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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federation_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1.2</span> <span>Federation Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federation_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Executive branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-President" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.1</span> <span>President</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Ministers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Ministers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2.2</span> <span>Council of Ministers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Ministers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Higher_Judicial_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_Judicial_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3.1</span> <span>Higher Judicial Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_Judicial_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3.2</span> <span>Supreme Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Criminal_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Criminal_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3.3</span> <span>Central Criminal Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Criminal_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_commissions_and_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_commissions_and_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Independent commissions and institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_commissions_and_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powers_of_the_Federal_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powers_of_the_Federal_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Powers of the Federal Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powers_of_the_Federal_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution of Iraq</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="دستور العراق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دستور العراق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0raq_Konstitusiyas%C4%B1" title="İraq Konstitusiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İraq Konstitusiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Канстытуцыя Ірака – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канстытуцыя Ірака" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irakische_Verfassung_von_2005" title="Irakische Verfassung von 2005 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irakische Verfassung von 2005" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraagi_p%C3%B5hiseadus_(2005)" title="Iraagi põhiseadus (2005) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraagi põhiseadus (2005)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="قانون اساسی عراق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون اساسی عراق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_de_l%27Irak" title="Constitution de l'Irak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constitution de l'Irak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitusi_Irak" title="Konstitusi Irak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konstitusi Irak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7_(2005)" title="חוקת עיראק (2005) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוקת עיראק (2005)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irako_Konstitucija" title="Irako Konstitucija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Irako Konstitucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="イラク憲法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラク憲法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="عراق دا آئین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عراق دا آئین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstytucja_Iraku" title="Konstytucja Iraku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konstytucja Iraku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Конституция Ирака – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституция Ирака" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="دەستووری عێراق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەستووری عێراق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="آئین عراق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئین عراق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1672358#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National constitution</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Constitution+of+Iraq%22">"Constitution of Iraq"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Constitution+of+Iraq%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Constitution+of+Iraq%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Constitution+of+Iraq%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Constitution+of+Iraq%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Constitution+of+Iraq%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Iraqi Constitution</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">Summer 2005</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Presented</th><td class="infobox-data">18 September 2005</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15 October 2005</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Effective_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective date">Date effective</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28 December 2005</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics of Iraq</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="787" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League"><img alt="Arab League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Member State of the Arab League</a> </p> <hr /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:left;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Government</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Rashid" title="Abdul Latif Rashid">Abdul Latif Rashid</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Shia%27_Al_Sudani" title="Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani">Mohammed Shia' Al Sudani</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Iraq">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Al-Kadhimi_Government" title="Al-Kadhimi Government">Current cabinet</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="List of speakers of the Council of Representatives of Iraq">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_al-Halbousi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed al-Halbousi">Mohamed al-Halbousi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0;;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Iraq">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Iraq" title="Administrative divisions of Iraq">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Governorates (provinces)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Iraq" title="Districts of Iraq">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Parliament">Kurdistan Parliament</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_High_Electoral_Commission" title="Independent High Electoral Commission">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Parliamentary: <a href="/wiki/2018_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Iraqi parliamentary election">2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Iraqi parliamentary election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="Next Iraqi parliamentary election"><i>next</i></a></li></ul></div> </div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Gubernatorial: <a href="/wiki/2009_Iraqi_governorate_elections" title="2009 Iraqi governorate elections">2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Iraqi_governorate_elections" title="2013 Iraqi governorate elections">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Iraqi_governorate_elections" title="2023 Iraqi governorate elections">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Iraqi_constitutional_referendum" title="2005 Iraqi constitutional referendum">2005 constitutional referendum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-top:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iraq)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Fuad_Hussein" title="Fuad Hussein">Fuad Hussein</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Iraq" title="List of diplomatic missions of Iraq">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Iraq" title="List of diplomatic missions in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationality_law" title="Iraqi nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_passport" title="Iraqi passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Iraqi_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Iraqi citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Iraq" title="Visa policy of Iraq">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">Foreign aid to Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_the_United_Nations" title="Iraq and the United Nations">Iraq and the United Nations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Iraq" title="Template:Politics of Iraq"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Iraq" title="Template talk:Politics of Iraq"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Constitution of the Republic of Iraq</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دستور جمهورية العراق</span> <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>: دەستووری عێراق) is the fundamental law of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> came into force in 1925. The current constitution was adopted on September 18, 2005 by the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_National_Assembly_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional National Assembly of Iraq">Transitional National Assembly of Iraq</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and confirmed by <a href="/wiki/2005_Iraqi_constitutional_referendum" title="2005 Iraqi constitutional referendum">constitutional referendum</a>, held on October 15, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was published on December 28, 2005 in the <i><a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_Iraq" title="Official Gazette of Iraq">Official Gazette of Iraq</a></i> (No. 4012), in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> original,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus came into force. An official translation into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> for international use was produced in cooperation between Iraqi state authorities and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' Office for Constitutional Support.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2006, several proposals for adoption of various <a href="/wiki/Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Amendment to the Constitution of Iraq">constitutional amendments</a> were initiated. The <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish language</a> is official at state level.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iraq's first constitution, which established a constitutional monarchy, entered into force under the auspices of a British military occupation in 1925 and remained in effect until the 1958 revolution established a republic. Interim constitutions were adopted in 1958, 1964, 1968, and 1970, the last remaining in effect <i>de jure</i> until the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Administration_for_the_State_of_Iraq_for_the_Transitional_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period">Transitional Administrative Law</a> was adopted in 2003 after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>. In 1990, a draft constitution was prepared but never promulgated due to the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. </p><p>The current constitution was approved by a <a href="/wiki/2005_Iraqi_constitutional_referendum" title="2005 Iraqi constitutional referendum">referendum that took place on 15 October 2005</a>. The constitution was drafted in 2005 by members of the Iraqi Constitution Drafting Committee to replace the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Administration_for_the_State_of_Iraq_for_the_Transitional_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period">Law of Administration for the State of Iraq for the Transitional Period</a> (the "TAL"). The TAL was drafted between December 2003 and March 2004 by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Governing_Council" title="Iraqi Governing Council">Iraqi Governing Council</a>, an appointed body that was selected by the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">Occupation of Iraq</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_willing" title="Coalition of the willing">Coalition forces</a>. </p><p>Under a compromise brokered before the referendum, it was agreed that the first parliament elected pursuant to the new constitution would institute a Constitutional Review Committee with a view to determine whether the constitution should be amended. Any amendments agreed would have to be ratified by a referendum similar to the one that originally approved it. After this agreement was entered into, the Sunni-majority <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Islamic_Party" title="Iraqi Islamic Party">Iraqi Islamic Party</a> agreed to back a Yes vote in the referendum that took place on October 15, 2005. The Constitutional Review Committee was constituted by the Iraqi parliament on 25 September 2006.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_constitutionalrevisioncommittee"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq#endnote_constitutionalrevisioncommittee">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>Electoral Commission officials said at a news conference that 78 percent of voters backed the charter and 21 percent opposed it. Of the <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">18 provinces</a>, two recorded "No" votes greater than two thirds, one province short of a veto. A two-thirds rejection vote in three of the country's 18 provinces (of which three—Mosul, Anbar, and Salahaddin—are thought to include Sunni majorities) would have required the dissolution of the Assembly, fresh elections, and the recommencement of the entire drafting process. Turnout in the referendum was 63 percent, according to commission officials. </p><p>The drafting and adoption of the new Constitution was not without controversy, however, as sectarian tensions in Iraq figured heavily in the process. The chairman of the drafting committee, <a href="/wiki/Humam_Hamoudi" title="Humam Hamoudi">Humam Hamoudi</a>, regularly made statements which were interpreted as meaning that there would be no compromises on Sunni demands.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deadline for the conclusion of drafting was extended on four occasions because of the lack of consensus on religious language. In the end, only three of the 15 Sunni members of the drafting committee attended the signing ceremony, and none of them signed it. Sunni leaders were split as to whether to support the constitution. <a href="/wiki/Saleh_al-Mutlaq" title="Saleh al-Mutlaq">Saleh al-Mutlaq</a>, the chief Sunni negotiator, urged followers of his Hewar Front to vote against it, but the biggest Sunni block, the Iraqi Accord Front did support the document after receiving promises that it would be reviewed and amended, taking into account their views. A <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Amendment_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution Amendment Committee">Constitution Amendment Committee</a> has been set up in this regard, but the progress has been slow. Notably, the same figure who chaired the drafting committee, Humam Hamoudi, is chairing the amendment committee as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drafting_and_adoption">Drafting and adoption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Drafting and adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Iraqi_Constitution_Drafting_Committee" title="Members of the Iraqi Constitution Drafting Committee">Members of the Iraqi Constitution Drafting Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_constitution_ratification_vote,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi constitution ratification vote, 2005">Iraqi constitution ratification vote, 2005</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Transitional_National_Assembly_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional National Assembly of Iraq">Transitional National Assembly of Iraq</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_parliamentary_election" title="January 2005 Iraqi parliamentary election">elected in January 2005</a> pursuant to the Coalition Provisional Authority's Transitional Administrative Law, appointed a Constitutional Committee for the purpose of preparing a draft constitution by 15 August 2005. The Committee was initially made up of 55 members, all of whom were drawn from the Transitional National Assembly, but its membership was eventually expanded beyond the Assembly's numbers, in order to allow representatives from the Sunni Arab community to participate (given that the latter had boycotted the elections that gave rise to the Transitional National Assembly). </p><p>According to the Transitional Administrative Law, the Constitutional Committee was obliged to complete its work by 15 August 2005, and for the draft to be submitted to a referendum by 15 October 2005. However, by the beginning of August 2005, all parties were in agreement that a final agreement on some of the Constitution's most important elements, including federalism, was still far from complete. As a result, the Committee was effectively dissolved and replaced by an <i>ad hoc</i> body (referred to as the "Leadership Council"), which was composed of approximately 6 members and which continued to negotiate the constitution's final terms until three days before the referendum date. </p><p>The first draft of the proposed constitution was presented to the Transitional National Assembly on Sunday 28 August 2005. It described the state as a "<a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">democratic</a>, federal, representative republic" (art. 1) (however, the division of powers is to be deferred until the first parliament convenes), and a "multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-sect country" (art. 3). The draft was approved, but political negotiations continued, in order to reach a compromise that would also ensure the support of Sunni groups, thus leading to consequent revisions and redrafting of several articles. </p><p>On 18 September 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_National_Assembly_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional National Assembly of Iraq">Transitional National Assembly of Iraq</a> approved and adopted the final constitutional draft, that was then put to the public. The Constitution was finally adopted on 15 October 2005, in a <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_constitution_ratification_vote,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi constitution ratification vote, 2005">national referendum</a>. The Constitution was published on 28 December 2005, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Official_Gazette_of_Iraq" title="Official Gazette of Iraq">Official Gazette of Iraq</a></i> (No. 4012), in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> original, and thus came into force. </p><p>Since there were several unofficial translations of previous drafts and proposals, that were created earlier, during the summer of 2005, an official translation of the Constitution, for international use (in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> language) was produced, in cooperation between state authorities Iraq and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>' Office for Constitutional Support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_changes">Proposed changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Proposed changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Amendment to the Constitution of Iraq">Amendment to the Constitution of Iraq</a></div> <p>Under a compromise brokered before the referendum, it was agreed that the first parliament that was to be elected pursuant to the new constitution would institute a Constitutional Review Committee with a view to determine whether the constitution should be amended. Any amendments agreed would have to be ratified by a similar referendum to the one that originally approved it. After this agreement was entered into, the Sunni-majority <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Islamic_Party" title="Iraqi Islamic Party">Iraqi Islamic Party</a> agreed to back a Yes vote in the referendum that took place on 15 October 2005. The Constitutional Review Committee was constituted by the Iraqi parliament on 25 September 2006. <sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_constitutionalrevisioncommittee"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq#endnote_constitutionalrevisioncommittee">[2]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_principles">Basic principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Basic principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution sets out a multitude of basic assertions (unfortunately because of last minute changes to the constitution, most of the footnote references below to specific articles in the constitution are inaccurate): </p> <ul><li>Iraq is an independent nation.<sup id="cite_ref-art1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The system of government is a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-art1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> and a basic foundation for the country's laws,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and no law may contradict the established provisions of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>No law that contradicts the principles of democracy may be established.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>No law that contradicts the rights and basic freedoms may be established.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Islamic identity of the majority of the Iraqi people and the full religious rights for all individuals and the freedom of creed and religious practices is guaranteed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Iraq is part of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> and its Arab citizens are part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-art3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Iraq is a multiethnic, multi-religious and multi-sect country<sup id="cite_ref-art3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> are the official languages.<sup id="cite_ref-art4-1st_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art4-1st-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraqis are guaranteed the right to educate their children in their mother tongues, such as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Neo-Aramaic">Chaldean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a>, in government educational institutions, or any other language in private educational institutions, according to educational regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-art4-1st_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art4-1st-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Turkomen, Chaldean, and Assyrian languages will be official in the areas where they are located.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any region or province can take a local language as an additional official language if a majority of the population approves in a general referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Entities or trends may not advocate, instigate, justify or propagate racism, terrorism, "takfir" (declaring someone an infidel), or sectarian cleansing.<sup id="cite_ref-art7-1st_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art7-1st-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Saddamist <a href="/wiki/Baath_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Baath Party">Ba'ath Party</a>", regardless of the name that it adopts, is specifically banned.<sup id="cite_ref-art7-1st_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art7-1st-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The country has a military and security services under the command of the civil authority, and will not interfere in politics, or be used in the transfer of authority.<sup id="cite_ref-art9-1st-a_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art9-1st-a-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Militias are prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-art9-1st-b_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art9-1st-b-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military officials may not hold office.<sup id="cite_ref-art9-1st-c_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art9-1st-c-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The constitution is the highest law of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No law may be passed that contradicts the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rights_and_freedoms">Rights and freedoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rights and freedoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Constitution defines many rights and freedoms, and incorporates laws in many subject areas into the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It guarantees the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-art28_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art28-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality before the law</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">equal opportunity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inalienable <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dual_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual nationality">dual nationality</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-art19_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art19-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the prohibition on criminal <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law">ex post facto laws</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-art19_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art19-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">right to counsel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-art19_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art19-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Public_trial" title="Public trial">public trial</a> unless the court decides to make it a <a href="/wiki/Secret_trial" title="Secret trial">secret trial</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-art19_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art19-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumption of innocence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-art19_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art19-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the right to participate in public affairs and the right to vote, to elect and to nominate,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> freedom from <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-art21_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art21-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Political_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Political asylum">political asylum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-art21_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art21-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "economic, social and cultural liberties",<sup id="cite_ref-art21_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art21-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">right to work</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-art22_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art22-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the right to join <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-art22_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art22-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ownership of <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-art23_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art23-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a> powers,<sup id="cite_ref-art23_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art23-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rights similar to the <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Freedoms (European Union)">Four Freedoms (European Union)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-art28_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art28-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free education</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">dignity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-art35_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art35-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> freedom from psychological and physical torture and inhumane treatment and the right to compensation,<sup id="cite_ref-art35_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art35-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> freedom from "compulsory service",<sup id="cite_ref-art35_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art35-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>limited</i> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">freedom of assembly</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-art36_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art36-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the right to engage in sports,<sup id="cite_ref-art36_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art36-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>limited</i> freedom of forming and of joining associations and political parties,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requirement of <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(law)" title="Warrant (law)">warrants</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wiretap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiretap">wiretaps</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> freedom of thought, conscience and belief.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Federal_Government">The Federal Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Federal Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The federal government is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial branch">judicial</a> branches, as well as numerous independent commissions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislative_branch">Legislative branch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legislative branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legislative branch is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_Council_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federation Council of Iraq (page does not exist)">Federation Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Council_of_Representatives">Council of Representatives</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Council of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives of Iraq</a></div> <p>The Council of Representatives is the main elected body of Iraq. The Constitution defines the "number of members at a ratio of one representative per 100,000 Iraqi persons representing the entire Iraqi people."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members are elected for terms of 4 years.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The council elects the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President of Iraq</a>; approves the appointment of the members of the Federal Court of Cassation, the Chief Public Prosecutor, and the President of Judicial Oversight Commission on proposal by the Higher Juridical Council; and approves the appointment of the Army Chief of Staff, his assistants and those of the rank of division commanders and above, and the director of the intelligence service, on proposal by the Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Federation_Council">Federation Council</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Federation Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_Council_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federation Council of Iraq (page does not exist)">Federation Council of Iraq</a></div> <p>The Federation Council is composed of representatives from the regions and the governorates that are not organized in a region. The council is regulated in law by the Council of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Executive_branch">Executive branch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Executive branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The executive branch is composed of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Iraq">Council of Ministers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="President">President</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: President"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President of Iraq</a></div> <p>The President of the Republic is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and "safeguards the commitment to the Constitution and the preservation of Iraq's independence, sovereignty, unity, the security of its territories in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President is elected by the Council of Representatives by a two-thirds majority,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is limited to two four-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President ratifies treaties and laws passed by the Council of Representatives, issues <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardons</a> on the recommendation of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a>, and performs the "duty of the High Command of the armed forces for ceremonial and honorary purposes."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There also exists a Vice President which shall assume the office of the President in case of his absence or removal.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq" title="Presidency Council of Iraq">Presidency Council</a> is an entity currently operating under the auspices of the "transitional provisions" of the Constitution. According to the Constitution, the Presidency Council functions in the role of the President until one successive term after the Constitution is ratified<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a government is seated.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Council_of_Ministers">Council of Ministers</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Council of Ministers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister of Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Iraq">Council of Ministers of Iraq</a></div> <p>The Council of Ministers is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a>. The President of Iraq names the nominee of the Council of Representatives bloc with the largest number to form the Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prime Minister is the direct executive authority responsible for the general policy of the State and the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the armed forces, directs the Council of Ministers, and presides over its meetings and has the right to dismiss the Ministers on the consent of the Council of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cabinet is responsible for overseeing their respective ministries, proposing laws, preparing the budget, negotiating and signing international agreements and treaties, and appointing undersecretaries, ambassadors, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces and his assistants, Division Commanders or higher, the Director of the National Intelligence Service, and heads of security institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Judicial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The federal judiciary is composed of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_Judicial_Council_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher Judicial Council of Iraq (page does not exist)">Higher Judicial Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Iraq">Supreme Court</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Court_of_Cassation_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Court of Cassation of Iraq (page does not exist)">Court of Cassation</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Prosecution_Department_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Prosecution Department of Iraq (page does not exist)">Public Prosecution Department</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Judiciary_Oversight_Commission_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judiciary Oversight Commission of Iraq (page does not exist)">Judiciary Oversight Commission</a>, and other federal courts that are regulated by law.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such court is the <a href="/wiki/Central_Criminal_Court_of_Iraq" title="Central Criminal Court of Iraq">Central Criminal Court</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Higher_Judicial_Council">Higher Judicial Council</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Higher Judicial Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_Judicial_Council_of_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher Judicial Council of Iraq (page does not exist)">Higher Judicial Council of Iraq</a></div> <p>The Higher Judicial Council manages and supervises the affairs of the federal judiciary.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_of_Iraq,_Article_88_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Iraq,_Article_88-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It oversees the affairs of the various judicial committees,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nominates the Chief Justice and members of the Court of Cassation, the Chief Public Prosecutor, and the Chief Justice of the Judiciary Oversight Commission, and drafts the budget of the judiciary.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitution_of_Iraq,_Article_88_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Iraq,_Article_88-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Iraq">Supreme Court of Iraq</a></div> <p>The Supreme Court is an independent judicial body that interprets the constitution and determines the constitutionality of laws and regulations. It acts as a final <a href="/wiki/Court_of_appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of appeals">court of appeals</a>, settles disputes amongst or between the federal government and the regions and governorates, municipalities, and local administrations, and settles accusations directed against the President, the Prime Minister and the Ministers. It also ratifies the final results of the general elections for the Council of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Central_Criminal_Court">Central Criminal Court</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Central Criminal Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Central_Criminal_Court_of_Iraq" title="Central Criminal Court of Iraq">Central Criminal Court of Iraq</a></div> <p>The Central Criminal Court of Iraq is the main criminal <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The CCCI is based on an <a href="/wiki/Inquisitorial_system" title="Inquisitorial system">inquisitorial system</a> and consists of two chambers: an investigative court, and a criminal court.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independent_commissions_and_institutions">Independent commissions and institutions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Independent commissions and institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_High_Commission_for_Human_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent High Commission for Human Rights (page does not exist)">Independent High Commission for Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Electoral_High_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent Electoral High Commission (page does not exist)">Independent Electoral High Commission</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Public_Integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Public Integrity">Commission on Public Integrity</a> are independent commissions subject to monitoring by the Council of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank of Iraq</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Supreme_Audit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Supreme Audit (page does not exist)">Board of Supreme Audit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Communications_and_Media_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Communications and Media Commission">Communications and Media Commission</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endowment_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endowment Commission (page does not exist)">Endowment Commission</a> are financially and administratively independent institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_of_Martyrs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation of Martyrs (page does not exist)">Foundation of Martyrs</a> is attached to the Council of Ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Public_Service_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Public Service Council (page does not exist)">Federal Public Service Council</a> regulates the affairs of the federal public service, including appointment and promotion.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powers_of_the_Federal_Government">Powers of the Federal Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Powers of the Federal Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The federal government has exclusive power over: </p> <ul><li>Foreign policy and negotiation<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fiscal and customs policy, currency, inter-regional and inter-governorate trade policy, monetary policy, and administering a central bank<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Standards and weights,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> naturalization,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the radio spectrum, and the mail<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The national budget<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Water policies<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Census<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Welfare programs</li> <li>Management of oil and gas, in cooperation with the governments of the producing regions and governorates<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Powers shared with regional authorities: </p> <ul><li>regional customs</li> <li>electrical power</li> <li>environmental policy</li> <li>public planning</li> <li>health, and education</li></ul> <p>All powers not exclusively granted to the federal government are powers of the regions and governorates that are not organized in a region.<sup id="cite_ref-art111_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art111-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Priority is given to regional law in case of conflict between other powers shared between the federal government and regional governments.<sup id="cite_ref-art111_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art111-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions">Regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter Five, <i>Authorities of the Regions,</i> describes the form of Iraq's federation. It begins by stating that the republic's federal system is made up of the capital, regions, decentralized provinces, and local administrations. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i><b>Part One</b>: Regions </i></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The country's future <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Iraq">Regions</a> are to be established from its current <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">18 governorates</a> (or provinces). Any single province, or group of provinces, is entitled to request that it be recognized as a region, with such a request being made by either two-thirds of the members of the provincial councils in the provinces involved or by one-tenth of the registered voters in the province(s) in question. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i><b>Part Two</b>: Provinces not organized into a Region </i></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Provinces that are unwilling or unable to join a region still enjoy enough autonomy and resources to enable them to manage their own internal affairs according to the principle of administrative decentralization. With the two parties' approval, federal government responsibilities may be delegated to the provinces, or vice versa. These decentralized provinces are headed by <b>Provincial Governors</b>, elected by <b>Provincial Councils</b>. The administrative levels within a province are defined, in descending order, as districts, counties and villages. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i><b>Part Three</b>: The Capital </i></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Article 120 states that <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> is the <b>Capital of the Republic</b>, within the boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Governorate" title="Baghdad Governorate">Baghdad Governorate</a>. The constitution makes no specific reference to the status of the capital and its surrounding governorate within the federal structure, stating merely that its status is to be regulated by law. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ul><li><i><b>Part Four</b>: Local Administrations </i></li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Consisting solely of Article 121, Part Four simply states that the constitution guarantees the administrative, political, cultural, and educational rights of the country's various ethnic groups (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, etc.), and that legislation will be adopted to regulate those rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Iraq portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Local_Governance_Law_Library" title="Iraqi Local Governance Law Library">Iraqi Local Governance Law Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/050928_lowintenschron.pdf">Sara B. Moller (2005), Low Intensity Conflict and Nation-Building in Iraq: A Chronology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr155.pdf">Jonathan Morrow (2005): Iraq’s Constitutional Process II: An Opportunity Lost</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408194141/https://zaidalali.bookswarm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Iraqs-constitution-FINAL-official-gazette-copy.pdf">"<i>Constitution of the Republic of Iraq</i>, Official Gazette of Iraq, No. 4012, of December 28, 2005 (Arabic text)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zaidalali.bookswarm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Iraqs-constitution-FINAL-official-gazette-copy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Iraq%2C+Official+Gazette+of+Iraq%2C+No.+4012%2C+of+December+28%2C+2005+%28Arabic+text%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzaidalali.bookswarm.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F03%2FIraqs-constitution-FINAL-official-gazette-copy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/iq/iq004en.pdf">UN WIPO: Iraqi Constitution (2005) in English translation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/mideast/IQ/Full%20Text%20of%20Iraqi%20Constitution.pdf/view">The ACE Electoral Knowledge Network: Iraqi Constitution (2005)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/constitution-building-and-federal-options-iraq-kurdish-challenge">"Constitution Building and Federal Options in Iraq: The Kurdish Challenge - Iraq"</a>. <i>ReliefWeb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReliefWeb&rft.atitle=Constitution+Building+and+Federal+Options+in+Iraq%3A+The+Kurdish+Challenge+-+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Freport%2Firaq%2Fconstitution-building-and-federal-options-iraq-kurdish-challenge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Crisis Group, "Unmaking Iraq: A Constitutional Process Gone Awry" <i>ICG Middle East Policy Briefing</i> 26 September 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 2(1st)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 2(1st)(a)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 2(1st)(b)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 2(1st)(c)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 2(2nd)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art4-1st-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art4-1st_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art4-1st_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 4(1st)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 4(4th)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 4(5th)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art7-1st-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art7-1st_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art7-1st_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 7(1st)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art9-1st-a-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-art9-1st-a_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 9(1st)(a)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art9-1st-b-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-art9-1st-b_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 9(1st)(b)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art9-1st-c-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-art9-1st-c_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 9(1st)(c)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 13(1st)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 13(2nd)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bammarny, Bawar, Rule of Law in Iraq, in: Matthias Koetter / Gunnar Folke Schuppert, Understandings of the Rule of Law in various legal orders of the World, Rule of Law Working Paper Series No. 16, Berlin (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2192-6905">2192-6905</a>): <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/download/attachments/145424416/">http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/download/attachments/145424416/</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Bammarny+Iraq.pdf.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art28-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art28_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art28_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art19-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art19_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art19_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art19_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art19_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art19_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art21-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art21_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art21_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art21_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art22-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art22_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art22_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art23-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art23_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art23_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art35-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art35_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art35_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art35_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art36-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art36_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art36_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution_of_Iraq,_Article_88-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Iraq,_Article_88_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Iraq,_Article_88_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 107(1st)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 107(3rd)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 107(4th)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 107(5th)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 107(6th)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 107(7th)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 107(8th)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 107(9th)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art111-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art111_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-art111_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Iraq, Article 111</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iraq&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of Iraq">Constitution of Iraq</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Final version, from official Iraqi an UN sources, also accepted as Wikisource text</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304074809/http://www.iraqinationality.gov.iq/attach/iraqi_constitution.pdf">Iraq, Ministry of Interior – General Directorate for Nationality: Iraqi Constitution (2005)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060725062941/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/20704/11332732681iraqi_constitution_en.pdf/iraqi_constitution_en.pdf">UNESCO: Iraqi Constitution (2005)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/iq/iq004en.pdf">UN WIPO: Iraqi Constitution (2005)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other sources with links to official texts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gjpi.org/library/primary/iraqi-constitution">The Global Justice Project: Iraq – Constitution (legal overview and links to constitutional texts)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaidalali.com/resources/constitution-of-iraq/">A collection of several drafts prepared throughout 2005, including the final draft</a>, English language translations prepared by Zaid Al-Ali</li></ul> <dl><dt>Various drafts of the constitution and related texts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060221003620/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2005/issue3/Iraqiconstitution/constitution.html">Draft version (not final)</a>, published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Review_of_International_Affairs" title="Middle East Review of International Affairs">Middle East Review of International Affairs</a></i> (Vol. 9, No. 3, September 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/document/2005/0825drafttext.htm">First published draft</a>, Global Policy Forum (articles 30.2 and 46 missing)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-08-24-iraqi-constitution-draft_x.htm">First published draft</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> (articles 30.2 and 46 missing)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/24_08_05_constit.pdf">First published draft</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (articles 30.2 and 46 missing)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514171616/http://www.pogar.org/">The Programme on Governance in the Arab Region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iq.undp.org/">United Nations Development Programme (Iraq Country Office)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juancole.com/2005/08/islamic-law-primary-in-iraqi.html">Islamic Law Primary in Iraqi Constitution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051014093546/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/currentawareness/iraqiconstitution.php">Iraqi constitution legal news and resources</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Period">Old Assyrian Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Sassanid Asorestan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">638–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Iraq" title="List of kings of Iraq">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">1958–1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">1968–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">2003–2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">2011–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">National Command</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. troop withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War (2014–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Fall of Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iraqi_political_crisis" title="2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis">2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula" title="Al-Faw peninsula">Faw peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Iraq" title="Template:Borders of Iraq">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Iraq" title="Category:Lakes of Iraq">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iraq" title="List of islands of Iraq">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives <span style="font-size:85%;">(legislative)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Iraq)" title="Council of Ministers (Iraq)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq" title="Presidency Council of Iraq">Presidency Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">in pre-Saddam Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq">in Saddam Hussein's Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">in post-invasion Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">in ISIL-controlled territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq" title="Judiciary of Iraq">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iraq" title="List of wars involving Iraq">Wars and conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iraq" title="List of banks in Iraq">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iraq" title="List of companies of Iraq">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Iraq" title="Infrastructure of Iraq">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Foreign Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stock_Exchange" title="Iraq Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iraq" title="List of airlines of Iraq">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways" title="Iraqi Republic Railways">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iraq" title="Category:Society of Iraq">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solluba" title="Solluba">Solluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>/Turkoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iraq" title="Secularism in Iraq">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Iraq">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq" title="Mass media in Iraq">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Iraq" title="Squatting in Iraq">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iraq" title="Public holidays in Iraq">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Mandaean New Year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq" title="Category:Iraq">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iraq" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iraq">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iraq">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitutions_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitutions_of_Asia" title="Template:Constitutions of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutions_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Constitutions of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Constitutions of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bahrain" title="Constitution of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan" title="Constitution of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brunei" title="Constitution of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Timor" title="Constitution of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jordan" title="Constitution of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait" title="Constitution of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Constitution of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos" title="Constitution of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Maldives" title="Constitution of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia" title="Constitution of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Myanmar" title="Constitution of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Qatar" title="Constitution of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tajikistan" title="Constitution of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan" title="Constitution of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Constitution of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uzbekistan" title="Constitution of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam" title="Constitution of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yemen" title="Constitution of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia" title="Constitution of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Ossetia" title="Constitution of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a 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