CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>August 18 - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"42461cfd-0067-4143-81b6-373d3ce22fce","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"August_18","wgTitle":"August 18","wgCurRevisionId":1280371867,"wgRevisionId":1280371867,"wgArticleId":1496,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)","Webarchive template unknown archives","Source attribution","CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko)","CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)","CS1 uses Bengali-language script (bn)","CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn)","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Wikipedia pending changes protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Commons link from Wikidata","Days of August"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"August_18","wgRelevantArticleId":1496,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1280371867,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2826","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="August 18 - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_18"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_18"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-August_18 rootpage-August_18 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=August+18" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=August+18" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=August+18" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=August+18" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-1600" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1600"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-1600</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1600-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1601–1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1601–1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1601–1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1601–1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1901–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1901–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1901–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1901–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Births-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Births subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-1600_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1600_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-1600</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1600_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1601–1900_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1601–1900_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1601–1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1601–1900_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1901–present_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1901–present_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1901–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1901–present_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Deaths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-1600_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1600_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-1600</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1600_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1601–1900_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1601–1900_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1601–1900</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1601–1900_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1901–present_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1901–present_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1901–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1901–present_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays_and_observances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays_and_observances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Holidays and observances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays_and_observances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">August 18</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 195 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-195" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">195 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Augustus" title="18 Augustus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="18 Augustus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._August" title="18. August – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="18. August" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A5_18_%D0%BA%D3%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Куран айдыҥ 18 кӱни – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Куран айдыҥ 18 кӱни" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_August" title="18 August – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="18 August" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porgem%C3%A1%C3%A1nu_18." title="Porgemáánu 18. – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Porgemáánu 18." data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B3%D3%99%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B0_18" title="Нанҳәамза 18 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Нанҳәамза 18" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D8%A3%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B3" title="18 أغسطس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="18 أغسطس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_d%27agosto" title="18 d'agosto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="18 d'agosto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D5%95%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="18 Օգոստոս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="18 Օգոստոս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_d%E2%80%99o%C3%BBt" title="18 d’oût – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="18 d’oût" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="১৮ আগষ্ট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="১৮ আগষ্ট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_d%27agostu" title="18 d'agostu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="18 d'agostu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_jasypoapy" title="18 jasypoapy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="18 jasypoapy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="18 август – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="18 август" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_avqust" title="18 avqust – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="18 avqust" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8_%D8%A2%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="۱۸ آقوست – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۸ آقوست" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Agustus" title="18 Agustus – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="18 Agustus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="১৮ আগস্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৮ আগস্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Agustus" title="18 Agustus – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="18 Agustus" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_goe%CC%8Dh_18_ji%CC%8Dt" title="8 goe̍h 18 ji̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="8 goe̍h 18 ji̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Agustus" title="18 Agustus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="18 Agustus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="18 август – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="18 август" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="18 жніўня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="18 жніўня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="18 жніўня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="18 жніўня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="18 अगस्त – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="18 अगस्त" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agosto_18" title="Agosto 18 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Agosto 18" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="18 август – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="18 август" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9F%E0%BE%B3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%A8%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%A1%E0%BC%A8%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="ཟླ་༨ཚེས་༡༨ཉིན་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཟླ་༨ཚེས་༡༨ཉིན་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._august" title="18. august – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="18. august" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Eost" title="18 Eost – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="18 Eost" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_18" title="8 һарын 18 – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="8 һарын 18" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_d%27agost" title="18 d'agost – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="18 d'agost" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0,_18" title="Çурла, 18 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурла, 18" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agosto_18" title="Agosto 18 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Agosto 18" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._srpen" title="18. srpen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="18. srpen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyamavhuvhu_18" title="Nyamavhuvhu 18 – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nyamavhuvhu 18" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_d%27aostu" title="18 d'aostu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="18 d'aostu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Awst" title="18 Awst – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="18 Awst" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._august" title="18. august – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="18. august" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D8%BA%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="18 غشت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="18 غشت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgem%C3%A1nu_18." title="Borgemánu 18. – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Borgemánu 18." data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._August" title="18. August – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="18. August" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AE%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%AA_18" title="އޮގަސްޓު 18 – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އޮގަސްޓު 18" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._august" title="18. august – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="18. august" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%CE%91%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="18 Αυγούστου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="18 Αυγούστου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_d%27ag%C3%B2st" title="18 d'agòst – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="18 d'agòst" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_18_%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Умарьковонь 18 чи – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Умарьковонь 18 чи" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_de_agosto" title="18 de agosto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="18 de agosto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-a_de_a%C5%ADgusto" title="18-a de aŭgusto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="18-a de aŭgusto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_agostu" title="18 agostu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="18 agostu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuztuaren_18" title="Abuztuaren 18 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abuztuaren 18" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="۱۸ اوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۸ اوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_August" title="18 August – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="18 August" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._august" title="18. august – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="18. august" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_ao%C3%BBt" title="18 août – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="18 août" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_augustus" title="18 augustus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="18 augustus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_di_Avost" title="18 di Avost – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="18 di Avost" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_L%C3%BAnasa" title="18 Lúnasa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="18 Lúnasa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Luanistyn" title="18 Luanistyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="18 Luanistyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Harman_ay" title="18 Harman ay – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="18 Harman ay" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_an_L%C3%B9nastal" title="18 an Lùnastal – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="18 an Lùnastal" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_de_agosto" title="18 de agosto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="18 de agosto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/8%E6%9C%8818%E8%99%9F" title="8月18號 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="8月18號" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AB%A7%E0%AB%AE" title="ઓગસ્ટ ૧૮ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઓગસ્ટ ૧૮" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-ngie%CC%8Dt_18-ngit" title="8-ngie̍t 18-ngit – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="8-ngie̍t 18-ngit" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_18" title="Ноха сарин 18 – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ноха сарин 18" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/8%EC%9B%94_18%EC%9D%BC" title="8월 18일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="8월 18일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_18" title="Օգոստոսի 18 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օգոստոսի 18" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="१८ अगस्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१८ अगस्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._awgusta" title="18. awgusta – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="18. awgusta" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._kolovoza" title="18. kolovoza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="18. kolovoza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Agustus" title="18 Agustus – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="18 Agustus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/18ma_di_agosto" title="18ma di agosto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="18ma di agosto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%E1%BB%8Cg%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dst" title="18 Ọgọọst – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="18 Ọgọọst" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agosto_18" title="Agosto 18 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Agosto 18" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE" title="আগষ্ট ১৮ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আগষ্ট ১৮" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Agustus" title="18 Agustus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="18 Agustus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_de_augusto" title="18 de augusto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="18 de augusto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_august" title="18 august – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="18 august" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._%C3%A1g%C3%BAst" title="18. ágúst – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="18. ágúst" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_agosto" title="18 agosto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="18 agosto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98" title="18 באוגוסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="18 באוגוסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Agustus" title="18 Agustus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="18 Agustus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%AE" title="ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೧೮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ ೧೮" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostu_18" title="Agostu 18 – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Agostu 18" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="18 აგვისტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="18 აგვისტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8E%DA%AF%D9%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA_18" title="اَگَست 18 – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اَگَست 18" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_z%C3%A9lnika" title="18 zélnika – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="18 zélnika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="18 тамыз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="18 тамыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Agosti" title="18 Agosti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="18 Agosti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7_%D1%82%D3%A7%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C_18-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Моз тӧлысь 18-ӧд лун – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Моз тӧлысь 18-ӧд лун" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-e_ke_anyusteaksat" title="18-e ke anyusteaksat – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="18-e ke anyusteaksat" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_out" title="18 out – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="18 out" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%C3%AA_tebax%C3%AA" title="18ê tebaxê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="18ê tebaxê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2" title="18 ສິງຫາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="18 ສິງຫາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Augusti" title="18 Augusti – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="18 Augusti" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._augusts" title="18. augusts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="18. augusts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._August" title="18. August – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="18. August" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugpj%C5%AB%C4%8Dio_18" title="Rugpjūčio 18 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rugpjūčio 18" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_agosto" title="18 agosto – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="18 agosto" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_augustus" title="18 augustus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="18 augustus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._elokuudu" title="18. elokuudu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="18. elokuudu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_08" title="18 08 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="18 08" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusztus_18." title="Augusztus 18. – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Augusztus 18." data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="१८ अगस्त – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१८ अगस्त" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="18 август – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="18 август" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Aogositra" title="18 Aogositra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="18 Aogositra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_18" title="ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 18 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 18" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE" title="ऑगस्ट १८ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑगस्ट १८" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%90" title="18 მარაშინათუთა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="18 მარაშინათუთა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B3" title="18 اغسطس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="18 اغسطس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8_%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="۱۸ آگوست – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۸ آگوست" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Ogos" title="18 Ogos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="18 Ogos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_ngu%C5%8Fk_18_h%C3%B4%CC%A4" title="8 nguŏk 18 hô̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="8 nguŏk 18 hô̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_18" title="8 сарын 18 – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="8 сарын 18" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%88_%E1%80%A9%E1%80%82%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="၁၈ ဩဂုတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၈ ဩဂုတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_metztli_agosto" title="18 metztli agosto – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="18 metztli agosto" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_augustus" title="18 augustus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="18 augustus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_augustus" title="18 augustus – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="18 augustus" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE" title="अगस्ट १८ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अगस्ट १८" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/8%E6%9C%8818%E6%97%A5" title="8月18日 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="8月18日" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%27e_a%C3%B9sto" title="18 'e aùsto – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="18 'e aùsto" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="18 август – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="18 август" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._August" title="18. August – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="18. August" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._august" title="18. august – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="18. august" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._august" title="18. august – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="18. august" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Ao%C3%BBt" title="18 Août – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="18 Août" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_d%27agost" title="18 d'agost – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="18 d'agost" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="18 сорла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="18 сорла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AE_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F" title="୧୮ ଅଗଷ୍ଟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୮ ଅଗଷ୍ଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-avgust" title="18-avgust – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="18-avgust" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4" title="18 ਅਗਸਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="18 ਅਗਸਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agosto_18" title="Agosto 18 – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Agosto 18" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="18اگست – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="18اگست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_di_oug%C3%B9st%C3%B9s" title="18 di ougùstùs – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="18 di ougùstùs" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%BC" title="18 اگسټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="18 اگسټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._August" title="18. August – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="18. August" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_sierpnia" title="18 sierpnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="18 sierpnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_de_agosto" title="18 de agosto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="18 de agosto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/18-avgust" title="18-avgust – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="18-avgust" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._Auju%C3%9F%C3%9F" title="18. Aujußß – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="18. Aujußß" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_august" title="18 august – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="18 august" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%C3%B1iqin_chakra_yapuy_killapi" title="18 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="18 ñiqin chakra yapuy killapi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._%D0%B0%D0%B2%D2%91%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="18. авґуст – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="18. авґуст" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="18 августа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="18 августа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD_18" title="Атырдьах ыйын 18 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Атырдьах ыйын 18" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="१८ अगस्त – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१८ अगस्त" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_August" title="18 August – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="18 August" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phato_18" title="Phato 18 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Phato 18" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Gusht" title="18 Gusht – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="18 Gusht" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_di_austu" title="18 di austu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="18 di austu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94_18" title="අගෝස්තු 18 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අගෝස්තු 18" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_18" title="August 18 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="August 18" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D8%A2%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%BD" title="18 آگسٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="18 آگسٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._august" title="18. august – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="18. august" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._avgust" title="18. avgust – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="18. avgust" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%C5%9Byrp%C5%84a" title="18 śyrpńa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="18 śyrpńa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="١٨ی ئاب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٨ی ئاب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="18. август – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="18. август" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._8." title="18. 8. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="18. 8." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Agustus" title="18 Agustus – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="18 Agustus" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._elokuuta" title="18. elokuuta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="18. elokuuta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_augusti" title="18 augusti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="18 augusti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agosto_18" title="Agosto 18 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Agosto 18" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_18" title="ஆகத்து 18 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆகத்து 18" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%C9%A3uct" title="18 ɣuct – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="18 ɣuct" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="18 август – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="18 август" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A2%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89_18" title="ဢေႃးၵၢတ်ႉ 18 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဢေႃးၵၢတ်ႉ 18" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81_18" title="ఆగష్టు 18 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆగష్టు 18" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="18 สิงหาคม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="18 สิงหาคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="18 август – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="18 август" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_A%C4%9Fustos" title="18 Ağustos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="18 Ağustos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_awgust" title="18 awgust – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="18 awgust" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="18 гудырикошкон – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="18 гудырикошкон" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="18 серпня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="18 серпня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="18 اگست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="18 اگست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_nyied_18_hauh" title="8 nyied 18 hauh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="8 nyied 18 hauh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_de_agosto" title="18 de agosto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="18 de agosto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_th%C3%A1ng_8" title="18 tháng 8 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="18 tháng 8" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustul_18" title="Gustul 18 – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Gustul 18" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/18._p%C3%B5imukuu_p%C3%A4iv" title="18. põimukuu päiv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="18. põimukuu päiv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_d%27_awousse" title="18 d' awousse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="18 d' awousse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_ogustus" title="18 ogustus – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="18 ogustus" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agosto_18" title="Agosto 18 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Agosto 18" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/8%E6%9C%8818%E5%8F%B7" title="8月18号 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="8月18号" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhawuri_18" title="Mhawuri 18 – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mhawuri 18" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98" title="18טן אויגוסט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="18טן אויגוסט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_August" title="18 August – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="18 August" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/8%E6%9C%8818%E8%99%9F" title="8月18號 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="8月18號" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Tebaxe" title="18 Tebaxe – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="18 Tebaxe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_auhustus" title="18 auhustus – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="18 auhustus" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogpj%C5%ABt%C4%97_18" title="Rogpjūtė 18 – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rogpjūtė 18" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/8%E6%9C%8818%E6%97%A5" title="8月18日 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="8月18日" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Avgust" title="18 Avgust – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="18 Avgust" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%9C" title="18 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="18 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2826#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:August_18" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/August_18"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/August_18"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/August_18" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/August_18" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&oldid=1280371867" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=August_18&id=1280371867&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAugust_18"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAugust_18"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=August_18&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/August_18" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:August_18" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/August_18" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2826" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle"><span class="cdx-fr-css-icon-review--status--stable"></span><b>Checked</b></indicator></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-autoreview" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending" title="All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users"><img alt="Page protected with pending changes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Pending-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Pending-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=August_18">reviewed</a> on <i>14 March 2025</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"18/8" redirects here. For the steel alloy, see <a href="/wiki/18/8_stainless_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="18/8 stainless steel">18/8 stainless steel</a>.</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256396092">.mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#d8e0ff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}}</style> </p> <table class="toccolours floatright" style="text-align:center;" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr class="calendar-purple" style=""> <td><a href="/wiki/July" title="July"><<</a> </td> <th colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">>></a> </td></tr> <tr class="calendar-purple" style="border: none;"> <th scope="col" width="*" title="Sunday">Su </th> <th scope="col" width="*" title="Monday">Mo </th> <th scope="col" width="*" title="Tuesday">Tu </th> <th scope="col" width="*" title="Wednesday">We </th> <th scope="col" width="*" title="Thursday">Th </th> <th scope="col" width="*" title="Friday">Fr </th> <th scope="col" width="*" title="Saturday">Sa </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1"><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>1</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2"><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>2</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/August_3" title="August 3"><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>3</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_4" title="August 4"><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>4</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5"><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>5</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6"><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>6</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_7" title="August 7"><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>7</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8"><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_9" title="August 9"><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>9</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">10</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">11</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">12</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">13</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">14</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">15</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">16</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">17</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">18</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">19</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">20</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">21</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">22</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_23" title="August 23">23</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">24</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">25</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">26</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">27</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_28" title="August 28">28</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">29</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">30</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">31</a> </td> <td colspan="6">  </td></tr> <tr class="calendar-purple" style=""> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/2025" title="2025">2025</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334533">.mw-parser-output .datetableheader{background-color:#eaecf0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .datetableheader{background-color:#363636;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .datetableheader{background-color:#363636;color:white}}</style> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin-left:1em; text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr class="datetableheader"> <td><b>August 18 in recent years</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/2024_August_18" title="Portal:Current events/2024 August 18">2024 (Sunday)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/2023_August_18" title="Portal:Current events/2023 August 18">2023 (Friday)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/2022_August_18" title="Portal:Current events/2022 August 18">2022 (Thursday)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/2021_August_18" title="Portal:Current events/2021 August 18">2021 (Wednesday)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/2020_August_18" title="Portal:Current events/2020 August 18">2020 (Tuesday)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/2019_August_18" title="Portal:Current events/2019 August 18">2019 (Sunday)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/2018_August_18" title="Portal:Current events/2018 August 18">2018 (Saturday)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/2017_August_18" title="Portal:Current events/2017 August 18">2017 (Friday)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/2016_August_18" title="Portal:Current events/2016 August 18">2016 (Thursday)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events/2015_August_18" title="Portal:Current events/2015 August 18">2015 (Tuesday)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Day of the year</div><p><b>August 18</b> is the 230th day of the year (231st in <a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">leap years</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>;  135 days remain until the end of the year. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1600">Pre-1600</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-1600"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/684" title="684">684</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(684)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (684)">Battle of Marj Rahit</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> partisans defeat the supporters of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Zubayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Zubayr">Ibn al-Zubayr</a> and cement Umayyad control of <a href="/wiki/Al-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sham">Syria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_707" title="AD 707">707</a> – <a href="/wiki/Empress_Genmei" title="Empress Genmei">Princess Abe</a> accedes to the imperial Japanese throne as <a href="/wiki/Empress_Genmei" title="Empress Genmei">Empress Genmei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1304" title="1304">1304</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons-en-P%C3%A9v%C3%A8le" title="Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle">Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle</a> is fought to a draw between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> army and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flemish</a> militias.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1487" title="1487">1487</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1487)" title="Siege of Málaga (1487)">Siege of Málaga</a> ends with the taking of the city by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castilian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragonese</a> forces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_de_la_lengua_castellana" title="Gramática de la lengua castellana">Gramática de la lengua castellana</a></i>) is presented to <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Queen Isabella I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1572" title="1572">1572</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">King Henry III of Navarre</a> marries the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret of Valois</a>, ostensibly to reconcile the feuding <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1590" title="1590">1590</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a>, the governor of the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a>, returns from a supply trip to England and finds his settlement deserted.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1601–1900"><span id="1601.E2.80.931900"></span>1601–1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1601–1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a> – The trial of the <a href="/wiki/Pendle_witches" title="Pendle witches">Pendle witches</a>, one of England's most famous witch trials, begins at <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Lancashire" title="Lancaster, Lancashire">Lancaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Assizes" title="Assizes">Assizes</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a> – <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Grandier" title="Urbain Grandier">Urbain Grandier</a>, accused and convicted of sorcery, is burned alive in <a href="/wiki/Loudun" title="Loudun">Loudun</a>, France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1721" title="1721">1721</a> – The city of <a href="/wiki/Shamakhi" title="Shamakhi">Shamakhi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Shirvan" title="Safavid Shirvan">Safavid Shirvan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Shamakhi" title="Sack of Shamakhi">is sacked</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991316_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991316-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011761_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011761-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a> – A <a href="/wiki/1783_Great_Meteor" title="1783 Great Meteor">huge fireball meteor</a> is seen across Great Britain as it passes over the east coast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1809" title="1809">1809</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Finland" title="Senate of Finland">Senate of Finland</a> is established in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a> after the official adoption of the Statute of the Government Council by Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826" title="1826">1826</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gordon_Laing" title="Alexander Gordon Laing">Major Gordon Laing</a> becomes the first European to enter <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838" title="1838">1838</a> – The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">Wilkes Expedition</a>, which would explore the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> and Antarctica, weighs anchor at <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848" title="1848">1848</a> – <a href="/wiki/Camila_O%27Gorman" title="Camila O'Gorman">Camila O'Gorman</a> and Ladislao Gutierrez are executed on the orders of Argentine dictator <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Rosas" title="Juan Manuel de Rosas">Juan Manuel de Rosas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864" title="1864">1864</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Globe_Tavern" title="Battle of Globe Tavern">Battle of Globe Tavern</a>: <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> forces try to cut a vital <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> supply-line into <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg, Virginia</a>, by attacking the <a href="/wiki/Wilmington_and_Weldon_Railroad" title="Wilmington and Weldon Railroad">Wilmington and Weldon Railroad</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868" title="1868">1868</a> – French <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janssen" title="Pierre Janssen">Pierre Janssen</a> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">discovers</a> <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870" title="1870">1870</a> – <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelotte" title="Battle of Gravelotte">Battle of Gravelotte</a> is fought.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877" title="1877">1877</a> – American <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> <a href="/wiki/Asaph_Hall" title="Asaph Hall">Asaph Hall</a> discovers <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">moons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morley1989_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morley1989-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891" title="1891">1891</a> – A <a href="/wiki/1891_Martinique_hurricane" title="1891 Martinique hurricane">major hurricane</a> strikes <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, leaving 700 dead.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1901–present"><span id="1901.E2.80.93present"></span>1901–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1901–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1903" title="1903">1903</a> – German engineer <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jatho" title="Karl Jatho">Karl Jatho</a> allegedly flies his self-made, motored gliding <a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">airplane</a> four months before the first flight of the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> – A <a href="/wiki/Great_Thessaloniki_Fire_of_1917" title="Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917">Great Fire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, Greece, destroys 32% of the city leaving 70,000 individuals homeless.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> is ratified, guaranteeing women's <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1923_WAAA_Championships" title="1923 WAAA Championships">first British Track and Field championships for women</a> are held in London, Great Britain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Volksempf%C3%A4nger" title="Volksempfänger">Volksempfänger</a> is first presented to the German public at a <a href="/wiki/IFA_Berlin" title="IFA Berlin">radio exhibition</a>; the presiding Nazi Minister of Propaganda, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, delivers an accompanying speech heralding the radio as the ‘eighth great power’.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a> – A lightning strike starts the <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_Fire_of_1937" title="Blackwater Fire of 1937">Blackwater Fire of 1937</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shoshone_National_Forest" title="Shoshone National Forest">Shoshone National Forest</a>, killing 15 firefighters within three days and prompting the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a> to develop their <a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_Bridge" title="Thousand Islands Bridge">Thousand Islands Bridge</a>, connecting New York, United States, with <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada, over the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a>, is dedicated by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a> – <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Hardest_Day" title="The Hardest Day">The Hardest Day</a> air battle, part of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, takes place. At that point, it is the largest aerial engagement in history with heavy losses sustained on both sides.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> takes office as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Indonesia">first president of Indonesia</a>, following the country's declaration of independence the previous day.</li> <li>1945 – <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Japanese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Japanese War">Soviet-Japanese War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Battle of Shumshu</a>: Soviet forces land at Takeda Beach on <a href="/wiki/Shumshu" title="Shumshu">Shumshu Island</a> and launch the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Battle of Shumshu</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Invasion of the Kuril Islands</a> commences.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a> – <a href="/wiki/1949_Kemi_strike" title="1949 Kemi strike">1949 Kemi strike</a>: Two protesters die in the scuffle between the police and the strikers' protest procession in <a href="/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi">Kemi, Finland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a> – <a href="/wiki/Julien_Lahaut" title="Julien Lahaut">Julien Lahaut</a>, the chairman of the Communist Party of Belgium, is assassinated. The Party newspaper blames royalists and <a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexists</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>'s controversial novel <i><a href="/wiki/Lolita" title="Lolita">Lolita</a></i> is published in the United States.</li> <li>1958 – <a href="/wiki/Brojen_Das" title="Brojen Das">Brojen Das</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> swims across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> in a competition as the first <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> and the first Asian to do so, placing first among the 39 competitors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a> – <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a> becomes the first African American to graduate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Starlite" title="Operation Starlite">Operation Starlite</a> begins: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marines</a> destroy a <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula in the first major American ground battle of the war.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a> – Vietnam War: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Tan" title="Battle of Long Tan">Battle of Long Tan</a> ensues after a patrol from the <a href="/wiki/6th_Battalion,_Royal_Australian_Regiment" title="6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment">6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment</a> clashes with a <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a> force in <a href="/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Tuy_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phước Tuy Province">Phước Tuy Province</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</a> – Vietnam War: Australia and New Zealand decide to withdraw their troops from <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973" title="1973">1973</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_A-13" title="Aeroflot Flight A-13">Aeroflot Flight A-13</a> crashes after takeoff from <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev_International_Airport" title="Heydar Aliyev International Airport">Baku-Bina International Airport</a> in Azerbaijan, killing 56 people and injuring eight.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranter_1973_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranter_1973-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976" title="1976">1976</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Korean_axe_murder_incident" title="Korean axe murder incident">Korean axe murder incident</a> in Panmunjom results in the deaths of two US Army officers.</li> <li>1976 – The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>’s robotic probe <i><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">Luna 24</a></i> successfully lands on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-solarsystem.nasa_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solarsystem.nasa-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a> – <a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a> is arrested at a police roadblock under Terrorism Act No. 83 of 1967 in <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="King William's Town">King William's Town</a>, South Africa. He later dies from injuries sustained during this arrest, bringing attention to South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> policies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Alicia" title="Hurricane Alicia">Hurricane Alicia</a> hits the <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> coast, killing 21 people and causing over US$1 billion in damage (1983 dollars).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a> – Leading presidential hopeful <a href="/wiki/Luis_Carlos_Gal%C3%A1n" title="Luis Carlos Galán">Luis Carlos Galán</a> is assassinated near <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_International_Airways_Flight_808" title="American International Airways Flight 808">American International Airways Flight 808</a> crashes at <a href="/wiki/Leeward_Point_Field" title="Leeward Point Field">Leeward Point Field</a> at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base" title="Guantanamo Bay Naval Base">Guantanamo Bay Naval Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay" title="Guantánamo Bay">Guantánamo Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, injuring the three crew members.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> – One-year-old <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Zachary_Turner" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Zachary Turner">Zachary Turner</a> is murdered in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> by his mother, who was awarded custody despite facing trial for the murder of Zachary's father. The case was documented in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Dear_Zachary:_A_Letter_to_a_Son_About_His_Father" title="Dear Zachary: A Letter to a Son About His Father">Dear Zachary</a></i> and led to reform of Canada's bail laws.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> – A <a href="/wiki/2005_Java%E2%80%93Bali_blackout" title="2005 Java–Bali blackout">massive power blackout</a> hits the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>; affecting almost 100 million people, it is <a href="/wiki/List_of_major_power_outages#Largest" title="List of major power outages">one of the largest and most widespread</a> power outages in history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a> – The President of Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a>, resigns under <a href="/wiki/Movement_to_impeach_Pervez_Musharraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf">threat of impeachment</a>.</li> <li>2008 – War of Afghanistan: The <a href="/wiki/Uzbin_Valley_ambush" title="Uzbin Valley ambush">Uzbin Valley ambush</a> occurs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011" title="2011">2011</a> – A <a href="/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_cross-border_attacks" title="2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks">terrorist attack</a> on Israel's <a href="/wiki/Highway_12_(Israel)" title="Highway 12 (Israel)">Highway 12</a> near the Egyptian border kills 16 and injures 40.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017" title="2017">2017</a> – The <a href="/wiki/2017_Turku_attack" title="2017 Turku attack">first terrorist attack</a> ever sentenced as a crime in Finland kills two and injures eight.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019" title="2019">2019</a> – One hundred activists, officials, and other concerned citizens in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> hold a funeral for <a href="/wiki/Okj%C3%B6kull" title="Okjökull">Okjökull glacier</a>, which has completely melted after having once covered six square miles (15.5 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1600_2">Pre-1600</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-1600"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1305" title="1305">1305</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Takauji" title="Ashikaga Takauji">Ashikaga Takauji</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/List_of_sh%C5%8Dguns" class="mw-redirect" title="List of shōguns">Shōgun</a> (d. 1358)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1450" title="1450">1450</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marko_Maruli%C4%87" title="Marko Marulić">Marko Marulić</a>, Croatian poet and author (d. 1524)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1458" title="1458">1458</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Pucci" title="Lorenzo Pucci">Lorenzo Pucci</a>, Catholic cardinal (d. 1531)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1497" title="1497">1497</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Canova_da_Milano" title="Francesco Canova da Milano">Francesco Canova da Milano</a>, Italian composer (d. 1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1542" title="1542">1542</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Neville,_6th_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland">Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland</a> (d. 1601)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1579" title="1579">1579</a> – <a href="/wiki/Countess_Charlotte_Flandrina_of_Nassau" title="Countess Charlotte Flandrina of Nassau">Countess Charlotte Flandrina of Nassau</a> (d. 1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1587" title="1587">1587</a> – <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Dare" title="Virginia Dare">Virginia Dare</a>, granddaughter of Governor <a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_and_artist)" title="John White (colonist and artist)">John White</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Colony of Roanoke</a>, first child born to English parents in the Americas (date of death unknown)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1596" title="1596">1596</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bolland" title="Jean Bolland">Jean Bolland</a>, Flemish priest and hagiographer (d. 1665)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1601–1900_2"><span id="1601.E2.80.931900_2"></span>1601–1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1601–1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hammond" title="Henry Hammond">Henry Hammond</a>, English churchman and theologian (d. 1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1606" title="1606">1606</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Spain" title="Maria Anna of Spain">Maria Anna of Spain</a> (d. 1646)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agneta_Horn" title="Agneta Horn">Agneta Horn</a>, Swedish writer (d. 1672)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1657" title="1657">1657</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galli-Bibiena" title="Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena">Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena</a>, Italian architect and painter (d. 1743)<sup id="cite_ref-Prokhorov1982_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prokhorov1982-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1685" title="1685">1685</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brook_Taylor" title="Brook Taylor">Brook Taylor</a>, English mathematician and theorist (d. 1731)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1692" title="1692">1692</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon">Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon</a> (d. 1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1700" title="1700">1700</a> – <a href="/wiki/Baji_Rao_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Baji Rao I">Baji Rao I</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Empire</a> (d. 1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1720" title="1720">1720</a> – <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Shirley,_4th_Earl_Ferrers" title="Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers">Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers</a>, English politician (d. 1760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1750" title="1750">1750</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salieri" title="Antonio Salieri">Antonio Salieri</a>, Italian composer and conductor (d. 1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1754" title="1754">1754</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_marquis_de_Chasseloup-Laubat" class="mw-redirect" title="François, marquis de Chasseloup-Laubat">François, marquis de Chasseloup-Laubat</a>, French general and engineer (d. 1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1774" title="1774">1774</a> – <a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a>, American soldier, explorer, and politician (d. 1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792" title="1792">1792</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</a>, English politician, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> (d. 1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1803" title="1803">1803</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Nathan Clifford</a>, American lawyer, jurist, and politician, 19th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> (d. 1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1807" title="1807">1807</a> – <a href="/wiki/B._T._Finniss" title="B. T. Finniss">B. T. Finniss</a>, Australian politician, 1st <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_South_Australia" title="Premier of South Australia">Premier of South Australia</a> (d. 1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1819" title="1819">1819</a> – <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Maria_Nikolaevna_of_Russia_(1819%E2%80%931876)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia (1819–1876)">Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia</a> (d. 1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isaac_P._Rodman" title="Isaac P. Rodman">Isaac P. Rodman</a>, American general and politician (d. 1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a> – <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a> (d. 1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Noel" title="Ernest Noel">Ernest Noel</a>, Scottish businessman and politician (d. 1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Field" title="Marshall Field">Marshall Field</a>, American businessman, founded <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Field%27s" title="Marshall Field's">Marshall Field's</a> (d. 1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1841" title="1841">1841</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Halford" title="William Halford">William Halford</a>, English-American lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> recipient (d. 1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855" title="1855">1855</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wallis" title="Alfred Wallis">Alfred Wallis</a>, English painter and illustrator (d. 1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857" title="1857">1857</a> – <a href="/wiki/Libert_H._Boeynaems" title="Libert H. Boeynaems">Libert H. Boeynaems</a>, Belgian-American bishop and missionary (d. 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1866" title="1866">1866</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mahboob_Ali_Khan" title="Mahboob Ali Khan">Mahboob Ali Khan</a>, 6th <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a> of Hyderabad (d. 1911)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1869" title="1869">1869</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rungius" title="Carl Rungius">Carl Rungius</a>, German-American painter and educator (d. 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870" title="1870">1870</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a>, Russian general and explorer (d. 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879" title="1879">1879</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rodzyanko" title="Alexander Rodzyanko">Alexander Rodzyanko</a>, Russian general (d. 1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885" title="1885">1885</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nettie_Palmer" title="Nettie Palmer">Nettie Palmer</a>, Australian poet and critic (d. 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887" title="1887">1887</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Sydney_Ritson" title="John Anthony Sydney Ritson">John Anthony Sydney Ritson</a>, English rugby player, mines inspector, engineer and professor of mining (d. 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890" title="1890">1890</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a>, German economist and politician, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs_and_Energy_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Germany)">Reich Minister of Economics</a> (d. 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893" title="1893">1893</a> – <a href="/wiki/Burleigh_Grimes" title="Burleigh Grimes">Burleigh Grimes</a>, American baseball player and manager (d. 1985)</li> <li>1893 – <a href="/wiki/Ernest_MacMillan" title="Ernest MacMillan">Ernest MacMillan</a>, Canadian conductor and composer (d. 1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896" title="1896">1896</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jack_Pickford" title="Jack Pickford">Jack Pickford</a>, Canadian-American actor and director (d. 1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898" title="1898">1898</a> – <a href="/wiki/Clemente_Biondetti" title="Clemente Biondetti">Clemente Biondetti</a>, Italian race car driver (d. 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bonner" title="Ruth Bonner">Ruth Bonner</a>, Soviet Communist activist, sentenced to a labor camp during <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> (d. 1987)</li> <li>1900 – <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Norman" title="Ruth Norman">Ruth Norman</a>, American religious leader (d. 1993)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1901–present_2"><span id="1901.E2.80.93present_2"></span>1901–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1901–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1902" title="1902">1902</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adamson-Eric" title="Adamson-Eric">Adamson-Eric</a>, Estonian painter (d. 1968)</li> <li>1902 – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Murie" title="Margaret Murie">Margaret Murie</a>, American environmentalist and author (d. 2003)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903" title="1903">1903</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lucienne_Boyer" title="Lucienne Boyer">Lucienne Boyer</a>, French singer (d. 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904" title="1904">1904</a> – <a href="/wiki/Max_Factor,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Max Factor, Jr.">Max Factor, Jr.</a>, American businessman (d. 1996)<sup id="cite_ref-UPI_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a> – <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Light" title="Enoch Light">Enoch Light</a>, American bandleader, violinist, and recording engineer (d. 1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Marcel Carné</a>, French director and screenwriter (d. 1996)</li> <li>1906 – <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Jones_(pianist)" title="Curtis Jones (pianist)">Curtis Jones</a>, American blues pianist and singer (d. 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a>, French historian and politician, 139th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister of France</a> (d. 1988)</li> <li>1908 – <a href="/wiki/Olav_H._Hauge" title="Olav H. Hauge">Olav H. Hauge</a>, Norwegian poet and gardener (d. 1994)</li> <li>1908 – <a href="/wiki/Bill_Merritt_(cricketer)" title="Bill Merritt (cricketer)">Bill Merritt</a>, New Zealand cricketer and sportscaster (d. 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a> – <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Filion" title="Gérard Filion">Gérard Filion</a>, Canadian businessman and journalist (d. 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herman_Berlinski" title="Herman Berlinski">Herman Berlinski</a>, Polish-American pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 2001)</li> <li>1910 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Winters" title="Robert Winters">Robert Winters</a>, Canadian colonel, engineer, and politician, 26th <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_(Canada)" title="Minister of Public Works (Canada)">Canadian Minister of Public Works</a> (d. 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton Robinson</a>, American activist (d. 2015)</li> <li>1911 – <a href="/wiki/Klara_Dan_von_Neumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Klara Dan von Neumann">Klara Dan von Neumann</a>, Hungarian computer scientist and programmer (d. 1963)</li> <li>1911 – <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ulfah_Santoso" title="Maria Ulfah Santoso">Maria Ulfah Santoso</a>, Indonesian politician and women's rights activist (d. 1988)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a> – <a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Otto Ernst Remer</a>, German general (d. 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913" title="1913">1913</a> – <a href="/wiki/Romain_Maes" title="Romain Maes">Romain Maes</a>, Belgian cyclist (d. 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914" title="1914">1914</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Ozarin" title="Lucy Ozarin">Lucy Ozarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander" title="Lieutenant commander">lieutenant commander</a> and psychiatrist (d. 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</a> – <a href="/wiki/Max_Lanier" title="Max Lanier">Max Lanier</a>, American baseball player and manager (d. 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a> – <a href="/wiki/Neagu_Djuvara" title="Neagu Djuvara">Neagu Djuvara</a>, Romanian historian, journalist, and diplomat (d. 2018)</li> <li>1916 – <a href="/wiki/Moura_Lympany" title="Moura Lympany">Moura Lympany</a>, English pianist (d. 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> – <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a>, American captain, lawyer, and politician, 15th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a> (d. 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Houston" title="Cisco Houston">Cisco Houston</a>, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wally_Hickel" title="Wally Hickel">Wally Hickel</a>, American businessman and politician, 2nd <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Alaska">Governor of Alaska</a> (d. 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a> – <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Evans" title="Godfrey Evans">Godfrey Evans</a>, English cricketer (d. 1999)</li> <li>1920 – <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kennedy" title="Bob Kennedy">Bob Kennedy</a>, American baseball player and manager (d. 2005)</li> <li>1920 – <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Winters" title="Shelley Winters">Shelley Winters</a>, American actress (d. 2006)<sup id="cite_ref-UPI_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Litvyak" title="Lydia Litvyak">Lydia Litvyak</a>, Russian lieutenant and pilot (d. 1943)</li> <li>1921 – <a href="/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_%C5%BBygulski_(junior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zdzisław Żygulski (junior)">Zdzisław Żygulski</a>, Polish historian and academic (d. 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alain_Robbe-Grillet" title="Alain Robbe-Grillet">Alain Robbe-Grillet</a>, French director, screenwriter, and novelist (d. 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a> – <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Victor" title="Katherine Victor">Katherine Victor</a>, American actress (d. 2004)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a>, English author and critic (d. 2017)</li> <li>1925 – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Grondin" title="Pierre Grondin">Pierre Grondin</a>, Canadian surgeon and academic (d. 2006)</li> <li>1925 – <a href="/wiki/Anis_Mansour" title="Anis Mansour">Anis Mansour</a>, Egyptian journalist and author (d. 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927" title="1927">1927</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a>, 41st First Lady of the United States (d. 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928" title="1928">1928</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marge_Schott" title="Marge Schott">Marge Schott</a>, American businesswoman (d. 2004)</li> <li>1928 – <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Til" title="Sonny Til">Sonny Til</a>, American R&B singer (d. 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugues_Aufray" title="Hugues Aufray">Hugues Aufray</a>, French singer-songwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a> – <a href="/wiki/Liviu_Librescu" title="Liviu Librescu">Liviu Librescu</a>, Romanian-American engineer and academic (d. 2007)</li> <li>1930 – <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Pineda_Ponce" title="Rafael Pineda Ponce">Rafael Pineda Ponce</a>, Honduran academic and politician (d. 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bramwell_Tillsley" title="Bramwell Tillsley">Bramwell Tillsley</a>, Canadian 14th <a href="/wiki/General_of_The_Salvation_Army" title="General of The Salvation Army">General of The Salvation Army</a> (d. 2019)</li> <li>1931 – <a href="/wiki/Hans_van_Mierlo" title="Hans van Mierlo">Hans van Mierlo</a>, Dutch journalist and politician, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands</a> (d. 2010)</li> <li>1931 – <a href="/wiki/Grant_Williams_(actor)" title="Grant Williams (actor)">Grant Williams</a>, American film, theater and television actor (d. 1985)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a>, French virologist and academic, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (d. 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a> – <a href="/wiki/Just_Fontaine" title="Just Fontaine">Just Fontaine</a>, Moroccan-French footballer and manager (d. 2023)</li> <li>1933 – <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a>, French-Polish director, producer, screenwriter, and actor<sup id="cite_ref-UPI_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1933 – <a href="/wiki/Frank_Salemme" title="Frank Salemme">Frank Salemme</a>, American gangster and hitman (d. 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bugliosi" title="Vincent Bugliosi">Vincent Bugliosi</a>, American lawyer and author (d. 2015)</li> <li>1934 – <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Clemente" title="Roberto Clemente">Roberto Clemente</a>, Puerto Rican-American baseball player and soldier (d. 1972)<sup id="cite_ref-UPI_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1934 – <a href="/wiki/Gulzar" title="Gulzar">Gulzar</a>, Indian poet, lyricist and film director</li> <li>1934 – <a href="/wiki/Rafer_Johnson" title="Rafer Johnson">Rafer Johnson</a>, American decathlete and actor (d. 2020)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1934 – <a href="/wiki/Michael_May_(racing_driver)" title="Michael May (racing driver)">Michael May</a>, German-Swiss race car driver and engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935" title="1935">1935</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gail_Fisher" title="Gail Fisher">Gail Fisher</a>, American actress (d. 2000)</li> <li>1935 – <a href="/wiki/Hifikepunye_Pohamba" title="Hifikepunye Pohamba">Hifikepunye Pohamba</a>, Namibian lawyer and politician, 2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Namibia" title="President of Namibia">President of Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a>, American actor, director, and producer<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Cassidy" title="Sheila Cassidy">Sheila Cassidy</a>, English physician and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Brown_(soul_singer)" title="Maxine Brown (soul singer)">Maxine Brown</a>, American soul/R&B singer-songwriter</li> <li>1939 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Horton_(businessman)" title="Robert Horton (businessman)">Robert Horton</a>, English businessman (d. 2011)</li> <li>1939 – <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Preston" title="Johnny Preston">Johnny Preston</a>, American pop singer (d. 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adam_Makowicz" title="Adam Makowicz">Adam Makowicz</a>, Polish-Canadian pianist and composer</li> <li>1940 – <a href="/wiki/Gil_Whitney" title="Gil Whitney">Gil Whitney</a>, American journalist (d. 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Sanders" title="Henry G. Sanders">Henry G. Sanders</a>, American actor<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Mull" title="Martin Mull">Martin Mull</a>, American actor and comedian<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (d. 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1943 – <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Rivera" title="Gianni Rivera">Gianni Rivera</a>, Italian footballer and politician</li> <li>1943 – <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wayne" title="Carl Wayne">Carl Wayne</a>, English singer and actor (d. 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paula_Danziger" title="Paula Danziger">Paula Danziger</a>, American author (d. 2004)</li> <li>1944 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hitchcock" title="Robert Hitchcock">Robert Hitchcock</a>, Australian sculptor and illustrator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Dash" title="Sarah Dash">Sarah Dash</a>, American singer-songwriter and actress (d. 2021)</li> <li>1945 – <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rner_Lootsmann" title="Värner Lootsmann">Värner Lootsmann</a>, Estonian lawyer and politician</li> <li>1945 – <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Burwell_Puller,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Burwell Puller, Jr.">Lewis Burwell Puller, Jr.</a>, American soldier, lawyer, and author (d. 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Jones_(bishop)" title="James Jones (bishop)">James Jones</a>, English bishop</li> <li>1948 – <a href="/wiki/John_Scarlett" title="John Scarlett">John Scarlett</a>, English intelligence officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Griggs" title="Nigel Griggs">Nigel Griggs</a>, English bass player, songwriter, and producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Elliott" title="Dennis Elliott">Dennis Elliott</a>, English drummer and sculptor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elayne_Boosler" title="Elayne Boosler">Elayne Boosler</a>, American actress, director, and screenwriter<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1952 – <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Swayze" title="Patrick Swayze">Patrick Swayze</a>, American actor and dancer (d. 2009)</li> <li>1952 – <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Villa" title="Ricardo Villa">Ricardo Villa</a>, Argentinian footballer and coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louie_Gohmert" title="Louie Gohmert">Louie Gohmert</a>, American captain, lawyer, and politician</li> <li>1953 – <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Isley" title="Marvin Isley">Marvin Isley</a>, American R&B bass player and songwriter (d. 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954" title="1954">1954</a> – <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Guidoni" title="Umberto Guidoni">Umberto Guidoni</a>, Italian astrophysicist, astronaut, and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Benedict" title="Bruce Benedict">Bruce Benedict</a>, American baseball player and coach</li> <li>1955 – <a href="/wiki/Taher_Elgamal" title="Taher Elgamal">Taher Elgamal</a>, Egyptian-American cryptographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956" title="1956">1956</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Debney" title="John Debney">John Debney</a>, American composer and conductor</li> <li>1956 – <a href="/wiki/Sandeep_Patil" title="Sandeep Patil">Sandeep Patil</a>, Indian cricketer and coach</li> <li>1956 – <a href="/wiki/Jon_Schwartz_(drummer)" title="Jon Schwartz (drummer)">Jon Schwartz</a>, American drummer and producer</li> <li>1956 – <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Willard" title="Kelly Willard">Kelly Willard</a>, American singer-songwriter</li> <li>1956 – <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Woelki" title="Rainer Woelki">Rainer Woelki</a>, German cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carole_Bouquet" title="Carole Bouquet">Carole Bouquet</a>, French actress<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1957 – <a href="/wiki/Tan_Dun" title="Tan Dun">Tan Dun</a>, Chinese composer</li> <li>1957 – <a href="/wiki/Denis_Leary" title="Denis Leary">Denis Leary</a>, American comedian, actor, producer, and screenwriter<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1957 – <a href="/wiki/Ron_Strykert" title="Ron Strykert">Ron Strykert</a>, Australian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</a> – <a href="/wiki/Didier_Auriol" title="Didier Auriol">Didier Auriol</a>, French race car driver</li> <li>1958 – <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Stowe" title="Madeleine Stowe">Madeleine Stowe</a>, American actress<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tom_Prichard" title="Tom Prichard">Tom Prichard</a>, American wrestler and trainer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mike_LaValliere" title="Mike LaValliere">Mike LaValliere</a>, American baseball player</li> <li>1960 – <a href="/wiki/Fat_Lever" title="Fat Lever">Fat Lever</a>, American basketball player and sportscaster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a> – <a href="/wiki/Huw_Edwards_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huw Edwards (journalist)">Huw Edwards</a>, Welsh journalist and author</li> <li>1961 – <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a>, American banker and politician, 75th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a></li> <li>1961 – <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodruff" title="Bob Woodruff">Bob Woodruff</a>, American journalist and author<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a> – <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a>, Mexican lawyer and politician, 56th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1962 – <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Courtnall" title="Geoff Courtnall">Geoff Courtnall</a>, Canadian ice hockey player and coach</li> <li>1962 – <a href="/wiki/Adam_Storke" title="Adam Storke">Adam Storke</a>, American actor<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a> – <a href="/wiki/Craig_Bierko" title="Craig Bierko">Craig Bierko</a>, American actor and singer<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/Andi_Deris" title="Andi Deris">Andi Deris</a>, German singer and songwriter</li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sargent" title="Mark Sargent">Mark Sargent</a>, Australian rugby league player</li> <li>1964 – <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Walker_(basketball)" title="Kenny Walker (basketball)">Kenny Walker</a>, American basketball player and sportscaster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ikue_%C5%8Ctani" title="Ikue Ōtani">Ikue Ōtani</a>, Japanese voice actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966" title="1966">1966</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Charif" title="Gustavo Charif">Gustavo Charif</a>, Argentinian director and producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a> – <a href="/wiki/Daler_Mehndi" title="Daler Mehndi">Daler Mehndi</a>, Indian Punjabi singer, songwriter and record producer</li> <li>1967 – <a href="/wiki/Brian_Michael_Bendis" title="Brian Michael Bendis">Brian Michael Bendis</a>, American author and illustrator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a> – <a href="/wiki/Everlast" title="Everlast">Everlast</a>, American singer, rapper, and musician<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1969 – <a href="/wiki/Masta_Killa" title="Masta Killa">Masta Killa</a>, American rapper<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1969 – <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kuhlmann" title="Mark Kuhlmann">Mark Kuhlmann</a>, German rugby player and coach</li> <li>1969 – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton" title="Edward Norton">Edward Norton</a>, American actor<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1969 – <a href="/wiki/Christian_Slater" title="Christian Slater">Christian Slater</a>, American actor and producer<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jason_Furman" title="Jason Furman">Jason Furman</a>, American economist and politician</li> <li>1970 – <a href="/wiki/Malcolm-Jamal_Warner" title="Malcolm-Jamal Warner">Malcolm-Jamal Warner</a>, American actor and producer<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</a> – <a href="/wiki/Patrik_Andersson" title="Patrik Andersson">Patrik Andersson</a>, Swedish footballer</li> <li>1971 – <a href="/wiki/Aphex_Twin" title="Aphex Twin">Richard David James</a>, English musician and record producer<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Krauss" title="Nicole Krauss">Nicole Krauss</a>, American novelist and critic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Olson" title="Kaitlin Olson">Kaitlin Olson</a>, American actress and comedian<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paraskevas_Antzas" title="Paraskevas Antzas">Paraskevas Antzas</a>, Greek footballer</li> <li>1977 – <a href="/wiki/Even_Kruse_Skatrud" title="Even Kruse Skatrud">Even Kruse Skatrud</a>, Norwegian musician and educator<sup id="cite_ref-mic_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mic-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andy_Samberg" title="Andy Samberg">Andy Samberg</a>, American actor and comedian<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Dew" title="Stuart Dew">Stuart Dew</a>, Australian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a> – <a href="/wiki/Esteban_Cambiasso" title="Esteban Cambiasso">Esteban Cambiasso</a>, Argentinian footballer</li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Rob_Nguyen" title="Rob Nguyen">Rob Nguyen</a>, Australian race car driver</li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Ryan_O%27Hara" title="Ryan O'Hara">Ryan O'Hara</a>, Australian rugby league player</li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Bart_Scott" title="Bart Scott">Bart Scott</a>, American football player</li> <li>1980 – <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Shockey" title="Jeremy Shockey">Jeremy Shockey</a>, American football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a> – <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Delgado" title="César Delgado">César Delgado</a>, Argentinian footballer</li> <li>1981 – <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Salpingidis" title="Dimitris Salpingidis">Dimitris Salpingidis</a>, Greek footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mika_(singer)" title="Mika (singer)">Mika</a>, Lebanese-born English recording artist and singer-songwriter <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1983 – <a href="/wiki/Cameron_White" title="Cameron White">Cameron White</a>, Australian cricketer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sigourney_Bandjar" title="Sigourney Bandjar">Sigourney Bandjar</a>, Dutch footballer</li> <li>1984 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huth" title="Robert Huth">Robert Huth</a>, German footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a> – <a href="/wiki/Inge_Dekker" title="Inge Dekker">Inge Dekker</a>, Dutch swimmer</li> <li>1985 – <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Ruiz" title="Bryan Ruiz">Bryan Ruiz</a>, Costa Rican footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a> – <a href="/wiki/Evan_Gattis" title="Evan Gattis">Evan Gattis</a>, American baseball player</li> <li>1986 – <a href="/wiki/Ross_McCormack" title="Ross McCormack">Ross McCormack</a>, Scottish footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joanna_J%C4%99drzejczyk" title="Joanna Jędrzejczyk">Joanna Jędrzejczyk</a>, Polish mixed martial artist</li> <li>1987 – <a href="/wiki/Justin_Wilson_(baseball)" title="Justin Wilson (baseball)">Justin Wilson</a>, American baseball player<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hobbs_(footballer)" title="Jack Hobbs (footballer)">Jack Hobbs</a>, English footballer</li> <li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/Eggert_J%C3%B3nsson" title="Eggert Jónsson">Eggert Jónsson</a>, Icelandic footballer</li> <li>1988 – <a href="/wiki/G-Dragon" title="G-Dragon">G-Dragon</a>, South Korean rapper, singer-songwriter and record producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akana" title="Anna Akana">Anna Akana</a>, American actress, comedian, musician, and YouTuber<sup id="cite_ref-UPI_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1989 – <a href="/wiki/Yu_Mengyu" title="Yu Mengyu">Yu Mengyu</a>, Singaporean table tennis player<sup id="cite_ref-Tokyo2020_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokyo2020-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a> – <a href="/wiki/Liz_Cambage" title="Liz Cambage">Liz Cambage</a>, Australian basketball player<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1991 – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Harmon" title="Richard Harmon">Richard Harmon</a>, Canadian actor<sup id="cite_ref-UPI_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Beisel" title="Elizabeth Beisel">Elizabeth Beisel</a>, American swimmer</li> <li>1992 – <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Bogdanovi%C4%87_(basketball)" title="Bogdan Bogdanović (basketball)">Bogdan Bogdanović</a>, Serbian basketball player</li> <li>1992 – <a href="/wiki/Frances_Bean_Cobain" title="Frances Bean Cobain">Frances Bean Cobain</a>, American visual artist and model <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jung_Eun-ji" title="Jung Eun-ji">Jung Eun-ji</a>, South Korean singer-songwriter<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1993 – <a href="/wiki/Maia_Mitchell" title="Maia Mitchell">Maia Mitchell</a>, Australian actress and singer<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a> – <a href="/wiki/Madelaine_Petsch" title="Madelaine Petsch">Madelaine Petsch</a>, American actress and YouTuber<sup id="cite_ref-BDay-tweet_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDay-tweet-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Sanson" title="Morgan Sanson">Morgan Sanson</a>, French footballer</li> <li>1994 – <a href="/wiki/Seiya_Suzuki" title="Seiya Suzuki">Seiya Suzuki</a>, Japanese baseball player<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al%C4%ABna_Fjodorova" title="Alīna Fjodorova">Alīna Fjodorova</a>, Latvian figure skater</li> <li>1995 – <a href="/wiki/Parker_McKenna_Posey" title="Parker McKenna Posey">Parker McKenna Posey</a>, American actress<sup id="cite_ref-AP_37-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a> – <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Langford" title="Josephine Langford">Josephine Langford</a>, Australian actress<sup id="cite_ref-UPI_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/Renato_Sanches" title="Renato Sanches">Renato Sanches</a>, Portuguese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a> – <a href="/wiki/Brian_To%27o" title="Brian To'o">Brian To'o</a>, Australian-Samoan rugby league player<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1998 – <a href="/wiki/Clairo" title="Clairo">Clairo</a>, American singer-songwriter<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1998 – <a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a>, American far-right political commentator<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Stanley" title="Cassius Stanley">Cassius Stanley</a>, American basketball player<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1600_3">Pre-1600</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pre-1600"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/353" title="353">353</a> – <a href="/wiki/Decentius" title="Decentius">Decentius</a>, Roman usurper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/440" title="440">440</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Pope Sixtus III</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/472" title="472">472</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ricimer" title="Ricimer">Ricimer</a>, Roman general and politician (b. 405)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/670" title="670">670</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saint_Fiacre" title="Saint Fiacre">Fiacre</a>, Irish <a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/673" title="673">673</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kim_Yu-shin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Yu-shin">Kim Yu-shin</a>, general of <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> (b. 595)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/849" title="849">849</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walafrid_Strabo" title="Walafrid Strabo">Walafrid Strabo</a>, German monk and theologian (b. 808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_911" title="AD 911">911</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Zaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydi">Zaydi</a> <a href="/wiki/Imam_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam of Yemen">Imam of Yemen</a> (b. 859)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1095" title="1095">1095</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Olaf_I_of_Denmark" title="Olaf I of Denmark">Olaf I of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a> – <a href="/wiki/Narapatisithu" title="Narapatisithu">Narapatisithu</a>, king of Burma (b. 1150)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a>, emperor of Nicea (<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> in exile)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1276" title="1276">1276</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_V" title="Pope Adrian V">Pope Adrian V</a> (b. 1220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1318" title="1318">1318</a> – <a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Montefalco" title="Clare of Montefalco">Clare of Montefalco</a>, Italian nun and saint (b. 1268)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1430" title="1430">1430</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Ros,_8th_Baron_de_Ros" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros">Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros</a>, English soldier and politician (b. 1406)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_of_Aragon_(1481%E2%80%931500)" title="Alfonso of Aragon (1481–1500)">Alfonso of Aragon</a>, Spanish prince (b. 1481)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a> – <a href="/wiki/Knut_Alvsson" title="Knut Alvsson">Knut Alvsson</a>, Norwegian nobleman and politician (b. 1455)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> (b. 1431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1550" title="1550">1550</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ferramolino" title="Antonio Ferramolino">Antonio Ferramolino</a>, Italian architect and military engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1559" title="1559">1559</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> (b. 1476)<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1563" title="1563">1563</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Étienne de La Boétie</a>, French judge and philosopher (b. 1530)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1600" title="1600">1600</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Montelupi" title="Sebastiano Montelupi">Sebastiano Montelupi</a>, Italian businessman (b. 1516)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1601–1900_3"><span id="1601.E2.80.931900_3"></span>1601–1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1601–1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1613" title="1613">1613</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Artusi" title="Giovanni Artusi">Giovanni Artusi</a>, Italian composer and theorist (b. 1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1620" title="1620">1620</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wanli_Emperor" title="Wanli Emperor">Wanli Emperor</a> of China (b. 1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1625" title="1625">1625</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_la_Zouche,_11th_Baron_Zouche" title="Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche">Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche</a>, English diplomat (b. 1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a> – <a href="/wiki/Urbain_Grandier" title="Urbain Grandier">Urbain Grandier</a>, French priest (b. 1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>, Italian painter and educator (b. 1575)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire">Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire</a> (b. 1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1683" title="1683">1683</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hart_(17th-century_actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hart (17th-century actor)">Charles Hart</a>, English actor (b. 1625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1707" title="1707">1707</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire">William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire</a>, English soldier and politician, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Derbyshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire">Lord Lieutenant of Derbyshire</a> (b. 1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1712" title="1712">1712</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Savage,_4th_Earl_Rivers" title="Richard Savage, 4th Earl Rivers">Richard Savage, 4th Earl Rivers</a>, English general and politician, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Essex" title="Lord Lieutenant of Essex">Lord Lieutenant of Essex</a> (b. 1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1765" title="1765">1765</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (b. 1708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815" title="1815">1815</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Goodrich" title="Chauncey Goodrich">Chauncey Goodrich</a>, American lawyer and politician, 8th <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut">Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut</a> (b. 1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1823" title="1823">1823</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Jacques_Garnerin" title="André-Jacques Garnerin">André-Jacques Garnerin</a>, French balloonist and the inventor of the frameless parachute (b. 1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1842" title="1842">1842</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Freycinet" title="Louis de Freycinet">Louis de Freycinet</a>, French explorer and navigator (b. 1779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850" title="1850">1850</a> – <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a>, French novelist and playwright (b. 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852" title="1852">1852</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Finlayson_(industrialist)" title="James Finlayson (industrialist)">James Finlayson</a>, Scottish <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> (b. 1772)<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886" title="1886">1886</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney_Blake" title="Eli Whitney Blake">Eli Whitney Blake</a>, American inventor, invented the <a href="/wiki/Mortise_lock" title="Mortise lock">Mortise lock</a> (b. 1795)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1901–present_3"><span id="1901.E2.80.93present_3"></span>1901–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1901–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Seagram" title="Joseph E. Seagram">Joseph E. Seagram</a>, Canadian businessman and politician, founded the <a href="/wiki/Seagram" title="Seagram">Seagram Company</a> (b. 1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a>, American businessman, founded <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a> (b. 1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a> – <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schulhoff" title="Erwin Schulhoff">Erwin Schulhoff</a>, Austro-Czech composer and pianist (b. 1894)<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ali-Agha_Shikhlinski" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali-Agha Shikhlinski">Ali-Agha Shikhlinski</a>, Azerbaijani general (b. 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a>, German soldier and politician (b. 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a> – <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>, Indian activist and politician (b. 1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</a> – <a href="/wiki/Che_Yaoxian" title="Che Yaoxian">Che Yaoxian</a>, Chinese communist (b. 1894)<sup id="cite_ref-Annals_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annals-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1946 – <a href="/wiki/Luo_Shiwen" title="Luo Shiwen">Luo Shiwen</a>, Chinese communist (b. 1904)<sup id="cite_ref-Annals_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annals-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mares" title="Paul Mares">Paul Mares</a>, American trumpet player and bandleader (b. 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a> – <a href="/wiki/Julien_Lahaut" title="Julien Lahaut">Julien Lahaut</a>, Belgian soldier and politician (b. 1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Hurtado" title="Alberto Hurtado">Alberto Hurtado</a>, Chilean priest, lawyer, and saint (b. 1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a> – <a href="/wiki/Learned_Hand" title="Learned Hand">Learned Hand</a>, American lawyer, jurist, and philosopher (b. 1872)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_Trabant" title="Hildegard Trabant">Hildegard Trabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_at_the_Berlin_Wall" title="List of deaths at the Berlin Wall">victim</a> (b. 1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Marshall_(composer)" title="Arthur Marshall (composer)">Arthur Marshall</a>, American pianist and composer (b. 1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a> – <a href="/wiki/Odd_Lindb%C3%A4ck-Larsen" title="Odd Lindbäck-Larsen">Odd Lindbäck-Larsen</a>, Norwegian Army general and war historian (b. 1897)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vasantrao_Naik" title="Vasantrao Naik">Vasantrao Naik</a>, Indian politician (b. 1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anita_Loos" title="Anita Loos">Anita Loos</a>, American author and screenwriter (b. 1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a>, German-English historian and scholar (b. 1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a> – <a href="/wiki/Harun_Babunagari" title="Harun Babunagari">Harun Babunagari</a>, Bangladeshi Islamic scholar and educationist (b. 1902)<sup id="cite_ref-m.dailyinqilab.com_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m.dailyinqilab.com-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> – <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a>, American psychologist and philosopher, invented the <a href="/wiki/Skinner_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Skinner box">Skinner box</a> (b. 1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994" title="1994">1994</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Raymond_Shea" title="Francis Raymond Shea">Francis Raymond Shea</a>, American bishop (b. 1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a> – <a href="/wiki/Persis_Khambatta" title="Persis Khambatta">Persis Khambatta</a>, Indian model and actress, <a href="/wiki/Femina_Miss_India" title="Femina Miss India">Femina Miss India 1965</a> (b. 1948)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a> – <a href="/wiki/David_Peakall" title="David Peakall">David Peakall</a>, English chemist and toxicologist (b. 1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dean_Riesner" title="Dean Riesner">Dean Riesner</a>, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tony_Jackson_(singer)" title="Tony Jackson (singer)">Tony Jackson</a>, English singer and bassist (b. 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Bernstein" title="Elmer Bernstein">Elmer Bernstein</a>, American composer and conductor (b. 1922)</li> <li>2004 – <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Fong" title="Hiram Fong">Hiram Fong</a>, American soldier and politician (b. 1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chri$_Ca$h" title="Chri$ Ca$h">Chri$ Ca$h</a>, American wrestler (b. 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ken_Kearney" title="Ken Kearney">Ken Kearney</a>, Australian rugby player (b. 1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Deaver" title="Michael Deaver">Michael Deaver</a>, American soldier and politician, <a href="/wiki/White_House_Deputy_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Deputy Chief of Staff">White House Deputy Chief of Staff</a> (b. 1938)</li> <li>2007 – <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_Nabb" title="Magdalen Nabb">Magdalen Nabb</a>, English author (b. 1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009" title="2009">2009</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a>, South Korean lieutenant and politician, 15th <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President of South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (b. 1925)</li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Rose Friedman</a>, Ukrainian-American economist and author (b. 1910)</li> <li>2009 – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Robert Novak</a>, American journalist and author (b. 1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010" title="2010">2010</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hal_Connolly" title="Hal Connolly">Hal Connolly</a>, American hammer thrower and coach (b. 1931)</li> <li>2010 – <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Kaplan" title="Benjamin Kaplan">Benjamin Kaplan</a>, American scholar and jurist (b. 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012" title="2012">2012</a> – <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Begay" title="Harrison Begay">Harrison Begay</a>, American painter (b. 1917)</li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/John_Kovatch" title="John Kovatch">John Kovatch</a>, American football player (b. 1920)</li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Scott_McKenzie" title="Scott McKenzie">Scott McKenzie</a>, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1939)</li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Ra._Ki._Rangarajan" title="Ra. Ki. Rangarajan">Ra. Ki. Rangarajan</a>, Indian journalist and author (b. 1927)</li> <li>2012 – <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Robredo" title="Jesse Robredo">Jesse Robredo</a>, Filipino public servant and politician, 23rd <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Interior_and_Local_Government" title="Secretary of the Interior and Local Government">Secretary of the Interior and Local Government</a> (b. 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013" title="2013">2013</a> – <a href="/wiki/Josephine_D%27Angelo" title="Josephine D'Angelo">Josephine D'Angelo</a>, American baseball player (b. 1924)</li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Kahn" title="Jean Kahn">Jean Kahn</a>, French lawyer and activist (b. 1929)</li> <li>2013 – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Murray_(writer)" title="Albert Murray (writer)">Albert Murray</a>, American author and critic (b. 1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014" title="2014">2014</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Faber" title="Gordon Faber">Gordon Faber</a>, American soldier and politician, 39th <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Hillsboro,_Oregon" title="List of mayors of Hillsboro, Oregon">Mayor of Hillsboro, Oregon</a> (b. 1930)</li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a>, American captain, lawyer, and politician (b. 1934)</li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Levente_Lengyel" title="Levente Lengyel">Levente Lengyel</a>, Hungarian chess player (b. 1933)</li> <li>2014 – <a href="/wiki/Don_Pardo" title="Don Pardo">Don Pardo</a>, American radio and television announcer (b. 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015" title="2015">2015</a> – <a href="/wiki/Khaled_al-Asaad" title="Khaled al-Asaad">Khaled al-Asaad</a>, Syrian archaeologist and author (b. 1932)</li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Roger_Smalley" title="Roger Smalley">Roger Smalley</a>, English-Australian pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1943)</li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Suvra_Mukherjee" title="Suvra Mukherjee">Suvra Mukherjee</a>, Wife of former Indian president <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a> (b. 1940)</li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Louis_Stokes" title="Louis Stokes">Louis Stokes</a>, American lawyer and politician (b. 1925)</li> <li>2015 – <a href="/wiki/Bud_Yorkin" title="Bud Yorkin">Bud Yorkin</a>, American director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016" title="2016">2016</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Ernst Nolte</a>, German historian (b. 1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017" title="2017">2017</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Forsyth" title="Bruce Forsyth">Bruce Forsyth</a>, English television presenter and entertainer (b. 1928)</li> <li>2017 – <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Laskari" title="Zoe Laskari">Zoe Laskari</a>, Greek actress and beauty pageant winner (b. 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018" title="2018">2018</a> – <a href="/wiki/Denis_Edozie" title="Denis Edozie">Denis Edozie</a>, Nigerian Supreme Court judge (b. 1935)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018 – <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, Ghanaian diplomat and seventh <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> (b. 1938)<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020" title="2020">2020</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ben_Cross" title="Ben Cross">Ben Cross</a>, English stage and film actor (b. 1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023" title="2023">2023</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lolita_(orca)" title="Lolita (orca)">Lolita</a>, the second-oldest <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a> in captivity (b. ca. 1966)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2023 – <a href="/wiki/Al_Quie" title="Al Quie">Al Quie</a>, American politician, 35th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Minnesota" title="Governor of Minnesota">Governor of Minnesota</a> (b. 1923)<sup id="cite_ref-startribune1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-startribune1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Johnson Colvin</a>, American author and educator, founded <a href="/wiki/ProLiteracy_Worldwide" class="mw-redirect" title="ProLiteracy Worldwide">ProLiteracy Worldwide</a> (b. 1916)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Alain_Delon" title="Alain Delon">Alain Delon</a>, French-Swiss actor (b. 1935)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2024 – <a href="/wiki/Phil_Donahue" title="Phil Donahue">Phil Donahue</a>, American talk show host and producer (b. 1935)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holidays_and_observances">Holidays and observances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Holidays and observances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Christian <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast day</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agapitus_of_Palestrina" title="Agapitus of Palestrina">Agapitus of Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Hurtado" title="Alberto Hurtado">Alberto Hurtado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daig" title="Daig">Daig of Inniskeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Inan" title="Saint Inan">Evan (or Inan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Fiacre" title="Saint Fiacre">Fiacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florus_and_Laurus" title="Florus and Laurus">Florus and Laurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Helena of Constantinople</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)" title="August 18 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)">August 18 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbor Day (Pakistan)">Arbor Day (Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Day_(North_Macedonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Day (North Macedonia)">Armed Forces Day (North Macedonia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_of_Virginia_Dare" class="mw-redirect" title="Birthday of Virginia Dare">Birthday of Virginia Dare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Island" title="Roanoke Island">Roanoke Island</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution Day (Indonesia)">Constitution Day (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Tan_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Tan Day">Long Tan Day</a>, also called Vietnam Veterans' Day (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Day_(Thailand)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Science Day (Thailand)">National Science Day (Thailand)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavid_James2009" class="citation book cs1">David James (25 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F6d9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79"><i>Early Islamic Spain: The History of Ibn Al-Qutiyah</i></a>. Routledge. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-02531-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-02531-2"><bdi>978-1-134-02531-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Islamic+Spain%3A+The+History+of+Ibn+Al-Qutiyah&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-02-25&rft.isbn=978-1-134-02531-2&rft.au=David+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF6d9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJien1979" class="citation book cs1">Jien (1979). <i>The Future and the Past: A translation and study of the Gukanshō, an interpretive history of Japan written in 1219</i>. Translated by Brown, Delmer M.; Ichirō, Ishida. Berkeley, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520034600" title="Special:BookSources/9780520034600"><bdi>9780520034600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+and+the+Past%3A+A+translation+and+study+of+the+Gukansh%C5%8D%2C+an+interpretive+history+of+Japan+written+in+1219&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780520034600&rft.au=Jien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._F._Verbruggen2002" class="citation book cs1">J. F. Verbruggen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gD5rjC_9Q08C&pg=PA55"><i>The Battle of the Golden Spurs (Courtrai, 11 July 1302): A Contribution to the History of Flanders' War of Liberation, 1297-1305</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-888-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-888-4"><bdi>978-0-85115-888-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Golden+Spurs+%28Courtrai%2C+11+July+1302%29%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+History+of+Flanders%27+War+of+Liberation%2C+1297-1305&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-888-4&rft.au=J.+F.+Verbruggen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgD5rjC_9Q08C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHardman-De-Bautista1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hardman-De-Bautista, M.J. (Fall 1983). "A Thousand and One Years of the Spanish Language". <i>The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress</i>: 350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=A+Thousand+and+One+Years+of+the+Spanish+Language&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=350&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Hardman-De-Bautista&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CKak4Olp-SQC&pg=PA94"><i>The history of France, from the earliest period</i></a>. 1852. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+France%2C+from+the+earliest+period&rft.pages=94&rft.date=1852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCKak4Olp-SQC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2008" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Timothy C. (2008). "1590 - Lost Colony of Roanoke". In Campbell, Ballard C. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VitlO1mWxzAC"><i>Disasters, Accidents, and Crises in American History: A Reference Guide to the Nation's Most Catastrophic Events</i></a>. New York: Facts On File. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816066032" title="Special:BookSources/9780816066032"><bdi>9780816066032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1590+-+Lost+Colony+of+Roanoke&rft.btitle=Disasters%2C+Accidents%2C+and+Crises+in+American+History%3A+A+Reference+Guide+to+the+Nation%27s+Most+Catastrophic+Events&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780816066032&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Timothy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVitlO1mWxzAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991316-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991316_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazemzadeh1991">Kazemzadeh 1991</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011761-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2011761_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2011">Mikaberidze 2011</a>, p. 761.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titus Hjelm & George Maude: <i>Historical Dictionary of Finland</i>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Laing, Alexander Gordon"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Laing,_Alexander_Gordon">"Laing, Alexander Gordon" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Laing%2C+Alexander+Gordon&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0001//0000181.000.html">"Notes: The Satellites of Mars"</a>. <i>The Observatory</i>. <b>1</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">181–</span>185. 20 September 1877. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1877Obs.....1..181.">1877Obs.....1..181.</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observatory&rft.atitle=Notes%3A+The+Satellites+of+Mars&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.date=1877-09-20&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1877Obs.....1..181.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2F%2Ffull%2Fseri%2FObs..%2F0001%2F%2F0000181.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1877" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Asaph (17 October 1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AN.../0091//0000013.000.html">"Observations of the Satellites of Mars"</a>. <i>Astronomische Nachrichten</i> (Signed 21 September 1877). <b>91</b> (2161): 11/12–13/14. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1877AN.....91...11H">1877AN.....91...11H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasna.18780910103">10.1002/asna.18780910103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomische+Nachrichten&rft.atitle=Observations+of+the+Satellites+of+Mars&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2161&rft.pages=11%2F12-13%2F14&rft.date=1877-10-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasna.18780910103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1877AN.....91...11H&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Asaph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2F%2Ffull%2Fseri%2FAN...%2F0091%2F%2F0000013.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morley1989-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morley1989_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorley1989" class="citation journal cs1">Morley, Trevor A. (February 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/A+AS./0077//0000220.000.html">"A Catalogue of Ground-Based Astrometric Observations of the Martian Satellites, 1877–1982"</a>. <i>Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series</i>. <b>77</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>226. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989A&AS...77..209M">1989A&AS...77..209M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=A+Catalogue+of+Ground-Based+Astrometric+Observations+of+the+Martian+Satellites%2C+1877%E2%80%931982&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.date=1989-02&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989A%26AS...77..209M&rft.aulast=Morley&rft.aufirst=Trevor+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2F%2Ffull%2Fseri%2FA%2BAS.%2F0077%2F%2F0000220.000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span> (Table II, p. 220: first observation of Phobos on 18 August 1877.38498)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBytwerk1999" class="citation web cs1">Bytwerk, Randall (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/goeb56.htm">"Goebbels on Radio (1933)"</a>. <i>German Propaganda Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+Propaganda+Archive&rft.atitle=Goebbels+on+Radio+%281933%29&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bytwerk&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.calvin.edu%2Fgerman-propaganda-archive%2Fgoeb56.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130630035137/http://www.fireleadership.gov/toolbox/staffride/library_staff_ride5.html">"Staff Ride to the Blackwater Fire"</a>. Wildland Fire Leadership Development Program. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fireleadership.gov/toolbox/staffride/library_staff_ride5.html">the original</a> on 2013-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Staff+Ride+to+the+Blackwater+Fire&rft.pub=Wildland+Fire+Leadership+Development+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fireleadership.gov%2Ftoolbox%2Fstaffride%2Flibrary_staff_ride5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasegawa2005" class="citation book cs1">Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi (2005). <i>Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674022416" title="Special:BookSources/9780674022416"><bdi>9780674022416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racing+the+Enemy%3A+Stalin%2C+Truman%2C+and+the+Surrender+of+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780674022416&rft.aulast=Hasegawa&rft.aufirst=Tsuyoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222436/http://www.palkkatyolainen.fi/pt99/p990907-p2.html">"Kemin lakosta puoli vuosisataa"</a> (in Finnish). Palkkatyöläinen. 7 September 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palkkatyolainen.fi/pt99/p990907-p2.html">the original</a> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kemin+lakosta+puoli+vuosisataa&rft.pub=Palkkaty%C3%B6l%C3%A4inen&rft.date=1999-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palkkatyolainen.fi%2Fpt99%2Fp990907-p2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ranter_1973-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ranter_1973_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRanter1973" class="citation web cs1">Ranter, Harro (1973-08-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19730818-0">"ASN Aircraft accident Antonov 24B CCCP-46435 Baku-Bina International Airport (BAK)"</a>. <i>Aviation Safety Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Safety+Network&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Antonov+24B+CCCP-46435+Baku-Bina+International+Airport+%28BAK%29&rft.date=1973-08-18&rft.aulast=Ranter&rft.aufirst=Harro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19730818-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solarsystem.nasa-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-solarsystem.nasa_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Print=0&Sort=Nation&MCode=Luna_24&Nation=USSR&Display=ReadMore&FIELDNAMES=">Solar System Exploration: USSR: Luna 24</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Print=0&Sort=Nation&MCode=Luna_24&Nation=USSR&Display=ReadMore&FIELDNAMES=">Archived</a> 30 April 2015 at solarsystem.nasa.gov <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">(Error: unknown archive URL)</span> solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA Retrieved: 16 November 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRanter" class="citation web cs1">Ranter, Harro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19930818-0">"ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-8-61 N814CK Guantánamo NAS (NBW)"</a>. <i>aviation-safety.net</i>. <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation Safety Network">Aviation Safety Network</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+McDonnell+Douglas+DC-8-61+N814CK+Guant%C3%A1namo+NAS+%28NBW%29&rft.aulast=Ranter&rft.aufirst=Harro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19930818-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/after-canadian-mother-killed-herself-and-their-only-grandchild-u-s-couple-started-10-year-fight-to-change-canadas-bail-laws">After Canadian mother killed herself and their only grandchild, U.S. couple started 10-year fight to change Canada's bail laws | National Post</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haaretz1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIssacharoff" class="citation news cs1">Issacharoff, Avi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/report-three-egyptians-took-part-in-terrorist-attacks-on-southern-israel-1.380321">"Report: Three Egyptians took part in terrorist attacks on southern Israel"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Three+Egyptians+took+part+in+terrorist+attacks+on+southern+Israel&rft.aulast=Issacharoff&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Freport-three-egyptians-took-part-in-terrorist-attacks-on-southern-israel-1.380321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Moye2019" class="citation cs2">David Moye (August 19, 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/okjokull-glacier-funeral_n_5d5abf64e4b0eb875f271eb3?ncid=fcbklnkushpmg00000013&section=politics">"Iceland Holds Funeral Honoring Glacier That Melted Away"</a>, <i>Huffington Post.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post.com&rft.atitle=Iceland+Holds+Funeral+Honoring+Glacier+That+Melted+Away&rft.date=2019-08-19&rft.au=David+Moye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fokjokull-glacier-funeral_n_5d5abf64e4b0eb875f271eb3%3Fncid%3Dfcbklnkushpmg00000013%26section%3Dpolitics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarko_MarulićJosip_Bratulić1994" class="citation book cs1">Marko Marulić; Josip Bratulić (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBcsAQAAMAAJ"><i>Epistola domini Marci Marvli Spalatensis ad Adrianvm VI. Pontificem maximvm ...</i></a> Nacionalna i sveučilišna biblioteka. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-6000-57-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-6000-57-9"><bdi>978-953-6000-57-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epistola+domini+Marci+Marvli+Spalatensis+ad+Adrianvm+VI.+Pontificem+maximvm+...&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Nacionalna+i+sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1na+biblioteka&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-953-6000-57-9&rft.au=Marko+Maruli%C4%87&rft.au=Josip+Bratuli%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBcsAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawks1857" class="citation book cs1">Hawks, Francis L. (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=Kzo_AAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-Kzo_AAAAYAAJ&rdot=1"><i>History of North Carolina: Embracing the period between the first voyage to the colony in 1584, to the last in 1591</i></a>. E.J. Hale & Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+North+Carolina%3A+Embracing+the+period+between+the+first+voyage+to+the+colony+in+1584%2C+to+the+last+in+1591&rft.pub=E.J.+Hale+%26+Son&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Hawks&rft.aufirst=Francis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%3Fid%3DKzo_AAAAYAAJ%26rdid%3Dbook-Kzo_AAAAYAAJ%26rdot%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatharina_M._WilsonM._Wilson1991" class="citation book cs1">Katharina M. Wilson; M. Wilson (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wf1SVbGFg8C&pg=PA569"><i>An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 569. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8547-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8547-6"><bdi>978-0-8240-8547-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Continental+Women+Writers&rft.pages=569&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-8547-6&rft.au=Katharina+M.+Wilson&rft.au=M.+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Wf1SVbGFg8C%26pg%3DPA569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prokhorov1982-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prokhorov1982_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAleksandr_Mikhaĭlovich_Prokhorov1982" class="citation book cs1">Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UU0NAQAAMAAJ"><i>Great Soviet encyclopedia</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Soviet+encyclopedia&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Aleksandr+Mikha%C4%ADlovich+Prokhorov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUU0NAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/india/hyderabad-remembers-6th-nizam-mahbub-ali-pasha.html">"Hyderabad remembers 6th Nizam Mahbub Ali Pasha"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hyderabad+remembers+6th+Nizam+Mahbub+Ali+Pasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2F2016%2Findia%2Fhyderabad-remembers-6th-nizam-mahbub-ali-pasha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrausmanCain2013" class="citation book cs1">Krausman, Paul R.; Cain, James W. (2013). <i>Wildlife Management and Conservation: Contemporary Principles and Practices</i>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-42140-987-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-42140-987-0"><bdi>978-1-42140-987-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wildlife+Management+and+Conservation%3A+Contemporary+Principles+and+Practices&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-42140-987-0&rft.aulast=Krausman&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Cain%2C+James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UPI-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UPI_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPI_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPI_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPI_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPI_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPI_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPI_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2022/08/18/Famous-birthdays-for-Aug-18-Robert-Redford-Josephine-Langford/7951660605529/">"Famous birthdays for Aug. 18: Robert Redford, Josephine Langford"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UPI" class="mw-redirect" title="UPI">UPI</a>. 18 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famous+birthdays+for+Aug.+18%3A+Robert+Redford%2C+Josephine+Langford&rft.pub=UPI&rft.date=2022-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FEntertainment_News%2F2022%2F08%2F18%2FFamous-birthdays-for-Aug-18-Robert-Redford-Josephine-Langford%2F7951660605529%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130107194844/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/cabinet_personnel/popup_profil_pejabat.php?id=52&presiden_id=1&presiden=sukarno">"Maria Ulfah Soebadio Sastrosatomo"</a> (in Indonesian). Presidential Library of Indonesia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/cabinet_personnel/popup_profil_pejabat.php?id=52&presiden_id=1&presiden=sukarno">the original</a> on 7 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maria+Ulfah+Soebadio+Sastrosatomo&rft.pub=Presidential+Library+of+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id%2Fcabinet_personnel%2Fpopup_profil_pejabat.php%3Fid%3D52%26presiden_id%3D1%26presiden%3Dsukarno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLentz2005" class="citation book cs1">Lentz, Harris M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHvGCwAAQBAJ"><i>Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2004 : Film, Television, Radio, Theatre, Dance, Music, Cartoons, and Pop Culture</i></a>. Jefferson, N.C.: Mcfarland & Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">362–</span>363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2103-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2103-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-2103-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obituaries+in+the+Performing+Arts%2C+2004+%3A+Film%2C+Television%2C+Radio%2C+Theatre%2C+Dance%2C+Music%2C+Cartoons%2C+and+Pop+Culture&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E362-%3C%2Fspan%3E363&rft.pub=Mcfarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2103-9&rft.aulast=Lentz&rft.aufirst=Harris+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHvGCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/rosalynn-carter-dies-age-96-former-first-lady/">"Rosalynn Carter, former first lady, dies at age 96"</a>. CBS News. November 19, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rosalynn+Carter%2C+former+first+lady%2C+dies+at+age+96&rft.date=2023-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Frosalynn-carter-dies-age-96-former-first-lady%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStampalia2017" class="citation book cs1">Stampalia, Giancarlo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MBeDwAAQBAJ"><i>Grant Williams</i></a>. Albany, Ga.: BearManor Media. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781629332338" title="Special:BookSources/9781629332338"><bdi>9781629332338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant+Williams&rft.place=Albany%2C+Ga.&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=BearManor+Media&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781629332338&rft.aulast=Stampalia&rft.aufirst=Giancarlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5MBeDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRisen2022" class="citation news cs1">Risen, Clay (December 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/us/frank-salemme-dead.html">"Frank Salemme, Onetime Head of the New England Mafia, Dies at 89"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Frank+Salemme%2C+Onetime+Head+of+the+New+England+Mafia%2C+Dies+at+89&rft.date=2022-12-21&rft.aulast=Risen&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F12%2F21%2Fus%2Ffrank-salemme-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartinAlmasy2020" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Jill; Almasy, Steve (2 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/02/us/rafer-johnson-obit-spt-intl/index.html">"Rafer Johnson, 1960 Olympic decathlon champion, dies at 86"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rafer+Johnson%2C+1960+Olympic+decathlon+champion%2C+dies+at+86&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft.au=Almasy%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F12%2F02%2Fus%2Frafer-johnson-obit-spt-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_37-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRose2022" class="citation web cs1">Rose, Mike (18 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2022/08/todays-famous-birthdays-list-for-august-18-2022-includes-celebrities-edward-norton-andy-samberg.html">"Today's famous birthdays list for August 18, 2022 includes celebrities Edward Norton, Andy Samberg"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer" title="The Plain Dealer">The Plain Dealer</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=Today%27s+famous+birthdays+list+for+August+18%2C+2022+includes+celebrities+Edward+Norton%2C+Andy+Samberg&rft.date=2022-08-18&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fentertainment%2F2022%2F08%2Ftodays-famous-birthdays-list-for-august-18-2022-includes-celebrities-edward-norton-andy-samberg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/martin-mull-dead-9e388ada08324634fe763b798abd0bc4">"Martin Mull, hip comic and actor from 'Fernwood Tonight' and 'Roseanne,' dies at 80"</a>. <i>AP News</i>. 2024-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Martin+Mull%2C+hip+comic+and+actor+from+%27Fernwood+Tonight%27+and+%27Roseanne%2C%27+dies+at+80&rft.date=2024-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fmartin-mull-dead-9e388ada08324634fe763b798abd0bc4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.operadeparis.fr/en/artists/carole-bouquet">"Carole Bouquet - Opéra national de Paris"</a>. <i>operadeparis.fr</i>. Opéra national de Paris<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=operadeparis.fr&rft.atitle=Carole+Bouquet+-+Op%C3%A9ra+national+de+Paris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.operadeparis.fr%2Fen%2Fartists%2Fcarole-bouquet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buscabiografias.com/biografia/verDetalle/9582/Felipe%20Calderon%20Hinojosa">"Felipe Calderón Hinojosa"</a> (in Spanish). Busca Biografias<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Felipe+Calder%C3%B3n+Hinojosa&rft.pub=Busca+Biografias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buscabiografias.com%2Fbiografia%2FverDetalle%2F9582%2FFelipe%2520Calderon%2520Hinojosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/23/archives/births.html">"Births"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1964-08-23. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Births&rft.date=1964-08-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F08%2F23%2Farchives%2Fbirths.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/edward-norton-9542130">"Edward Norton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biography_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Biography Channel">Biography.com</a>. 29 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edward+Norton&rft.pub=Biography.com&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fedward-norton-9542130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray2007" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Janet (2007-06-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/jun/12/furthereducation.uk1">"Richard David James"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Richard+David+James&rft.date=2007-06-12&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2007%2Fjun%2F12%2Ffurthereducation.uk1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mic-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mic_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mic.no/symfoni/kontakt.nsf/pub_e/per2006091911412438310826">"Even Kruse Skatrud, alias Eveneven Trombonist"</a>. MIC.no.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Even+Kruse+Skatrud%2C+alias+Eveneven+Trombonist&rft.pub=MIC.no&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.no%2Fsymfoni%2Fkontakt.nsf%2Fpub_e%2Fper2006091911412438310826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mika-mn0000476425/biography">"Mika | Biography & History"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Mika+%26%23124%3B+Biography+%26+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fmika-mn0000476425%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlb.com/player/justin-wilson-458677">"Justin Wilson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justin+Wilson&rft.pub=Major+League+Baseball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlb.com%2Fplayer%2Fjustin-wilson-458677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tokyo2020-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tokyo2020_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729062538/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/table-tennis/athlete-profile-n1360557-yu-mengyu.htm">"Table Tennis: YU Mengyu"</a>. <i>Tokyo 2020 Olympics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Organising_Committee_of_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Games" title="Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games">Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/table-tennis/athlete-profile-n1360557-yu-mengyu.htm">the original</a> on 2021-07-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tokyo+2020+Olympics&rft.atitle=Table+Tennis%3A+YU+Mengyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Ftokyo-2020%2Folympic-games%2Fen%2Fresults%2Ftable-tennis%2Fathlete-profile-n1360557-yu-mengyu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wnba.com/player/202633/liz-cambage">"Liz Cambage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WNBA" class="mw-redirect" title="WNBA">WNBA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liz+Cambage&rft.pub=WNBA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnba.com%2Fplayer%2F202633%2Fliz-cambage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Cross" title="Charles R. Cross">Cross, Charles R.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Heavier_Than_Heaven" title="Heavier Than Heaven">Heavier Than Heaven</a></i>, Hyperion, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7868-6505-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7868-6505-9">0-7868-6505-9</a> p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.search.naver.com/search.naver?where=nexearch&query=%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%80%EC%A7%80&sm=tab_txc&ie=utf8&key=PeopleService&os=215030"><bdi lang="ko">정은지</bdi></a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Naver" title="Naver">Naver</a>. July 1, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824190218/http://people.search.naver.com/search.naver?where=nexearch&query=%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%80%EC%A7%80&sm=tab_txc&ie=utf8&key=PeopleService&os=215030">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%80%EC%A7%80&rft.pub=Naver&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.search.naver.com%2Fsearch.naver%3Fwhere%3Dnexearch%26query%3D%25EC%25A0%2595%25EC%259D%2580%25EC%25A7%2580%26sm%3Dtab_txc%26ie%3Dutf8%26key%3DPeopleService%26os%3D215030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814045113/http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011052601545747351">"[Interview] Girl group A PINK - Part 2"</a>. <i>10Asia</i>. May 26, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011052601545747351">the original</a> on August 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=10Asia&rft.atitle=%5BInterview%5D+Girl+group+A+PINK+-+Part+2&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiae.co.kr%2Fnews%2Fview.htm%3Fidxno%3D2011052601545747351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apimages.com/Collection/Landing/Maia-Mitchell-Portrait-Session/8cbb7d33f6774f32b91cf6667d539364">"Maia Mitchell Portrait Session"</a>. AP Images. 11 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maia+Mitchell+Portrait+Session&rft.pub=AP+Images&rft.date=2013-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apimages.com%2FCollection%2FLanding%2FMaia-Mitchell-Portrait-Session%2F8cbb7d33f6774f32b91cf6667d539364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDay-tweet-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BDay-tweet_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetsch2017" class="citation web cs1">Petsch, Madelaine [@madelainepetsch] (August 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/madelainepetsch/status/898641276161085440">"Thank you for all the bday wishes! Already having the best day. 23 ain't so bad 😉💥"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thank+you+for+all+the+bday+wishes%21+Already+having+the+best+day.+23+ain%27t+so+bad+%F0%9F%98%89%F0%9F%92%A5&rft.date=2017-08-18&rft.aulast=Petsch&rft.aufirst=Madelaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fmadelainepetsch%2Fstatus%2F898641276161085440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlb.com/player/seiya-suzuki-673548">"Seiya Suzuki"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seiya+Suzuki&rft.pub=Major+League+Baseball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlb.com%2Fplayer%2Fseiya-suzuki-673548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/brian-to--o/summary.html">Rugby League Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/khalid-dresses-elmo-surprises-clairo-birthday-8527710/">"Khalid Dresses as Elmo, Surprises Clairo For Her 21st Birthday: See the Video"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Khalid+Dresses+as+Elmo%2C+Surprises+Clairo+For+Her+21st+Birthday%3A+See+the+Video&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fmusic%2Fpop%2Fkhalid-dresses-elmo-surprises-clairo-birthday-8527710%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuentes2019" class="citation web cs1">Fuentes, Nicholas [@NickJFuentes] (August 17, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190817104737/https://twitter.com/NickJFuentes/status/1162677061812707328">"Lol my birthday is on sunday but thanks!!"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/NickJFuentes/status/1162677061812707328">the original</a> on August 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lol+my+birthday+is+on+sunday+but+thanks%21%21&rft.date=2019-08-17&rft.aulast=Fuentes&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FNickJFuentes%2Fstatus%2F1162677061812707328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/nba/player/bio/_/id/4431686/cassius-stanley">"Cassius Stanley Biography"</a>. <i>ESPN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN&rft.atitle=Cassius+Stanley+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fnba%2Fplayer%2Fbio%2F_%2Fid%2F4431686%2Fcassius-stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHughes1979" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Philip (1 January 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OiTUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA447"><i>History of the Church: Volume 2: The Church In The World The Church Created: Augustine To Aquinas</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7220-7982-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7220-7982-9"><bdi>978-0-7220-7982-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Church%3A+Volume+2%3A+The+Church+In+The+World+The+Church+Created%3A+Augustine+To+Aquinas&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1979-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7220-7982-9&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOiTUAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadelung2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, W.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8582">"al-Ḥādī Ila 'l-Ḥaḳḳ"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Peri_J._Bearman" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri J. Bearman">Bearman, P. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bianquis" title="Thierry Bianquis">Bianquis, Th.</a>; <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume XII:<i> Supplement</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">334–</span>335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13974-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13974-9"><bdi>978-90-04-13974-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-%E1%B8%A4%C4%81d%C4%AB+Ila+%E2%80%99l-%E1%B8%A4a%E1%B8%B3%E1%B8%B3&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+XII%3A+Supplement&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E334-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13974-9&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_8582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-IV">"Paul IV | pope"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Paul+IV+%7C+pope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FPaul-IV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian D. J. Denoon: <i>Finlayson, James (1772–1852)</i>, <a href="/wiki/ODNB" class="mw-redirect" title="ODNB">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>, Oxford University Press, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2008" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Alex (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u_g_uPZO-tkC&pg=PA363"><i>The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42771-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-42771-9"><bdi>978-0-312-42771-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rest+Is+Noise%3A+Listening+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-312-42771-9&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du_g_uPZO-tkC%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annals-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Annals_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Annals_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241018114343/http://scdfz.sc.gov.cn/scyx/scrw/scszrwz/content_8060"><bdi lang="zh">罗世文</bdi></a> [Luo Shiwen]. <i>Sichuan Annals</i> (in Chinese). Sichuan Provincial Government. 7 December 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scdfz.sc.gov.cn/scyx/scrw/scszrwz/content_8060">the original</a> on 18 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sichuan+Annals&rft.atitle=%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%96%E6%96%87&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscdfz.sc.gov.cn%2Fscyx%2Fscrw%2Fscszrwz%2Fcontent_8060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGunther1994" class="citation cs2">Gunther, Gerald (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/learnedhandmanan00gunt"><i>Learned Hand: The Man and the Judge</i></a>, New York: Knopf, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-58807-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-58807-0"><bdi>978-0-394-58807-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learned+Hand%3A+The+Man+and+the+Judge&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-394-58807-0&rft.aulast=Gunther&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flearnedhandmanan00gunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrakestadLeraand2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brakestad, Aksel Schreiner; Leraand, Dag (23 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Odd_Lindbäck-Larsen">"Odd Lindbäck-Larsen"</a>. In Bolstad, Erik (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Store norske leksikon">Store norske leksikon</a></i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Norsk nettleksikon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Odd+Lindb%C3%A4ck-Larsen&rft.btitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Norsk+nettleksikon&rft.date=2023-08-23&rft.aulast=Brakestad&rft.aufirst=Aksel+Schreiner&rft.au=Leraand%2C+Dag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2FOdd_Lindb%C3%A4ck-Larsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m.dailyinqilab.com-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m.dailyinqilab.com_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPratibedak2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pratibedak, Nijaswa (4 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/41021/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9"><bdi lang="bn">ওলিয়ে কামেল হযরত মাওলানা হারুন বাবুনগরী রহ.</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Inqilab" title="Daily Inqilab">Daily Inqilab</a></i> (in Bengali)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Inqilab&rft.atitle=%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4+%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80+%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9.&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Pratibedak&rft.aufirst=Nijaswa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyinqilab.com%2Farticle%2F41021%2F%25E0%25A6%2593%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A7%259F%25E0%25A7%2587-%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B2-%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25A4-%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2593%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BE-%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25A8-%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%2580-%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5AxbAAAAIBAJ&pg=5217,917115&dq=persis+khambatta+miss+india">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Star Trek' actress Persis Khambatta, 49"</a>. <i>Bangor Daily News</i>. August 20, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=%27Star+Trek%27+actress+Persis+Khambatta%2C+49&rft.date=1998-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D5AxbAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5217%2C917115%26dq%3Dpersis%2Bkhambatta%2Bmiss%2Bindia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/280696-former-justice-of-the-supreme-court-denis-edozie-is-dead.html">"Former Justice of the Supreme Court, Denis Edozie, is dead"</a>. PREMIUM TIMES. 18 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+Justice+of+the+Supreme+Court%2C+Denis+Edozie%2C+is+dead&rft.date=2018-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fnews%2Fmore-news%2F280696-former-justice-of-the-supreme-court-denis-edozie-is-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45232892">"Kofi Annan, former UN chief, dies at 80"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2018-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Kofi+Annan%2C+former+UN+chief%2C+dies+at+80&rft.date=2018-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-45232892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/orca-death-lolita-seaquarium-007e82ed0afb5cb44fa686188963efb2">"Lolita the orca dies at Miami Seaquarium after half-century in captivity"</a>. <i>apnews.com</i>. 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apnews.com&rft.atitle=Lolita+the+orca+dies+at+Miami+Seaquarium+after+half-century+in+captivity&rft.date=2023-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Forca-death-lolita-seaquarium-007e82ed0afb5cb44fa686188963efb2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-startribune1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-startribune1_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmma_Nelson2023" class="citation web cs1">Emma Nelson (August 19, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/former-minnesota-gov-al-quie-dies-at-age-99/600298294/">"Former Minnesota Governor Al Quie Dies at Age 99"</a>. <i>Minneapolis Star Tribune</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minneapolis+Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Former+Minnesota+Governor+Al+Quie+Dies+at+Age+99&rft.date=2023-08-19&rft.au=Emma+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fformer-minnesota-gov-al-quie-dies-at-age-99%2F600298294%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/ruth-johnson-colvin-founded-literacy-volunteers-america-died-112960561">"Ruth Johnson Colvin, who founded Literacy Volunteers of America, has died at 107"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. August 19, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Ruth+Johnson+Colvin%2C+who+founded+Literacy+Volunteers+of+America%2C+has+died+at+107&rft.date=2024-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2FwireStory%2Fruth-johnson-colvin-founded-literacy-volunteers-america-died-112960561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lefigaro.fr/cinema/alain-delon-la-legende-du-cinema-est-mort-20240818">Alain Delon, la légende du cinéma, est mort</a><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/obituaries/phil-donahue-talk-show-host-pioneer-dies-rcna129601">"Phil Donahue, talk show host pioneer and husband of Marlo Thomas, dies at 88"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 2024-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Phil+Donahue%2C+talk+show+host+pioneer+and+husband+of+Marlo+Thomas%2C+dies+at+88&rft.date=2024-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fphil-donahue-talk-show-host-pioneer-dies-rcna129601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKazemzadeh1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Firuz_Kazemzadeh" title="Firuz Kazemzadeh">Kazemzadeh, Firuz</a> (1991). "Iranian relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921". In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Avery" title="Peter Avery">Avery, Peter</a>; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran</i>. Vol. 7. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20095-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20095-0"><bdi>978-0-521-20095-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranian+relations+with+Russia+and+the+Soviet+Union%2C+to+1921&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20095-0&rft.aulast=Kazemzadeh&rft.aufirst=Firuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Mikaberidze, Alexander</a>, ed. (2011). "Russo-Iranian Wars". <i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-336-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-336-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-336-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russo-Iranian+Wars&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conquest+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-336-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/August_18" class="extiw" title="commons:August 18"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">August 18</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/18">"On This Day"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+This+Day&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Faugust%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/learning.blogs.nytimes.com/on-this-day/august-18"><i>The New York Times</i>: On This Day</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onthisday.com/events/august/18">"Historical Events on August 18"</a>. OnThisDay.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Events+on+August+18&rft.pub=OnThisDay.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onthisday.com%2Fevents%2Faugust%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+18" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Months_and_days_of_the_year388" style="width:auto;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Months" title="Template:Months"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Months" title="Template talk:Months"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Months" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Months"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Months_and_days_of_the_year388" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Months and days of the year</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Today:</b> <a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/2025" title="2025">2025</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_18&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page">[refresh]</span></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/January" title="January">January</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_3" title="January 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_9" title="January 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_10" title="January 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_13" title="January 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_19" title="January 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_21" title="January 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_25" title="January 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_27" title="January 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_30" title="January 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_31" title="January 31">31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1" title="February 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_5" title="February 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_10" title="February 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_28" title="February 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_29" title="February 29">29</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_8" title="March 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_11" title="March 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_15" title="March 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_31" title="March 31">31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/April" title="April">April</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_7" title="April 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_14" title="April 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27" title="April 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">30</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_4" title="May 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_16" title="May 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_23" title="May 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_27" title="May 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_31" title="May 31">31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2" title="June 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_4" title="June 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_7" title="June 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_17" title="June 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_29" title="June 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">30</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/July" title="July">July</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_5" title="July 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_8" title="July 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_11" title="July 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_19" title="July 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_21" title="July 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_24" title="July 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_28" title="July 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_30" title="July 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_31" title="July 31">31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_3" title="August 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_4" title="August 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_7" title="August 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_9" title="August 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">17</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_23" title="August 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_28" title="August 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_31" title="August 31">31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2" title="September 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_14" title="September 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_16" title="September 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_18" title="September 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">30</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_11" title="October 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_19" title="October 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/November" title="November">November</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_3" title="November 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_8" title="November 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9" title="November 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_12" title="November 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_16" title="November 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_22" title="November 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_26" title="November 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_29" title="November 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">30</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2" title="December 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_7" title="December 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_13" title="December 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_19" title="December 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_20" title="December 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_23" title="December 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_30" title="December 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Related: <a href="/wiki/List_of_non-standard_dates" title="List of non-standard dates">List of non-standard dates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_18&oldid=1280371867">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_18&oldid=1280371867</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Days_of_August" title="Category:Days of August">Days of August</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Finnish-language_sources_(fi)" title="Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)">CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_unknown_archives" title="Category:Webarchive template unknown archives">Webarchive template unknown archives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Source_attribution" title="Category:Source attribution">Source attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)">CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Korean-language_script_(ko)" title="Category:CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko)">CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Korean-language_sources_(ko)" title="Category:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)">CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Bengali-language_script_(bn)" title="Category:CS1 uses Bengali-language script (bn)">CS1 uses Bengali-language script (bn)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Bengali-language_sources_(bn)" title="Category:CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn)">CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pending_changes_protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages">Wikipedia pending changes protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 March 2025, at 06:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=August_18&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">August 18</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>195 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-58c4b96c94-pnqr4","wgBackendResponseTime":285,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.112","walltime":"1.410","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6506,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":177116,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6196,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":259053,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1123.906 1 -total"," 56.38% 633.673 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.65% 175.896 17 Template:Cite_book"," 11.57% 130.086 1 Template:In_lang"," 9.85% 110.712 32 Template:Cite_web"," 8.98% 100.884 1 Template:Months"," 8.75% 98.312 1 Template:Navbox"," 6.29% 70.694 1 Template:Day"," 5.52% 61.991 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.45% 61.267 1 Template:Calendar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.668","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16588210,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAleksandr_Mikhaĭlovich_Prokhorov1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrakestadLeraand2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBytwerk1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoogan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_James2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Moye2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmma_Nelson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuentes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunther1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardman-De-Bautista1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasegawa2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawks1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIssacharoff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._F._Verbruggen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJien1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatharina_M._WilsonM._Wilson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazemzadeh1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrausmanCain2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLentz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadelung2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarko_MarulićJosip_Bratulić1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinAlmasy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikaberidze2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorley1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetsch2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratibedak2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanter1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRisen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStampalia2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Calendar\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation-attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 32,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:August 18\"] = 1,\n [\"Day\"] = 1,\n [\"EI2\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Months\"] = 1,\n [\"NYT On this day\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc1\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"This date in recent years\"] = 1,\n [\"Web archive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-58c4b96c94-xgdxm","timestamp":"20250321000155","ttl":86296,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"August 18","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/August_18","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2826","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2826","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-06T13:34:16Z","headline":"day of the year"}</script> </body> </html>