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class="mw-page-title-main">Zionism as settler colonialism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visualizing_Settler_Colonialism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Visualizing_Settler_Colonialism.jpg/220px-Visualizing_Settler_Colonialism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Visualizing_Settler_Colonialism.jpg/330px-Visualizing_Settler_Colonialism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Visualizing_Settler_Colonialism.jpg/440px-Visualizing_Settler_Colonialism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Population shift from 1947–1951 in Israel–Palestine, plotted with the % of land controlled by what <a href="/wiki/Neve_Gordon" title="Neve Gordon">Neve Gordon</a> calls the "Jewish establishment"</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> has been described by several scholars as a form of <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settler colonialism</a> in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">region of Palestine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>. This paradigm has been applied to Zionism by various scholars and figures, including <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolfe" title="Patrick Wolfe">Patrick Wolfe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>. Zionism founders and early leaders were aware and unapologetic about their status as colonizers, Many early leading Zionists such as <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iron_Wall_(essay)" title="Iron Wall (essay)">"The Iron Wall"</a>, described Zionism as colonization. </p><p>The settler colonial framework on the conflict emerged in the 1960s during the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonization of Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and re-emerged in Israeli academia in the 1990s led by Israeli and Palestinian scholars, particularly the <a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a>, who refuted some of Israel's foundational myths and considered the <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">ongoing</a>. This perspective contends that Zionism involves processes of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">elimination</a> and assimilation of Palestinians, akin to other settler colonial contexts similar to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="Genocide of Indigenous Australians">Australia</a>. </p><p>Critics of the characterization of Zionism as settler colonialism, argue that it does not fit traditional colonial frameworks, seeing Zionism instead as the repatriation of an indigenous population and an act of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. This debate is part of the broader tensions over the historical and contemporary narratives surrounding the founding of the State of Israel and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Bank_Access_Restrictions_June_2020.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/West_Bank_Access_Restrictions_June_2020.pdf/page1-200px-West_Bank_Access_Restrictions_June_2020.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/West_Bank_Access_Restrictions_June_2020.pdf/page1-300px-West_Bank_Access_Restrictions_June_2020.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/West_Bank_Access_Restrictions_June_2020.pdf/page1-400px-West_Bank_Access_Restrictions_June_2020.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4964" data-file-height="7020" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> (magenta) in the occupied <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> in 2020</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></div> <p>In contrast to classical <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, in settler colonialism the focus is on eliminating, rather than exploiting, the original inhabitants of a territory. Commonly cited cases of settler colonialism include the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201892_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201892-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As theorized by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolfe" title="Patrick Wolfe">Patrick Wolfe</a>, settler colonialism is an ongoing "structure, not an event" aimed at replacing a native population rather than exploiting it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2006_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2006-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settler colonialism operates by processes including physical elimination of native inhabitants but also can encompass projects of assimilation, segregation, miscegenation, religious conversion, and incarceration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201895_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201895-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the fathers of Zionism themselves described it as colonialism, such as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Jabotinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Jabotinsky">Vladimir Jabotinsky</a> who said "Zionism is a colonization adventure".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-IWprimary_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWprimary-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Herzl" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Herzl">Theodore Herzl</a>, in a 1902 letter to <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>, described the Zionist project as 'something colonial'. Previously in 1896 he had spoken of "important experiments in colonization" happening in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major Zionist organizations central to Israel's foundation held colonial identity in their names or departments, such as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Colonisation_Association" title="Jewish Colonisation Association">Jewish Colonisation Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Colonial_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Colonial Trust">Jewish Colonial Trust</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Agency">The Jewish Agency</a>'s colonization department.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayegh2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayegh2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, the French historian <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Rodinson" title="Maxime Rodinson">Maxime Rodinson</a> wrote an article later translated and published in English as <i>Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Veracini" title="Lorenzo Veracini">Lorenzo Veracini</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> as a colonial state and writes that Jewish settlers could expel the British in 1948 only because they had their own colonial relationships inside and outside Israel's new borders.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veracini believes the possibility of an Israeli disengagement is always latent and this relationship could be severed, through an "<a href="/wiki/One_state_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="One state solution">accommodation of a Palestinian Israeli autonomy within the institutions of the Israeli state</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commentators, such as Daiva Stasiulis, Nira Yuval-Davis,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Massad" title="Joseph Massad">Joseph Massad</a> in the "Post Colonial Colony: time, space and bodies in Palestine/ Israel in the persistence of the Palestinian Question"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have included Israel in their global analysis of settler societies. <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and Israel in similar terms.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israel has no <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropole</a> (defined as the <a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">homeland</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empire</a>) and its population is diverse and multihued, much of which has fled persecution from diverse locations such as Iraq or Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholar Amal Jamal, from <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a>, has stated, "Israel was created by a settler-colonial movement of Jewish immigrants".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Yuval Shany of Tel Aviv university has said that categorizing Israel as colonialist project is a significant category error since "It cannot apply to a conflict involving "two indigenous peoples".<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manifestations">Manifestations</h2></div> <p>In 1905, some Jewish immigrants to the region promoted the idea of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_labor" title="Hebrew labor">Hebrew labor</a>, arguing that all Jewish-owned businesses should only employ Jews, to displace Arab workforce hired by the <a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First Aliyah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvirsky202180–81_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvirsky202180–81-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zionist organizations acquired land under the restriction that it could never pass into non-Jewish ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvirsky202181_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvirsky202181-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutzim</a>—collectivist, all-Jewish agricultural settlements—were developed to counter plantation economies relying on Jewish owners and Palestinian farmers. The kibbutz was also the prototype of Jewish-only settlements later established beyond Israel's pre-1967 borders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvirsky202181_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvirsky202181-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">750,000 Palestinians fled or were forcibly displaced</a> from the area that became Israel, and 500 Palestinian villages, as well as Palestinian-inhabited urban areas, were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2011170_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2011170-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201896_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201896-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although considered by some Israelis to be a "brutal twist of fate, unexpected, undesired, unconsidered by the early [Zionist] pioneers", some historians have described the Nakba as a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2011170_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2011170-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the Nakba, Palestinian land was expropriated on a large scale and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_citizens_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian citizens of Israel">Palestinian citizens of Israel</a> were encircled in specific areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201622_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201622-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamal201760–61_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamal201760–61-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arnon Degani argues that ending military rule over Israel's Palestinian citizens in 1966 shifted from colonial to settler-colonial governance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDegani201584_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDegani201584-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Israeli capture of the Golan Heights in 1967, there was a nearly complete ethnic cleansing of the area, leaving only 6,404 Syrians out of about 128,000 who had lived there before the war. They had been forced out by campaigns of intimidation and forced removal, and those who tried to return were deported. After the Israeli capture of the West Bank, about 250,000 of 850,000 inhabitants fled or were expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201622–23_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201622–23-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Israeli academics <a href="/wiki/Neve_Gordon" title="Neve Gordon">Neve Gordon</a> and Moriel Ram, the incompleteness versus completeness of ethnic cleansing has affected the different forms that Israeli settler colonialism has taken in the West Bank versus the Golan Heights. For example, the few remaining Syrian Druze were offered Israeli citizenship in order to further the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of the Golan Heights">annexation of the area</a>, while there was never an intention to incorporate West Bank Palestinians into the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">demos</a>. Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Enclave_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave law">dual legal structure in the West Bank</a> compared to the unitary Israeli law imposed in the Golan Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201626_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201626-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolfe" title="Patrick Wolfe">Patrick Wolfe</a>, Israel's settler colonialism manifests in immigration policies that promote unlimited immigration of Jews while denying family reunification for Palestinian citizens. Wolfe adds, "Despite Zionism's chronic addiction to territorial expansion, Israel's borders do not preclude the option of removal [of Palestinians] (in this connection, it is hardly surprising that a nation that has driven so many of its original inhabitants into the sand should express an abiding fear of itself being driven into the sea)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2006401_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2006401-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salamanca <i>et al.</i> state that Israeli practices have often been studied as distinct but related phenomena, and that the settler-colonial paradigm is an opportunity to understand them together. As examples of settler colonial phenomena they include "aerial and maritime bombardment, massacre and invasion, home demolitions, land theft, identity card confiscation, racist laws and loyalty tests, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">the wall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza blockade">siege on Gaza</a>, cultural appropriation, dependence on willing (or unwilling) native collaboration regarding security arrangements".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalamanca_''et_al.''20122_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca_''et_al.''20122-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have stated the lack of an imperial power to benefit from exploiting the region, means a colonial paradigm does not apply.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars have stated that Israel's external supporters, either private organizations or various states (such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnonymous2021375_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnonymous2021375-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201896_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201896-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the United States), may function as a <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022The_Settler_Colonial_Paradigm_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_Context_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022The_Settler_Colonial_Paradigm_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_Context-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proponents">Proponents</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: Specific quotes, works, and framings from the listed scholars. You can help by <span class="extendedconfirmed-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism_as_settler_colonialism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a></span><span class="nonextendedconfirmed-show"><span class="sysop-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism_as_settler_colonialism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or </span><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AZionism_as_settler_colonialism&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Zionism+as+settler+colonialism">making an edit request</a></span></span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Proponents of the paradigm of Zionism as settler colonialism include <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Rashid Khalidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayegh" title="Fayez Sayegh">Fayez Sayegh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Rodinson" title="Maxime Rodinson">Maxime Rodinson</a>, George Jabbour, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Abu-Lughod" title="Ibrahim Abu-Lughod">Ibrahim Abu-Lughod</a>, Baha Abu-Laban, Jamil Hilal, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Sayigh" title="Rosemary Sayigh">Rosemary Sayigh</a>, and Amal Jamal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022first_section_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022first_section-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamal201771–73_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamal201771–73-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The settler colonial framework on the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian struggle">Palestinian struggle</a> emerged in the 1960s during the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonization of Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and re-emerged in Israeli academia in the 1990s led by Israeli and Palestinian scholars, particularly the <a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a>, who refuted some of Israel's foundational myths and considered the <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">ongoing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Conclusion_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Conclusion-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamal201747–48_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamal201747–48-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coincided with a shift from supporting a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> to a <a href="/wiki/One-state_solution" title="One-state solution">one-state solution</a> that constitutes a state for all citizens equally, which challenges the Jewish identity of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Conclusion_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Conclusion-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rachel Busbridge contends that its subsequent popularity is inseparable from frustration at the stagnation of that process and resulting Western left-wing sympathy for <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a>. She writes that while a settler colonial analysis "offers a far more accurate portrayal of the conflict than...has conventionally been painted".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201897–98_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201897–98-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Ibish" title="Hussein Ibish">Hussein Ibish</a> argues that such zero-sum calls are "a gift that no occupying power and no colonizing settler movement deserves."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The peer-reviewed journal <i>Settler Colonial Societies</i> has published three special issues focused on Israel/Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> <p>According to the Israeli sociologist Uri Ram, the characterization of Zionism as colonial "is probably as old as the Zionist movement".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201894_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201894-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Collins highlight that studies has "definitively established" that "the architects of Zionism were conscious and often unapologetic about their status as colonizers whose right to the land superseded that of Palestine's Arab inhabitants".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2011174_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2011174-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other settler colonial projects did not lay out their plans for dispossessing and eliminating the inhabitants in detail and in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One early analysis was that of Palestinian writer <a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayegh" title="Fayez Sayegh">Fayez Sayegh</a> in his 1965 essay "Zionist Colonialism in Palestine", which was unusual for the pre-1967 era in specifying Zionism as a form of settler colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehar2020221_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehar2020221-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayegh2012206_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayegh2012206-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sayegh later drafted the UN's "<a href="/wiki/Zionism_is_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism is racism">Zionism is racism</a>" resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayegh2012206_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayegh2012206-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Israel assumed control of the whole <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> in 1967, settler-colonial analyses became prominent among Palestinians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehar2020227_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehar2020227-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Israel, the <a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a>, a movement that emerged in the 1980s, was associated with colonial analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201894_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201894-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with explicitly settler colonial analysis, another persistent view is that the "Zionist national project has been predicated on the destruction of the Palestinian one".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201894_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201894-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although settler colonialism is an empirical framework, it is associated with favoring a <a href="/wiki/One-state_solution" title="One-state solution">one-state solution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge2018104_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge2018104-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rachel Busbridge argues that settler colonialism is "a coherent and legible frame" and "a far more accurate portrayal of the conflict than the picture of Palestinian criminality and Israeli victimhood that has conventionally been painted".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201892–93_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201892–93-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also argues that settler colonial analysis is limited, especially when it comes to the question of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201893_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201893-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologist Anne de Jong says that early Zionists promoted a narrative of binary conflict between two competing groups with equally valid claims in order to deflect criticisms of settler colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Jong2018364_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong2018364-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, historian <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Veracini" title="Lorenzo Veracini">Lorenzo Veracini</a> argued that settler colonialism has been successful in Israel proper but unsuccessful in the territories occupied in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeracini201338_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeracini201338-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Rashid Khalidi</a> argues that all other settler-colonial wars in the twentieth century ended in defeat for colonists, making Palestine an exception: "Israel has been extremely successful in forcibly establishing itself as a colonial reality in a post-colonial age".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elia Zureik's <i>Israel's Colonial Project in Palestine: Brutal Pursuit</i>, updates his earlier work on colonialism and Palestine and applies <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>'s work on <a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">biopolitics</a> to colonialism, arguing that <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> plays a central role and that surveillance becomes a tool of governance. It also analyses the dispossession of indigenous people and <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a>, including sociological, historical and postcolonial studies into an examination of the Zionist project in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sánchez and Pita argue that Israeli settler colonialism has had far more severe effects on the indigenous Palestinian population than the <a href="/wiki/Greaser_Act" title="Greaser Act">discriminations suffered</a> by the Spanish and Mexican populations in the Southwest of the United States in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> which ended the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchezPita20141050_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchezPita20141050-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most scholars who have addressed Israeli settler colonialism have not discussed the Golan Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201626_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201626-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Areej_Sabbagh-Khoury" title="Areej Sabbagh-Khoury">Areej Sabbagh-Khoury</a> suggests that "in tracing the settler colonial paradigm ... Israeli critical sociology, albeit groundbreaking, has suffered from a myopia engendered through hegemony."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Critical_Sociology_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Critical_Sociology-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She notes that "until recently, most Israeli academics engaged in discussing the nature of the state ignored its settler colonial components", and that scholarship conducted "within a settler colonial framework" has not been given serious attention in Israeli critical academia, "perhaps due to the general disavowal of the colonial framework among Israeli scholars."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Critical_Sociology_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Critical_Sociology-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_scholars">By scholars</h3></div> <p>Israeli Historian <a href="/wiki/S._Ilan_Troen" title="S. Ilan Troen">S. Ilan Troen</a>, in "De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine", argues that Zionism was the repatriation of a long displaced indigenous population to their historic homeland, and that Zionism does not fit the framework of a <a href="/wiki/Settler_society" title="Settler society">settler society</a> as it "was not part of the process of imperial expansion in search of power and markets." Troen further argues that there are several differences between European colonialism and the Zionist movement, including that "there is no New Vilna, New Bialystock, New Warsaw, New England, New York, [...] and so on" in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-Troen_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troen-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Troen, along with his wife Carol Troen, a former applied linguist at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, write that the concept that Palestinians are the indigenous people is a recent phenomenon and is "a crucial addition to the linguistic arsenal of lawfare used to deny Israel's legitimacy" as it "follows implicitly and explicitly that the Jewish state is a colonial-settler society, reprehensible in its exploitation of the indigenous".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Journalist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Cohen" title="Roger Cohen">Roger Cohen</a> quoted multiple experts in a <i>New York Times</i> article. Both Cohen and <a href="/wiki/Yuval_Shany" title="Yuval Shany">Yuval Shany</a>, a humanitarian law scholar, describe the conflict as being between two indigenous groups, and Cohen argues that calling Israel's establishment a colonial enterprise is "a significant category error." Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Alexander" title="Jeffrey C. Alexander">Jeffrey C. Alexander</a> refers to "colonialism" as "the go-to term for total pollution", and he writes that the association of Israel with colonialism "is seen as effective".<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another <i>Times</i> piece, Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Tom Segev</a> argues that "colonialism is irrelevant to the Zionist experience" and that Zionists did not seek to "dominate the local population", saying that most Jewish immigrants came as refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israeli Historian <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> rejects the labeling. In a negative review of <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Rashid Khalidi</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hundred_Years%27_War_on_Palestine" title="The Hundred Years' War on Palestine">The Hundred Years' War on Palestine</a></i>, Morris writes that Zionism does not meet the definition of colonialism, since it did not involve "an imperial power acquiring political control over another country, settling it with its sons, and exploiting it economically".<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khalidi agrees that "Usually, settler-colonial projects are extensions of the people and of the sovereignty of the mother country", arguing instead that Zionism is an independent "national movement whose means were explicitly settler-colonial."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discourse">Discourse</h2></div> <p>The portrayal of Zionism as settler colonialism is strongly rejected by most Zionists and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a>, and is perceived either as an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy of Israel">legitimacy of Israel</a>, a form of antisemitism, or historically inaccurate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022The_Settler_Colonial_Paradigm_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_Context_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022The_Settler_Colonial_Paradigm_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_Context-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Troen_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Troen-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201897–98_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201897–98-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some critics highlight ideas such as the putative non-exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> labor by Zionists or the lack of a metropole as reasons not to consider it a colonial movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022The_Settler_Colonial_Paradigm_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_Context_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022The_Settler_Colonial_Paradigm_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_Context-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a> writes that "The Palestinians share common experiences with other indigenous peoples who have had their narrative denied, their material culture destroyed and their histories erased or reinvented by European white settlers and colonisers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The paradigm has gained significant traction among leftist groups and individuals engaged in campus activism.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_diaspora" title="Palestinian diaspora">Palestinian diaspora</a> is working to reshape perceptions of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by aiming to "replace the idea of a clash between two <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">national movements</a> with a generational <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">liberation struggle</a> against 'settler colonialism'".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201892-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201892_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusbridge2018">Busbridge 2018</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2006-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2006_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfe2006">Wolfe 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3437-forum-on-patrick-wolfe">"Forum on Patrick Wolfe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621043010/https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/3437-forum-on-patrick-wolfe">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verso+Books&rft.atitle=Forum+on+Patrick+Wolfe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.versobooks.com%2Fblogs%2F3437-forum-on-patrick-wolfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developingeconomics.org/2020/10/26/what-is-at-stake-in-the-study-of-settler-colonialism">"What is at Stake in the Study of Settler Colonialism?"</a>. <i>Developing Economics</i>. 26 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125221504/https://developingeconomics.org/2020/10/26/what-is-at-stake-in-the-study-of-settler-colonialism">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Developing+Economics&rft.atitle=What+is+at+Stake+in+the+Study+of+Settler+Colonialism%3F&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopingeconomics.org%2F2020%2F10%2F26%2Fwhat-is-at-stake-in-the-study-of-settler-colonialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201895-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201895_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusbridge2018">Busbridge 2018</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2022" class="citation book cs1">Liu, James H. (2022). <i>Collective Remembering and the Making of Political Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collective+Remembering+and+the+Making+of+Political+Culture&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasalha2012">Masalha 2012</a>: "For decades Zionists themselves used terms such as 'colonisation' (hityashvut) to describe their project in Palestine."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IWprimary-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IWprimary_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabotinsky1923" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky, Ze'ev</a> (4 November 1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240910151619/https://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf">"The Iron Wall"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 September 2024. <q>Colonisation can have only one aim, and Palestine Arabs cannot accept this aim. It lies in the very nature of things, and in this particular regard nature cannot be changed...Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Wall&rft.date=1923-11-04&rft.aulast=Jabotinsky&rft.aufirst=Ze%27ev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.jabotinsky.org%2Fmedia%2F9747%2Fthe-iron-wall.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzl1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Herzl" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Herzl">Herzl, Theodore</a> (1968). <i>The Jewish State</i>. Dover. pp. 85–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+State&rft.pages=85-96&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Herzl&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Theodor Herzl: From Europe to Zion</i>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. 2012. pp. 100–1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodor+Herzl%3A+From+Europe+to+Zion&rft.pages=100-1&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2017" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Kenneth W. (1 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYxGDgAAQBAJ&dq=jewish+agency+colonization+department&pg=PT97"><i>The Land Question in Palestine, 1917-1939</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-1725-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-1725-1"><bdi>978-1-4696-1725-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+Question+in+Palestine%2C+1917-1939&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-1725-1&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqYxGDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djewish%2Bagency%2Bcolonization%2Bdepartment%26pg%3DPT97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESayegh2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayegh2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayegh2012">Sayegh 2012</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodinson1967" class="citation book cs1">Rodinson, Maxime (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~dhoppe/KFUPM/Israel%20fait%20colonial.pdf"><i>Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1973 ed.). New York: Monad Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9134-6048-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9134-6048-1"><bdi>978-0-9134-6048-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/673646">673646</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201095119/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~dhoppe/KFUPM/Israel%20fait%20colonial.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+A+Colonial+Settler-State%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1973&rft.pub=Monad+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F673646&rft.isbn=978-0-9134-6048-1&rft.aulast=Rodinson&rft.aufirst=Maxime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~dhoppe%2FKFUPM%2FIsrael%2520fait%2520colonial.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeracini2007" class="citation journal cs1">Veracini, Lorenzo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200330030659/http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol6no2_2007/veracini_settler.htm">"Settler Colonialism and Decolonisation"</a>. <i>Borderlands</i>. <b>6</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol6no2_2007/veracini_settler.htm">the original</a> on 30 March 2020. <q>Israel could celebrate its anticolonial/anti-British struggle exactly because it was able to establish a number of colonial relationships within and without the borders of 1948.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Borderlands&rft.atitle=Settler+Colonialism+and+Decolonisation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Veracini&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.borderlands.net.au%2Fvol6no2_2007%2Fveracini_settler.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeracini2006" class="citation book cs1">Veracini, Lorenzo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt18fs3dn"><i>Israel and Settler Society</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt18fs3dn">10.2307/j.ctt18fs3dn</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610150506/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/j.ctt18fs3dn">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+Settler+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt18fs3dn&rft.aulast=Veracini&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt18fs3dn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuval-DavisStasiulis1995" class="citation book cs1">Yuval-Davis, Nira; Stasiulis, Daiva K, eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446222225.n11"><i>Unsettling Settler Societies: Articulations of Gender, Race, Ethnicity and Class</i></a>. Vol. 11. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781446222225.n11">10.4135/9781446222225.n11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-8694-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-8694-7"><bdi>978-0-8039-8694-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610150507/https://sk.sagepub.com/books/unsettling-settler-societies/n11.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unsettling+Settler+Societies%3A+Articulations+of+Gender%2C+Race%2C+Ethnicity+and+Class&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781446222225.n11&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-8694-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4135%2F9781446222225.n11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassad2006" class="citation book cs1">Massad, Joseph (2006). "Post Colonial Colony: time, space and bodies in Palestine/Israel". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203965351-9/post-colonial-colony-time-space-bodies-palestine-israel-joseph-massad"><i>The Persistence of the Palestinian Question</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203965351">10.4324/9780203965351</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2039-6535-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2039-6535-1"><bdi>978-0-2039-6535-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610150506/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.4324/9780203965351-9/post-colonial-colony-time-space-bodies-palestine-israel-joseph-massad">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Post+Colonial+Colony%3A+time%2C+space+and+bodies+in+Palestine%2FIsrael&rft.btitle=The+Persistence+of+the+Palestinian+Question&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203965351&rft.isbn=978-0-2039-6535-1&rft.aulast=Massad&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9780203965351-9%2Fpost-colonial-colony-time-space-bodies-palestine-israel-joseph-massad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfzal-KhanSeshadri2000" class="citation book cs1">Afzal-Khan, Fawzia; Seshadri, Kalpana Rahita, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/the-pre-occupation-of-postcolonial-studies#:~:text=The%20Pre%2DOccupation%20of%20Postcolonial%20Studies%20not%20only%20offers%20an,clear%20pathways%20for%20its%20future."><i>The Pre-Occupation of Post-Colonial Studies</i></a>. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2521-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2521-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-2521-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303235531/https://www.dukeupress.edu/The-Pre-occupation-of-Postcolonial-Studies/#:~:text=The%20Pre%2DOccupation%20of%20Postcolonial%20Studies%20not%20only%20offers%20an,clear%20pathways%20for%20its%20future.">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pre-Occupation+of+Post-Colonial+Studies&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2521-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukeupress.edu%2Fthe-pre-occupation-of-postcolonial-studies%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Pre%252DOccupation%2520of%2520Postcolonial%2520Studies%2520not%2520only%2520offers%2520an%2Cclear%2520pathways%2520for%2520its%2520future.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519175348/http://kingsreview.co.uk/articles/the-palestinian-enclaves-struggle-an-interview-with-ilan-pappe">"The Palestinian Enclaves Struggle: An Interview with Ilan Pappé"</a>. King's Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kingsreview.co.uk/articles/the-palestinian-enclaves-struggle-an-interview-with-ilan-pappe">the original</a> on 19 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Palestinian+Enclaves+Struggle%3A+An+Interview+with+Ilan+Papp%C3%A9&rft.pub=King%27s+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkingsreview.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fthe-palestinian-enclaves-struggle-an-interview-with-ilan-pappe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappé2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappé, Ilan</a> (5 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiwar.com/blog/2017/04/05/ilan-pappe-on-viewing-israel-palestine-through-the-lens-of-settler-colonialism">"Decolonizing Israel. Ilan Pappé on Viewing Israel-Palestine Through the Lens of Settler-Colonialism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antiwar.com" title="Antiwar.com">Antiwar.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816161148/https://www.antiwar.com/blog/2017/04/05/ilan-pappe-on-viewing-israel-palestine-through-the-lens-of-settler-colonialism">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decolonizing+Israel.+Ilan+Papp%C3%A9+on+Viewing+Israel-Palestine+Through+the+Lens+of+Settler-Colonialism&rft.pub=Antiwar.com&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft.aulast=Papp%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiwar.com%2Fblog%2F2017%2F04%2F05%2Filan-pappe-on-viewing-israel-palestine-through-the-lens-of-settler-colonialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2023" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Cohen" title="Roger Cohen">Cohen, Roger</a> (10 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240713145214/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/10/world/europe/colonialist-word-gaza-ukraine.html">"Who's a 'Colonizer'? How an Old Word Became a New Weapon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/10/world/europe/colonialist-word-gaza-ukraine.html">the original</a> on 13 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who%27s+a+%27Colonizer%27%3F+How+an+Old+Word+Became+a+New+Weapon&rft.date=2023-12-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F12%2F10%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fcolonialist-word-gaza-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamal2011" class="citation book cs1">Jamal, Amal (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWLCpqnsoLQC&pg=PA48"><i>Arab Minority Nationalism in Israel: The Politics of Indigeneity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1368-2412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1368-2412-8"><bdi>978-1-1368-2412-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814042942/https://books.google.com/books?id=pWLCpqnsoLQC&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Minority+Nationalism+in+Israel%3A+The+Politics+of+Indigeneity&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-1368-2412-8&rft.aulast=Jamal&rft.aufirst=Amal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWLCpqnsoLQC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESvirsky202180–81-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvirsky202180–81_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSvirsky2021">Svirsky 2021</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESvirsky202181-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvirsky202181_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvirsky202181_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSvirsky2021">Svirsky 2021</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2011170-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2011170_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2011170_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2011">Collins 2011</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201896-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201896_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201896_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusbridge2018">Busbridge 2018</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201622-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201622_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordonRam2016">Gordon & Ram 2016</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamal201760–61-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamal201760–61_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamal2017">Jamal 2017</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDegani201584-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDegani201584_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDegani2015">Degani 2015</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201622–23-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201622–23_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordonRam2016">Gordon & Ram 2016</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201626-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201626_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonRam201626_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordonRam2016">Gordon & Ram 2016</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfe2006401-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfe2006401_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfe2006">Wolfe 2006</a>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamanca_''et_al.''20122-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalamanca_''et_al.''20122_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalamanca_et_al.2012">Salamanca <i>et al.</i> 2012</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (Spring 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240711010544/https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/7210/the-war-on-history">"The War on History"</a>. <i>Jewish Review of Books</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/7210/the-war-on-history/#">the original</a> on 11 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+War+on+History&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishreviewofbooks.com%2Farticles%2F7210%2Fthe-war-on-history%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnonymous2021375-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnonymous2021375_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnonymous2021">Anonymous 2021</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022The_Settler_Colonial_Paradigm_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_Context-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022The_Settler_Colonial_Paradigm_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_Context_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022The_Settler_Colonial_Paradigm_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_Context_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022The_Settler_Colonial_Paradigm_in_the_Israeli-Palestinian_Context_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSabbagh-Khoury2022">Sabbagh-Khoury 2022</a>, The Settler Colonial Paradigm in the Israeli-Palestinian Context.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022first_section-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022first_section_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSabbagh-Khoury2022">Sabbagh-Khoury 2022</a>, first section.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTawil-Souri2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tawil-Souri, Helga (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.38.4.0683">"Response to Elia Zureik's Israel's Colonial Project in Palestine: Brutal Pursuit"</a>. <i>Arab Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 683–687. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13169%2Farabstudquar.38.4.0683">10.13169/arabstudquar.38.4.0683</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0271-3519">0271-3519</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.38.4.0683">10.13169/arabstudquar.38.4.0683</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609085442/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/arabstudquar.38.4.0683">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>Calling Israel a settler colonial regime is an argument increasingly gaining purchase in activist and, to a lesser extent, academic circles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Response+to+Elia+Zureik%27s+Israel%27s+Colonial+Project+in+Palestine%3A+Brutal+Pursuit&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=683-687&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0271-3519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.13169%2Farabstudquar.38.4.0683%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13169%2Farabstudquar.38.4.0683&rft.aulast=Tawil-Souri&rft.aufirst=Helga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.13169%2Farabstudquar.38.4.0683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamal201771–73-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamal201771–73_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamal2017">Jamal 2017</a>, pp. 71–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Conclusion-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Conclusion_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Conclusion_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSabbagh-Khoury2022">Sabbagh-Khoury 2022</a>, Conclusion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSabbagh-Khoury2022">Sabbagh-Khoury 2022</a>, first section: "The settler colonial paradigm, linked to Israeli critical sociology, post-Zionism, and postcolonialism, reemerged following changes in the political landscape from the mid-1990s that reframed the history of the Nakba as enduring, challenged the Jewish definition of the state, and legitimated Palestinians as agents of history. Palestinian scholars in Israel lead the paradigm's reformulation."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamal201747–48-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamal201747–48_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamal2017">Jamal 2017</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201897–98-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201897–98_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201897–98_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusbridge2018">Busbridge 2018</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbish2009" class="citation book cs1">Ibish, Hussein (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309205024/http://www.americantaskforce.org/what%E2%80%99s_wrong_onestate_agenda_html"><i>What's Wrong with the One-State Agenda?</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Task_Force_on_Palestine" title="American Task Force on Palestine">American Task Force on Palestine</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9785-6141-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9785-6141-3"><bdi>978-0-9785-6141-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americantaskforce.org/what%E2%80%99s_wrong_onestate_agenda_html">the original</a> on 9 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+Wrong+with+the+One-State+Agenda%3F&rft.pub=American+Task+Force+on+Palestine&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9785-6141-3&rft.aulast=Ibish&rft.aufirst=Hussein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americantaskforce.org%2Fwhat%25E2%2580%2599s_wrong_onestate_agenda_html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenslar2023" class="citation book cs1">Penslar, Derek Jonathan (2023). "2: Zionism as Colonialism". <i>Zionism: an emotional state</i>. Key words in jewish studies. New Brunswick, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-7612-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-7612-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-7612-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Zionism+as+Colonialism&rft.btitle=Zionism%3A+an+emotional+state&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.series=Key+words+in+jewish+studies&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-7612-1&rft.aulast=Penslar&rft.aufirst=Derek+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rset20">"Explore Articles"</a>. <i>Settler Colonial Societies</i> – via <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Settler+Colonial+Societies&rft.atitle=Explore+Articles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fjournals%2Frset20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201894-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201894_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201894_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201894_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusbridge2018">Busbridge 2018</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2011174-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2011174_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2011">Collins 2011</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakdisi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Makdisi, Saree (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/663325/summary">"Elimination as a Structure: Tracing and Racing Zionism with Patrick Wolfe"</a>. <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>69</b> (2): 277–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faq.2017.0021">10.1353/aq.2017.0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6490">1080-6490</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149255739">149255739</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220610150505/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/663325/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Elimination+as+a+Structure%3A+Tracing+and+Racing+Zionism+with+Patrick+Wolfe&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=277-284&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149255739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1080-6490&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faq.2017.0021&rft.aulast=Makdisi&rft.aufirst=Saree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F663325%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehar2020221-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehar2020221_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehar2020">Behar 2020</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESayegh2012206-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayegh2012206_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayegh2012206_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayegh2012">Sayegh 2012</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehar2020227-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehar2020227_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBehar2020">Behar 2020</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge2018104-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge2018104_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusbridge2018">Busbridge 2018</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201892–93-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201892–93_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusbridge2018">Busbridge 2018</a>, pp. 92–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201893-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusbridge201893_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBusbridge2018">Busbridge 2018</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Jong2018364-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Jong2018364_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Jong2018">de Jong 2018</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeracini201338-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeracini201338_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeracini2013">Veracini 2013</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/225947">"Introduction: Historical Landmarks in the Hundred Years' War on Palestine"</a>. <i>Institute for Palestine Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210620182759/https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/225947">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Historical+Landmarks+in+the+Hundred+Years%27+War+on+Palestine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestine-studies.org%2Fen%2Fnode%2F225947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElia_Zureik2016" class="citation book cs1">Elia Zureik (2016). "Chapter 2:Zionism and Colonialism". <i>Israel's Colonial Project in Palestine:Brutal Pursuit</i>. Routledge. pp. 49–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3156-6155-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3156-6155-1"><bdi>978-1-3156-6155-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Zionist project can be best described as a cumulative, colonial enterprise that has continued unabated since its inception</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3AZionism+and+Colonialism&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Colonial+Project+in+Palestine%3ABrutal+Pursuit&rft.pages=49-94&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-3156-6155-1&rft.au=Elia+Zureik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchezPita20141050-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESánchezPita20141050_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSánchezPita2014">Sánchez & Pita 2014</a>, p. 1050.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Critical_Sociology-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Critical_Sociology_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabbagh-Khoury2022Critical_Sociology_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSabbagh-Khoury2022">Sabbagh-Khoury 2022</a>, Critical Sociology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troen-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Troen_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Troen_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroen2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._Ilan_Troen" title="S. Ilan Troen">Troen, S. Ilan</a> (2007). "De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine". <i>Israel Affairs</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 872–884. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537120701445372">10.1080/13537120701445372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216148316">216148316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Affairs&rft.atitle=De-Judaizing+the+Homeland%3A+Academic+Politics+in+Rewriting+the+History+of+Palestine&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=872-884&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537120701445372&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216148316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Troen&rft.aufirst=S.+Ilan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroenTroen2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._Ilan_Troen" title="S. Ilan Troen">Troen, S. Ilan</a>; Troen, Carol (2019). "Indigeneity". <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Studies" title="Israel Studies">Israel Studies</a></i>. <b>24</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>: 17–32 (17). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fisraelstudies.24.2.02">10.2979/israelstudies.24.2.02</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1084-9513">1084-9513</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:262013035">262013035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies&rft.atitle=Indigeneity&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=17-32+%2817%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A262013035%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1084-9513&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fisraelstudies.24.2.02&rft.aulast=Troen&rft.aufirst=S.+Ilan&rft.au=Troen%2C+Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuessler2024" class="citation news cs1">Schuessler, Jennifer (22 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/arts/what-is-settler-colonialism.html">"What Is 'Settler Colonialism'?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240122111015/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/arts/what-is-settler-colonialism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+Is+%27Settler+Colonialism%27%3F&rft.date=2024-01-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Schuessler&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F01%2F22%2Farts%2Fwhat-is-settler-colonialism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaeth2024" class="citation web cs1">Spaeth, Ryu (23 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240929000354/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/ta-nehisi-coates-new-book-message-israel-palestine-complicated.html">"The Return of Ta-Nehisi Coates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">Intelligencer</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/ta-nehisi-coates-new-book-message-israel-palestine-complicated.html">the original</a> on 29 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligencer&rft.atitle=The+Return+of+Ta-Nehisi+Coates&rft.date=2024-09-23&rft.aulast=Spaeth&rft.aufirst=Ryu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fintelligencer%2Farticle%2Fta-nehisi-coates-new-book-message-israel-palestine-complicated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2024" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (5 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240926142200/https://jacobin.com/2024/05/rashid-khalidi-settler-colonialism-palestine">"Rashid Khalidi: Violent Settler Colonialism Caused This War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2024/05/rashid-khalidi-settler-colonialism-palestine">the original</a> on 26 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=Rashid+Khalidi%3A+Violent+Settler+Colonialism+Caused+This+War&rft.date=2024-07-05&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2024%2F05%2Frashid-khalidi-settler-colonialism-palestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha2012_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasalha2012">Masalha 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch2023" class="citation news cs1">Kirsch, Adam (26 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240823102214/https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/campus-radicals-and-leftist-groups-have-embraced-the-deadly-idea-of-settler-colonialism-b8e995be">"Campus Radicals and Leftist Groups Have Embraced the Idea of 'Settler Colonialism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/campus-radicals-and-leftist-groups-have-embraced-the-deadly-idea-of-settler-colonialism-b8e995be">the original</a> on 23 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Campus+Radicals+and+Leftist+Groups+Have+Embraced+the+Idea+of+%27Settler+Colonialism%27&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fcampus-radicals-and-leftist-groups-have-embraced-the-deadly-idea-of-settler-colonialism-b8e995be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2024/10/03/has-the-war-in-gaza-radicalised-young-palestinians">"Has the war in Gaza radicalised young Palestinians?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 3 October 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Has+the+war+in+Gaza+radicalised+young+Palestinians%3F&rft.date=2024-10-03&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbriefing%2F2024%2F10%2F03%2Fhas-the-war-in-gaza-radicalised-young-palestinians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous2021" class="citation journal cs1">Anonymous (2021). "Palestine Between German Memory Politics and (De-)Colonial Thought". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a></i>. <b>23</b> (3): 374–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1847852">10.1080/14623528.2020.1847852</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236962242">236962242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Palestine+Between+German+Memory+Politics+and+%28De-%29Colonial+Thought&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=374-382&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2020.1847852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236962242%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Anonymous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehar2020" class="citation book cs1">Behar, Moshe (2020). "Competing Marxisms, Cessation of (Settler) Colonialism, and the One-state Solution in Israel-Palestine". <i>The Arab and Jewish Questions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2315-5299-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2315-5299-8"><bdi>978-0-2315-5299-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Competing+Marxisms%2C+Cessation+of+%28Settler%29+Colonialism%2C+and+the+One-state+Solution+in+Israel-Palestine&rft.btitle=The+Arab+and+Jewish+Questions&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-2315-5299-8&rft.aulast=Behar&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusbridge2018" class="citation journal cs1">Busbridge, Rachel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263276416688544">"Israel-Palestine and the Settler Colonial 'Turn': From Interpretation to Decolonization"</a>. <i>Theory, Culture & Society</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 91–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263276416688544">10.1177/0263276416688544</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151793639">151793639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Israel-Palestine+and+the+Settler+Colonial+%27Turn%27%3A+From+Interpretation+to+Decolonization&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-115&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0263276416688544&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151793639%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Busbridge&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0263276416688544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2011" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230306288_12">"A Dream Deterred: Palestine from Total War to Total Peace"</a>. In Bateman, Fiona; Pilkington, Lionel (eds.). <i>Studies in Settler Colonialism: Politics, Identity and Culture</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 169–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230306288_12">10.1057/9780230306288_12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2303-0628-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2303-0628-8"><bdi>978-0-2303-0628-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2024</span>. <q>and as subsequent work (Finkelstein 1995; Massad 2005; Pappe 2006; Said 1992; Shafir 1989) has definitively established, the architects of Zionism were conscious and often unapologetic about their status as colonizers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Dream+Deterred%3A+Palestine+from+Total+War+to+Total+Peace&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Settler+Colonialism%3A+Politics%2C+Identity+and+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=169-185&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230306288_12&rft.isbn=978-0-2303-0628-8&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F9780230306288_12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegani2015" class="citation journal cs1">Degani, Arnon Yehuda (2015). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Settler+Colonialism%3A1848%2F1948%3A+Two+Watershed+Moments&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1039-1055&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faq.2014.0065&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145691918%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez&rft.aufirst=Rosaura&rft.au=Pita%2C+Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com%2Fsites.ucsc.edu%2Fdist%2Fd%2F435%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F01%2Fsanchez-pita-rethinking-settler-colonialism-1h2q3h4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeracini2013" class="citation journal cs1">Veracini, Lorenzo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/26216240">"The Other Shift: Settler Colonialism, Israel, and the Occupation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a></i>. <b>42</b> (2): 26–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2013.42.2.26">10.1525/jps.2013.42.2.26</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Other+Shift%3A+Settler+Colonialism%2C+Israel%2C+and+the+Occupation&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=26-42&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2013.42.2.26&rft.aulast=Veracini&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2F26216240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe, Patrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520601056240">"Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native"</a>. <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 387–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520601056240">10.1080/14623520601056240</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143873621">143873621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Settler+colonialism+and+the+elimination+of+the+native&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-409&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520601056240&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143873621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14623520601056240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegani2016" class="citation book cs1">Degani, Arnon (2016). "From Republic to Empire: Israel and the Palestinians after 1948". <i>The Routledge Handbook of the History of Settler Colonialism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 353–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1348-2847-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1348-2847-0"><bdi>978-1-1348-2847-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Republic+to+Empire%3A+Israel+and+the+Palestinians+after+1948&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Settler+Colonialism&rft.pages=353-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-1348-2847-0&rft.aulast=Degani&rft.aufirst=Arnon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2012" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, Adam J. (2012). "Locating Settler Colonialism". <i>Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History</i>. <b>13</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcch.2012.0035">10.1353/cch.2012.0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162637674">162637674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Colonialism+and+Colonial+History&rft.atitle=Locating+Settler+Colonialism&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcch.2012.0035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162637674%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Adam+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2011" class="citation book cs1">Hassan, Salah D. (2011). "Displaced Nations: Israeli Settlers and Palestinian Refugees". <i>Studies in Settler Colonialism: Politics, Identity and Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> UK. pp. 186–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2303-0628-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2303-0628-8"><bdi>978-0-2303-0628-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Displaced+Nations%3A+Israeli+Settlers+and+Palestinian+Refugees&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Settler+Colonialism%3A+Politics%2C+Identity+and+Culture&rft.pages=186-203&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-2303-0628-8&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Salah+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiser2022" class="citation book cs1">Kaiser, Max (2022). <i>Jewish Antifascism and the False Promise of Settler Colonialism</i>. Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0311-0122-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0311-0122-9"><bdi>978-3-0311-0122-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Antifascism+and+the+False+Promise+of+Settler+Colonialism&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-0311-0122-9&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (2020). <i>The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017</i>. Metropolitan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6277-9854-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6277-9854-9"><bdi>978-1-6277-9854-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years%27+War+on+Palestine%3A+A+History+of+Settler+Colonialism+and+Resistance%2C+1917%E2%80%932017&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-6277-9854-9&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakdisi2011" class="citation book cs1">Makdisi, Saree (2011). "Zionism Then and Now". <i>Studies in Settler Colonialism: Politics, Identity and Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> UK. pp. 237–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2303-0628-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2303-0628-8"><bdi>978-0-2303-0628-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zionism+Then+and+Now&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Settler+Colonialism%3A+Politics%2C+Identity+and+Culture&rft.pages=237-256&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-2303-0628-8&rft.aulast=Makdisi&rft.aufirst=Saree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopperl2018" class="citation journal cs1">Popperl, Simone (2018). "Geologies of Erasure: Sinkholes, Science, and Settler Colonialism at the Dead Sea". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 427–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002074381800082X">10.1017/S002074381800082X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165365500">165365500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Geologies+of+Erasure%3A+Sinkholes%2C+Science%2C+and+Settler+Colonialism+at+the+Dead+Sea&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=427-448&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002074381800082X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165365500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Popperl&rft.aufirst=Simone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafir2018" class="citation journal cs1">Shafir, G. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743817000915">"From Overt to Veiled Segregation: Israel's Palestinian Arab Citizens in the Galilee"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743817000915">10.1017/S0020743817000915</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166029058">166029058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Overt+to+Veiled+Segregation%3A+Israel%27s+Palestinian+Arab+Citizens+in+the+Galilee&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-22&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743817000915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166029058%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shafir&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0020743817000915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodorova2021" class="citation book cs1">Todorova, Teodora (2021). <i>Decolonial Solidarity in Palestine-Israel: Settler Colonialism and Resistance from Within</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7869-9642-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7869-9642-8"><bdi>978-1-7869-9642-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonial+Solidarity+in+Palestine-Israel%3A+Settler+Colonialism+and+Resistance+from+Within&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-7869-9642-8&rft.aulast=Todorova&rft.aufirst=Teodora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Wolfe" title="Patrick Wolfe">Wolfe, Patrick</a> (2016). <i>Traces of History: Elementary Structures of Race</i>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7816-8917-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7816-8917-2"><bdi>978-1-7816-8917-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traces+of+History%3A+Elementary+Structures+of+Race&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-7816-8917-2&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZionism+as+settler+colonialism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zionism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zionism" title="Template:Zionism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zionism" title="Template talk:Zionism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zionism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Homeland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Jewish_state" title="Proposals for a Jewish state">proposals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_and_Stockade" title="Tower and Stockade">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation of the Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zionism-template.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence"><img alt="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/45px-Zionism-template.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/68px-Zionism-template.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Zionism-template.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Zionism" title="Types of Zionism">Ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Zionism" title="Reform Zionism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Zionism" title="Federal Zionism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Zionism" title="Proto-Zionism">Proto-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Zionism" title="Non-Zionism">Non-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanism" title="Canaanism">Canaanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddishist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Golus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Zionist_organizations" title="Category:Zionist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilu_(movement)" title="Bilu (movement)">Bilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_General_Council" title="Zionist General Council">Zionist General Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Germany" title="Zionist Federation of Germany">Zionist Federation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_Canada" title="Zionist Organization of Canada">Zionist Organization of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionists_of_America" title="Religious Zionists of America">Religious Zionists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(political_party)" title="Mizrachi (political party)">Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Habonim Dror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HaNoar_HaTzioni" title="HaNoar HaTzioni">HaNoar HaTzioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)">Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Romania)" title="Jewish Party (Romania)">Jewish Party (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Resistance_Movement" title="Jewish Resistance Movement">Jewish Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Zionist_Organization" title="Women's International Zionist Organization">Women's International Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aytzim" title="Aytzim">Aytzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Zionist_Movement" title="American Zionist Movement">American Zionist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Foundation" title="Am Yisrael Foundation">Am Yisrael Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland">Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Zionist_Strategies" title="Institute for Zionist Strategies">Institute for Zionist Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fellowship_of_Christians_and_Jews" title="International Fellowship of Christians and Jews">International Fellowship of Christians and Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthright_Israel" title="Birthright Israel">Birthright Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">History and<br />timelines</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Chronology of Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">History of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">UN General Assembly Resolution 3379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_46/86" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86">UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">Timeline of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron" title="Yom HaZikaron">Yom HaZikaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Day" title="Herzl Day">Herzl Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky_Day" title="Jabotinsky Day">Jabotinsky Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_Day" title="Ben-Gurion Day">Ben-Gurion Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabin_Day" title="Rabin Day">Rabin Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zionists" title="List of Zionists">List of Zionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_one_inch" title="Not one inch">Not one inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_Judaism" title="Muscular Judaism">Muscular Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Muslim supporters of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_except_Palestine" title="Progressive except Palestine">Progressive except Palestine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zio_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zio (pejorative)">Zio (pejorative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Conservatism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Liberalism in Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_historiography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_historiography" title="Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_historiography" title="Template talk:Military historiography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_historiography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military historiography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_historiography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">Military history</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_museums" title="List of military museums">List of military museums</a></b></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-18th century<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade#Legacy" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catharism#Historical_and_current_scholarship" title="Catharism">Catharism debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">Crusades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_the_crusades" title="Islamic views on the crusades">Islamic views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Origins of the Eighty Years' War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon#Historiography" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars#Historiography" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />century conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coalition_Wars(1792–1815)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a><br />(1792–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_pre-revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French pre-revolution (page does not exist)">Pre-revolution</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Prérévolution française">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Russian_School_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Russian School (French Revolution) (page does not exist)">New Russian School</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_XVIII_%D0%B2." class="extiw" title="ru:«Новая русская школа» в историографии Французской революции XVIII в.">ru</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e#Historiography" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia#Historical_assessment" title="French invasion of Russia">Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo#Historical_importance" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li></ul></li> <li>Franco-Prussian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War" title="Causes of the Franco-Prussian War">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paris_Commune" title="Historiography of the Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857#Historiography" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Paraguayan_War" title="Historiography of the Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Historiography of the War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>War of the Pacific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_War_of_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of the War of the Pacific">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myth_of_English_aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myth of English aid (page does not exist)">Myth of English aid</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito_de_la_ayuda_inglesa" class="extiw" title="es:Mito de la ayuda inglesa">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Causes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Color_book" title="Color book">Color books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)#Fischer_thesis" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer thesis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Causes of the Armenian genocide">Causes of the Armenian genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriotic_consent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriotic consent (page does not exist)">Patriotic consent</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consentement_patriotique" class="extiw" title="fr:Consentement patriotique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_famine_of_1917%E2%80%931919" title="Persian famine of 1917–1919">Persian famine of 1917–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_keg_of_Europe" title="Powder keg of Europe">Powder keg of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieffen_Plan#History" title="Schlieffen Plan">Schlieffen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1917" title="Spirit of 1917">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_the_Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (page does not exist)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Историография Брестского мира">ru</a>]</span></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Treaty_ofVersailles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#Historical_assessments" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of<br />Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations#Analysis" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_inquiry_into_guilt_for_World_War_I" title="Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I">Reichstag inquiry</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_burning_of_Smyrna" title="Responsibility for the burning of Smyrna">Burning of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War#Aftermath_and_legacy" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Causes of the Polish–Soviet War">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spanish Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Background</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II" title="Historiography of World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg#Post-war_controversy" title="Blitzkrieg">"Blitzkrieg" concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad vs. narrow front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="Historiography of German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate" title="Nazi foreign policy debate">Nazi foreign policy debate</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact#Postwar_commentary_on_motives_of_Stalin_and_Hitler" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_offensive_plans_controversy" title="Soviet offensive plans controversy">Soviet offensive plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising#Soviet_stance" title="Warsaw Uprising">Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Historiography of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Winter_War" title="Aftermath of the Winter War">Winter War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Winter_War" title="Background of the Winter War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_the_Winter_War" title="Spirit of the Winter War">Spirit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">The Holocaust</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism–intentionalism debate</a></li> <li>In relation to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust#Historiography" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pius_Wars" title="Pius Wars">Pius Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22Polish_death_camp%22_controversy" title=""Polish death camp" controversy">"Polish death camp"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="Historiography of the Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">"Battle for Australia"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943#Historiography" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine</a></li> <li>Second Sino-Japanese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Nanjing_Massacre" title="Historiography of the Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Front</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Battle_of_France" title="Historiography of the Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sistancialisme" title="Résistancialisme">Résistancialisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historiography_of_Vichy_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historiography of Vichy France (page does not exist)">Vichy France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiographie_du_r%C3%A9gime_de_Vichy" class="extiw" title="fr:Historiographie du régime de Vichy">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">Cold War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war#Historiography" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malayan Emergency <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Background and causes of the Malayan Emergency">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of the Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li>Six-Day War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Six-Day_War" title="Origins of the Six-Day War">Origins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iranian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Iranian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Iranian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_and_memory_of_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Legacy and memory of the Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Falklands_War" title="Aftermath of the Falklands War">Falklands War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lankan civil war <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war">Origins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Cold War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Russo-Georgian War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Background of the Russo-Georgian War">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Russo-Georgian_War" title="Responsibility for the Russo-Georgian War">Responsibility</a></li></ul></li> <li>Syrian revolution <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_and_causes_of_the_Syrian_revolution" title="Background and causes of the Syrian revolution">Causes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_thesis" title="Conflict thesis">Conflict thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission" title="Historiography of gunpowder and gun transmission">Gunpowder and gun transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_mangonel_myth" title="Torsion mangonel myth">Torsion mangonel myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_genocide" title="War and genocide">War and genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_historiography" title="Category:Military historiography">Category</a></li></ul> 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