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psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_social_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_social_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In social psychology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_social_psychology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In social psychology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_social_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collective_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collective_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Collective identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collective_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identity_formation_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity_formation_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Identity formation strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity_formation_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_social_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_social_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In social anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_social_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Implications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identity_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Identity changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contexts_Influencing_Identity_Changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contexts_Influencing_Identity_Changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Contexts Influencing Identity Changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contexts_Influencing_Identity_Changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Immigration and identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Occupational identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Navigating_stigma_and_occupational_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigating_stigma_and_occupational_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3.1</span> <span>Navigating stigma and occupational identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigating_stigma_and_occupational_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_shaping_the_concept_of_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_shaping_the_concept_of_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Factors shaping the concept of identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_shaping_the_concept_of_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Identity (social science)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identiteit" title="Identiteit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Identiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99xsiyy%C9%99t_(sosiologiya)" title="Şəxsiyyət (sosiologiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəxsiyyət (sosiologiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4ng-it-s%C3%A8ng" title="Tông-it-sèng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tông-it-sèng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8)" title="Идентичност (социални науки) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Идентичност (социални науки)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identitet" title="Identitet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Identitet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identelezh" title="Identelezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Identelezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identitat_social" title="Identitat social – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Identitat social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Камлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Камлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identita_(sociologie)" title="Identita (sociologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Identita (sociologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identiteet" title="Identiteet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Identiteet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identidad_(ciencias_sociales)" title="Identidad (ciencias sociales) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Identidad (ciencias sociales)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identeco_(sociaj_sciencoj)" title="Identeco (sociaj sciencoj) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Identeco (sociaj sciencoj)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortasun_(gizarte_zientziak)" title="Nortasun (gizarte zientziak) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nortasun (gizarte zientziak)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="هویت اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هویت اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identit%C3%A9_(sciences_sociales)" title="Identité (sciences sociales) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Identité (sciences sociales)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%99%EC%9D%BC%EC%84%B1" title="자기동일성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자기동일성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նույնականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նույնականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="पहचान (सामाजिक विज्ञान) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पहचान (सामाजिक विज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identificiranje_(psihologija)" title="Identificiranje (psihologija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Identificiranje (psihologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identitas" title="Identitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Identitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identitate" title="Identitate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Identitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuhlonzi" title="Ubuhlonzi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubuhlonzi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identit%C3%A0_(scienze_sociali)" title="Identità (scienze sociali) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Identità (scienze sociali)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%94%D7%95%D7%AA" title="זהות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זהות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83)" title="Идентити (әлеуметтану) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Идентити (әлеуметтану)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idantite_(syans_sosyal)" title="Idantite (syans sosyal) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Idantite (syans sosyal)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identit%C4%81te" title="Identitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Identitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identitetas" title="Identitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Identitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identit%C3%A1s" title="Identitás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Identitás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identiteit_(eigenheid)" title="Identiteit (eigenheid) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Identiteit (eigenheid)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%B7%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%80%A7" title="自己同一性 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自己同一性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identitet" title="Identitet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Identitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C5%BCsamo%C5%9B%C4%87_(psychologia)" title="Tożsamość (psychologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tożsamość (psychologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identidade" title="Identidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Identidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Идентичность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Идентичность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identiteti_(shkenca_shoq%C3%ABrore)" title="Identiteti (shkenca shoqërore) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Identiteti (shkenca shoqërore)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identita_(sociol%C3%B3gia)" title="Identita (sociológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Identita (sociológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8E%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کێیەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کێیەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_(%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Идентитет (психологија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Идентитет (психологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identitet_(psihologija)" title="Identitet (psihologija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Identitet (psihologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identiteetti_(yhteiskuntatieteet)" title="Identiteetti (yhteiskuntatieteet) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Identiteetti (yhteiskuntatieteet)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identitet_(beteendevetenskap)" title="Identitet (beteendevetenskap) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Identitet (beteendevetenskap)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA_(%D0%B8%D2%97%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%99%D1%80)" title="Кемлек (иҗтимагый фәннәр) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кемлек (иҗтимагый фәннәр)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimlik" title="Kimlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_(%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Ідентичність (психологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ідентичність (психологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_s%E1%BA%AFc" title="Bản sắc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bản sắc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E8%AA%8D%E5%90%8C" title="身份認同 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="身份認同" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E8%AE%A4%E5%90%8C" title="身份认同 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="身份认同" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ked%C3%A8w%C3%A8kan" title="Kedèwèkan – Betawi" 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style="display:none">Qualities, beliefs, personality, looks and/or expressions that distinguish a person or group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "Identity", see <a href="/wiki/Identity_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Identity (disambiguation)">Identity (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;;padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Self" title="Category:Self">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ddddff;;padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">The Self</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Constructs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-knowledge_(psychology)" title="Self-knowledge (psychology)">Self-knowledge (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">Self-image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">Self-concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-schema" title="Self-schema">Self-schema</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Theories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_basis_of_self" title="Neural basis of self">Neural basis of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-categorization_theory" title="Self-categorization theory">Self-categorization theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Processes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-perception_theory" title="Self-perception theory">Self-perception theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">Self-awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-consciousness" title="Self-consciousness">Self-consciousness</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Value judgment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">Self-esteem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_self_and_false_self" title="True self and false self">True self and false self</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> As applied to activities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-assessment" title="Self-assessment">Self-assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">Self-efficacy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Interpersonal</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-disclosure" title="Self-disclosure">Self-disclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-concealment" title="Self-concealment">Self-concealment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Social</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Identity (social science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">Social identity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;;border-top:1px #ddddff solid;"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Respectability_politics" title="Respectability politics">Respectability politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_identity" title="Political identity">Political identity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Self_sidebar" title="Template:Self sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Self_sidebar" title="Template talk:Self sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Self_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Self sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Identity</b> is the set of qualities, beliefs, personality traits, appearance, and/or expressions that characterize a person or a <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Springer_New_York_2011_p._2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer_New_York_2011_p.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herman_2011_pp._779–781_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herman_2011_pp._779–781-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franco-Zamudio_Dorton_2014_pp._256–259_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franco-Zamudio_Dorton_2014_pp._256–259-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Identity emerges during childhood as children start to comprehend their <a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">self-concept</a>, and it remains a consistent aspect throughout different stages of life. <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Identity</a> is shaped by social and cultural factors and how others perceive and acknowledge one's characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The etymology of the term "identity" from the Latin noun <i>identitas</i> emphasizes an individual's mental image of themselves and their "sameness with others".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Identity encompasses various aspects such as occupational, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a>, national, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnic</a> or racial, <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender</a>, educational, generational, and political identities, among others. </p><p>Identity serves multiple functions, acting as a "self-regulatory structure" that provides meaning, direction, and a sense of self-control. It fosters internal harmony and serves as a behavioral compass, enabling individuals to orient themselves towards the future and establish long-term goals.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an active process, it profoundly influences an individual's capacity to adapt to life events and achieve a state of well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, identity originates from traits or attributes that individuals may have little or no control over, such as their family background or ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, emphasis is placed by sociologists on <a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">collective identity</a>, in which an individual's identity is strongly associated with role-behavior or the collection of group memberships that define them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Peter Burke, "Identities tell us who we are and they announce to others who we are."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Identities subsequently guide behavior, leading "fathers" to behave like "fathers" and "nurses" to act like "nurses".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, the term "identity" is most commonly used to describe <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal identity</a>, or the distinctive qualities or traits that make an individual unique.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Identities are strongly associated with <a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">self-concept</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">self-image</a> (one's <a href="/wiki/Mental_model" title="Mental model">mental model</a> of oneself), <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">individuality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals' identities are situated, but also contextual, situationally adaptive and changing. Despite their fluid character, identities often feel as if they are stable ubiquitous categories defining an individual, because of their grounding in the sense of personal identity (the sense of being a continuous and persistent self).<sup id="cite_ref-Kurzwelly2019_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurzwelly2019-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a> noted in 1998: "At some point in the 1970s this term ["identity"] was borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a> and applied with abandon to <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">societies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a> and groups."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_psychology">In psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a> (1902–94) became one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a> to take an explicit interest in identity. An essential feature of Erikson's <a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">theory of psychosocial development</a> was the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego#Ego" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego and super-ego">ego</a> identity (often referred to as the <i>self</i>), which is described as an individual's personal sense of continuity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested that people can attain this feeling throughout their lives as they develop and is meant to be an ongoing process.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ego-identity consists of two main features: one's <a href="/wiki/Idiosyncrasies" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiosyncrasies">personal characteristics</a> and development, and the culmination of social and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural</a> factors and roles that impact one's identity. In Erikson's theory, he describes eight distinct stages across the lifespan that are each characterized by a conflict between the inner, personal world and the outer, social world of an individual. Erikson identified the conflict of identity as occurring primarily during adolescence and described potential outcomes that depend on how one deals with this conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who do not manage a resynthesis of childhood identifications are seen as being in a state of 'identity diffusion' whereas those who retain their given identities unquestioned have 'foreclosed' identities.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On some readings of Erikson, the development of a strong ego identity, along with the proper integration into a stable society and culture, lead to a stronger sense of identity in general. Accordingly, a deficiency in either of these factors may increase the chance of an <a href="/wiki/Identity_crisis_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity crisis (psychology)">identity crisis</a> or confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Neo-Eriksonian" <i>identity status</i> <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> emerged in 1966, driven largely by the work of <a href="/wiki/James_Marcia" title="James Marcia">James Marcia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model focuses on the concepts of <i>exploration</i> and <i>commitment</i>. The central idea is that an individual's sense of identity is determined in large part by the degrees to which a person has made certain explorations and the extent to which they have commitments to those explorations or a particular identity.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person may display either relative weakness or strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, there were four possible results: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a person avoids or refuses both exploration and making a commitment. Foreclosure occurs when a person does make a commitment to a particular identity but neglected to explore other options. Identity moratorium is when a person avoids or postpones making a commitment but is still actively exploring their options and different identities. Lastly, identity achievement is when a person has both explored many possibilities and has committed to their identity.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the self is distinct from identity, the literature of <a href="/wiki/Self-psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-psychology">self-psychology</a> can offer some insight into how identity is maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the vantage point of self-psychology, there are two areas of interest: the processes by which a self is formed (the "I"), and the actual content of the <a href="/wiki/Self-schema" title="Self-schema">schemata</a> which compose the <a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">self-concept</a> (the "Me"). In the latter field, theorists have shown interest in relating the self-concept to <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, the differences between complex and simple ways of organizing <a href="/wiki/Self-knowledge_(psychology)" title="Self-knowledge (psychology)">self-knowledge</a>, and the links between those organizing principles and the processing of information.<sup id="cite_ref-Cote_2002_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cote_2002-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weinreich's identity variant similarly includes the categories of identity diffusion, foreclosure and crisis, but with a somewhat different emphasis. Here, with respect to identity diffusion for example, an optimal level is interpreted as the norm, as it is unrealistic to expect an individual to resolve all their conflicted identifications with others; therefore we should be alert to individuals with levels which are much higher or lower than the norm – highly diffused individuals are classified as diffused, and those with low levels as foreclosed or defensive.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weinreich applies the identity variant in a framework which also allows for the transition from one to another by way of biographical experiences and resolution of conflicted identifications situated in various contexts – for example, an <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescent</a> going through family break-up may be in one state, whereas later in a stable marriage with a secure professional role may be in another. Hence, though there is continuity, there is also development and change.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laing's definition of identity closely follows Erikson's, in emphasising the past, present and future components of the experienced self. He also develops the concept of the "metaperspective of self", i.e. the self's perception of the other's view of self, which has been found to be extremely important in clinical contexts such as anorexia nervosa.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Harré also conceptualises components of self/identity – the "person" (the unique being I am to myself and others) along with aspects of self (including a totality of attributes including beliefs about one's characteristics including life history), and the personal characteristics displayed to others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_social_psychology">In social psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In social psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At a general level, <a href="/wiki/Self-psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-psychology">self-psychology</a> explores the question of how the personal self relates to the social environment. Theories in <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social psychology (psychology)">"psychological" social psychology</a> explain an individual's actions in a group in terms of mental events and states. However, some <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">"sociological" social psychology</a> theories go further by dealing with the issue of identity at the level of both individual <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> and collective behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collective_identity">Collective identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Collective identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></div> <p>Many people gain a sense of positive self-esteem from their identity groups, which furthers a sense of <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> and belonging. Another issue that researchers have attempted to address is the question of why people engage in <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>, i.e., why they tend to favour those they consider a part of their "in-group" over those considered to be outsiders. Both questions have been given extensive attention by researchers working in the <a href="/wiki/Social_identity_approach" title="Social identity approach">social identity tradition</a>. For example, in work relating to <a href="/wiki/Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">social identity theory</a>, it has been shown that merely crafting cognitive distinction between in- and out-groups can lead to subtle effects on people's evaluations of others.<sup id="cite_ref-Cote_2002_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cote_2002-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twente_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twente-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different social situations also compel people to attach themselves to different self-identities which may cause some to feel marginalized, switch between different groups and self-identifications,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or reinterpret certain identity components.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These different selves lead to constructed images dichotomized between what people want to be (the ideal self) and how others see them (the limited self). Educational background and occupational status and roles significantly influence identity formation in this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity_formation_strategies">Identity formation strategies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Identity formation strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another issue of interest in social psychology is related to the notion that there are certain <i>identity formation strategies</i> which a person may use to adapt to the social world.<sup id="cite_ref-Cote_2002_3–5_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cote_2002_3–5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cote and Levine developed a <a href="/wiki/Personality_type" title="Personality type">typology</a> which investigated the different manners of behavior that individuals may have.<sup id="cite_ref-Cote_2002_3–5_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cote_2002_3–5-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their typology includes: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Cote and Levine's identity formation strategy typology </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type </th> <th>Psychological signs </th> <th>Personality signs </th> <th>Social signs </th></tr> <tr> <td>Refuser </td> <td>Develops cognitive blocks that prevent adoption of adult role-schemas </td> <td>Engages in childlike behavior </td> <td>Shows extensive dependency upon others and no meaningful engagement with the community of adults </td></tr> <tr> <td>Drifter </td> <td>Possesses greater psychological resources than the Refuser (i.e., intelligence, charisma) </td> <td>Is apathetic toward application of psychological resources </td> <td>Has no meaningful engagement with or commitment to adult communities </td></tr> <tr> <td>Searcher </td> <td>Has a sense of dissatisfaction due to high personal and social expectations </td> <td>Shows disdain for imperfections within the community </td> <td>Interacts to some degree with role-models, but ultimately these relationships are abandoned </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guardian </td> <td>Possesses clear personal values and attitudes, but also a deep fear of change </td> <td>Sense of personal identity is almost exhausted by sense of social identity </td> <td>Has an extremely rigid sense of social identity and strong identification with adult communities </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resolver </td> <td>Consciously desires self-growth </td> <td>Accepts personal skills and competencies and uses them actively </td> <td>Is responsive to communities that provide opportunity for self-growth </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Gergen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Gergen">Kenneth Gergen</a> formulated additional classifications, which include the <i>strategic manipulator</i>, the <i>pastiche personality</i>, and the <i>relational self</i>. The strategic manipulator is a person who begins to regard all senses of identity merely as role-playing exercises, and who gradually becomes alienated from their social self. The pastiche personality abandons all aspirations toward a true or "essential" identity, instead viewing social interactions as opportunities to play out, and hence become, the roles they play. Finally, the relational self is a perspective by which persons abandon all sense of exclusive self, and view all sense of identity in terms of social engagement with others. For Gergen, these strategies follow one another in phases, and they are linked to the increase in popularity of <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">postmodern</a> culture and the rise of telecommunications technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_social_anthropology">In social anthropology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In social anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_identity" title="Australian Aboriginal identity">Australian Aboriginal identity</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">Anthropologists</a> have most frequently employed the term <i>identity</i> to refer to this idea of selfhood in a loosely <a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Eriksonian way</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="A source by Erikson demonstrates what "Eriksonian" is, but it's not a secondary source that supports the claim that anthropologists use the term in this way. (January 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> properties based on the uniqueness and individuality which makes a person distinct from others. Identity became of more interest to anthropologists with the emergence of modern concerns with <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Social movements">social movements</a> in the 1970s. This was reinforced by an appreciation, following the trend in sociological thought, of the manner in which the individual is affected by and contributes to the overall <a href="/wiki/Social_context" class="mw-redirect" title="Social context">social context</a>. At the same time, the Eriksonian approach to identity remained in force, with the result that identity has continued until recently to be used in a largely socio-historical way to refer to qualities of sameness in relation to a person's connection to others and to a particular group of people. </p><p>The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">belonging</a> to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common <a href="/wiki/Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestry">ancestry</a> and common <a href="/wiki/Biometrics" title="Biometrics">biological characteristics</a>. The second, rooted in <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social constructionist">social constructionist</a> theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a predominantly political choice of certain characteristics. In so doing, it questions the idea that identity is a natural given, characterised by fixed, supposedly objective criteria. Both approaches need to be understood in their respective political and historical contexts, characterised by debate on issues of class, race and <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>. While they have been criticized, they continue to exert an influence on approaches to the conceptualisation of identity today. </p><p>These different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidity, contingency, negotiated and so on. Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity, following more or less the frameworks listed above, rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality. In this environment, some analysts, such as Brubaker and Cooper, have suggested doing away with the concept completely.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression. <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a> for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have introduced the idea of identification, whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are 'identified' and interpreted by individuals. The construction of an individual sense of self is achieved by personal choices regarding who and what to associate with. Such approaches are liberating in their recognition of the role of the individual in social interaction and the construction of identity. </p><p>Anthropologists have contributed to the debate by shifting the focus of research: One of the first challenges for the researcher wishing to carry out empirical research in this area is to identify an appropriate analytical tool. The concept of boundaries is useful here for demonstrating how identity works. In the same way as Barth, in his approach to ethnicity, advocated the critical focus for investigation as being "the ethnic boundary that defines the group rather than the cultural stuff that it encloses",<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> social anthropologists such as Cohen and Bray have shifted the focus of analytical study from identity to the boundaries that are used for purposes of identification. If identity is a kind of virtual site in which the dynamic processes and markers used for identification are made apparent, boundaries provide the framework on which this virtual site is built. They concentrated on how the idea of community belonging is differently constructed by individual members and how individuals within the group conceive ethnic boundaries. </p><p>As a non-directive and flexible analytical tool, the concept of boundaries helps both to map and to define the changeability and mutability that are characteristic of people's experiences of the self in society. While identity is a volatile, flexible and abstract 'thing', its manifestations and the ways in which it is exercised are often open to view. Identity is made evident through the use of markers such as <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, dress, <a href="/wiki/Behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviour">behaviour</a> and choice of space, whose effect depends on their recognition by other social beings. Markers help to create the boundaries that define similarities or differences between the marker wearer and the marker perceivers, their effectiveness depends on a shared understanding of their meaning. In a social context, misunderstandings can arise due to a misinterpretation of the significance of specific markers. Equally, an individual can use markers of identity to exert influence on other people without necessarily fulfilling all the criteria that an external observer might typically associate with such an abstract identity. </p><p>Boundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a marker with which other people are ready and able to associate. At the same time, however, an inclusive boundary will also impose restrictions on the people it has included by limiting their inclusion within other boundaries. An example of this is the use of a particular language by a newcomer in a room full of people speaking various languages. Some people may understand the language used by this person while others may not. Those who do not understand it might take the newcomer's use of this particular language merely as a neutral sign of identity. But they might also perceive it as imposing an exclusive boundary that is meant to mark them off from the person. On the other hand, those who do understand the newcomer's language could take it as an inclusive boundary, through which the newcomer associates themself with them to the exclusion of the other people present. Equally, however, it is possible that people who do understand the newcomer but who also speak another language may not want to speak the newcomer's language and so see their marker as an imposition and a negative boundary. It is possible that the newcomer is either aware or unaware of this, depending on whether they themself knows other languages or is conscious of the plurilingual quality of the people there and is respectful of it or not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religion">In religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_identity" title="Religious identity">Religious identity</a></div><p>A <a href="/wiki/Religious_identity" title="Religious identity">religious identity</a> is the set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual, involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals and study of ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, mythology, and faith and mystical experience. Religious identity refers to the personal practices related to communal faith along with rituals and communication stemming from such conviction. This identity formation begins with an association in the parents' religious contacts, and individuation requires that the person chooses the same or different religious identity than that of their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Lost_Sheep" title="Parable of the Lost Sheep">Parable of the Lost Sheep</a> is one of the parables of Jesus. it is about a shepherd who leaves his flock of ninety-nine sheep in order to find the one which is lost. The parable of the lost sheep is an example of the rediscovery of identity. Its aim is to lay bare the nature of the divine response to the recovery of the lost, with the lost sheep representing a lost human being.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Christian meditation</a> is a specific form of personality formation, though often used only by certain practitioners to describe various forms of prayer and the process of knowing the <a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">contemplation</a> of God.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, personal and secular identity are deeply influenced by the formation of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PerryChase2012_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PerryChase2012-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daly20132_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daly20132-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> throughout history, various Western thinkers who contributed to the development of European identity were influenced by classical cultures and incorporated elements of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek culture</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a>, leading to some movements such as <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-How_The_Catholic_Church_Built_Western_Civilization_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_The_Catholic_Church_Built_Western_Civilization-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perry2012_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications">Implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the multiple functions of identity which include self regulation, self-concept, personal control, meaning and direction, its implications are woven into many aspects of life.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity_changes">Identity changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Identity changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contexts_Influencing_Identity_Changes">Contexts Influencing Identity Changes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contexts Influencing Identity Changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Identity transformations can occur in various contexts, some of which include: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Career" title="Career">Career</a> Change: When individuals undergo significant shifts in their career paths or occupational identities, they face the challenge of redefining themselves within a new professional context.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender Identity</a> Transition: Individuals experiencing gender dysphoria may embark on a journey to align their lives with their true gender identity. This process involves profound personal and social changes to establish an authentic sense of self.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>National <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a>: Relocating to a new country necessitates adaptation to unfamiliar societal norms, leading to adjustments in cultural, social, and occupational identities.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Identity Change due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_migrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate migrant">Climate Migration:</a> In the face of environmental challenges and forced displacement, individuals may experience shifts in their identity as they adapt to new geographical locations and cultural contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption:_Cultural_Variations" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoption: Cultural Variations">Adoption:</a> Adoption entails exploring alternative familial features and reconciling with the experience of being adopted, which can significantly impact an individual's <a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">self-identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Illness Diagnosis: The diagnosis of an illness can provoke an identity shift, altering an individual's self-perception and influencing how they navigate life. Additionally, illnesses may result in changes in abilities, which can affect occupational identity and require adaptations.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration_and_identity">Immigration and identity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Immigration and identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a> often lead to shifts in social identity. The extent of this change depends on the disparities between the individual's heritage culture and the culture of the host country, as well as the level of adoption of the new culture versus the retention of the heritage culture. However, the effects of immigration and acculturation on identity can be moderated if the person possesses a strong <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">personal identity</a>. This established personal identity can serve as an "anchor" and play a "protective role" during the process of social and cultural identity transformations that occur.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occupational_identity">Occupational identity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Occupational identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Identity is an ongoing and dynamic process that impacts an individual's ability to navigate life's challenges and cultivate a fulfilling existence.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this process, occupation emerges as a significant factor that allows individuals to express and maintain their identity. Occupation encompasses not only careers or jobs but also activities such as travel, volunteering, sports, or caregiving. However, when individuals face limitations in their ability to participate or engage in meaningful activities, such as due to illness, it poses a threat to the active process and continued development of identity. Feeling socially unproductive can have detrimental effects on one's <a href="/wiki/Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">social identity</a>. Importantly, the relationship between occupation and identity is bidirectional; occupation contributes to the formation of identity, while identity shapes decisions regarding occupational choices. Furthermore, individuals inherently seek a sense of control over their chosen occupation and strive to avoid stigmatizing labels that may undermine their occupational identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Navigating_stigma_and_occupational_identity">Navigating stigma and occupational identity</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Navigating stigma and occupational identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the realm of occupational identity, individuals make choices regarding employment based on the stigma associated with certain jobs. Likewise, those already working in stigmatized occupations may employ personal rationalization to justify their career path. Factors such as workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life play significant roles in these decisions. Individuals in such jobs face the challenge of forging an identity that aligns with their values and beliefs. Crafting a positive self-concept becomes more arduous when societal standards label their work as "dirty" or undesirable.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, some individuals opt not to define themselves solely by their occupation but strive for a holistic identity that encompasses all aspects of their lives, beyond their job or work. On the other hand, individuals whose identity strongly hinges on their occupation may experience a crisis if they become unable to perform their chosen work. Therefore, occupational identity necessitates an active and adaptable process that ensures both <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> and continuity amid shifting circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_shaping_the_concept_of_identity">Factors shaping the concept of identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Factors shaping the concept of identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern notion of personal identity as a distinct and unique characteristic of individuals has evolved relatively recently in history beginning with the first passports in the early 1900s and later becoming more popular as a social science term in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several factors have influenced its evolution, including: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> Influence: In Western societies, the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> tradition has underscored individuals' responsibility for their own soul or spiritual well-being, contributing to a heightened focus on personal identity.</li> <li>Development of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a>: The emergence of psychology as a separate field of knowledge and study starting in the 19th century has played a significant role in shaping our understanding of identity.</li> <li>Rise of Privacy: The Renaissance era witnessed a growing sense of privacy, leading to increased attention and importance placed on individual identities.</li> <li>Specialization in Work: The industrial period brought about a shift from undifferentiated roles in <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> systems to specialized worker roles. This change impacted how individuals identified themselves in relation to their occupations.</li> <li>Occupation and Identity: The concept of occupation as a crucial aspect of identity was introduced by Christiansen in 1999, highlighting the influence of employment and work roles on an individual's sense of self.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Focus on <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender Identity:</a> There has been an increased emphasis on gender identity, including issues related to <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> experiences. These discussions have contributed to a broader understanding of diverse identities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Relevance of Identity in <a href="/wiki/Personality_pathology" title="Personality pathology">Personality Pathology</a>: Understanding and assessing personality pathology has highlighted the significance of identity problems in comprehending individuals' psychological well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_performance" title="Identity performance">Identity performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_identity" title="Online identity">Online identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(sociology)" title="Passing (sociology)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_dysphoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial dysphoria">Racial dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_engulfment" title="Role engulfment">Role engulfment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-consciousness" title="Self-consciousness">Self-consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-discovery" title="Self-discovery">Self-discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_defeat" title="Social defeat">Social defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <i>Collins Dictionary of Sociology</i>, quoted in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCovington2008" class="citation book cs1">Covington, Peter (2008). "Culture and Identity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZIVM2t6Ys0C"><i>Success in Sociology</i></a>. Dublin: Folens Limited. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850082606" title="Special:BookSources/9781850082606"><bdi>9781850082606</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>Jary and Jary (1991) define identity as 'a sense of self that develops as the child differentiates from parents and the family, and takes a place in society.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Culture+and+Identity&rft.btitle=Success+in+Sociology&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Folens+Limited&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781850082606&rft.aulast=Covington&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZIVM2t6Ys0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer_New_York_2011_p.-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Springer_New_York_2011_p._2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzLuyckxVignoles2011" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Seth J.; Luyckx, Koen; Vignoles, Vivian L., eds. (2011). <i>Handbook of Identity Theory and Research</i>. New York, NY: Springer New York. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-7988-9">10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7987-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7987-2"><bdi>978-1-4419-7987-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Identity+Theory+and+Research&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4419-7988-9&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-7987-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herman_2011_pp._779–781-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herman_2011_pp._779–781_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2011" class="citation book cs1">Herman, William E. (2011). "Identity Formation". <i>Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development</i>. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 779–781. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-79061-9_1443">10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_1443</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-77579-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-77579-1"><bdi>978-0-387-77579-1</bdi></a>. <q>Identity formation has to do with the complex manner in which human beings establish a unique view of self and is characterized by continuity and inner unity. It is therefore highly related to terms such as the self, self-concept, values, and personality development.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Identity+Formation&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Child+Behavior+and+Development&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=779-781&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-79061-9_1443&rft.isbn=978-0-387-77579-1&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franco-Zamudio_Dorton_2014_pp._256–259-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franco-Zamudio_Dorton_2014_pp._256–259_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranco-ZamudioDorton2014" class="citation book cs1">Franco-Zamudio, Jamie; Dorton, Harold (2014). "Collective Identity". <i>Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology</i>. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 256–259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-5583-7_381">10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7_381</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-5582-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-5582-0"><bdi>978-1-4614-5582-0</bdi></a>. <q>Identity offers a way of thinking about the links between the personal and the social, that is, how the psychological and social aspects of the self are tied together to create a self-concept (Woodward, 2002)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Collective+Identity&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Critical+Psychology&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=256-259&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-5583-7_381&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-5582-0&rft.aulast=Franco-Zamudio&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft.au=Dorton%2C+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmeckSchlüter-MüllerFoelschDoering2013" class="citation journal cs1">Schmeck, Klaus; Schlüter-Müller, Susanne; Foelsch, Pamela A; Doering, Stephan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848950">"The role of identity in the DSM-5 classification of personality disorders"</a>. <i>Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1753-2000-7-27">10.1186/1753-2000-7-27</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-2000">1753-2000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3848950">3848950</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23902698">23902698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+and+Adolescent+Psychiatry+and+Mental+Health&rft.atitle=The+role+of+identity+in+the+DSM-5+classification+of+personality+disorders&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3848950%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1753-2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23902698&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1753-2000-7-27&rft.aulast=Schmeck&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Schl%C3%BCter-M%C3%BCller%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Foelsch%2C+Pamela+A&rft.au=Doering%2C+Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3848950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/the-term-identity-comes-from-the-latin-noun">"The term identity comes from the Latin noun Definition"</a>. <i>Law Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law+Insider&rft.atitle=The+term+identity+comes+from+the+Latin+noun+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawinsider.com%2Fdictionary%2Fthe-term-identity-comes-from-the-latin-noun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzMontgomeryBriones2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, Seth J.; Montgomery, Marilyn J.; Briones, Ervin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/90300">"The Role of Identity in Acculturation among Immigrant People: Theoretical Propositions, Empirical Questions, and Applied Recommendations"</a>. <i>Human Development</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 1–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000090300">10.1159/000090300</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-716X">0018-716X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21526047">21526047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Development&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Identity+in+Acculturation+among+Immigrant+People%3A+Theoretical+Propositions%2C+Empirical+Questions%2C+and+Applied+Recommendations&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21526047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-716X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000090300&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth+J.&rft.au=Montgomery%2C+Marilyn+J.&rft.au=Briones%2C+Ervin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karger.com%2FArticle%2FFullText%2F90300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaliberte-Rudman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Laliberte-Rudman, Debbie (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14427591.2002.9686489">"Linking Occupation and Identity: Lessons Learned Through Qualitative Exploration"</a>. <i>Journal of Occupational Science</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 12–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14427591.2002.9686489">10.1080/14427591.2002.9686489</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1442-7591">1442-7591</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148500712">148500712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Occupational+Science&rft.atitle=Linking+Occupation+and+Identity%3A+Lessons+Learned+Through+Qualitative+Exploration&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-19&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148500712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1442-7591&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14427591.2002.9686489&rft.aulast=Laliberte-Rudman&rft.aufirst=Debbie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14427591.2002.9686489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnruh2004" class="citation journal cs1">Unruh, Anita M. (December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15633879/">"Reflections on: "So... what do you do?" Occupation and the construction of identity"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy</i>. <b>71</b> (5): 290–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000841740407100508">10.1177/000841740407100508</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4174">0008-4174</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15633879">15633879</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6673017">6673017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Occupational+Therapy&rft.atitle=Reflections+on%3A+%22So...+what+do+you+do%3F%22+Occupation+and+the+construction+of+identity&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=290-295&rft.date=2004-12&rft.issn=0008-4174&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6673017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15633879&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000841740407100508&rft.aulast=Unruh&rft.aufirst=Anita+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F15633879%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berkeleywellbeing.com/identity.html">"Identity: Definition, Types, & Examples"</a>. <i>The Berkeley Well-Being Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Berkeley+Well-Being+Institute&rft.atitle=Identity%3A+Definition%2C+Types%2C+%26+Examples&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkeleywellbeing.com%2Fidentity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2020" class="citation cs2">Burke, Peter (2020), Kivisto, Peter (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-handbook-of-social-theory/identity/98F0DBC2281B47E3B9DD374AE5F20D8B">"Identity"</a>, <i>The Cambridge Handbook of Social Theory: Volume 2: Contemporary Theories and Issues</i>, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, pp. 63–78, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316677452.005">10.1017/9781316677452.005</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-16269-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-16269-3"><bdi>978-1-107-16269-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242711319">242711319</a>, <q>Within identity theory, an identity is a set of meanings defining who one is in a role (e.g., father, plumber, student), in a group or social category (e.g., member of a church or voluntary association, an American, a female), or a unique individual (e.g., a highly moral person, an assertive person, an outgoing person)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Social+Theory%3A+Volume+2%3A+Contemporary+Theories+and+Issues&rft.atitle=Identity&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=63-78&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242711319%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316677452.005&rft.isbn=978-1-107-16269-3&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-handbook-of-social-theory%2Fidentity%2F98F0DBC2281B47E3B9DD374AE5F20D8B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheek1989" class="citation cs2">Cheek, Jonathan M. (1989), Buss, David M.; Cantor, Nancy (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0634-4_21">"Identity Orientations and Self-Interpretation"</a>, <i>Personality Psychology: Recent Trends and Emerging Directions</i>, New York, NY: Springer US, pp. 275–285, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-0634-4_21">10.1007/978-1-4684-0634-4_21</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-0634-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-0634-4"><bdi>978-1-4684-0634-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+Psychology%3A+Recent+Trends+and+Emerging+Directions&rft.atitle=Identity+Orientations+and+Self-Interpretation&rft.pages=275-285&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4684-0634-4_21&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-0634-4&rft.aulast=Cheek&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4684-0634-4_21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span>. "Identity is the construct that defines who or what a particular person is."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/identity">"Identity"</a>. <i>dictionary.apa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.apa.org&rft.atitle=Identity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Fidentity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinreich1986" class="citation book cs1">Weinreich, Peter (1986). "14: The operationalisation of identity theory in racial and ethnic relations". In <a href="/wiki/John_Rex" title="John Rex">Rex, John</a>; Mason, David (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MMTGKddZKdAC"><i>Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations</i></a>. 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A&C Black. pp. 7–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1851-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1851-6"><bdi>978-1-4411-1851-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Western+Power%3A+A+Comparative+History+of+Western+Civilization&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2013-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-1851-6&rft.au=Jonathan+Daly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9aZPAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-How_The_Catholic_Church_Built_Western_Civilization-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-How_The_Catholic_Church_Built_Western_Civilization_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas E. Woods">Thomas E. Woods</a> and Antonio Canizares, 2012, "How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization," Reprint edn., Washington, D.C.: Regnery History, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1596983280" title="Special:BookSources/1596983280">1596983280</a>, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jYvmAgAAQBAJ,">accessed 8 December 2014. p. 1: "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people—Catholic included—often realize. 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Oslo: Bergen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+and+Boundaries&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Bergen&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Barth&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourdieu1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu, Pierre</a> (1991). <i>Language and Symbolic Power</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Symbolic+Power&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Bourdieu&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bray, Z. (2004). <i>Living Boundaries: Frontiers and Identity in the Basque Country.</i> Brussels: Presses interuniversitaires européenes, Peter Lang.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubaker2002" class="citation book cs1">Brubaker, R. (2002). <i>Ethnicity without Groups</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+without+Groups&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brockmeier, J. & Carbaugh, D. (2001). <i>Narrative and Identity: Studies in Autobiography, Self and Culture.</i> Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubakerCooper2000" class="citation journal cs1">Brubaker, R.; Cooper, F. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43651/1/11186_2004_Article_243859.pdf">"Beyond 'Identity'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Theory and Society</i>. <b>29</b>: 1–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1007068714468">10.1023/A:1007068714468</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F43651">2027.42/43651</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8365767">8365767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+Society&rft.atitle=Beyond+%27Identity%27&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=1-47&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F43651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8365767%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1007068714468&rft.aulast=Brubaker&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Cooper%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepblue.lib.umich.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2027.42%2F43651%2F1%2F11186_2004_Article_243859.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Calhoun, C. (1994). "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity," in C. Calhoun (Ed.), <i>Social Theory and Identity Politics.</i> Oxford: Blackwell.</li> <li>Camilleri, C.; Kastersztein, J. & Lipiansky E.M. et al. (1990) <i>Stratégies Identitaires.</i> Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey1877" class="citation book cs1">Carey, H. C. (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlessocia10caregoog"><i>Principles of social science</i></a>. Philadelphia: J.B. 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Bort (Eds.), <i>The Frontiers of Europe.</i> London: Printer Press.</li> <li>Cohen, A. (1994). <i>Self Consciousness: An Alternative Anthropology of Identity.</i> London: Routledge.</li> <li>Hallam, E. M., et al. (1999). <i>Beyond the Body: Death and Social Identity.</i> London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-18291-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-18291-3">0-415-18291-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbarra2003" class="citation book cs1">Ibarra, Herminia (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workingidentity00herm"><i>Working identity: unconventional strategies for reinventing your career</i></a></span>. Harvard Business Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57851-778-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57851-778-7"><bdi>978-1-57851-778-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+identity%3A+unconventional+strategies+for+reinventing+your+career&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57851-778-7&rft.aulast=Ibarra&rft.aufirst=Herminia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworkingidentity00herm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11768378">"Despite the Terrors of Typologies: The Importance of Understanding Categories of Difference and Identity"</a>. <i>Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 174–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369801X.2014.993332">10.1080/1369801X.2014.993332</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142378403">142378403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interventions%3A+International+Journal+of+Postcolonial+Studies&rft.atitle=Despite+the+Terrors+of+Typologies%3A+The+Importance+of+Understanding+Categories+of+Difference+and+Identity&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=174-195&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369801X.2014.993332&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142378403%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11768378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kurzwelly, J (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40027419/Being_German_Paraguayan_and_Germanino_Exploring_the_Relation_Between_Social_and_Personal_Identity">"Being German, Paraguayan and Germanino: Exploring the Relation Between Social and Personal Identity"</a>. Identity. 19 (2): 144–156. <a href="//doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2019.1604348" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1080/15283488.2019.1604348">doi:10.1080/15283488.2019.1604348</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLearyTangney2003" class="citation book cs1">Leary, M. R.; Tangney, J. P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fa4_5xN9c5wC"><i>Handbook of self and identity</i></a>. 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Oxford: Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Origin+of+Nations&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Blackwell&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=A.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoteLevine2002" class="citation cs2">Cote, James E.; Levine, Charles (2002), <i>Identity Formation, Agency, and Culture</i>, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+Formation%2C+Agency%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Cote&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Levine%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead, George H.</a> (1934). <i>Mind, Self, and Society</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind%2C+Self%2C+and+Society&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStryker,_Sheldon1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Stryker" title="Sheldon Stryker">Stryker, Sheldon</a> (1968). "Identity Salience and Role Performance". <i>Journal of Marriage and the Family</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 558–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F349494">10.2307/349494</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/349494">349494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marriage+and+the+Family&rft.atitle=Identity+Salience+and+Role+Performance&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=558-64&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F349494&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F349494%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Stryker%2C+Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStryker,_SheldonBurke,_Peter_J.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Stryker, Sheldon; Burke, Peter J. (December 2000). "The Past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory". <i>Social Psychology Quarterly</i>. <b>63</b> (4): 284–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2695840">10.2307/2695840</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2695840">2695840</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5849744">5849744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Psychology+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+of+an+Identity+Theory&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=284-297&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5849744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2695840%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2695840&rft.au=Stryker%2C+Sheldon&rft.au=Burke%2C+Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hasan Bülent Paksoy (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021121511/http://www.eumed.net/entelequia/pdf/b002.pdf"><i>IDENTITIES: How Governed, Who Pays?</i></a> Malaga: Entelequia. 2nd Ed.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231193527/http://www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Interpersonal%20Communication%20and%20Relations/Social_Identity_Theory.doc/">"Social Identity Theory"</a>. <i>Universiteit Twente</i>. 9 September 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcw.utwente.nl/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20clusters/Interpersonal%20Communication%20and%20Relations/Social_Identity_Theory.doc/">the original</a> on 31 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universiteit+Twente&rft.atitle=Social+Identity+Theory&rft.date=2004-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcw.utwente.nl%2Ftheorieenoverzicht%2FTheory%2520clusters%2FInterpersonal%2520Communication%2520and%2520Relations%2FSocial_Identity_Theory.doc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sökefeld, M. (1999). "Debating Self, Identity, and Culture in Anthropology." <i>Current Anthropology</i> <b>40</b> (4), August–October, 417–31.</li> <li>Thompson, R.H. (1989). <i>Theories of Ethnicity.</i> New York: Greenwood Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracyTretheway2005" class="citation journal cs1">Tracy, S. J.; Tretheway, A. (2005). "Fracturing the Real-Self-Fake-Self Dichotomy: Moving Toward "Crystallized Organizational Discourses and Identities"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Communication Theory</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 168–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2885.2005.tb00331.x">10.1111/j.1468-2885.2005.tb00331.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9699291">9699291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+Theory&rft.atitle=Fracturing+the+Real-Self-Fake-Self+Dichotomy%3A+Moving+Toward+%22Crystallized+Organizational+Discourses+and+Identities%22&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=168-195&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2885.2005.tb00331.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9699291%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.au=Tretheway%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracyScott2006" class="citation journal cs1">Tracy, S. J.; Scott, C. (2006). "Sexuality, masculinity and taint management among firefighters and correctional officers: Getting down and dirty with <i>America's heroes</i> and the <i>scum of law enforcement". </i>Management Communication Quarterly<i>. <b>20</b> (1): 6–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0893318906287898">10.1177/0893318906287898</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143657813">143657813</a>.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Management+Communication+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sexuality%2C+masculinity+and+taint+management+among+firefighters+and+correctional+officers%3A+Getting+down+and+dirty+with+America%27s+heroes+and+the+scum+of+law+enforcement&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-38&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0893318906287898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143657813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.au=Scott%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></i></li> <li>Vermeulen, H. & Gowers, C. (Eds.) (1994). <i>The Anthropology of Ethnicity: 'Beyond Ethnic Groups and Boundaries'.</i> Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis.</li> <li>Vryan, Kevin D., Patricia A. Adler, Peter Adler. 2003. "Identity." pp. 367–390 in Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism, edited by Larry T. Reynolds and Nancy J. Herman-Kinney. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.</li> <li>Ward, L. F. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dynamicsociolog02wardgoog">Dynamic sociology, or Applied social science</a>. New York: D. Appleton and company.</li> <li>Ward, L. F. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dynamicsociolog05wardgoog">Dynamic sociology. Series in American studies</a>. New York: Johnson Reprint Corp.</li> <li>Weinreich, P. (1986). The operationalisation of identity theory in racial and ethnic relations, in J.Rex and D.Mason (eds). "Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinreichSaunderson2003" class="citation book cs1">Weinreich, Peter; Saunderson, Wendy, eds. (2003). <i>Analysing identity: cross-cultural, societal, and clinical contexts</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-64581-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-64581-2"><bdi>978-0-415-64581-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/252748181">252748181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analysing+identity%3A+cross-cultural%2C+societal%2C+and+clinical+contexts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F252748181&rft.isbn=978-0-415-64581-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaundersonO'Kane2003" class="citation book cs1">Saunderson, Wendy; O'Kane, Maria (2003). "Anorexia nervosa: Analysing identity for predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors". In Weinreich, Peter; Saunderson, Wendy (eds.). <i>Analysing identity: cross-cultural, societal, and clinical contexts</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-64581-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-64581-2"><bdi>978-0-415-64581-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/252748181">252748181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anorexia+nervosa%3A+Analysing+identity+for+predisposing%2C+precipitating+and+perpetuating+factors&rft.btitle=Analysing+identity%3A+cross-cultural%2C+societal%2C+and+clinical+contexts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F252748181&rft.isbn=978-0-415-64581-2&rft.aulast=Saunderson&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft.au=O%27Kane%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li>Werbner, P. and T. Modood. (Eds.) (1997). <i>Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism.</i> London: Zed Books.</li> <li>Williams, J. M. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationssoci00willgoog">The foundations of social science; an analysis of their psychological aspects</a>. New York: A.A. Knopf.</li> <li>Woodward, K. (2004). <i>Questioning Identity: Gender, Class, Ethnicity.</i> London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32967-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32967-1">0-415-32967-1</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGil_G._NoamLapsley1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gil_Noam" title="Gil Noam">Gil G. Noam, Gil G.</a>; Lapsley, Daniel K. (1988). <i>Self, Ego, and Identity: Integrative Approaches</i>. New York: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-7834-5">10.1007/978-1-4615-7834-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-7836-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-7836-9"><bdi>978-1-4615-7836-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self%2C+Ego%2C+and+Identity%3A+Integrative+Approaches&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-7834-5&rft.isbn=978-1-4615-7836-9&rft.aulast=Gil+G.+Noam&rft.aufirst=Gil+G.&rft.au=Lapsley%2C+Daniel+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2008" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Richard (2008). <i>social identity</i> (3rd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-92741-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-92741-0"><bdi>978-0-203-92741-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=social+identity&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-203-92741-0&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuyama" class="citation book cs1">Fukuyama, Francis. <i>Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment</i>. New York: Farrar, Strause and Giroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity%3A+The+Demand+for+Dignity+and+the+Politics+of+Resentment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Strause+and+Giroux&rft.aulast=Fukuyama&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaspalBreakwell2014" class="citation book cs1">Jaspal, Rusi; Breakwell, Glynis M. (2014). <i>Identity Process Theory: Identity, Social Action and Social Change</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02270-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02270-6"><bdi>978-1-107-02270-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+Process+Theory%3A+Identity%2C+Social+Action+and+Social+Change&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02270-6&rft.aulast=Jaspal&rft.aufirst=Rusi&rft.au=Breakwell%2C+Glynis+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIdentity+%28social+science%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Identity_(social_science)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Identity" class="extiw" title="q:Identity">Identity</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Identity_(social_science)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Identity (social science)">Identity (social science)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Identity</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844569#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844569#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844569#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Identität"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4026482-8">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Identity (Psychology)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064151">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="アイデンティティ (心理学)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560102">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="identita"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph121025&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span 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[\"CITEREFFarbotkoStratfordLazrus2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeinbergKeenan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranco-ZamudioDorton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFukuyama\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGil_G._NoamLapsley1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleason1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrotevant1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalldu_Gay1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHengel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurd2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbarra2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakobsen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaspalBreakwell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremias,_Joachim1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Daly2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKislev2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurzwelly2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaliberte-Rudman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLearyTangney2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcia1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarciaWatermanMattesonArcher2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarvin_Perry2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarvin_PerryMyrna_ChaseJames_JacobMargaret_Jacob2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarvin_PerryMyrna_ChaseJames_JacobMargaret_Jacob2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazower1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMead1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhinneyHorenczykLiebkindVedder2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicoeurBlamey1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusso2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaundersonO\u0026#039;Kane2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmeckSchlüter-MüllerFoelschDoering2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartzLuyckxVignoles2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartzMontgomeryBriones2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStryker,_Sheldon1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStryker,_SheldonBurke,_Peter_J.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTracyScott2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTracyTretheway2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnruh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinreich1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinreichSaunderson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinreichSaunderson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinreichSaunderson2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 11,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 14,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Other uses of\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Self sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Social philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-76dfdc59c8-n5gpp","timestamp":"20241126122142","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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