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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veintiocho_bolcheviques" title="Veintiocho bolcheviques – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Veintiocho bolcheviques" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_bolcheviks" title="28 bolcheviks – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="28 bolcheviks" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/28%EC%9D%B8%EC%9D%98_%EB%B3%BC%EC%85%B0%EB%B9%84%ED%82%A4" title="28인의 볼셰비키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="28인의 볼셰비키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of Chinese students who studied in Moscow</div> <p>The <b>28 (and a half) Bolsheviks</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">二十八个半布尔什维克</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">二十八個半布爾什維克</span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Группа 28 большевиков</span>) were a faction in the early <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP). The faction was formed among Chinese Communists studying at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Moscow Sun Yat-sen University">Sun Yat-sen University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> during the late 1920s and early 1930s. They received their nickname because of their strong support for the orthodox political positions advocated by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Mif" title="Pavel Mif">Pavel Mif</a>. The leaders of the faction included <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luo_Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo Fu">Luo Fu</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_Zishu" title="He Zishu">He Zishu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jiaxiang" title="Wang Jiaxiang">Wang Jiaxiang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shen_Zemin" title="Shen Zemin">Shen Zemin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun Yat-sen University closed in 1930 and the students made their way back to China. </p><p>In January 1931, several members of the 28 Bolsheviks were elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> of the CCP at its Fourth Plenary session. Later that same year, Wang Ming and then Bo Gu became <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a>. Bo would go on to serve in this position for the next four years. They ended Li Lisan's aggressive policy of assaulting the cities and attempted to bring the far-flung Chinese soviets under stricter central control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton1992307_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton1992307-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This latter policy brought them into conflict with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, especially once the CCP's central leadership was forced to flee to Mao's <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Jiangxi Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a> in late 1931. Mao eventually won over the majority of the party and removed the 28 Bolsheviks from power at the <a href="/wiki/Zunyi_Conference" title="Zunyi Conference">Zunyi Conference</a> in January 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200012_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=28_Bolsheviks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> devoted a significant amount of resources to encouraging revolution in China. It maintained a network of universities to train Chinese revolutionaries, the most important of which was the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Moscow Sun Yat-sen University">Sun Yat-sen University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPantovSpichak200829_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantovSpichak200829-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun Yat-sen University was founded in 1925 as part of the <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a> agreement that the Soviets had brokered between the CCP and the KMT. The university had an important influence on modern Chinese history by educating many prominent Chinese political figures.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the beginning, the university was riven by factional struggles between supporters of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, which eventually led to the university's closure in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200025_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200025-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=28_Bolsheviks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although several allusions to the "28 Bolsheviks" can be found in Mao's speeches and a few early works about CCP, a full list of the 28 did not appear until decades later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200013–14_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200013–14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several rival lists of the 28. All agree on twenty-three of the members, while thirteen names appear on some but not all lists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200014–15_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200014–15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The twenty-three agreed-upon members were <a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a> and his wife <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meng_Qingshu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meng Qingshu (page does not exist)">Meng Qingshu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BA%86%E6%A0%91" class="extiw" title="zh:孟庆树">zh</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Changhao" title="Chen Changhao">Chen Changhao</a> and his wife <a href="/w/index.php?title=Du_Zuoxiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Du Zuoxiang (page does not exist)">Du Zuoxiang</a> (杜作祥), <a href="/wiki/Shen_Zemin" title="Shen Zemin">Shen Zemin</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qinqiu" title="Zhang Qinqiu">Zhang Qinqiu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Shengrong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Shengrong (page does not exist)">Wang Shengrong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%9B%9B%E8%8D%A3" class="extiw" title="zh:王盛荣">zh</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Shengdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Shengdi (page does not exist)">Wang Shengdi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E7%9B%9B%E8%8D%BB" class="extiw" title="zh:汪盛荻">zh</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Zishun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Zishun (page does not exist)">Zhu Zishun</a> (朱自舜, female), <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Agen" title="Zhu Agen">Zhu Agen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Jimin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Jimin (page does not exist)">Sun Jimin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E6%B5%8E%E6%B0%91" class="extiw" title="zh:孙济民">zh</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jiaxiang" title="Wang Jiaxiang">Wang Jiaxiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xia_Xi" title="Xia Xi">Xia Xi</a>, <a href="/wiki/He_Zishu" title="He Zishu">He Zishu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Zhongliang" title="Sheng Zhongliang">Sheng Zhongliang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yuncheng" title="Wang Yuncheng">Wang Yuncheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yuandao" title="Chen Yuandao">Chen Yuandao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li_Zhusheng" title="Li Zhusheng">Li Zhusheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yin_Jian_(1904-1937)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yin Jian (1904-1937)">Yin Jian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Jiayong" title="Yuan Jiayong">Yuan Jiayong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200014–15_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200014–15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The thirteen who are included on some but not all lists are <a href="/wiki/Kai_Feng_(politician)" title="Kai Feng (politician)">Kai Feng</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Weimin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Weimin (page does not exist)">Chen Weimin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%88%E5%8D%AB%E6%B0%91" class="extiw" title="zh:陈卫民">zh</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Du_Ting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Du Ting (page does not exist)">Du Ting</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guo_Miaogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guo Miaogen (page does not exist)">Guo Miaogen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Yuanjie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Yuanjie (page does not exist)">Li Yuanjie</a> (李元杰), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Baoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Baoli (page does not exist)">Wang Baoli</a> (王宝礼), <a href="/wiki/Song_Panmin" title="Song Panmin">Song Panmin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao_Tefu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiao Tefu (page does not exist)">Xiao Tefu</a> (肖特甫), <a href="/wiki/Xu_Yixin" title="Xu Yixin">Xu Yixin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yun_Yurong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yun Yurong (page does not exist)">Yun Yurong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Xiu">Wang Xiu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Zhiyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shen Zhiyuan (page does not exist)">Shen Zhiyuan</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Qunxian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Qunxian (page does not exist)">Liu Qunxian</a> (female).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200014–15_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200014–15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_and_fall">Rise and fall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=28_Bolsheviks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise and fall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sun Yat-sen University closed in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200028_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200028-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the members of the faction were thereafter scattered and never reunited as a group of twenty-eight, upon their return to China a significant minority would play a major role in the politics of the CCP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200029–32_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200029–32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who reached Shanghai in 1930 joined the rising tide of criticism against <a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a>, who at that time dominated party leadership. Li had been advocating immediate attacks on major cities, a policy that failed with disastrous consequences for the soviet bases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200032–33_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200032–33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, contrary to what many early western sources assumed, the 28 Bolsheviks did not play a significant role in ousting Li Lisan. Li was removed largely through the intervention of the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>, which sent Central Committee members <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qu_Qiubai" title="Qu Qiubai">Qu Qiubai</a> back from Moscow to moderate Li.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200035_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200035-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this plan failed, the Comintern summoned Li to Moscow in October 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200036_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200036-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1931 the Central Committee of CCP held its 4th Plenary Meeting, and with the presence and direct support of Pavel Mif, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a> and his group won a landslide victory. Wang was elected to the Communist Party's <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">politburo</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a> took up other equally important positions. </p><p>As a result, the conflict between the Central Committee and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s fledgling <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a> began once again. Although <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a> returned to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> after a short stay in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a> both took the position of General Secretary of Central Committee of the Party in turn, and led the Chinese revolution in a radical/pro-left manner. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre_of_1927" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai massacre of 1927">Shanghai massacre of 1927</a>, the CCP went deep underground in Shanghai and other cities. By the early 1930s, even that was unsafe and leaders began to converge at Mao Zedong's <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi%E2%80%93Fujian_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a>. Among the first to arrive, and to begin dismantling Mao's power, was <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>. In 1933, when Bo Gu arrived, the job was mostly finished. </p><p>After a series of successful defenses against <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">Nationalist Army</a> attacks, Chiang's German advisers switched tactics and began building concentric circles of fortified positions closer and closer to the communist base. This forced the party to embark in the famous <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a> of October 1934 to October 1935. Shortly after the march began, party leaders held an enlarged congress to determine the direction and leadership of the revolution. At the <a href="/wiki/Zunyi_Conference" title="Zunyi Conference">Zunyi Conference</a> in 1935, the 28 Bolsheviks were defeated by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and his allies, primarily due to the backing of Zhou Enlai, and <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> and defecting of Zhou Wentian and Wang Jiaxiang. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a> supported the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> military advisor <a href="/wiki/Otto_Braun_(communist)" title="Otto Braun (communist)">Otto Braun</a>, while Zhang and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jiaxiang" title="Wang Jiaxiang">Wang Jiaxiang</a>, General Commissar of the Red Army, and <a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a>, Commissar of the Third Field Army of Red Army at that time, defected to Mao. This led to the disintegration of the 28 Bolsheviks. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a> was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> where he later died. Zhang was demoted to the field of ideological research in <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, and later appointed Deputy <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister">Foreign Minister</a> after 1949. He died during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> after forming a "counterrevolutionary group" with <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a> (aka Peng Dehuai anti-party group). <a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a> died in an air crash in the 1946 when he returned to <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a> from Chongqing, temporary capital of <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Kuomintang Government</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputes">Disputes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=28_Bolsheviks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=28_Bolsheviks&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The standard Western interpretation is that the group neglected the contribution of peasants and land reform who contributed to the success of Mao's <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Warfare" title="Mobile Warfare">Mobile Warfare</a>. Also, as protégés of Pavel Mif, they thought they were destined to take charge of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> revolution </p><p>Thomas Kampen's <i><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> and the Evolution of the Chinese Communist Leadership</i> argues that they were only a coherent group in Moscow, opposed to both <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> influences among Chinese students. It is also claimed that they returned to China at various times but failed to form an effective faction. Additionally, there are questions as to whether the entire group gained notoriety only by association with the theories of the most prominent member, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a>. Frederick Litten writes<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> agreeing with Kampen that there was no such faction in the Jiangxi Soviet and goes further to question whether the group acted in any kind of coordinated way at all. Litten's view is that the idea of a 'Leftist' versus 'Maoist' dichotomy at the time is a later invention that was retrospectively applied. </p><p>The 28 Bolsheviks became pawns in the power struggle between their mentor, Pavel Mif, and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>. The group's members were relatively innocent in the ways of revolution despite their collective power. Its members had different fates, but as a group, the 28 Bolsheviks were destined to fail. Today in China, "the 28 Bolsheviks" is synonymous with dogmatism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_history">Later history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=28_Bolsheviks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/28_Bolsheviks" title="Special:EditPage/28 Bolsheviks">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jiaxiang" title="Wang Jiaxiang">Wang Jiaxiang</a> was eventually made Director of the CCP Central International Liaison Department after having also served for some time as the PRC's Ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. He died in the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Changhao" title="Chen Changhao">Chen Changhao</a> worked with <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao">Zhang Guotao</a> when he returned from <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and became Zhang's Commissar, but lost power and influence in the struggle between Zhang and Mao. Chen Changhao went on to become a Communist Party historian, and committed suicide in the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Kequan" class="mw-redirect" title="He Kequan">He Kequan</a> was General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Youth League, and later deputy director of the CCP Central Propaganda Department, and died in 1954.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xia_Xi" title="Xia Xi">Xia Xi</a> was sent to <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> and carried out the purges which took the lives of more than forty thousand Red Army soldiers. He was later regarded as a public enemy. Perhaps because of this, no one came to his aid when he fell into a river and drowned during the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a> survived the purges, including the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. He later became the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_PRC" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the PRC">President of the PRC</a> in the 1980s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zemin" title="Shen Zemin">Shen Zemin</a>, the younger brother of writer <a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a>, worked for <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guotao" title="Zhang Guotao">Zhang Guotao</a> and the 4th Red Army. After Zhang's army was defeated, Shen remained at the Communist base in Anhui and died of tuberculosis in 1933.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qinqiu" title="Zhang Qinqiu">Zhang Qinqiu</a>, Shen Zemin's wife, married Chen Changhao after Shen's death. She is often considered the only "woman general" of the Red Army (which never formally awarded military ranks). After 1949, she was appointed Deputy Minister of Textile Industry, but committed suicide in the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.</li> <li>Yin Jian was arrested by <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> when he mobilized workers in Northern China, and was subsequently executed.</li> <li>Li Zhusheng was promoted to the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> after <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a>'s return to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in 1931, and put in charge of the daily affairs of the Communist Party in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. He was later arrested, but defected to the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>, and informed on many of his former compatriots. After the KMT's defeat, Li was arrested by the Communists in Shanghai in 1951, and subsequently died in prison in 1973.</li> <li>Chen Yuandao was appointed as senior leader for the <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> Division of the Communist Party, but was later arrested and executed by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>.</li> <li>Xu Yixin worked for Zhang Guotao's 4th Red Army and became his vice general commissar, surviving war and party purges. After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, Xu held the position of ambassador in the Foreign Ministry. He died in the 1990s.</li> <li>Yuan Jiayong was appointed General Secretary of the Jiangsu Division in the Communist Party. Following his arrest in 1934, he defected to the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> and worked for the secret police.</li> <li>He Zishu worked for the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Northern China</a> Bureau of the Communist Party, and was executed by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> in 1929.</li> <li>Wang Shengrong, a member of the first <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Military Commission (People's Republic of China)">Central Military Commission</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a>, survived both war and purges. He died on 1 September 2006 at the age of 99.</li> <li>Wang Yuncheng succeeded <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ming" title="Wang Ming">Wang Ming</a> as General Secretary of the Jiangsu Division in the Communist Party. He was kidnapped by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> and forced to work with Li Zhusheng in the secret police.</li> <li>Sheng Zhongliang was senior leader of the Shanghai Division in the Communist Party, and was sold out by Li Zhusheng. He was coerced into informing for the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>'s secret police. Sheng, after moving to the US, later wrote memoirs of his time at the Sun Yat-sen University and with the 28 Bolsheviks.</li> <li>Song Panmin also worked for Zhang Guotao, but was executed when he objected to the purges being carried out by Xia Xi.</li> <li>Sun Jiming, a senior Communist Party leader, was arrested and defected to the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> together with Wang Yuncheng.</li> <li>Wang Shengdi and Zhu Agen left the Communist Party, though both had held senior positions.</li> <li>Wang Baoli, Zhu Zisun, Li Yuanjue, and Du Zuoxian left public life and their fates are not known.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=28_Bolsheviks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=28_Bolsheviks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200012_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200012_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKampen2000">Kampen 2000</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenton1992307-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenton1992307_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenton1992">Benton 1992</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPantovSpichak200829-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPantovSpichak200829_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPantovSpichak2008">Pantov & Spichak 2008</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLily_Xiao_Hong_Lee,_Sue_WilesSummary1999" class="citation book cs1">Lily Xiao Hong Lee, Sue WilesSummary (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenoflongmarch0000leel"><i>Women of the Long March</i></a></span>. Allen & Unwin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenoflongmarch0000leel/page/123">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86448-569-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-86448-569-8"><bdi>1-86448-569-8</bdi></a>. <q>28 Bolsheviks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Long+March&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86448-569-8&rft.au=Lily+Xiao+Hong+Lee%2C+Sue+WilesSummary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenoflongmarch0000leel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A28+Bolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200025-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200025_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKampen2000">Kampen 2000</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200013–14-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200013–14_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKampen2000">Kampen 2000</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200014–15-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200014–15_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200014–15_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200014–15_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKampen2000">Kampen 2000</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200028-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200028_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKampen2000">Kampen 2000</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200029–32-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200029–32_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKampen2000">Kampen 2000</a>, pp. 29–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200032–33-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200032–33_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKampen2000">Kampen 2000</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200035-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200035_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKampen2000">Kampen 2000</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen200036-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen200036_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKampen2000">Kampen 2000</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick_S_Litten_in_Bochumer_Jahrbuch_zur_Ostasienforschung2001" class="citation book cs1">Frederick S Litten in <i>Bochumer Jahrbuch zur Ostasienforschung</i> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litten.de/fulltext/loma.pdf"><i>The Myth of the 'Turning-Point' – Towards a New Understanding of the Long March</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+%27Turning-Point%27+%E2%80%93+Towards+a+New+Understanding+of+the+Long+March&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Frederick+S+Litten+in+%27%27Bochumer+Jahrbuch+zur+Ostasienforschung%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flitten.de%2Ffulltext%2Floma.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A28+Bolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=28_Bolsheviks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKampen2000" class="citation book cs1">Kampen, Thomas (2000). <i>Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the Evolution of the Chinese Communist Leadership</i>. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong%2C+Zhou+Enlai+and+the+Evolution+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Leadership&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Nordic+Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kampen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A28+Bolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton1992" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Gregor (1992). <i>Mountain Fires: The Red Army's Three-year War in South China, 1934–1938</i>. Los Angeles: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountain+Fires%3A+The+Red+Army%27s+Three-year+War+in+South+China%2C+1934%E2%80%931938&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A28+Bolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantovSpichak2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pantov, Alexander; Spichak, Daria (April 2008). "New Light From the Russian Archives: Chinese Stalinists and Trotskyists at the International Lenin School in Moscow, 1926–1938". <i>Twentieth-Century China</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 29–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Ftcc.2008.33.2.29">10.1179/tcc.2008.33.2.29</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth-Century+China&rft.atitle=New+Light+From+the+Russian+Archives%3A+Chinese+Stalinists+and+Trotskyists+at+the+International+Lenin+School+in+Moscow%2C+1926%E2%80%931938&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=29-50&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Ftcc.2008.33.2.29&rft.aulast=Pantov&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Spichak%2C+Daria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A28+Bolsheviks" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=28_Bolsheviks&oldid=1254661564">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=28_Bolsheviks&oldid=1254661564</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Category:Politics of the Republic of China (1912–1949)">Politics of the Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_communists" title="Category:Chinese communists">Chinese communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_expatriates_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Chinese expatriates in the Soviet Union">Chinese expatriates in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Moscow_Sun_Yat-sen_University_alumni" title="Category:Moscow Sun Yat-sen University alumni">Moscow Sun Yat-sen University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Category:Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Factions_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Category:Factions of the Chinese Communist Party">Factions of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_May_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2024">Wikipedia articles with style issues from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2023">Articles needing additional references from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 01:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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