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href="#Warianty_eksperymentu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Warianty eksperymentu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warianty_eksperymentu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretacja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretacja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interpretacja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretacja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pierwotna_atmosfera_Ziemi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pierwotna_atmosfera_Ziemi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pierwotna atmosfera Ziemi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pierwotna_atmosfera_Ziemi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura_uzupełniająca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura_uzupełniająca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literatura uzupełniająca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura_uzupełniająca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eksperyment Stanleya Millera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 49 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B1-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="تجربة ميلر-يوري – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجربة ميلر-يوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="মিলার-উরের পরীক্ষা – bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিলার-উরের পরীক্ষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%80-%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Експеримент на Милър-Юри – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Експеримент на Милър-Юри" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiment_de_Miller_i_Urey" title="Experiment de Miller i Urey – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Experiment de Miller i Urey" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%C5%AFv%E2%80%93Urey%C5%AFv_experiment" title="Millerův–Ureyův experiment – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Millerův–Ureyův experiment" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey-eksperimentet" title="Miller-Urey-eksperimentet – duński" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Miller-Urey-eksperimentet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="duński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey-Experiment" title="Miller-Urey-Experiment – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Miller-Urey-Experiment" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1_Miller-Urey" title="Πείραμα Miller-Urey – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πείραμα Miller-Urey" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment" title="Miller–Urey experiment – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Miller–Urey experiment" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimento_de_Miller_y_Urey" title="Experimento de Miller y Urey – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Experimento de Miller y Urey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey_esperimentua" title="Miller-Urey esperimentua – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Miller-Urey esperimentua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%E2%80%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آزمایش میلر–یوری – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمایش میلر–یوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9rience_de_Miller-Urey" title="Expérience de Miller-Urey – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expérience de Miller-Urey" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimento_de_Miller_e_Urey" title="Experimento de Miller e Urey – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Experimento de Miller e Urey" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%80%EB%9F%AC%EC%99%80_%EC%9C%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%9D%98_%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98" title="밀러와 유리의 실험 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="밀러와 유리의 실험" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80-%D5%88%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B5_%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B1" title="Միլլեր-Ուրեյ փորձ – ormiański" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միլլեր-Ուրեյ փորձ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ormiański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Ureyev_eksperiment" title="Miller-Ureyev eksperiment – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Miller-Ureyev eksperiment" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percobaan_Miller%E2%80%93Urey" title="Percobaan Miller–Urey – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Percobaan Miller–Urey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperimento_di_Miller-Urey" title="Esperimento di Miller-Urey – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esperimento di Miller-Urey" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A8-%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="ניסוי מילר-יורי – hebrajski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניסוי מילר-יורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milerio-Ur%C4%97jaus_eksperimentas" title="Milerio-Urėjaus eksperimentas – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Milerio-Urėjaus eksperimentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey-k%C3%ADs%C3%A9rlet" title="Miller–Urey-kísérlet – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Miller–Urey-kísérlet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Милер-Јуриев опит – macedoński" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Милер-Јуриев опит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BC-%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="മില്ലർ-യൂറി പരീക്ഷണം – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മില്ലർ-യൂറി പരീക്ഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მილერი-იურიშ ექსპერიმენტი – megrelski" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მილერი-იურიშ ექსპერიმენტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megrelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey-experiment" title="Miller-Urey-experiment – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Miller-Urey-experiment" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC-%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%9F%E9%A8%93" title="ユーリー-ミラーの実験 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーリー-ミラーの実験" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey-eksperimentet" title="Miller-Urey-eksperimentet – norweski (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Miller-Urey-eksperimentet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norweski (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0-%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਿੱਲਰ-ਯੂਰੀ ਤਜਰਬਾ – pendżabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿੱਲਰ-ਯੂਰੀ ਤਜਰਬਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendżabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experi%C3%AAncia_de_Miller_e_Urey" title="Experiência de Miller e Urey – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Experiência de Miller e Urey" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimentul_Miller%E2%80%93Urey" title="Experimentul Miller–Urey – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Experimentul Miller–Urey" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%E2%80%94_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Эксперимент Миллера — Юри – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эксперимент Миллера — Юри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment" title="Miller–Urey experiment – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Miller–Urey experiment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millerov-Ureyho_experiment" title="Millerov-Ureyho experiment – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Millerov-Ureyho experiment" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Ureyev_poskus" title="Miller–Ureyev poskus – słoweński" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Miller–Ureyev poskus" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="słoweński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1_%E2%80%93_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تاقیکردنەوەی میلەر – یوری – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تاقیکردنەوەی میلەر – یوری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Милер-Јуријев експеримент – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Милер-Јуријев експеримент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Ureyjev_eksperiment" title="Miller–Ureyjev eksperiment – serbsko-chorwacki" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Miller–Ureyjev eksperiment" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbsko-chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureyn%E2%80%93Millerin_koe" title="Ureyn–Millerin koe – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ureyn–Millerin koe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Urey-experimentet" title="Miller-Urey-experimentet – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Miller-Urey-experimentet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Wygląd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Eksperyment Stanleya Millera</b> (lub Millera–Ureya) – klasyczny eksperyment <a href="/wiki/Pochodzenie_%C5%BCycia" title="Pochodzenie życia">powstania życia</a> na Ziemi. Wykonany został w 1953 roku przez <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Miller" title="Stanley Miller">Stanleya Millera</a> w laboratorium <a href="/wiki/Harold_Clayton_Urey" title="Harold Clayton Urey">Harolda C. Ureya</a> na <a href="/wiki/Uniwersytet_Chicagowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniwersytet Chicagowski">Uniwersytecie Chicagowskim</a>. Polegał na symulowaniu hipotetycznych warunków środowiska wczesnej <a href="/wiki/Ziemia" title="Ziemia">Ziemi</a> i testował możliwość zaistnienia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewolucja_chemiczna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewolucja chemiczna (strona nie istnieje)">ewolucji chemicznej</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>. </p><p>Założenia eksperymentu opierały się na <a href="/wiki/Hipoteza" title="Hipoteza">hipotezie</a> wysuniętej przez <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Oparin" title="Aleksandr Oparin">Aleksandra Oparina</a> i <a href="/wiki/John_B.S._Haldane" title="John B.S. Haldane">Johna Haldane'a</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipoteza_Oparina-Haldane%27a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipoteza Oparina-Haldane'a (strona nie istnieje)">hipoteza Oparina-Haldane'a</a>), że <a href="/wiki/Redukcja_(chemia)" title="Redukcja (chemia)">redukcyjna</a> <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosfera</a> Ziemi w owym czasie sprzyjała syntezie <a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zki_organiczne" title="Związki organiczne">związków organicznych</a> z nieorganicznych prekursorów. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przebieg_eksperymentu">Przebieg eksperymentu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przebieg eksperymentu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przebieg eksperymentu"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Substancje wyjściowe</b>: <a href="/wiki/Woda" title="Woda">woda</a> (H<sub>2</sub>O), <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metan</a> (CH<sub>4</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Amoniak" title="Amoniak">amoniak</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>) i <a href="/wiki/Wod%C3%B3r" title="Wodór">wodór</a> (H<sub>2</sub>) </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Miller-Urey_experiment-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Miller-Urey_experiment-en.svg/200px-Miller-Urey_experiment-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Miller-Urey_experiment-en.svg/300px-Miller-Urey_experiment-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Miller-Urey_experiment-en.svg/400px-Miller-Urey_experiment-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Schemat eksperymentu</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aparatura</b>: sterylny układ dwóch <a href="/wiki/Kolba_(chemia)" title="Kolba (chemia)">kolb</a> szklanych, jednej wypełnionej częściowo wodą, drugiej zawierającej <a href="/wiki/Elektroda" title="Elektroda">elektrody</a>, pomiędzy którymi przepuszczano wyładowania elektryczne (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81uk_elektryczny" title="Łuk elektryczny">łuk elektryczny</a>) symulujące <a href="/wiki/Wy%C5%82adowanie_elektryczne" title="Wyładowanie elektryczne">wyładowania elektryczne</a> w atmosferze. Para z podgrzewanej kolby dolnej mieszała się z doprowadzanymi z zewnątrz <a href="/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz">gazami</a>, następnie poddawana była działaniu wyładowań elektrycznych w górnym naczyniu, następnie po schłodzeniu w <a href="/wiki/Wymiennik_ciep%C5%82a" title="Wymiennik ciepła">chłodnicy</a> powracała do pierwszego naczynia. </p><p><b>Wyniki</b>: po tygodniu trwania eksperymentu 10-15% <a href="/wiki/W%C4%99giel_(pierwiastek)" title="Węgiel (pierwiastek)">węgla</a> doprowadzonego do systemu znajdowało się w <a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zki_organiczne" title="Związki organiczne">związkach organicznych</a>. Dwa procent węgla utworzyło 13 <a href="/wiki/Aminokwasy" title="Aminokwasy">aminokwasów</a> z 20-22 budujących <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ka" title="Białka">białka</a> w <a href="/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm">organizmach żywych</a>. Najczęstszym znajdowanym aminokwasem była <a href="/wiki/Glicyna" title="Glicyna">glicyna</a> (najprostszy aminokwas). Badania prowadzono za pomocą <a href="/wiki/Chromatografia_bibu%C5%82owa" title="Chromatografia bibułowa">chromatografii bibułowej</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>) </p><p>W październiku <a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a> roku przebadano ponownie wyniki oryginalnych eksperymentów Millera stosując współczesne metody badawcze. Nowe wyniki wykazały, że w jednym z eksperymentów Millera powstały aż 22 różne aminokwasy<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ilości zidentyfikowanych <a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zki_organiczne" title="Związki organiczne">związków organicznych</a> powstałych z wyjściowych 59 <a href="/wiki/Mol" title="Mol">moli</a> metanu </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Produkt </th> <th>Wzór chemiczny </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Liczno%C5%9B%C4%87_materii" title="Liczność materii">Liczność substancji</a><br />[μmol] </th> <th>Liczba atomów węgla </th> <th>Liczność atomów węgla<br />[μmol] </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwas_mr%C3%B3wkowy" title="Kwas mrówkowy">kwas mrówkowy</a> </td> <td>HCOOH </td> <td>2330 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2330 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glicyna" title="Glicyna">glicyna</a>* </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>N-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH </td> <td>630 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1260 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwas_hydroksyoctowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwas hydroksyoctowy (strona nie istnieje)">kwas hydroksyoctowy</a> </td> <td>HO-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH </td> <td>560 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1120 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alanina" title="Alanina">alanina</a>* </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>N-CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)-COOH </td> <td>340 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwas_mlekowy" title="Kwas mlekowy">kwas mlekowy</a> </td> <td>HO-CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)-COOH </td> <td>310 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>930 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanina" title="Β-Alanina">β-alanina</a> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>N-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH </td> <td>150 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>450 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwas_octowy" title="Kwas octowy">kwas octowy</a> </td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>-COOH </td> <td>150 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwas_propionowy" title="Kwas propionowy">kwas propionowy</a> </td> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>-COOH </td> <td>130 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>390 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwas_iminodioctowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwas iminodioctowy (strona nie istnieje)">kwas iminodioctowy</a> </td> <td>HOOC-CH<sub>2</sub>-NH-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH </td> <td>55 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>220 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarkozyna" title="Sarkozyna">sarkozyna</a> </td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>-NH-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH </td> <td>50 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwas_%CE%B1-aminomas%C5%82owy" title="Kwas α-aminomasłowy">kwas α-aminomasłowy</a> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>N-CH(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)-COOH </td> <td>50 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwas_%CE%B1-hydroksymas%C5%82owy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwas α-hydroksymasłowy (strona nie istnieje)">kwas α-hydroksymasłowy</a> </td> <td>HO-CH(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)-COOH </td> <td>50 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwas_bursztynowy" title="Kwas bursztynowy">kwas bursztynowy</a> </td> <td>HOOC-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH </td> <td>40 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>160 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mocznik" title="Mocznik">mocznik</a> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>N-CO-NH<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>20 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-metylomocznik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-metylomocznik (strona nie istnieje)">N-metylomocznik</a> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>N-CO-NH-CH<sub>3</sub> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwas_3-azaadypinowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwas 3-azaadypinowy (strona nie istnieje)">kwas 3-azaadypinowy</a> </td> <td>HOOC-CH<sub>2</sub>-NH-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-COOH </td> <td>15 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-metyloalanina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-metyloalanina (strona nie istnieje)">N-metyloalanina</a> </td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>-NH-CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)-COOH </td> <td>10 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwas_glutaminowy" title="Kwas glutaminowy">kwas glutaminowy</a>* </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>N-CH(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>COOH)-COOH </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwas_asparaginowy" title="Kwas asparaginowy">kwas asparaginowy</a>* </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>N-CH(CH<sub>2</sub>COOH)-COOH </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwas_%CE%B1-aminoizomas%C5%82owy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwas α-aminoizomasłowy (strona nie istnieje)">kwas α-aminoizomasłowy</a> </td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>N-C(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>-COOH </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td><div align="right">Suma: </div> </td> <td>4916 </td> <td>  </td> <td>8944 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>*<a href="/wiki/Aminokwasy_bia%C5%82kowe" title="Aminokwasy białkowe">Aminokwasy białkowe</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warianty_eksperymentu">Warianty eksperymentu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Warianty eksperymentu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Warianty eksperymentu"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>źródło węgla: <a href="/wiki/Tlenek_w%C4%99gla" title="Tlenek węgla">tlenek węgla</a> (CO) lub <a href="/wiki/Dwutlenek_w%C4%99gla" title="Dwutlenek węgla">dwutlenek węgla</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) zamiast <a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">metanu</a></li> <li>źródło <a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot">azotu</a>: N<sub>2</sub> zamiast <a href="/wiki/Amoniak" title="Amoniak">amoniaku</a></li> <li>źródło energii: promieniowanie <a href="/wiki/Ultrafiolet" title="Ultrafiolet">UV</a> zamiast <a href="/wiki/Wy%C5%82adowanie_elektryczne" title="Wyładowanie elektryczne">wyładowań elektrycznych</a></li></ul> <p>Rezultaty odpowiadały oryginalnemu eksperymentowi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretacja">Interpretacja</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Interpretacja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Interpretacja"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Był to pierwszy eksperyment wykazujący możliwość uzyskania prostych podstawowych składników <a href="/wiki/Organizm" title="Organizm">organizmów żywych</a> z materii nieożywionej. Utorował on drogę dla szeregu podobnych eksperymentów. W <a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a> r. Joan Oró uzyskał aminokwasy z <a href="/wiki/Cyjanowod%C3%B3r" title="Cyjanowodór">cyjanowodoru</a> (HCN) i amoniaku w <a href="/wiki/Roztw%C3%B3r" title="Roztwór">roztworze</a> wodnym, uzyskując także znaczne ilości <a href="/wiki/Adenina" title="Adenina">adeniny</a>. Późniejsze eksperymenty<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unikaj_wyra%C5%BCe%C5%84_zwodniczych" title="Wikipedia:Unikaj wyrażeń zwodniczych">czyje?</a>]</sup> wykazały, że inne zasady <a href="/wiki/Kwasy_rybonukleinowe" title="Kwasy rybonukleinowe">RNA</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kwas_deoksyrybonukleinowy" title="Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy">DNA</a> mogą być uzyskane w symulowanym prebiotycznym środowisku w atmosferze redukcyjnej. </p><p>W mieszaninie znajdowały się także inne, niewystępujące w organizmach żywych aminokwasy tworzące minipeptydy z innymi aminokwasami. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pierwotna_atmosfera_Ziemi">Pierwotna atmosfera Ziemi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj sekcję: Pierwotna atmosfera Ziemi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Pierwotna atmosfera Ziemi"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Doświadczenie Millera zakłada, że pierwotna <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_Ziemi" title="Atmosfera Ziemi">atmosfera Ziemi</a> była silnie redukująca. W atmosferze obojętnej – postulowanej obecnie przez niektórych geochemików – wydajność reakcji syntezy <a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zki_organiczne" title="Związki organiczne">związków organicznych</a>, a przede wszystkim aminokwasów zmniejsza się o kilka <a href="/wiki/Rz%C4%85d_wielko%C5%9Bci" title="Rząd wielkości">rzędów wielkości</a>. </p> <ul><li>Zobacz też: <a href="/wiki/Zupa_pierwotna" title="Zupa pierwotna">Zupa pierwotna</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stanley L. Miller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090318095830/http://www.issol.org/miller/miller1953.pdf"><em>Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions</em></a>. „<a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a>”. 117 (3046), s. 528, 1953. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.117.3046.528">10.1126/science.117.3046.528</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13056598">13056598</a>. [zarchiwizowane z <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issol.org/miller/miller1953.pdf">adresu</a>].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Production+of+Amino+Acids+Under+Possible+Primitive+Earth+Conditions&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BScience%5D%5D&rft.date=1953&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=%7B%7B%7Bnumer%7D%7D%7D&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Stanley+L.&rft.pages=528&rft_id=info:pmid/13056598&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.117.3046.528&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.issol.org%2Fmiller%2Fmiller1953.pdf"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stanley L. Miller, Harold C. Urey. <em>Organic Compound Synthesis on the Primitive Earth</em>. „Science”. 130 (3370), s. 245, 1959. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.130.3370.245">10.1126/science.130.3370.245</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13668555">13668555</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Organic+Compound+Synthesis+on+the+Primitive+Earth&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.date=1959&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=%7B%7B%7Bnumer%7D%7D%7D&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Stanley+L.&rft.pages=245&rft_id=info:pmid/13668555&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.130.3370.245"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ferrris Jabr. <em>Święto nauki</em>. „<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awiat_Nauki" title="Świat Nauki">Świat Nauki</a>”. nr. 7 (239), s. 42-51, lipiec 2011. Prószyński Media. <span class="issn"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0867-6380">0867-6380</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C5%9Awi%C4%99to+nauki&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%C5%9Awiat+Nauki%5D%5D&rft.date=lipiec+2011&rft.volume=nr.+7+%28239%29&rft.aulast=Jabr&rft.aufirst=Ferrris&rft.pages=42-51&rft.issn=0867-6380"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> za <cite class="citation journal">George Wald. <em>Początki życia</em>. „<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awiat_Nauki" title="Świat Nauki">Świat Nauki</a>”, sierpień 1954. Prószyński Media. <span class="issn"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0867-6380">0867-6380</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pocz%C4%85tki+%C5%BCycia&rft.jtitle=%5B%5B%C5%9Awiat+Nauki%5D%5D&rft.date=sierpie%C5%84+1954&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=George&rft.issn=0867-6380"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet="">brak numeru strony</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14966-volcanic-lightning-may-have-sparked-life-on-earth/">Volcanic lightning may have sparked life on Earth</a> New Scientist <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura_uzupełniająca"><span id="Literatura_uzupe.C5.82niaj.C4.85ca"></span>Literatura uzupełniająca</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj sekcję: Literatura uzupełniająca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Literatura uzupełniająca"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">J.L. Bada, A. Lazcano. <em>Stanley Miller's 70th Birthday</em>. „Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere”. 30, s. 107–12, 2000. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006746205180">10.1023/A:1006746205180</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stanley+Miller%27s+70th+Birthday&rft.jtitle=Origins+of+Life+and+Evolution+of+the+Biosphere&rft.date=2000&rft.volume=30&rft.au=J.L.+Bada%2C+A.+Lazcano&rft.pages=107%E2%80%9312&rft_id=info:doi/10.1023%2FA%3A1006746205180"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Eksperyment" title="Eksperyment">eksperyment</a></span>):</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Miller-Urey-experiment">topic/Miller-Urey-experiment</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera&oldid=69248354">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eksperyment_Stanleya_Millera&oldid=69248354</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Biochemia" title="Kategoria:Biochemia">Biochemia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Eksperymenty_naukowe" title="Kategoria:Eksperymenty naukowe">Eksperymenty naukowe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Powstanie_%C5%BCycia" title="Kategoria:Powstanie życia">Powstanie życia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ukryta kategoria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Szablon_cytowania_czasopisma_%E2%80%93_brak_numeru_strony" title="Kategoria:Szablon cytowania czasopisma – brak numeru strony">Szablon cytowania czasopisma – brak numeru strony</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tę stronę ostatnio edytowano 8 sty 2023, 23:30.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst udostępniany na licencji <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.pl">Creative Commons: uznanie autorstwa, na tych samych warunkach</a>, z możliwością obowiązywania dodatkowych ograniczeń. 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