William John Swainson</a> | <a title="Leo Szilard" href="//www.famousscientists.org/leo-szilard/">Leo Szilard</a></p> <p><a title="Niccolo Tartaglia" href="//www.famousscientists.org/niccolo-tartaglia/">Niccolo Tartaglia</a> | <a title="Edward Teller" href="//www.famousscientists.org/edward-teller/">Edward Teller</a> | <a title="Nikola Tesla" href="//www.famousscientists.org/nikola-tesla/">Nikola Tesla</a> | <a title="Thales of Miletus" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thales/">Thales of Miletus</a> | <a title="Theon of Alexandria" href="//www.famousscientists.org/theon-of-alexandria/">Theon of Alexandria</a> | <a title="Benjamin Thompson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/benjamin-thompson/">Benjamin Thompson</a> | <a title="J. J. Thomson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/j-j-thomson/">J. J. Thomson</a> | <a title="William Thomson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/william-thomson/">William Thomson</a> | <a title="Henry David Thoreau" href="//www.famousscientists.org/henry-david-thoreau/">Henry David Thoreau</a> | <a title="Kip S. Thorne" href="//www.famousscientists.org/kip-s-thorne/">Kip S. Thorne</a> | <a title="Clyde Tombaugh" href="//www.famousscientists.org/clyde-tombaugh/">Clyde Tombaugh</a> | <a title="Susumu Tonegawa" href="//www.famousscientists.org/susumu-tonegawa/">Susumu Tonegawa</a> | <a title="Evangelista Torricelli" href="//www.famousscientists.org/evangelista-torricelli/">Evangelista Torricelli</a> | <a title="Charles Townes" href="//www.famousscientists.org/charles-townes/">Charles Townes</a> | <a title="Youyou Tu" href="//www.famousscientists.org/youyou-tu/">Youyou Tu</a> | <a title="Alan Turing" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alan-turing/">Alan Turing</a> | <a title="Neil deGrasse Tyson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/neil-degrasse-tyson">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a></p> <p><a title="Harold Urey" href="//www.famousscientists.org/harold-urey/">Harold Urey</a></p> <p><a title="Craig Venter" href="//www.famousscientists.org/craig-venter/">Craig Venter</a> | <a title="Vladimir Vernadsky" href="//www.famousscientists.org/vladimir-vernadsky/">Vladimir Vernadsky</a> | <a title="Andreas Vesalius" href="//www.famousscientists.org/andreas-vesalius/">Andreas Vesalius</a> | <a title="Rudolf Virchow" href="//www.famousscientists.org/rudolf-virchow/">Rudolf Virchow</a> | <a title="Artturi Virtanen" href="//www.famousscientists.org/artturi-virtanen/">Artturi Virtanen</a> | <a title="Alessandro Volta" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alessandro-volta/">Alessandro Volta</a></p> <p><a title="Selman Waksman" href="//www.famousscientists.org/selman-waksman/">Selman Waksman</a> | <a title="George Wald" href="//www.famousscientists.org/george-wald/">George Wald</a> | <a title="Alfred Russel Wallace" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-russel-wallace/">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> | <a title="John Wallis" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-wallis/">John Wallis</a> | <a title="Ernest Walton" href="//www.famousscientists.org/ernest-walton/">Ernest Walton</a> | <a title="James Watson" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-watson/">James Watson</a> | <a title="James Watt" href="//www.famousscientists.org/james-watt/">James Watt</a> | <a title="Alfred Wegener" href="//www.famousscientists.org/alfred-wegener/">Alfred Wegener</a> | <a title="John Archibald Wheeler" href="//www.famousscientists.org/john-archibald-wheeler/">John Archibald Wheeler</a> | <a title="Maurice Wilkins" href="//www.famousscientists.org/maurice-wilkins/">Maurice Wilkins</a> | <a title="Thomas Willis" href="//www.famousscientists.org/thomas-willis/">Thomas Willis</a> | <a title="E. 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