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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James Tobin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 51 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86" title="جيمس توبن - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس توبن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86" title="جيمس توبن - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس توبن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Tobin" title="Ceyms Tobin - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceyms Tobin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Джэймс Тобін - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Тобін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Тоубин - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Тоубин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="জেমস টোবিন - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেমস টোবিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Τζέιμς Τόμπιν - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζέιμς Τόμπιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جیمز توبین - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز توبین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ג'יימס טובין - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס טובין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ջեյմս Թոբին - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Թոբին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3" title="ジェームズ・トービン - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・トービン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%86%A0%EB%B9%88" title="제임스 토빈 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 토빈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Tobin" title="Iacobus Tobin - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Tobin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_Tobins" title="Džeimss Tobins - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimss Tobins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Џејмс Тобин - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џејмс Тобин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86" title="جیمز ٹوبن - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیمز ٹوبن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Тобин, Джеймс - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тобин, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Джеймс Тобін - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс Тобін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86" title="جیمز ٹوبن - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیمز ٹوبن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tobin" title="James Tobin - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="James Tobin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E8%B3%93" title="詹姆士·托賓 - 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><div class="noprint" style="width: 100%; background-color: #f5f5f5; margin-bottom: 1em; position:relative;"> <table style="background-color: #f5f5f5" cellspacing="5" class="dablink"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 25px; vertical-align: top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="talha="><img alt="talha=" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/22px-Disambig_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/33px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/44px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </td> <td style="font-style: italic;font-size: 12px;"><i>Pels articles omonims, vejatz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobin (la pagina existís pas)">Tobin</a>.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span style="margin-right: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-valign-text-bottom" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel" title="Laureat Nobel"><img alt="Laureat Nobel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gold_medal_blank.svg/15px-Gold_medal_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gold_medal_blank.svg/23px-Gold_medal_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gold_medal_blank.svg/30px-Gold_medal_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:James_Tobin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/James_Tobin.png/200px-James_Tobin.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/James_Tobin.png 1.5x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>James Tobin (1962)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>James Tobin</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Champaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Champaign (la pagina existís pas)">Champaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/5_de_mar%C3%A7" title="5 de març">5 de març</a> de <a href="/wiki/1918" class="mw-redirect" title="1918">1918</a> - <a href="/wiki/New_Haven" title="New Haven">New Haven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/11_de_mar%C3%A7" title="11 de març">11 de març</a> de <a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>) foguèt un <a href="/wiki/Economista" title="Economista">economista</a> <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Estats Units d'America">american</a>. Aquel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keynesianisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keynesianisme (la pagina existís pas)">keynesian</a> contribuiguèt a la sciéncia economica en particular, dins los domenis de l’<a href="/w/index.php?title=Investiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Investiment (la pagina existís pas)">investiment</a>, dels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercats_financi%C3%A8rs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercats financièrs (la pagina existís pas)">mercats financièrs</a> e de las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politica_budget%C3%A0ria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politica budgetària (la pagina existís pas)">politica budgetària</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Politica_monet%C3%A0ria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politica monetària (la pagina existís pas)">monetària</a>. Es subretot celèbre per aver donat son nom a la <a href="/wiki/Taxa_Tobin" title="Taxa Tobin">taxa</a> que propausèt la creacion. Lo Prèmi de la Banca de Suècia d'Economia en Memòria d'Alfred Nobel (dich <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel_d%27Economia" title="Prèmi Nobel d'Economia">Prèmi Nobel d'Economia</a>) li foguèt autrejat en 1981. </p><p>Foguèt tanben a l’origina del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l_Tobit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl Tobit (la pagina existís pas)">modèl Tobit</a> utilizat en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Econometria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Econometria (la pagina existís pas)">econometria</a> e de la nocion del ratio « <a href="/w/index.php?title=Q_de_Tobin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Q de Tobin (la pagina existís pas)">Q de Tobin</a> ». </p><p>En 1956, participèt al desvolopament del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l_Baumol-Tobin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl Baumol-Tobin (la pagina existís pas)">modèl Baumol-Tobin</a> que descriu la demanda de moneda d'un menatge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Biografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Biografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James Tobin faguèt sos estudis a l'<a href="/wiki/Universitat_de_Harvard" title="Universitat de Harvard">Universitat de Harvard</a>. Foguèt conselhièr economic de 1961 a 1962 del govèrn dels Estats Units d'America de <a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy">John Fitzgerald Kennedy</a> e professor a l'<a href="/wiki/Universitat_de_Yale" title="Universitat de Yale">Universitat de Yale</a>, de 1955 a 1988<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a>, foguèt laureat del <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel_d%27Economia" title="Prèmi Nobel d'Economia">Prèmi Nobel d'Economia</a>. </p><p>James Tobin èra un economista <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keynesian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keynesian (la pagina existís pas)">keynesian</a>, es a dire, entre autres, favorable a l'intervencion governamentala coma estabilizador de la produccion, avent per tòca de favorizar lo <a href="/wiki/Plen_emplec" title="Plen emplec">plen emplec</a> e d'evitar las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Recession_(economia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recession (economia) (la pagina existís pas)">recessions</a>. Batalhegèt amb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Rueff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Rueff (la pagina existís pas)">Jacques Rueff</a> en 1948 dins <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i> sus un article titulat <i>Las errors de la teoria generala de Lord Keynes</i> que Rueff aviá escrich l'an precedent. Alara que Keynes pensava que la preferéncia per la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liquiditat_del_marcat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liquiditat del marcat (la pagina existís pas)">liquiditat</a> determina lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taus_d%27inter%C3%A8s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taus d'interès (la pagina existís pas)">taus d'interès</a>, James Tobin defendava l'idèa contrari, segon que lo nivèl dels tauses d'interèsses influisson aquela preferéncia per la liquiditat<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>James Tobin venguèt celèbre en prepausant una taxacion sus de movements de capitals (transaccions de cambi). L'objectiu d'aquela taxacion èra de reduire l'especulacion de cort tèrme sus las plaças financièras, que jutjava contraproductiva. Suggeriguèt atal que los revenguts d'aquela taxa foguèsson fisats al <a href="/wiki/FMI" class="mw-redirect" title="FMI">FMI</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'idèa de la <a href="/wiki/Taxa_Tobin" title="Taxa Tobin">taxa Tobin</a> dicha « de sable dins los engranatges » o encara la « taxa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robin_del_B%C3%B2sc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robin del Bòsc (la pagina existís pas)">Robin del Bòsc</a> », es sostenguda per fòrça personalitats, organizacions de l'<a href="/wiki/Altermondialisme" title="Altermondialisme">altermondialisme</a> e associacions, coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=ATTAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATTAC (la pagina existís pas)">ATTAC</a>. Es denonciada pasmens per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mundell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Mundell (la pagina existís pas)">Robert Mundell</a>. James Tobin declarèt el, que s'èra totjorn favorable a aquela taxa, èra d'en primièr partisan del liure escambi e considerava lo produch de la taxa coma segondari e que podiá doncas pas sostenir lo movement altermondialista<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span>Histoire vivante de la pensée économique: Des crises et des hommes; Jean-Marc Daniel; ed:Pearson Education; París</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.fr/books?id=F60c1Dvz0B4C&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">L'indispensabla de la pensada economica</a> Christophe Bormans, 2003 Studyrama, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/2844722628" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-84472-262-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/S-informer/Economie/Taxe-Tobin-faire-du-neuf-avec-une-vieille-idee-_NG_-2012-01-09-755772">Taxe Tobin : far nòu amb una idèa vielha</a> <i>La Croix</i>, 9 de genièr de 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Articles del jornal <i>Le Monde</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/recherche_breve/1,13-0,37-720331,0.html">http://www.lemonde.fr/web/recherche_breve/1,13-0,37-720331,0.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060112154147/http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/personnel/vernag/REF/Textes/james_tobin.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20060112154147/http://www.fsa.ulaval.ca/personnel/vernag/REF/Textes/james_tobin.htm</a></span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligams_extèrnes"><span id="Ligams_ext.C3.A8rnes"></span>Ligams extèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Ligams extèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Ligams extèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011222095808/http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1981/tobin-autobio.html">Nobel e-Museum - Autobiografia</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" data-autocollapse-group="paleta" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand nowrap tnavbar" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8l:Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel_d%27Economia" class="mw-redirect" title="Modèl:Prèmi Nobel d'Economia"><abbr class="abbr" title="Veire aqueste modèl.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel_d%27Economia&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modificar aqueste modèl. Mercé de previsualizar abans de salvar.">m</abbr></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%">Laureats del <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel_d%27Economia" title="Prèmi Nobel d'Economia">Prèmi Nobel</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">Economia</a></span></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center; background:#f7f8ff" colspan="2">1969: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Anton_Kittil_Frisch" title="Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch">Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a> 70: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a> 71: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a> 72: <a href="/wiki/John_Richard_Hicks" title="John Richard Hicks">Hicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Joseph_Arrow" title="Kenneth Joseph Arrow">Arrow</a> 73: <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a> <p>74: <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a> 75: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Kantorovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Kantorovich (la pagina existís pas)">Kantorovich</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjalling_Koopmans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tjalling Koopmans (la pagina existís pas)">Koopmans</a> 76: <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a> 77: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertil_Ohlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bertil Ohlin (la pagina existís pas)">Ohlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">Meade</a> 78: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Simon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Simon (la pagina existís pas)">Simon</a> 79: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Schultz" title="Theodore Schultz">Schultz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Arthur_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Arthur Lewis (la pagina existís pas)">Lewis</a> 80: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Klein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Klein (la pagina existís pas)">Klein</a> 81: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tobin</a> 82: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Stigler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Stigler (la pagina existís pas)">Stigler</a> 83: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerard_Debreu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerard Debreu (la pagina existís pas)">Debreu</a> 84: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Stone (la pagina existís pas)">Stone</a> 85: <a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Modigliani</a> 86: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_M._Buchanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James M. Buchanan (la pagina existís pas)">Buchanan</a> 87: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Solow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Solow (la pagina existís pas)">Solow</a> 88: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Allais</a> 89: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trygve_Haavelmo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trygve Haavelmo (la pagina existís pas)">Haavelmo</a> 90: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Markowitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Markowitz (la pagina existís pas)">Markowitz</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merton_Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merton Miller (la pagina existís pas)">Miller</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Forsyth_Sharpe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Forsyth Sharpe (la pagina existís pas)">Sharpe</a> 91: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Coase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronald Coase (la pagina existís pas)">Coase</a> 92: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a> 93: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogel" title="Robert Fogel">Fogel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglass_North" title="Douglass North">North</a> 94: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Harsanyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Harsanyi (la pagina existís pas)">Harsanyi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Forbes_Nash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Forbes Nash (la pagina existís pas)">Nash</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Selten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhard Selten (la pagina existís pas)">Selten</a> 95: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Lucas,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Lucas, Jr. (la pagina existís pas)">Lucas</a> 96: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Mirrlees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Mirrlees (la pagina existís pas)">Mirrlees</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Vickrey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Vickrey (la pagina existís pas)">Vickrey</a> 97: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_C._Merton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert C. Merton (la pagina existís pas)">Merton</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myron_Scholes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myron Scholes (la pagina existís pas)">Scholes</a> 98: <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a> 99: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Mundell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Mundell (la pagina existís pas)">Mundell</a> 2000: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Heckman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Heckman (la pagina existís pas)">Heckman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_McFadden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel McFadden (la pagina existís pas)">McFadden</a> 01: <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Akerlof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Akerlof (la pagina existís pas)">Akerlof</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Spence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Spence (la pagina existís pas)">Spence</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_E._Stiglitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph E. Stiglitz (la pagina existís pas)">Stiglitz</a> 02: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Kahneman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Kahneman (la pagina existís pas)">Kahneman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vernon_L._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vernon L. Smith (la pagina existís pas)">Smith</a> 03: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_F._Engle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert F. Engle (la pagina existís pas)">Engle</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clive_Granger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clive Granger (la pagina existís pas)">Granger</a> 04: <a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Kydland</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_C._Prescott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward C. Prescott (la pagina existís pas)">Prescott</a> 05: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aumann" title="Robert Aumann">Aumann</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Schelling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Schelling (la pagina existís pas)">Schelling</a> 06: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Phelps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Phelps (la pagina existís pas)">Phelps</a> 07: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Hurwicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Hurwicz (la pagina existís pas)">Hurwicz</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Maskin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Maskin (la pagina existís pas)">Maskin</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Myerson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Myerson (la pagina existís pas)">Myerson</a> 08: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a> 09: <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Eaton_Williamson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliver Eaton Williamson (la pagina existís pas)">Williamson</a> 10: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Arthur_Diamond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Arthur Diamond (la pagina existís pas)">Diamond</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dale_Thomas_Mortensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dale Thomas Mortensen (la pagina existís pas)">Mortensen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Antoniou_Pisarides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Antoniou Pisarides (la pagina existís pas)">Pisarides</a> 11: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Sargent" title="Thomas John Sargent">Sargent</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Albert_Sims&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Albert Sims (la pagina existís pas)">Sims</a> 12: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alvin_E._Roth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alvin E. Roth (la pagina existís pas)">Roth</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lloyd_S._Shapley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lloyd S. Shapley (la pagina existís pas)">Shapley</a> 13: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Fama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene Fama (la pagina existís pas)">Fama</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lars_Peter_Hansen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lars Peter Hansen (la pagina existís pas)">Hansen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_J._Shiller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert J. Shiller (la pagina existís pas)">Shiller</a> 14: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Tirole</a> 15: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Deaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angus Deaton (la pagina existís pas)">Deaton</a> 16: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Hart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliver Hart (la pagina existís pas)">Hart</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengt_Holmstr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengt Holmström (la pagina existís pas)">Holmström</a> 17: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Thaler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Thaler (la pagina existís pas)">Thaler</a> 18: <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Nordhaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Nordhaus (la pagina existís pas)">Nordhaus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Romer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Romer (la pagina existís pas)">Romer</a> </p> 19: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhijit_Banerjee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abhijit Banerjee (la pagina existís pas)">Banerjee</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esther_Duflo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esther Duflo (la pagina existís pas)">Duflo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Kremer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Kremer (la pagina existís pas)">Kremer</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&oldid=2287680">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Tobin&oldid=2287680</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Mod%C3%A8l_infobox" title="Categoria:Modèl infobox">Modèl infobox</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:Transaccions_Financi%C3%A8ras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Transaccions Financièras (la pagina existís pas)">Transaccions Financièras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Economista_american" title="Categoria:Economista american">Economista american</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Naissen%C3%A7a_en_1918" title="Categoria:Naissença en 1918">Naissença en 1918</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Dec%C3%A8s_en_2002" title="Categoria:Decès en 2002">Decès en 2002</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categoria amagada : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Paginas_utilizant_de_ligams_magics_ISBN" title="Categoria:Paginas utilizant de ligams magics ISBN">Paginas utilizant de ligams magics ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 29 agost de 2021 a 04.37.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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