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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early U.S. recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_U.S._recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dutch Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Morocco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_peace_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_peace_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>British peace initiatives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-British_peace_initiatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle British peace initiatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-British_peace_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staten_Island_Peace_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Staten Island Peace Conference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staten_Island_Peace_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carlisle_Peace_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carlisle_Peace_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Carlisle Peace Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carlisle_Peace_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinton–Arbuthnot_Peace_Declaration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinton–Arbuthnot_Peace_Declaration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Clinton–Arbuthnot Peace Declaration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinton–Arbuthnot_Peace_Declaration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relations with Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutrals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutrals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Neutrals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutrals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_of_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_of_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Peace of Paris</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Peace_of_Paris-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Peace of Paris subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Peace_of_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_path_to_negotiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_path_to_negotiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The path to negotiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_path_to_negotiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_negotiation_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_negotiation_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>The negotiation process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_negotiation_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_government_changes_again" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_government_changes_again"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>British government changes again</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_government_changes_again-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_manoeuvres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_manoeuvres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Diplomatic manoeuvres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_manoeuvres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Powers_at_war_and_peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Powers_at_war_and_peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Great Powers at war and peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Powers_at_war_and_peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain's_response_to_the_deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain's_response_to_the_deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Britain's response to the deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain's_response_to_the_deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Treaty of Paris</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treaty_of_Paris-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treaty of Paris subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preliminary_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preliminary_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Preliminary agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preliminary_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>The agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_texts_(French_and_English)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_texts_(French_and_English)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Full texts (French and English)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_texts_(French_and_English)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Treaty enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._ministers_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._ministers_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5.1</span> <span>U.S. ministers abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._ministers_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5.3</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5.4</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ragusa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ragusa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5.5</span> <span>Ragusa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ragusa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Role of Diplomacy in American Independence</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_diplomatic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States diplomatic history">Timeline of United States diplomatic history</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a> was central to the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and the broader <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">outbreak of armed conflict</a> in April 1775, the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> had initially sought to <a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">resolve their disputes peacefully</a> from within the British political system. Once open hostilities began, the war developed an international dimension, as both sides engaged in foreign diplomacy to further their goals, while governments and nations worldwide took interest in the geopolitical and ideological implications of the conflict. </p><p>American diplomacy focused primarily on securing assistance to counter Great Britain's greater strategic, military, and manpower advantages;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the British, who generally regarded the conflict as a civil war,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prioritized containing these diplomatic overtures while also leveraging relations with various Native American tribes and <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">German states</a>. </p><p>In November 1775, the American <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a> as a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">foreign ministry</a> to garner international support and clandestine aid.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">declaring independence</a> in July 1776, the United States asserted its "international legal sovereignty",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pursuing a formal and independent <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> that prioritized political legitimacy through diplomatic recognition;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Committee of Secret Correspondence became the Committee for Foreign Affairs in April 1777. Several key American political leaders—mostly notably Bejamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and James Madison—served in varying capacities as diplomats during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporaneous observers, including many founders of the United States, as well as subsequent historians, recognized that American diplomacy was integral to the success American Revolutionary.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alliances with several foreign powers—particularly France and Spain—provided decisive war material, funds, and troops while also isolating Britain globally and spreading thin its military; the decisive <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Battle of Yorktown</a> in 1781, which essentially ended the war in the United States' favor, was won largely with the help of French troops and naval forces. </p><p>By contrast, by the start of the revolutionary war, Great Britain had become diplomatically isolated following years of conflict and hostility with most European powers; its inability to muster international support, coupled with the Americans' exploitation of widespread antipathy towards the British, was a major factor in its defeat. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continental_Congressional_diplomacy">Continental Congressional diplomacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Continental Congressional diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_diplomatic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States diplomatic history">Timeline of United States diplomatic history</a></div> <p>Before the Revolutionary war, extra-colonial relations were handled in London, where the colonies dispatched agents on their behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonies were subject to European peace settlements, settlements with Indian tribes, and inter-colony (between colonies) agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1772, several colonies formed <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Correspondence">Committees of Correspondence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a> enacted the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a>, in 1773, and after the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Port_Act" title="Boston Port Act">Boston Port Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Government_Act" title="Massachusetts Government Act">Massachusetts Government Act</a>, (or <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a>), in 1774. The <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> established a Committee of Correspondence, which in 1789, became the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (United States)">Department of Foreign Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conciliatory_Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conciliatory Resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">Lord North</a> took the uncharacteristic role of conciliator for the drafting of a resolution which was passed on February 20, 1775. It was an attempt to reach a peaceful settlement with the Thirteen Colonies immediately prior to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>; it declared that any colony that contributed to the common defense and provided support for the civil government, and the administration of justice (i.e. against any anti-Crown rebellion) would be relieved of paying taxes or duties except those necessary for the regulation of commerce; it was addressed and sent to the individual colonies, and intentionally ignored the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>. </p><p>Lord North hoped to divide the colonists amongst themselves, and thus weaken any revolution/independence movements (especially those represented by the Continental Congress). </p><p>The resolution proved to be "too little, too late", and the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> began at <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington</a>, on April 19, 1775. The Continental Congress released a report—written by Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Richard Henry Lee—dated July 31, 1775, rejecting it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olive_Branch_Petition">Olive Branch Petition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Olive Branch Petition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></div> <p>When the Second Continental Congress convened in May 1775, most delegates followed <a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson_(Pennsylvania_and_Delaware)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dickinson (Pennsylvania and Delaware)">John Dickinson</a> in his quest to reconcile with <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a> of Great Britain. However, a smaller group of delegates led by <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> believed that war was inevitable (or had already started) but remained quiet. This decision allowed John Dickinson, and his followers to pursue whatever means of reconciliation they wanted: the Olive Branch Petition was approved. It was first drafted by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Johnson (jurist)">Thomas Johnson</a>, but John Dickinson found the language too offensive, and he rewrote most of the document, although some of the conclusions remained. The letter was approved on 5 July, but signed and sent to London, on 8 July 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appealed to George III by saying that the colonists were upset with ministerial policy, not the king's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters_to_the_inhabitants_of_Canada">Letters to the inhabitants of Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Letters to the inhabitants of Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Letters_to_the_inhabitants_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters to the inhabitants of Canada">Letters to the inhabitants of Canada</a></div> <p>In 1774, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">British Parliament</a> enacted the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a>, along with other legislation that was labeled by American colonists as the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a>. This measure guaranteed (among other things) the rights of French Canadians to practice Roman Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Letters to the inhabitants of Canada were three letters written by the First and Second Continental Congresses in 1774, 1775, and 1776 to communicate directly with the population of the Province of Quebec, formerly the French province of Canada, which had no representative system at the time. Their purpose was to draw the large French-speaking population to the American revolutionary cause. This goal ultimately failed, and Quebec, along with the other northern provinces of British America remained in British hands. The only significant assistance that was gained was the recruitment of two regiments totaling less than 1,000 men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Envoys_to_France">Envoys to France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Envoys to France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1775, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Julien_Alexandre_Achard_de_Bonvouloir" title="Julien Alexandre Achard de Bonvouloir">Julien Alexandre Achard de Bonvouloir</a>, a secret messenger to sound out the Continental Congress. He met with the Committee of Secret Correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in 1776, <a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Silas Deane</a> was sent to France, by Congress in a semi-official capacity, to induce the French government to lend its financial aid to the colonies. On arriving in Paris, Deane at once opened negotiations with Vergennes, and <a href="/wiki/Beaumarchais" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a>, securing through <a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Roderigue Hortalez and Company</a>, the shipment of many arms and munitions to America. He also enlisted the services of a number of Continental soldiers of fortune, among whom were <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a>, Baron <a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">Johann de Kalb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Conway" title="Thomas Conway">Thomas Conway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski" title="Casimir Pulaski">Casimir Pulaski</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baron_von_Steuben" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron von Steuben">Baron von Steuben</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lee_(diplomat)" title="Arthur Lee (diplomat)">Arthur Lee</a>, was appointed correspondent of Congress in London in 1775. He was dispatched as an envoy to Spain and Prussia to gain their support for the rebel cause.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> strongly disliked the British, and impeded its war effort in subtle ways, such as blocking the passage of Hessians. However, British trade was too important to lose, and there was risk of attack from Austria, so he pursued a peace policy and officially maintained strict neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain was willing to make war on Britain but pulled back from full-scale support of the American cause because it intensely disliked <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, which was a threat to its Latin American Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 26, 1776, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> was dispatched to France as commissioner for the United States. Franklin remained in France until 1785. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_U.S._recognition">Early U.S. recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early U.S. recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_Republic">Dutch Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dutch Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erkenning_onafhankelijkheid_Verenigde_Staten_foto2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Erkenning_onafhankelijkheid_Verenigde_Staten_foto2.JPG/220px-Erkenning_onafhankelijkheid_Verenigde_Staten_foto2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Erkenning_onafhankelijkheid_Verenigde_Staten_foto2.JPG/330px-Erkenning_onafhankelijkheid_Verenigde_Staten_foto2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Erkenning_onafhankelijkheid_Verenigde_Staten_foto2.JPG/440px-Erkenning_onafhankelijkheid_Verenigde_Staten_foto2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Coin minted for <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> in 1782 to celebrate recognition of the United States as an independent nation by The Netherlands; one of three coins minted for John Adams in 1782 (on his ambassador status, on Dutch recognition of the US, and for the Dutch-US trade treaty); all three are in the coin collection of the <a href="/wiki/Teylers_Museum" title="Teylers Museum">Teylers Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1776, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a> was the first country to salute the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">flag of the United States</a>, leading to growing British suspicions of the Dutch. In 1778, the Dutch refused to be bullied into taking Britain's side in the war against France. The Dutch were major suppliers of the Americans. In 13 months from 1778 to 1779, for example, 3,182 ships cleared the Dutch island of <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a> in the West Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the British started to search all Dutch shipping for weapons for the rebels, the Republic officially adopted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Armed_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed neutrality">armed neutrality</a>. Britain declared war in December 1780,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the Dutch could join the <a href="/wiki/First_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="First League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a>. This resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a>, which diverted British resources, but ultimately confirmed the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1782, John Adams negotiated loans of $2 million for war supplies, by Dutch bankers. On March 28, 1782, after a petition campaign on behalf of the American cause organised by Adams and the Dutch patriot politician <a href="/wiki/Joan_van_der_Capellen" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan van der Capellen">Joan van der Capellen</a>, the United Netherlands recognized American independence, and subsequently signed a treaty of commerce and friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morocco">Morocco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morocco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_III_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed III of Morocco">Mohammed III of Morocco</a> declared on 20 December 1777 that American merchant ships would be under the protection of the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and could thus enjoy safe passage. The <a href="/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship">Moroccan-American Treaty of Friendship</a> in 1786 became the oldest non-broken U.S. friendship treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance (1778)</a></div> <p>The Franco-American Alliance (also called the Treaty of Alliance) was a pact between France and the Second Continental Congress, representing the United States government, ratified in May 1778. </p><p>Franklin, with his <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/charm_offensive" class="extiw" title="wikt:charm offensive">charm offensive</a>, was negotiating with Vergennes, for increasing French support, beyond the covert loans and French volunteers. With the American victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saratoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saratoga">Battle of Saratoga</a>, the French formalized the alliance against their British enemy; <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Alexandre_G%C3%A9rard_de_Rayneval" title="Conrad Alexandre Gérard de Rayneval">Conrad Alexandre Gérard de Rayneval</a> conducted the negotiations with the American representatives, Franklin, <a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Silas Deane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lee_(diplomat)" title="Arthur Lee (diplomat)">Arthur Lee</a>. Signed on February 6, 1778, it was a defensive alliance where the two parties agreed to aid each other in the event of British attack. Further, neither country would make a separate peace with London, until the independence of the Thirteen Colonies was recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French strategy was ambitious, and even a large-scale invasion of Britain was contemplated. France believed it could defeat the British within two years.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1778, Gérard de Rayneval sailed to America with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hector,_comte_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing">d'Estaing</a>'s fleet; he received his first audience of Congress on August 6, 1778, as the first accredited Minister from France to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_peace_initiatives">British peace initiatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: British peace initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staten_Island_Peace_Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Staten Island Peace Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></div> <p>The Staten Island Peace Conference was a brief and unsuccessful meeting designed to bring an end to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. The conference took place on September 11, 1776, on <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Staten Island, New York">Staten Island, New York</a>. </p><p>In early September 1776, after the British victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Admiral Lord Howe</a>, having been appointed Acting Peace Commissioner by King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a>, met with <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a> to hold discussions. Lord Howe initially sought to meet the men as private citizens (he had known Franklin prior to the war), but he agreed to the Americans' demand that he recognize them as the official representatives of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans insisted for any negotiations to require British recognition of their independence. Lord Howe stated that he did not have the authority to meet their demand.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British resumed the campaign at the <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Kip%27s_Bay" title="Landing at Kip's Bay">Landing at Kip's Bay</a>. </p><p>The commission was mandated by the Crown to offer the rebel Americans pardons with some exceptions, to allow judges to serve on condition of good behaviour, and to promise to discuss colonial grievances (except the Quebec Act) in exchange for a ceasefire, the dissolution of the Continental Congress, the re-establishment of the prewar (traditional) colonial assemblies, the acceptance of Lord North's Conciliatory Proposal, and compensation for the Loyalists who had been adversely affected by the war.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carlisle_Peace_Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Carlisle Peace Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></div> <p>In 1778, after the British defeat at Saratoga (concluded Oct. 17, 1777) and fearful of French recognition of American independence, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a> had repealed (February 1778) the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Government_Act" title="Massachusetts Government Act">Massachusetts Government Act</a>. As far as the Americans were concerned, it was far too late. </p><p>A commission was sent to negotiate a settlement with the Americans and was organized by <a href="/wiki/William_Eden,_1st_Baron_Auckland" title="William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland">William Eden</a>, with <a href="/wiki/George_Johnstone_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="George Johnstone (Royal Navy officer)">George Johnstone</a>, and headed by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Howard,_5th_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle">Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they left only after news of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a> had reached London. Arriving in Philadelphia, the Commission sent a package of proposals to Congress. Among the terms of the commission, it was proposed: </p> <blockquote><p>More effectually to demonstrate our good intentions, we think proper to declare, even in this our first communication, that we are disposed to concur in every satisfactory and just arrangement towards the following among other purposes: To consent to a cessation of hostilities, both by sea and land. To restore free intercourse, to revive mutual affection, and restore the common benefits of naturalisation through the several parts of this empire. To extend every freedom to trade that our respective interests can require. To agree that no military force shall be kept up in the different states of North America, without the consent of the general congress, or particular assemblies. To concur in measures calculated to discharge the debts of America, and raise the value and credit of the paper circulation. To perpetuate our union, by a reciprocal deputation of an agent or agents from the different states, who shall have the privilege of a seat and voice in the parliament of Great Britain; or, if sent from Britain, to have in that case a seat and voice in the assemblies of the different states to which they may be deputed respectively, in order to attend to the several interests of those by whom they are deputed. In short, to establish the power of the respective legislatures in each particular state, to settle its revenue, its civil and military establishment, and to exercise a perfect freedom of legislation and internal government, so that the British states throughout North America, acting with us in peace and war, under our common sovereign, may have the irrevocable enjoyment of every privilege that is short of a total separation of interest, or consistent with that union of force, on which the safety of our common religion and liberty depends.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> had left Philadelphia for New York, which stiffened the resolve of Congress to insist upon recognition of independence, a power that had not been given to the commission.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinton–Arbuthnot_Peace_Declaration"><span id="Clinton.E2.80.93Arbuthnot_Peace_Declaration"></span>Clinton–Arbuthnot Peace Declaration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Clinton–Arbuthnot Peace Declaration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1780, the commanders-in-chief of the British forces in North America, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(American_War_of_Independence)#Commander_in_Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)">Sir Henry Clinton</a> and Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Mariot Arbuthnot</a>, were appointed as the Crown's commissioners "for restoring Peace to the Colonies and Plantations in North America, and for granting Pardon to such of his Majesty's Subjects now in Rebellion as shall deserve the Royal Mercy."<sup id="cite_ref-ncpublications.com_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncpublications.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Patriots ignored it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Pitt" title="Treaty of Fort Pitt">Treaty of Fort Pitt</a></div> <p>The Treaty of Fort Pitt, also known as the Treaty with the Delawares (<i><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></i>) or the Fourth Treaty of Pittsburgh, was signed on 17 September 1778 and was the first written treaty between the new United States of America and any American Indians—the Lenape in this case. Although many informal treaties were held with Native Americans during the American Revolution years of 1775–1783, this was the only one that resulted in a formal document. It was signed at Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania, site of present-day downtown Pittsburgh. It was essentially a formal treaty of alliance. It was largely unsuccessful as the majority of Indian tribes sided with the British.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_Spain">Relations with Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relations with Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in the American Revolutionary War">Spain in the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_troops_at_Pensacola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A close up of soldiers charging towards the viewer, white and black Spanish troops from New Orleans, in their attack capturing Pensacola from the British" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Spanish_troops_at_Pensacola.jpg/240px-Spanish_troops_at_Pensacola.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Spanish_troops_at_Pensacola.jpg/360px-Spanish_troops_at_Pensacola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Spanish_troops_at_Pensacola.jpg/480px-Spanish_troops_at_Pensacola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption>Spanish attack <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a>; they cut<br />British supply to southeastern Indian allies</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1777, a new Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino_y_Redondo,_conde_de_Floridablanca" class="mw-redirect" title="José Moñino y Redondo, conde de Floridablanca">José Moñino y Redondo, Count of Floridablanca</a> had come to power, and had a <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformist</a> agenda that drew on many of the English <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> traditions. Spain's economy depended almost entirely on its colonial empire in the Americas, and due to unrest the reforms caused there among the native Creole aristocracy, the Spanish Court was worried about the US independence from colonial status because they had been held by another European Great Power. With such considerations in mind, Spain persistently rebuffed John Jay's attempts to establish diplomatic relations. </p><p>Though Spain was a co-belligerent with the Americans against the British, it did not recognize the United States' independence nor establish formal relations until nearly the end of the war. But the Spanish governor of Louisiana, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a>, had been informally cooperating with the Americans at the direction of the Spanish Court since at least 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After France initiated its <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Anglo-French War of 1778-83</a>, it invoked their <a href="/wiki/Pacte_de_Famille" title="Pacte de Famille">Bourbon Family Compact</a> with Spain, an alliance that had been in place since the <a href="/wiki/Bourbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbons">Bourbons</a> had become Spain's ruling dynasty in 1713. The secret Franco-Spanish <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1779)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1779)">Treaty of Aranjuez</a> was signed on 12 April 1779. France agreed to aid Spain in the capture of British-held territory in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> adjacent Spain, <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> and the island of <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a> in the Mediterranean. On 21 June 1779, Spain declared war on Britain to join France, but it did not join the <a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a> of 1778 that guaranteed US independence. Britain recognized the independence of the United States in the Treaty of Paris, officially ending the American Revolution, signed 3 Sept 1783. On the other hand, Spain was one of the last participants of wars against Britain to acknowledge the independence of the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neutrals">Neutrals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Neutrals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia in the American Revolutionary War">Russia in the American Revolutionary War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War#Russian_Diplomacy_during_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia in the American Revolutionary War">Russia in the American Revolutionary War § Russian Diplomacy during the War</a></div> <p>Britain's diplomacy failed during the American Revolutionary War. Most of Europe was officially neutral, but the elites and public opinion typically favoured the American Patriots, such as in Sweden,<sup id="cite_ref-in_JSTOR_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in_JSTOR-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain not only could not find volunteer manpower to fill the ranks of an army in America to put down fellow Englishmen, internationally it had support of only a few small German states that hired out mercenaries directly to George III for his American service.<sup id="cite_ref-in_JSTOR_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-in_JSTOR-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>League of Armed Neutrality</b><br />enlightened despots for free trade</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 326px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Catherine the Great Russian Empire"><img alt="full length portrait for Catherine the Great of Russis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg/83px-Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg/124px-Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg/165px-Catherinethegreatroslin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1255" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a><br />Russian Empire</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_von_Maron_006.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph II Austrian Empire"><img alt="full length portrait for Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and Hapsburg (Austrian) Emperor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Anton_von_Maron_006.png/85px-Anton_von_Maron_006.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Anton_von_Maron_006.png/127px-Anton_von_Maron_006.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Anton_von_Maron_006.png/170px-Anton_von_Maron_006.png 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="1609" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a><br />Austrian Empire</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portraitoffrederickthegreat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederick the Great Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="full length portrait for Frederick the Great of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Portraitoffrederickthegreat.jpg/79px-Portraitoffrederickthegreat.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Portraitoffrederickthegreat.jpg/119px-Portraitoffrederickthegreat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Portraitoffrederickthegreat.jpg/159px-Portraitoffrederickthegreat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="755" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a><br />Kingdom of Prussia</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Joseph_Emanuel,_King_of_Portugal_(1773)_-_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_do_Amaral.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph I Kingdom of Portugal"><img alt="full length portrait for Joseph I of Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portrait_of_Joseph_Emanuel%2C_King_of_Portugal_%281773%29_-_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_do_Amaral.png/72px-Portrait_of_Joseph_Emanuel%2C_King_of_Portugal_%281773%29_-_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_do_Amaral.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portrait_of_Joseph_Emanuel%2C_King_of_Portugal_%281773%29_-_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_do_Amaral.png/108px-Portrait_of_Joseph_Emanuel%2C_King_of_Portugal_%281773%29_-_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_do_Amaral.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Portrait_of_Joseph_Emanuel%2C_King_of_Portugal_%281773%29_-_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_do_Amaral.png/144px-Portrait_of_Joseph_Emanuel%2C_King_of_Portugal_%281773%29_-_Miguel_Ant%C3%B3nio_do_Amaral.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">Joseph I</a><br />Kingdom of Portugal</div></div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="First League of Armed Neutrality">First League of Armed Neutrality</a> was an alliance between 1780 and 1783 of the three eastern European Great Powers, all with <a href="/wiki/Enlightened_despots" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightened despots">Enlightenment monarchs</a>. They furthered free trade by protecting <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral</a> shipping against the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Merchantilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchantilism">Mercantilist</a> policy to restrict trade in its rebelling colonies. British warships practiced unlimited searches, boarding neutral shipping to look for French <a href="/wiki/Contraband" title="Contraband">contraband</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">close ally</a> of Britain, remained <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugal_and_the_American_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portugal and the American Revolution (page does not exist)">neutral</a> in the war. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> set up the 1780 League of Armed Neutrality with her declaration of Russian <a href="/wiki/Armed_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed neutrality">armed neutrality</a> on 11 March (28 February, <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style</a>), 1780, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War of American Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, she endorsed the right of neutral countries to trade by sea with nationals of <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerent</a> countries without hindrance, except for weapons and military supplies. Russia would not recognize <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockades</a> of whole coasts, but only of individual ports, and only if a belligerent's warship were actually present or nearby. </p><p>Denmark and Sweden, accepting Russia's proposals for an alliance of neutrals, adopted the same policy towards shipping, and the three countries signed the agreement forming the League. They remained otherwise out of the war, but threatened joint retaliation for every ship of theirs searched by a belligerent. When the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> ended the Revolution with US independence in 1783, The <a href="/wiki/Hapsburg_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hapsburg Monarchy">Hapsburg (Austrian) Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> had all become members.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> was invited to act as a mediator between France and Great Britain during the American Revolution. <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> traveled to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1781 to lobby for American independence.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Adams_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Adams-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The League of the 1780s succeeded in the short run by enabling trade with the US during wartime, and it contributed to "<a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_seas" title="Freedom of the seas">freedom of the seas</a>" as an international principle. Militarily, although the Russian navy dispatched three <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">squadrons</a> to the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and North Sea to enforce this decree, Catherine called the alliance an "armed <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nullity" class="extiw" title="wikt:nullity">nullity</a>", because the British Navy outnumbered all member fleets combined. Nevertheless, Britain had no wish to antagonize Russia, and subsequently its fleets avoided interfering with League members shipping. </p><p>Diplomatically the League of Armed Neutrality carried even greater weight. France and the United States of America were quick to proclaim their adherence to the new principle of free neutral commerce. While both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a> tacitly understood it as an attempt to keep the Netherlands out of the League, Britain did not officially regard the alliance as hostile. The First League was followed in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">Second League of Armed Neutrality</a> which was massively less successful and ended after the British victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">Battle of Copenhagen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace_of_Paris">Peace of Paris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Peace of Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Peace of Paris (1783)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PreliminaryTreatyOfParisPainting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PreliminaryTreatyOfParisPainting.jpg/300px-PreliminaryTreatyOfParisPainting.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PreliminaryTreatyOfParisPainting.jpg/450px-PreliminaryTreatyOfParisPainting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PreliminaryTreatyOfParisPainting.jpg/600px-PreliminaryTreatyOfParisPainting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2287" data-file-height="1665" /></a><figcaption>Signing of the preliminary Treaty of Paris, November 30, 1782</figcaption></figure> <p>The Peace of Paris was the set of treaties which ended the American Revolutionary War. In June 1781, the Congress appointed Peace commissioners to negotiate with the British. On 30 November 1782, preliminary Articles of Peace are signed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Oswald" title="Richard Oswald">Richard Oswald</a>, with representatives of the United States of America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_path_to_negotiation">The path to negotiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The path to negotiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>News of the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Cornwallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a> reached Britain late in November 1781, shortly before <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> was due to debate the military spending estimates for the following year. The hastily revised plan was to retain forces in America at their existing level, but to abandon the policy of "offensive" war, in favour of a new approach, of defense against French and Spanish attacks in the Caribbean, and Gibraltar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_negotiation_process">The negotiation process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The negotiation process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Therefore, the decision was made to build on the "no offensive war" policy, and begin peace talks with the Americans. First, the stated aim of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">1778 Treaty of Alliance</a> between the United States and France was specifically to maintain the independence of the United States. Second, for well over a year, informal discussions had been held with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Henry Laurens</a>, an American envoy captured on his way to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and imprisoned in a small two-room suite at the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. The British negotiator sent to Paris was the Scotsman <a href="/wiki/Richard_Oswald_(merchant)" title="Richard Oswald (merchant)">Richard Oswald</a>, a former business partner of Henry Laurens in the slave trade, who had been one of his visitors in the Tower of London. His first talks with Franklin led to a proposal that Britain should hand over Canada to the Americans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_government_changes_again">British government changes again</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: British government changes again"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 July <a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Lord Rockingham</a>, the figurehead leader of the government, died, so <a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Lord Shelburne</a> was forced to take over, which led to the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a>, and a massive split in the anti-war Whig party in Parliament. Regardless of this, the remainder of the negotiations would be carried out under Shelburne's devious leadership (some of these negotiations took place in his study, now a bar in the Lansdowne Club). For example, he took advantage of the great delay in trans-Atlantic communication to send a letter to <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> stating that Britain was accepting American independence without preconditions, while not authorising Richard Oswald to make any such promise when he returned to Paris to negotiate with Franklin and his colleagues (<a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> had by this time returned from Spain).<sup id="cite_ref-cupid.ecom.unimelb_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cupid.ecom.unimelb-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_manoeuvres">Diplomatic manoeuvres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Diplomatic manoeuvres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Franklin became ill with gout towards the end of summer, but when <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> learned in September of the secret French mission to England, by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Matthias_G%C3%A9rard_de_Rayneval" title="Joseph Matthias Gérard de Rayneval">Joseph Matthias Gérard de Rayneval</a>, and the French position on the fisheries, he sent a message to Shelburne himself, explaining in some detail why he should avoid being influenced too much by the French and Spanish. At the same time Richard Oswald was asking if the terms of his commission to negotiate with the Americans could be slightly reworded to acknowledge that the 13 so-called colonies referred to themselves as "United States", and about 24 September, the Americans received word that this had been done. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Powers_at_war_and_peace">Great Powers at war and peace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Great Powers at war and peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France in the American Revolutionary War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Anglo-French War (1778–1783)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in the American Revolutionary War">Spain in the American Revolutionary War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></div><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (June 2020)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:American_Revolutionary_War#Sub-section:Move_'Great_Powers'_to_'Diplomacy'" title="Talk:American Revolutionary War">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The initial civil war between Great Britain and its rebelling thirteen colonies in Congress was broadened into a worldwide conflict between Britain and other European Great Powers. The English colonial insurgents in North America became the "centerpiece of an international coalition" to check and then compromise British preeminence in the North Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-trickey_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trickey-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebelling Americans needed outside help if they were to be successful. Their "Continental" forces suffered repeated reverses early on. The cause of US independence flickered as its major port cities were either occupied or blockaded, its naval forces proved ineffectual, and its armies suffered repeated defeats in pitched battles at the hands of British regulars and their allied auxiliaries from German principalities.<sup id="cite_ref-trickey_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trickey-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially the Continental Congress persevered with financial contributions from the personal fortunes of the richest colonials to compensate for smaller states refusing to pay their full requisitions, It kept an army in the field by the leadership of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution" title="George Washington in the American Revolution">George Washington</a> and a flow of recruits from the largest states, especially <a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a>. Then came assistance from Dutch financiers and French covert military aid. French Enlightenment freebooters and European soldier-adventurers came to the aid of the embattled revolutionary forces.<sup id="cite_ref-trickey_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trickey-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1778, the French Crown recognized the United States, in a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(United_States%E2%80%93France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–France)">trade treaty</a>, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">defensive treaty</a> that would become operative if Britain made war on France to interrupt its American trade.<sup id="cite_ref-trickey_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trickey-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article II of the military treaty included a French guarantee for US independence and it sovereign territory, including any territory conquered in Canada, Quebec, or Bermuda. Were Britain to initiate war with France for trading with the US, it would aid France to protect its West Indian possessions against British attack.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>European Great Powers at war 1778-1784</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 815px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nathaniel_Dance_Lord_North_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lord North, British Tory for Parliament's imperial supremacy and British merchantilism in America"><img alt="Portrait of Lord North for Britain at war" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nathaniel_Dance_Lord_North_cropped.jpg/96px-Nathaniel_Dance_Lord_North_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nathaniel_Dance_Lord_North_cropped.jpg/144px-Nathaniel_Dance_Lord_North_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nathaniel_Dance_Lord_North_cropped.jpg/192px-Nathaniel_Dance_Lord_North_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">Lord North</a></b>, British Tory<br />for Parliament's imperial supremacy and British merchantilism in America</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vergennes,_Charles_Gravier_comte_de.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="comte de Vergennes for US independence & French territorial expansion in America"><img alt="Portrait of comte de Vergennes for France at war and peace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vergennes%2C_Charles_Gravier_comte_de.jpg/80px-Vergennes%2C_Charles_Gravier_comte_de.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vergennes%2C_Charles_Gravier_comte_de.jpg/120px-Vergennes%2C_Charles_Gravier_comte_de.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vergennes%2C_Charles_Gravier_comte_de.jpg/159px-Vergennes%2C_Charles_Gravier_comte_de.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">comte de Vergennes</a></b><br />for US independence<br />& French territorial expansion in America</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Count_of_Floridablanca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="conde de Floridablanca Spanish war party to regain Gibraltar, Minorca & Floridas from Britain"><img alt="Portrait of conde de Floridablanca for Spain at war and peace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Count_of_Floridablanca.jpg/100px-Count_of_Floridablanca.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Count_of_Floridablanca.jpg/150px-Count_of_Floridablanca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Count_of_Floridablanca.jpg/200px-Count_of_Floridablanca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mo%C3%B1ino,_1st_Count_of_Floridablanca" title="José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca">conde de Floridablanca</a></b><br />Spanish war party to regain Gibraltar, Minorca & Floridas from Britain</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_William_V,_Prince_of_Orange_Northern_Netherlandish_School_Centraal_Museum_2341.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William V for Dutch-US trade, & independence from Hanover (George III)"><img alt="Portrait of William V, the stadtholder of Netherlands at war and peace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Portrait_of_William_V%2C_Prince_of_Orange_Northern_Netherlandish_School_Centraal_Museum_2341.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_William_V%2C_Prince_of_Orange_Northern_Netherlandish_School_Centraal_Museum_2341.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Portrait_of_William_V%2C_Prince_of_Orange_Northern_Netherlandish_School_Centraal_Museum_2341.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_William_V%2C_Prince_of_Orange_Northern_Netherlandish_School_Centraal_Museum_2341.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Portrait_of_William_V%2C_Prince_of_Orange_Northern_Netherlandish_School_Centraal_Museum_2341.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_William_V%2C_Prince_of_Orange_Northern_Netherlandish_School_Centraal_Museum_2341.jpg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V</a></b><br />for Dutch-US trade,<br />& independence from Hanover (George III)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Etienne_Liotard_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wenzel Anton Chancellor of Austria for partition of US & Euro balance of power"><img alt="Portrait of Wenzel Anton for Austria at war and peace." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Jean-Etienne_Liotard_12.jpg/97px-Jean-Etienne_Liotard_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Jean-Etienne_Liotard_12.jpg/145px-Jean-Etienne_Liotard_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Jean-Etienne_Liotard_12.jpg/194px-Jean-Etienne_Liotard_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1997" data-file-height="2474" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Anton,_Prince_of_Kaunitz-Rietberg" title="Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg">Wenzel Anton</a></b><br />Chancellor of Austria<br />for partition of US<br />& Euro balance of power</div></div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the US Congress rejected its <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle Commission">Carlisle Commission</a>, Britain responded by taking aggressive action against any nation providing military assistance to the US Congress. It reasoned that violated Parliament's mercantile trade restrictions for its Thirteen Colonies. For Britain, the colonial civil war with Congress that began formally at its 1776 Declaration of Independence, now expanded into a war worldwide, beginning when France declared <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">the Anglo-French War</a> of 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By April 1779, Spain joined France to war against Britain in the secret <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1779)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1779)">Treaty of Aranjuez</a>. Spain sought to reclaim the portion of its empire that it had lost to Britain at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">last peace</a>, including Gibraltar, Minorca, and the Floridas.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At that, France broke its military treaty of alliance with the US. First, the French-US treaty guaranteed US independence; but Spain neither joined their alliance as formally invited in Article X, nor did Spain guarantee US independence in the Franco-Spanish treaty. Second, the French-US treaty pledged France to war with Britain until US independence in Article XII; but its treaty with Spain pledged France to war with Britain until Spain gained Gibraltar, regardless of whether Britain agreed to US independence beforehand. And the terms of this secret Aranjuez treaty to gain Gibraltar were made without the knowledge or consent of the US as a party to the Franco-Spanish alliance against Britain. That directly violated Article IV of the French-US treaty. Third, in the French-US treaty Article VI, the French renounced all territory belonging to Great Britain. That provided for Britain to cede fishing rights to the US at Newfoundland, which it did at <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Anglo-US conclusive peace</a>; but the Franco-Spanish treaty stipulates that they will conquer Newfoundland from the British and then share it only between themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1780, to deter further aggression by Great Britain at sea, neutral Continental powers with continuing trade among Britain's thirteen rebelling colonies formed the <a href="/wiki/First_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="First League of Armed Neutrality">First League of Armed Neutrality</a>, including Austria, Russia, and Prussia. These insisted that the Anglo-Russian Treaty of 1766 provided for free trade among British dominions, only excepting military contraband or in view of a belligerent's stationary blockade on a port.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These additional conflicts around the globe with France and Spain strained Britain's resources for the war in America. The French blockaded Barbados and Jamaica, to damage British trade.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British defeated a French naval force on December 15 and captured St. Lucia.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in 1779, the French began capturing British territories, seizing <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain lost the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Battle of Grenada</a> badly in 1779.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France and Spain failed to invade England, but a Franco-Spanish fleet decisively defeated a large British convoy bound for the West Indies off the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-volo77_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volo77-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeat was catastrophic for Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain failed to capture <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">the British naval station at Gibraltar</a>, but the British blockade of Spain and France proved ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-volo77_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volo77-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britain would choose to abandon imperial rule of its Thirteen Colonies, but instead rely on the British-US common history, family kinship, and trade. It would break any future US dependence on a military alliance with France by providing for a territory large enough to grow into a military power on the American continent. After giving up on the American colonies, the redirected treasury, growing navy, and enthusiastic home recruitment to take revenge on the French all combined to lead the British navy to victories around the world 1782–1784. Britain was able to dictate the terms and sequence in four separate bi-lateral peace treaties with the Americans, France, Spain, and the Dutch Republic. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain's_response_to_the_deal"><span id="Britain.27s_response_to_the_deal"></span>Britain's response to the deal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Britain's response to the deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms of the peace, particularly the proposed treaty with the United States, caused a political storm in Britain. The concession of the Northwest Territory and the Newfoundland fisheries, and especially the apparent abandonment of Loyalists by an Article which the individual States would inevitably ignore, were condemned in Parliament. The last point was the easiest solved—-British tax revenue saved by not continuing the war would be used to compensate Loyalists and many received free land in Nova Scotia. Nevertheless, on 17 February 1783 and again on 21 February, motions against the treaty were successful in Parliament, so on 24 February Lord Shelburne resigned, and for five weeks the British government was without a leader. Finally, a solution similar to the previous year's choice of Lord Rockingham was found. The government was to be led, nominally, by the <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Duke of Portland</a>, while the two Secretaries of State were to be Charles Fox and, remarkably, Lord North. Richard Oswald was replaced by a new negotiator, <a href="/wiki/David_Hartley_(the_Younger)" title="David Hartley (the Younger)">David Hartley</a>, but the Americans refused to allow any modifications to the treaty— partly because they would have to be approved by Congress, which with two Atlantic crossings, would take several months. Therefore, on 3 September 1783, at Hartley's hotel in Paris, the treaty as agreed to, by Richard Oswald the previous November, was formally signed, and at Versailles, the separate treaties with France and Spain were also formalised.<sup id="cite_ref-cupid.ecom.unimelb_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cupid.ecom.unimelb-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaty_of_Paris">Treaty of Paris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Treaty of Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg/290px-Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg/435px-Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg/580px-Treaty_of_Paris_by_Benjamin_West_1783.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a> portrays the Americans about to sign the 1783 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">J. Jay</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">J. Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">B. Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Temple_Franklin" title="William Temple Franklin">W.T. Franklin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">H. Laurens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></div> <p>The <b>Treaty of Paris</b>, signed on September 3, 1783, ratified by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> on January 14, 1784, and by the King of Great Britain on April 9, 1784 (the ratification documents were exchanged in Paris on May 12, 1784), formally ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the United States of America, which had rebelled against British rule starting in 1775. </p><p>The other combatant nations at war with Britain at the time were <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-French War (1778)">Anglo-French War (1778)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in the American Revolutionary War">Spain</a> with France by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1779)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1779)">Treaty of Aranjuez (1779)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a>. All three had other separate peace agreements with Britain for their respective imperial swaps of territories scattered worldwide; for details of these see <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Peace of Paris (1783)</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preliminary_agreements">Preliminary agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Preliminary agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1782 to 1784 there were many diplomats in and out of Paris who were directly involved with international peace negotiations. They deliberated over three wars among four principle belligerents: first, the American Revolutionary War among Britain, the US and their French allies; second, the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-French War (1778)">Anglo-French War (1778)</a> among Britain, the French and their Spanish allies; and third, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780)</a> between Britain and the Netherlands. In addition, the diplomats of Great Power nations among the <a href="/wiki/First_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="First League of Armed Neutrality">First League of Armed Neutrality</a> consulted one another and exchanged various proposals from their respective governments, especially those of Russia and Austria that Britain had invited to be mediators among the Great Powers.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gainsborough_George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three-quarter portrait of King George III in his parliamentary robes, a blue suit with a leopard cape." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gainsborough_George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg/180px-Gainsborough_George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gainsborough_George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg/270px-Gainsborough_George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Gainsborough_George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg/360px-Gainsborough_George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>King George III, 1785<br />in his parliamentary robes</figcaption></figure> <p>The British-Thirteen Colony conflict had lasted over six years from 1775 Lexington to 1781 Yorktown. About three years into the conflict, France and the US struck an agreement at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance (1778)</a> that promised those two would consult before concluding peace with Britain for US independence. Then the next year, France and Spain consorted in secret at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1779)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1779)">Treaty of Aranjuez (1779)</a> to promise those two would fight until Spain gained Gibraltar, at the choke-point passage between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. After the Yorktown defeat and Parliament's resolution to end American fighting, British Prime Minister Shelburne sought to separate the US from warring France by strengthening the American peace settlement so that in the future, the US would not depend militarily on France. He also sought to strengthen Britain with continued to trade with the future US. French Foreign Minister Vergennes sought to influence the "American Settlement" for the long term interests of France. He wanted to weaken the US militarily to ensure its future dependence on France in a perpetual military alliance against Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-cogliano85_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cogliano85-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Paris, the three Great Power belligerents in the Anglo-French War floated distinctly different proposals for a mutual "American Settlement" apportioning territory for the United States. The first map shown is the French, the most restrictive of the US, with a western boundary at the Appalachian Mountains to match the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">1763 Proclamation Line</a>, an item used to indict George III in the US Declaration of Independence. The second, Spanish map allows for additional Mississippi River Basin upland just west of the Appalachians for the US. But it also requires that the British cede its colony of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a> to Spain in violation of the Franco-American alliance of 1778, and contrary to the British announcement for US independence by George III in December 1782. The third, British map was accepted by Congress in April 1783, with US territory west to the middle of the Mississippi River as a preliminary agreement. Congress had interpreted its national interest to be found in the peace treaty that ceded the most expansive territory considered by the European Great Powers. It trusted British treaty guarantees with bonds of history, family and trade over remonstrances from the ministers of France and Spain who were motivated by a secret treaty that the US had not agreed to.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Maps proposed for US territory by France (1782), Spain (1782), Great Britain (1783)</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_North_America,_1782_(Life_of_William,_Earl_of_Shelburne)_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French: readopt Royal Proclamation of 1763[d]"><img alt="MAP of the French proposal at the American Settlement of peace to limit US Territory to the Appalachian Mountains." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_North_America%2C_1782_%28Life_of_William%2C_Earl_of_Shelburne%29_%28edited%29.jpg/232px-Map_of_North_America%2C_1782_%28Life_of_William%2C_Earl_of_Shelburne%29_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_North_America%2C_1782_%28Life_of_William%2C_Earl_of_Shelburne%29_%28edited%29.jpg/347px-Map_of_North_America%2C_1782_%28Life_of_William%2C_Earl_of_Shelburne%29_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_of_North_America%2C_1782_%28Life_of_William%2C_Earl_of_Shelburne%29_%28edited%29.jpg/463px-Map_of_North_America%2C_1782_%28Life_of_William%2C_Earl_of_Shelburne%29_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2692" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French: readopt <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 371.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 369.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borders_proposed_by_the_Count_of_Aranda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spanish: Britain is meant to cede Georgia to Spain; US gains easternmost sliver of western Quebec.[e]"><img alt="MAP of the Spanish proposal at the American Settlement of peace to limit US Territory to just Appalachian Mountains to a north–south line from the middle of Lake Erie, and Britain to cede its colony of Georgia to Spain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Borders_proposed_by_the_Count_of_Aranda.svg/554px-Borders_proposed_by_the_Count_of_Aranda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Borders_proposed_by_the_Count_of_Aranda.svg/831px-Borders_proposed_by_the_Count_of_Aranda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Borders_proposed_by_the_Count_of_Aranda.svg/1108px-Borders_proposed_by_the_Count_of_Aranda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Spanish: Britain is meant to cede Georgia to Spain;<br />US gains easternmost sliver of western Quebec.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 279.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 277.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_accurate_map_of_the_United_States_of_America..._(2674712300).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British and US: "Conclusive" Treaty of Paris, US west to Mississippi River midpoint[f]"><img alt="MAP of the British proposal at the American Settlement of peace to allow US Territory to stretch west to the middle of the Mississippi River." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/An_accurate_map_of_the_United_States_of_America..._%282674712300%29.jpg/416px-An_accurate_map_of_the_United_States_of_America..._%282674712300%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/An_accurate_map_of_the_United_States_of_America..._%282674712300%29.jpg/623px-An_accurate_map_of_the_United_States_of_America..._%282674712300%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/An_accurate_map_of_the_United_States_of_America..._%282674712300%29.jpg/831px-An_accurate_map_of_the_United_States_of_America..._%282674712300%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1733" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">British and US: "Conclusive" <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>,<br />US west to Mississippi River midpoint<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_agreement">The agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on preliminary articles made 30 November 1782 in Paris, the George III announcement for American independence in his December 5, 1782 <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech from the Throne">Speech from the Throne</a>, and approval by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> on 15 April 1783, this treaty was signed in Paris on 3 September 1783. Subsequently, ratified by Congress on 14 January 1784, that formality, along with British Parliament's ratification a month later, were then exchanged in Paris between the ministers of Britain and the US. Diplomatically, that third exchange of national intent between Britain and the US in Paris finally ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and its thirteen former colonies which had formed the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States#CITEREFTaylor,_American_Revolutions" title="History of the United States">United States of America</a> on <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">4 July 1776</a>. </p><p>The treaty document was signed at the Hôtel de York – which is now 56 Rue Jacob – by <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (representing the United States) and <a href="/wiki/David_Hartley_(the_Younger)" title="David Hartley (the Younger)">David Hartley</a> (a member of the British Parliament representing the British monarch, King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a>). Hartley was lodging at the hotel, which was therefore chosen in preference to the nearby British Embassy – 44 Rue Jacob – as "neutral" ground for the signing. </p><p>The American <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> ratified the treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784, and copies were sent back to Europe for ratification by the other parties involved, the first reaching France in March. British ratification occurred on April 9, 1784, and the ratified versions were exchanged in Paris on May 12, 1784. It was not for some time, though, that the Americans in the countryside received the news due to the lack of communication. </p><p>On September 3, Britain also signed separate agreements with France and Spain, and (provisionally) with the Netherlands. In the treaty with Spain, the colonies of <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> were ceded to Spain (without any clearly defined northern boundary, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Disputed_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed territory">disputed territory</a> resolved with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1795)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Madrid (1795)">Treaty of Madrid</a>), as was the island of <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Bahama_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahama Islands">Bahama Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, captured by the French and Spanish, were returned to Britain. The treaty with France was mostly about exchanges of captured territory (France's only net gains were the island of <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> in Africa), but also reinforced earlier treaties, guaranteeing fishing rights off <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>. Dutch possessions in the East Indies, captured in 1781, were returned by Britain to the Netherlands in exchange for trading privileges in the Dutch East Indies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_texts_(French_and_English)"><span id="Full_texts_.28French_and_English.29"></span>Full texts (French and English)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Full texts (French and English)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jenkinson, Charles <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dL8sAAAAMAAJ">A Collection of All the Treaties of Peace, Alliance, and Commerce Between Great Britain and Other Powers</a> vol. 3, pages 334 onward. London, Debrett (1785), via Google Books— accessed 2008-01-03</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_enforcement">Treaty enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Treaty enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Privileges which the Americans had received from Britain automatically when they had colonial status were withdrawn, (including protection from <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates#United_States_and_the_Barbary_Wars" title="Barbary pirates">North African pirates</a> in the Mediterranean that led to the <a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary Wars</a>). Individual states ignored Federal recommendations, under Article 5, to restore confiscated Loyalist property, and also evaded Article 6 (e.g. by confiscating Loyalist property for "unpaid debts"). Some, notably Virginia, also defied Article 4, and maintained laws against payment of debts to British creditors. The British also largely ignored Article 7, which called for the return of all runaway slaves who had escaped to British lines.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The real geography of North America turned out not to match the details, given in the Canadian boundary descriptions. The Treaty specified a southern boundary for the United States, but the separate Anglo-Spanish agreement did not specify a northern boundary for Florida, and the Spanish government assumed that the boundary was the same as in 1764, when Britain had enlarged the territory of West Florida. While that dispute continued, Spain used its new control of Florida to block American access to the Mississippi, in defiance of Article 8.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> area, the British adopted a very generous interpretation of the stipulation that they should relinquish control "with all convenient speed", because they needed time to negotiate with the <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, who had kept the area out of United States control, but had been completely ignored in the Treaty. Even after that was accomplished, Britain retained control as a bargaining counter in hopes of obtaining some recompense for the confiscated Loyalist property.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This matter was finally settled by the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> in 1794, and America's ability to bargain on all these points was greatly strengthened by the creation of the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">constitution</a> in 1787, and victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._ministers_abroad">U.S. ministers abroad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: U.S. ministers abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1784, the British allowed trade with the United States but forbade some American food exports to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">West Indies</a>, while British exports to America reached <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>3.7 million, and imports only £750,000. This imbalance caused a shortage of gold in the U.S. In 1784, New York-based merchants opened the China trade, followed by <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. In 1785, John Adams was appointed first minister to the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_St_James%27s" title="Court of St James's">Court of St James's</a> (Great Britain), and Jefferson replaced Franklin as minister to France. In 1789, the <a href="/wiki/Jay%E2%80%93Gardoqui_Treaty" title="Jay–Gardoqui Treaty">Jay–Gardoqui Treaty</a> granted Spain the exclusive right to navigate the Mississippi River for 30 years, but was not ratified because of opposition from Western states. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> United States Ambassador to the Netherlands in 1794, and to Portugal in 1796. <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> in 1797 appointed his son John Quincy Adams as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Germany">Minister to Prussia</a>. There, Adams signed the renewal of the very liberal Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce after negotiations with Prussian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Count_Karl-Wilhelm_Finck_von_Finckenstein" title="Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein">Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France_2">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1793, a <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">worldwide war</a> erupted between Great Britain and France, and their respective allies. In April, George Washington issued a proclamation announcing the neutrality of the United States in the conflict among the belligerent nations of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> America remained neutral until 1812, did business with both sides, and was harassed by both sides. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Britain">Britain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1795, the United States signed the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> with Britain which averted war, and led to a decade of peaceful trade, but failed to settle neutrality issues. The British eventually evacuated the Western forts, with boundary lines and debts (in both directions) settled by arbitration. The treaty was barely approved by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> (1795) after revision, and was intensely opposed. It became a major issue in formation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">first party system</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pinckney%27s_Treaty" title="Pinckney's Treaty">Treaty of Madrid</a> established boundaries between the United States and the Spanish colonies of Florida and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and guaranteed navigation rights on the Mississippi River. In 1797, the United States signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">peace treaty</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary States">Barbary state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>. However, this treaty was violated in 1801 by the <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Basha</a> of Tripoli, which led to the <a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">Tripolitanian War</a>. Also in 1797, the <a href="/wiki/XYZ_Affair" title="XYZ Affair">XYZ Affair</a> erupted, with the humiliation of the United States government by French diplomats, leading to the threat of war with France, and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a>, an undeclared naval war from 1798 to 1800. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ragusa">Ragusa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ragusa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ragusa_(Croatia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragusa (Croatia)">Ragusa</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>), a major city with historical and cultural ties to Italy on the Adriatic Sea, was interested in the economic potential of the United States learned by its diplomatic representative in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, Francesco Favi. He was in touch with <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" title="Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a> at the request of the scholar <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Fabbroni" title="Giovanni Fabbroni">Giovanni Fabbroni</a>. The United States was anxious to conclude trade agreements with foreign powers during this period of the revolution. The American diplomat <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lee_(diplomat)" title="Arthur Lee (diplomat)">Arthur Lee</a> learned that Italian merchants wanted to trade with the Americans but worried about the risk of <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">corsairs</a> or privateers.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1771, <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hides</a> were delivered from <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> in France by ships from Ragusa.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ragusa entered into a trade agreement with the United States, and the Americans agreed to allow their ships free passage in their ports.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_John_Adams" title="Diplomacy of John Adams">Diplomacy of John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1776%E2%80%931801" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1776–1801">History of U.S. foreign policy, 1776–1801</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a></i> in oils, by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a> (1783). The British delegation refused to pose, and the painting was never completed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Britain's part, previous Parliamentary resolutions to end offensive action in North America were adopted and extended on December 5, 1782. In a <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech from the Throne">Speech from the Throne</a> to the joint session of Parliament, George III offered the US Congress independence, peaceful trade, and ultimately to forge "a bond of permanent union between the two countries" based on religion, language, interest and affection.<sup id="cite_ref-cogliano85_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cogliano85-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britain and the US signed a final treaty on September 13, 1783, but not until after preliminary agreements with France and Spain were signed. Then the British and US signed their “conclusive” <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a> in the morning to establish US territory in America, and the American ministers all took a coach ride out to the Louis XVI palace at Versailles to see the signing of the conclusive <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)#Treaty_with_France" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Anglo-French Treaty of Versailles (1783)</a> for British-French territorial settlement worldwide, and then the conclusive <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)#Treaty_with_Spain" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Anglo-Spanish Treaty of Versailles (1783)</a> for the British-Spanish territorial settlement worldwide.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The French proposed the King George III <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">1763 Proclamation Line</a> which arbitrarily cut off the Stuart King colonial charter land grants of the 1600s. At the time it inflamed American colonists and took away their good feeling for British Empire victory over the French in the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War). The US western boundary from the southern shore midpoint of Lake Erie, southeast to the Appalachian Mountains, south along the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Continental_Divide" title="Eastern Continental Divide">Eastern Continental Divide</a> to Georgia, then south to Spain's East Florida.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The US western boundary from southern end of Lake Erie, south to the confluence of the Grand Kanawa and Ohio Rivers (mid-modern West Virginia), southerly to the South Carolina boundary at the Appalachian Mountains; but Savannah and Georgia ceded by Britain to Spain.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US boundaries defined in the Treaty of Paris (1783) between Great Britain and the United States alone, Article 2. (a) west: "… from the northwest angle of Nova Scotia … through the middle of … [Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Superior … Long Lake, Lake of the Woods], … "to the northwesternmost point thereof, and from thence on a due west course to the river Mississippi; (b) south: … thence … along the middle of the said river until it shall intersect with the northernmost part of the thirty-first degree of north latitude; (c) east" … to the Atlantic Ocean … comprehending all islands within twenty leagues of any part of the shores of the United States … between … Nova Scotia [on the north] … and East Florida … [on the south]"<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/diplomacy">Diplomacy: A Key Component of the Revolution</a>, Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenwalt" class="citation web cs1">Greenwalt, Phillip S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/british-perspective-american-revolution">"British Perspective American Revolution"</a>. <i>American Battlefield Trust</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Battlefield+Trust&rft.atitle=British+Perspective+American+Revolution&rft.aulast=Greenwalt&rft.aufirst=Phillip+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefields.org%2Flearn%2Farticles%2Fbritish-perspective-american-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_Of_State._The_Office_of_Electronic_Information2007" class="citation web cs1">Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (September 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/ar/91718.htm">"Secret Committee of Correspondence/Committee for Foreign Affairs, 1775-1777"</a>. <i>2001-2009.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2001-2009.state.gov&rft.atitle=Secret+Committee+of+Correspondence%2FCommittee+for+Foreign+Affairs%2C+1775-1777&rft.date=2007-09-05&rft.aulast=Department+Of+State.+The+Office+of+Electronic+Information&rft.aufirst=Bureau+of+Public+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fho%2Ftime%2Far%2F91718.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armitage, David (June 30, 2009) [2007]. <i>The Declaration of Independence: A Global History</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02282-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02282-9"><bdi>978-0-674-02282-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 16, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diplomacy.state.gov/discover-diplomacy/period/revolutionary-diplomacy/">"Revolutionary Diplomacy"</a>. <i>The National Museum of American Diplomacy</i>. July 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Museum+of+American+Diplomacy&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+Diplomacy&rft.date=2022-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiplomacy.state.gov%2Fdiscover-diplomacy%2Fperiod%2Frevolutionary-diplomacy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diplomacy.state.gov/discover-diplomacy/period/revolutionary-diplomacy/#:~:text=Did%20you%20know%20that%20some,our%20nation's%20first%20official%20diplomat.">"Revolutionary Diplomacy"</a>. <i>The National Museum of American Diplomacy</i>. July 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Museum+of+American+Diplomacy&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+Diplomacy&rft.date=2022-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiplomacy.state.gov%2Fdiscover-diplomacy%2Fperiod%2Frevolutionary-diplomacy%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DDid%2520you%2520know%2520that%2520some%2Cour%2520nation%27s%2520first%2520official%2520diplomat.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProcknowCourtney2024" class="citation report cs1">Procknow, Eugene A.; Courtney, William (October 10, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2024/10/revolutionary-war-diplomacy-lessons-for-today.html">Revolutionary War Diplomacy: Lessons for Today</a> (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+War+Diplomacy%3A+Lessons+for+Today&rft.date=2024-10-10&rft.aulast=Procknow&rft.aufirst=Eugene+A.&rft.au=Courtney%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rand.org%2Fpubs%2Fcommentary%2F2024%2F10%2Frevolutionary-war-diplomacy-lessons-for-today.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmer_Plischke1999" class="citation book cs1">Elmer Plischke (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idBzGjwjVGIC&pg=PA3"><i>U.S. Department of State</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29126-5"><bdi>978-0-313-29126-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29126-5&rft.au=Elmer+Plischke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DidBzGjwjVGIC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2002_summer_fall/foreign_policy.htm">"The U.S. Republic's First Year of Foreign Policy – Archiving Early America"</a>. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29126-5"><bdi>978-0-313-29126-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29126-5&rft.au=Elmer+Plischke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DidBzGjwjVGIC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmer_Plischke1999" class="citation book cs1">Elmer Plischke (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idBzGjwjVGIC&q=revolutionary+war+diplomacy&pg=PA3"><i>U.S. Department of State</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29126-5"><bdi>978-0-313-29126-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29126-5&rft.au=Elmer+Plischke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DidBzGjwjVGIC%26q%3Drevolutionary%2Bwar%2Bdiplomacy%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald,_William1916" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, William (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CM8iAAAAMAAJ&q=conciliatory+resolution&pg=PA184">"No. 48. Report on Lord North's Conciliatory Resolution."</a>. <i>Documentary Source Book of American History, 1606–1913</i>. The Macmillan Company. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780848251543" title="Special:BookSources/9780848251543"><bdi>9780848251543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=No.+48.+Report+on+Lord+North%27s+Conciliatory+Resolution.&rft.btitle=Documentary+Source+Book+of+American+History%2C+1606%E2%80%931913.&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=9780848251543&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCM8iAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dconciliatory%2Bresolution%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling,_John_E2003" class="citation book cs1">Ferling, John E (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leapindark00ferl"><i>A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic</i></a></span>. Oxford [England]; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515924-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515924-0"><bdi>978-0-19-515924-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Leap+in+the+Dark%3A+The+Struggle+to+Create+the+American+Republic&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEngland%5D%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515924-0&rft.au=Ferling%2C+John+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleapindark00ferl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-adopts-olive-branch-petition">"Congress adopts Olive Branch Petition"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Congress+adopts+Olive+Branch+Petition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fcongress-adopts-olive-branch-petition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/itx/retrieve.do?contentSet=IAC-Documents&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&qrySerId=Locale%28en%2C%2C%29%3AFQE%3D%28ke%2CNone%2C18%29Quebec+Act+of+1774%24&sgHitCountType=None&inPS=true&sort=DateDescend&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&tabID=T003&prodId=EAIM&searchId=R3&currentPosition=1&userGroupName=chan86036&docId=A17259719&docType=IAC">"Quebec Act of 1774"</a>. <i>Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History</i>. Gale Group. 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quebec+Act+of+1774&rft.btitle=Gale+Encyclopedia+of+U.S.+Economic+History&rft.pub=Gale+Group&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Fitx%2Fretrieve.do%3FcontentSet%3DIAC-Documents%26resultListType%3DRESULT_LIST%26qrySerId%3DLocale%2528en%252C%252C%2529%253AFQE%253D%2528ke%252CNone%252C18%2529Quebec%2BAct%2Bof%2B1774%2524%26sgHitCountType%3DNone%26inPS%3Dtrue%26sort%3DDateDescend%26searchType%3DAdvancedSearchForm%26tabID%3DT003%26prodId%3DEAIM%26searchId%3DR3%26currentPosition%3D1%26userGroupName%3Dchan86036%26docId%3DA17259719%26docType%3DIAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_R._Dull1987" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan R. Dull (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W86WS9Z0ycYC&pg=PA58"><i>A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 49–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03886-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03886-6"><bdi>978-0-300-03886-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Diplomatic+History+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=49-58&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03886-6&rft.au=Jonathan+R.+Dull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW86WS9Z0ycYC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis W. Potts, <i>Arthur Lee, A Virtuous Revolutionary</i> (1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Leland Haworth, "Frederick the Great and the American Revolution" <i>American Historical Review</i> (1904) 9#3 pp. 460–478 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1833470">open access in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Mason Adams, <i>Prussian-American Relations: 1775–1871</i> (1960).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_R._Dull1987" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan R. Dull (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W86WS9Z0ycYC&pg=PA58"><i>A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300038860" title="Special:BookSources/0300038860"><bdi>0300038860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Diplomatic+History+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0300038860&rft.au=Jonathan+R.+Dull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW86WS9Z0ycYC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423100456/http://www.11thpa.org/dutch-arms.html">"Dutch Arms in the American Revolution"</a>. 11thpa.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.11thpa.org/dutch-arms.html">the original</a> on April 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dutch+Arms+in+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=11thpa.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.11thpa.org%2Fdutch-arms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Black1998" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Black (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdlUhsjJPDoC&q=Britain+declared+war+before+the+Dutch&pg=PA121"><i>Why wars happen</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-017-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-017-7"><bdi>978-1-86189-017-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+wars+happen&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-017-7&rft.au=Jeremy+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdlUhsjJPDoC%26q%3DBritain%2Bdeclared%2Bwar%2Bbefore%2Bthe%2BDutch%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamish M. Scott, "Sir Joseph Yorke, Dutch politics and the origins of the fourth Anglo-Dutch war." <i>The Historical Journal</i> 31#3 (1988): 571–589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_G._McCullough2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">David G. McCullough</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnadams00mccu"><i>John Adams</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnadams00mccu/page/270">270</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81363-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81363-9"><bdi>978-0-684-81363-9</bdi></a>. <q>Holland recognizes the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Adams&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-81363-9&rft.au=David+G.+McCullough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnadams00mccu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American treaties and alliances, page 65, Alan Axelrod, CQ Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56802-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56802-440-0">978-1-56802-440-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Travel Morocco: Guide, Maps, and Phrasebook. Includes: Rabat, Casablanca, Fez, Marrakech, Meknes & more, Mobi Travel, page 25, MobileReference, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60778-843-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60778-843-0">978-1-60778-843-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman,_RonaldAlbert,_Peter_J.1981" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Ronald; Albert, Peter J., eds. (1981). <i>Diplomacy and Revolution: the Franco-American Alliance of 1778</i>. Charlottesville: Univ. Press of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-0864-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-0864-7"><bdi>0-8139-0864-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+and+Revolution%3A+the+Franco-American+Alliance+of+1778&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8139-0864-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss,_Maurice1976" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Maurice (1976). <i>Louis XVI, Forgotten Founding Father, with a survey of the Franco-American Alliance of the Revolutionary period</i>. New York: Vantage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-533-02333-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-533-02333-5"><bdi>0-533-02333-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XVI%2C+Forgotten+Founding+Father%2C+with+a+survey+of+the+Franco-American+Alliance+of+the+Revolutionary+period&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vantage+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-533-02333-5&rft.au=Ross%2C+Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Temple Patterson, <i>The Other Armada: The Franco-Spanish Attempt to Invade Britain in 1779</i> (Manchester University Press, 1960).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fr788-1n.asp">"The Avalon Project : Treaty of Amity and Commerce"</a>. Avalon.law.yale.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Avalon+Project+%3A+Treaty+of+Amity+and+Commerce&rft.pub=Avalon.law.yale.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F18th_century%2Ffr788-1n.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Fiske1891" class="citation book cs1">John Fiske (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PqAQerR9kbsC"><i>The American Revolution</i></a>. Macmillan and Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PqAQerR9kbsC/page/n242">213</a>. <q>staten island john adams howe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1891&rft.au=John+Fiske&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_PqAQerR9kbsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIra_K._Morris1898" class="citation book cs1">Ira K. Morris (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/morrissmemorial00morrgoog"><i>Morris's Memorial History of Staten Island, New York</i></a>. Memorial Pub. Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/morrissmemorial00morrgoog/page/n170">145</a>. <q>staten island john adams howe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morris%27s+Memorial+History+of+Staten+Island%2C+New+York&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Memorial+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Ira+K.+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmorrissmemorial00morrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome_R._Reich1997" class="citation book cs1">Jerome R. Reich (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsgBM3DSDskC"><i>British Friends of the American Revolution</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765631435" title="Special:BookSources/9780765631435"><bdi>9780765631435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Friends+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780765631435&rft.au=Jerome+R.+Reich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsgBM3DSDskC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_R._Alden1989" class="citation book cs1">John R. 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Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80366-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80366-6"><bdi>978-0-306-80366-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80366-6&rft.au=John+R.+Alden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-o03VtlglokC%26q%3Dcarlisle%2Bpeace%2Bconference%26pg%3DRA1-PA386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry_M._Mays2009" class="citation book cs1">Terry M. 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Scarecrow Press. pp. 55–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810875036" title="Special:BookSources/9780810875036"><bdi>9780810875036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pages=55-56&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780810875036&rft.au=Terry+M.+Mays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3CvVcvmxUQC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFResponse_to_British_Peace_Proposals" class="citation web cs1">Response to British Peace Proposals. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/response-to-british-peace-proposals/">"Response to British Peace Proposals"</a>. Teaching American History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Response+to+British+Peace+Proposals&rft.pub=Teaching+American+History&rft.au=Response+to+British+Peace+Proposals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteachingamericanhistory.org%2Flibrary%2Fdocument%2Fresponse-to-british-peace-proposals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome_R._Reich1998" class="citation book cs1">Jerome R. Reich (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsgBM3DSDskC&q=%22carlisle+peace+commission%22&pg=PA85"><i>British friends of the American Revolution</i></a>. M.E. 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Ncpublications.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncpublications.com/colonial/Newspapers/subjects/Govt.htm">the original</a> on November 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government&rft.pub=Ncpublications.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpublications.com%2Fcolonial%2FNewspapers%2Fsubjects%2FGovt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandolph_C._Downes1940" class="citation book cs1">Randolph C. Downes (1940). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/councilfiresonup00down"><i>Council Fires on the Upper Ohio: A Narrative of Indian Affairs in the Upper Ohio Valley until 1795</i></a></span>. 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A. <i>Few Bloody Noses: The American Revolutionary War</i>. p. 531.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Few+Bloody+Noses%3A+The+American+Revolutionary+War&rft.pages=531&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Robert.+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-in_JSTOR-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-in_JSTOR_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-in_JSTOR_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. A. Barton, "Sweden and the War of American Independence," <i>William and Mary Quarterly</i> (1966) 23#2 pp. 408–430 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1919238">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Rinehart, "Denmark Gets the News of '76," <i>Scandinavian Review</i> (1976) 63#2 pp 5–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul W. Mapp, "The Revolutionary War and Europe's Great Powers." in Edward G. Gray and Jane Kamensky, eds., <i>The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution</i> (2013): pp 311–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/chap5-1.html">Russia's declaration of Armed Neutrality</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808090341/http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/chap5-1.html">Archived</a> August 8, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—from a Russian naval history</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. Grainger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Battle-Yorktown-1781-Reassessment-Warfare/dp/1843831376">The Battle of Yorktown, 1781: A Reassessment</a> (2005) Boydell <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843831372" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843831372">978-1843831372</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Adams-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_Adams_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Adams, American Presidents Series, pages 196–197, Anne Husted Burleigh, Transaction Publishers, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1000-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1000-5">978-1-4128-1000-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cupid.ecom.unimelb-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cupid.ecom.unimelb_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cupid.ecom.unimelb_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Fiske1896" class="citation book cs1">John Fiske (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829101137/http://cupid.ecom.unimelb.edu.au/het/fiske/critical.rtf"><i>The Critical Period of American History 1783–1789</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cupid.ecom.unimelb.edu.au/het/fiske/critical.rtf">the original</a> on August 29, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Critical+Period+of+American+History+1783%E2%80%931789&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1896&rft.au=John+Fiske&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcupid.ecom.unimelb.edu.au%2Fhet%2Ffiske%2Fcritical.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trickey-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trickey_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trickey_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trickey_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trickey_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#trickey">Trickey, 2017</a>, Essay</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Avalon Project, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fr1788-2.asp">Treaty of Alliance Between the United States and France; February 6, 1778</a>". Viewed June 21, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica, "Franco-American Alliance"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davenport, Frances Gardiner. And Charles Oscar Paullin, European <u>Treaties bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies</u>, "Treaty <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89058310004&view=1up&seq=149">Treaty between France and Spain, concluded at Aranjuez, June 3, 1777</a>", Vol. IV 1716-1815. p.135. Viewed online at Hathi Trust, June 21, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Richard B. ""<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25080922?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A3fb3f31c473e639c2280da593fbd9ae7&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">The Great Peace of 1783</a>" in Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Third Series, Vol. 95 (1983), p 33. Viewed at JSTOR, June 20, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMamatey1963" class="citation journal cs1">Mamatey, Victor S. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/2128208?journalCode=jop">"Reviewed work: Britain, Russian, and the Armed Neutrality of 1780: Sir James Harris's Mission to St. Petersburg during the American Revolution., Isabel de Madariaga"</a>. <i>The Journal of Politics</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 172–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2128208">10.2307/2128208</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2128208">2128208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%3A+Britain%2C+Russian%2C+and+the+Armed+Neutrality+of+1780%3A+Sir+James+Harris%27s+Mission+to+St.+Petersburg+during+the+American+Revolution.%2C+Isabel+de+Madariaga&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=172-173&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2128208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2128208%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mamatey&rft.aufirst=Victor+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.2307%2F2128208%3FjournalCode%3Djop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#mizra">Mizra, 2007</a>, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#mahan1898">Mahan, 1898</a>, pp. 429–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#colomb">Colomb, 1895</a>, pp. 388–391</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#mahan1898">Mahan, 1898</a>, pp. 438–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-volo77-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-volo77_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-volo77_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#volo">Volo, 2008</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#campbell">Campbell, 1807</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stockley, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHoaiPKTKvwC&pg=PR7">Britain and France at the Birth of America: The European Powers and the Peace Negotiations of 1782–1783 (2001) p.4. Viewed June 6, 2020.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cogliano85-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cogliano85_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cogliano85_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#cogliano2003">Coglian, 2003</a>, p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2756926/report-of-george-iiis-speech-to/">"His Majesty's Most Gracious Speech to both Houses of Parliament, on Thursday, December 5, 1782"</a>, op. cit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp">The British-American Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783</a>. Avalon Project, Yale Law School, viewed June 7, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Howard <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TFyLOUrdGFwC&pg=PA23">Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913</a>, Rowman & Littlefield (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-2916-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-2916-8">0-8420-2916-8</a> (page 23)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benn, Carl <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu0hgVoIj3UC&pg=PA17">Historic Fort York, 1793–1993</a> Dundurn Press Ltd. (1993) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920474-79-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-920474-79-9">0-920474-79-9</a> (page 17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWILLIAM_H._SEWARD1853" class="citation book cs1">WILLIAM H. SEWARD (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifepublicservice00sewa/lifepublicservice00sewa_djvu.txt"><i>Life and public services of John Quincy Adams, sixth president of the United States</i></a>. DERBY, ORTON & MULLIGAN. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+public+services+of+John+Quincy+Adams%2C+sixth+president+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=DERBY%2C+ORTON+%26+MULLIGAN&rft.date=1853&rft.au=WILLIAM+H.+SEWARD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flifepublicservice00sewa%2Flifepublicservice00sewa_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWILLIAM_H._SEWARD1853" class="citation book cs1">WILLIAM H. SEWARD (1853). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifepublicservice00sewa/lifepublicservice00sewa_djvu.txt"><i>Life and public services of John Quincy Adams, sixth president of the United States</i></a>. DERBY, ORTON & MULLIGAN. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+public+services+of+John+Quincy+Adams%2C+sixth+president+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=DERBY%2C+ORTON+%26+MULLIGAN&rft.date=1853&rft.au=WILLIAM+H.+SEWARD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flifepublicservice00sewa%2Flifepublicservice00sewa_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution:</i> Being the Letters of Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, John Adams, John Jay, Arthur Lee, William Lee, Ralph Izard, Francis Dana, William Carmichael, Henry Laurens, John Laurens, M. de Lafayette, M. Dumas, and Others, Concerning the Foreign Relations of the United States During the Whole Revolution; Together with the Letters in Reply from the Secret Committee of Congress, and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Also, the <i>Entire Correspondence of the French Ministers, Gerard and Luzerne, with Congress, United States</i>. Dept. of State, Volume 1, page 431, ed. Jared Sparks, N. Hale and Gray & Bowen, 1829.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dubrovnik and the American Revolution: Francesco Favi's Letters,</i> Francesco Favi, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_S._Vucinich" title="Wayne S. Vucinich">Wayne S. Vucinich</a>, page 19, Ragusan Press, 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dubrovnik and the American Revolution: Francesco Favi's Letters,</i> Francesco Favi, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_S._Vucinich" title="Wayne S. Vucinich">Wayne S. Vucinich</a>, Ragusan Press, 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Adams Papers: Papers of John Adams / Robert J. Taylor, ed., Mary-Jo Kline, associate ed., Gregg L. Lint, assistant ed, Volume 15, June 1783 – January 1784, page 108, Robert Joseph Taylor, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05123-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05123-2">978-0-674-05123-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.museogalileo.it/biography/FrancescoFavi.html">"Biography of Francesco Favi"</a>, Museo Galileo</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Flagg_Bemis1935" class="citation book cs1">Samuel Flagg Bemis (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheDiplomacyOfTheAmericanRevolution"><i>The Diplomacy of the American Revolution</i></a>. American Historical Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomacy+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=American+Historical+Association&rft.date=1935&rft.au=Samuel+Flagg+Bemis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheDiplomacyOfTheAmericanRevolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span>, a standard history; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor00dull">online free to borrow</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDull1987" class="citation book cs1">Dull, Jonathan R. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W86WS9Z0ycYC&q=Joseph+Matthias+G%C3%A9rard+de+Rayneval&pg=PA58"><i>A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03886-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03886-0"><bdi>0-300-03886-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Diplomatic+History+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-300-03886-0&rft.aulast=Dull&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW86WS9Z0ycYC%26q%3DJoseph%2BMatthias%2BG%25C3%25A9rard%2Bde%2BRayneval%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span>, a standard history</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanPeter_J._Albert_editor1981" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Ronald; Peter J. Albert editor (1981). <i>Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778</i>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-0864-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-0864-7"><bdi>0-8139-0864-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+and+Revolution%3A+The+Franco-American+Alliance+of+1778&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8139-0864-7&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Peter+J.+Albert+editor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanPeter_J._Albert_editor1986" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Ronald; Peter J. Albert editor (1986). <i>Peace and the Peacemakers: The Treaty of 1783</i>. University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-1071-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-1071-4"><bdi>0-8139-1071-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+and+the+Peacemakers%3A+The+Treaty+of+1783&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8139-1071-4&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Peter+J.+Albert+editor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li>Kaplan, Lawrence S. "The Diplomacy of the American Revolution: The Perspective from France" <i>Reviews in American History</i> (1976) 4#3 pp. 385–390 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2701454">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Kaplan, Lawrence. <i>Colonies into nation: American diplomacy, 1763-1801</i> (1972) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coloniesintonati00kapl">online free to borrow</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockley2001" class="citation book cs1">Stockley, Andrew (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719104045/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/wm/60.1/br_11.html"><i>Britain and France at the Birth of America: The European Powers and the Peace Negotiations of 1782–1783</i></a>. University of Exeter Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/cgi-bin/justtop.cgi?act=justtop&url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/wm/60.1/br_11.html">the original</a> on July 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+France+at+the+Birth+of+America%3A+The+European+Powers+and+the+Peace+Negotiations+of+1782%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Stockley&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycooperative.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fjusttop.cgi%3Fact%3Djusttop%26url%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycooperative.org%2Fjournals%2Fwm%2F60.1%2Fbr_11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1911" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, James Breck (1911). "XXV Negotiations for Peace". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franceinamerica00unkngoog"><i>France in the American Revolution</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXV+Negotiations+for+Peace&rft.btitle=France+in+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=James+Breck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffranceinamerica00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Simms, Brendan. <i>Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714–1783</i> (2008) 802 pp., detailed coverage of diplomacy from London viewpoint</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1906" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Benjamin (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsbenjami07frangoog"><i>The Writings of Benjamin Franklin</i></a>. The Macmillan company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsbenjami07frangoog/page/n132">108</a>. <q>Joseph Matthias Gérard de Rayneval.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+Benjamin+Franklin&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+company&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritingsbenjami07frangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Commager, Henry Steele and Richard Morris, eds. <i>The Spirit of 'Seventy-Six: The Story of the American Revolution As Told by Participants</i> (1975) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28Commager%20Morris%29">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412045424/http://www.usdiplomacy.org/exhibit/creating.php">"US Diplomacy An Online Exploration of Diplomatic History and Foreign Affairs"</a>. Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usdiplomacy.org/exhibit/creating.php">the original</a> on April 12, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Diplomacy+An+Online+Exploration+of+Diplomatic+History+and+Foreign+Affairs&rft.pub=Association+for+Diplomatic+Studies+%26+Training&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdiplomacy.org%2Fexhibit%2Fcreating.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadashi_Aruga1985" class="citation journal cs1">Tadashi Aruga (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525011736/http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jaas/periodicals/JJAS/PDF/1985/No.02-059.pdf">"Revolutionary Diplomacy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Japanese Journal of American Studies</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jaas/periodicals/JJAS/PDF/1985/No.02-059.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+Diplomacy&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Tadashi+Aruga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwsoc.nii.ac.jp%2Fjaas%2Fperiodicals%2FJJAS%2FPDF%2F1985%2FNo.02-059.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_D._Hartsoe" class="citation web cs1">Kenneth D. Hartsoe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2002_summer_fall/foreign_policy.htm">"Commerce and Diplomacy The First Year of American Foreign Policy 1775–1776"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commerce+and+Diplomacy+The+First+Year+of+American+Foreign+Policy+1775%E2%80%931776&rft.au=Kenneth+D.+Hartsoe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlyamerica.com%2Freview%2F2002_summer_fall%2Fforeign_policy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiplomacy+in+the+American+Revolutionary+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821112258/http://www.law.ou.edu/hist/paris.html">Text of the Treaty of Paris</a> (without Delaware)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/ar/14313.htm">Treaty of Paris, 1783</a> U.S. Department of State summary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608052706/http://www.history.army.mil/reference/revbib/diplo.htm">A Select Bibliography of Diplomacy in the War of American Independence</a> compiled by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.french" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.french">Documents Relating to the French Participation in the American Revolution</a>. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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id="American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territorial_expansion_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_growth" title="Template:US growth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_growth" title="Template talk:US growth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_growth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US growth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territorial_expansion_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial expansion of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies (1776)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase (1803)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Red River Cession (1818)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty (1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas Annexation (1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase (1853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase (1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Annexation of Hawaii (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Convention" title="Tripartite Convention">Tripartite Convention (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Tutuila" title="Treaty of Cession of Tutuila">Treaty of Cession of Tutuila (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Manu%27a" title="Treaty of Cession of Manu'a">Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Annexation of Oklahoma (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies">Treaty of the Danish West Indies (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands#United_Nations_trusteeship" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands (1986)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg/100px-Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg/150px-Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg/200px-Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Concept:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&oldid=1259813846">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War&oldid=1259813846</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_treaties_of_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Peace treaties of the 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