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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magic_tricks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Magic tricks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magic_tricks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_stage_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_stage_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Modern stage magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_stage_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_magic_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_magic_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of magic performance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_magic_performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of magic performance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_magic_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stage_illusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_illusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Stage illusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_illusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parlor_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parlor_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Parlor magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parlor_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Close-up_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close-up_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Close-up magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close-up_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escapology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escapology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Escapology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escapology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pickpocket_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pickpocket_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Pickpocket magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pickpocket_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Mentalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Séances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Séances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Séances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Séances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Children's magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Online magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatrical_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatrical_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Theatrical magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatrical_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathemagic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathemagic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Mathemagic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathemagic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Corporate magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gospel_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospel_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Gospel magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospel_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Street_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Street magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bizarre_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bizarre_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Bizarre magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bizarre_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shock_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shock_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Shock magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shock_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comedy_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comedy_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Comedy magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comedy_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quick-change_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quick-change_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>Quick-change magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quick-change_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Camera_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camera_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>Camera magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camera_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span>Classical magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.21</span> <span>Mechanical magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories_of_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories_of_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Categories of effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categories_of_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Learning magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learning_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misuse_of_the_term_"magic"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misuse_of_the_term_"magic""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Misuse of the term "magic"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misuse_of_the_term_"magic"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Researching_magic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Researching_magic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Researching magic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Researching_magic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magic (illusion)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulkuns" title="Kulkuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kulkuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87%D9%85" title="فن الوهم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن الوهم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="যাদু বিদ্যা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="যাদু বিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilusionismu" title="Ilusionismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilusionismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoqqabazl%C4%B1q" title="Hoqqabazlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hoqqabazlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE)" title="জাদু (বিভ্রম) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাদু (বিভ্রম)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunglap" title="Sunglap – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sunglap" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Илюзионно изкуство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Илюзионно изкуство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C2%B7lusionisme" title="Il·lusionisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Il·lusionisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluzionismus" title="Iluzionismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iluzionismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trylleri" title="Trylleri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trylleri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zauberkunst" title="Zauberkunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zauberkunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustkunst" title="Mustkunst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mustkunst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilusionismo" title="Ilusionismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ilusionismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluziismo" title="Iluziismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iluziismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilusionismo" title="Ilusionismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ilusionismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="تردستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تردستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusionnisme" title="Illusionnisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Illusionnisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilusionismo" title="Ilusionismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ilusionismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%81_(%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AE)" title="જાદુ (ભ્રમ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જાદુ (ભ્રમ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%88%A0" title="마술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Իլյուզիոնիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իլյուզիոնիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2)" title="जादू (भ्रमजाल/इंद्रजाल) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जादू (भ्रमजाल/इंद्रजाल)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluzionizam" title="Iluzionizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iluzionizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskamot-arto" title="Eskamot-arto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eskamot-arto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulap" title="Sulap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sulap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6frabr%C3%B6g%C3%B0" title="Töfrabrögð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Töfrabrögð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusionismo" title="Illusionismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Illusionismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%9D_(%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94)" title="קסם (אשליה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קסם (אשליה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2" title="ಇಂದ್ರಜಾಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂದ್ರಜಾಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Иллюзионизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иллюзионизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluzionisms" title="Iluzionisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iluzionisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zauberkonscht" title="Zauberkonscht – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zauberkonscht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliuzionizmas" title="Iliuzionizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iliuzionizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%B1v%C3%A9szet" title="Bűvészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bűvészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Магија (илузија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Магија (илузија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ജാലവിദ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാലവിദ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silap_mata" title="Silap mata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Silap mata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="မျက်လှည့် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျက်လှည့်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goochelen" title="Goochelen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Goochelen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E8%A1%93" title="奇術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="奇術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бозбуунчалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бозбуунчалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trylling" title="Trylling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trylling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyuzionizm" title="Illyuzionizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Illyuzionizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuka_iluzji" title="Sztuka iluzji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sztuka iluzji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilusionismo" title="Ilusionismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilusionismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluzionism" title="Iluzionism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iluzionism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Иллюзионизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иллюзионизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magjia_(iluzion)" title="Magjia (iluzion) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Magjia (iluzion)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD" title="ඉන්ද්‍රජාල – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්ද්‍රජාල" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magic (illusion)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Илузионизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Илузионизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluzionizam" title="Iluzionizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iluzionizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulap" title="Sulap – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sulap" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taikatemppu" title="Taikatemppu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taikatemppu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleri" title="Trolleri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trolleri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamangka_(bilis_ng_kamay)" title="Salamangka (bilis ng kamay) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salamangka (bilis ng kamay)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="மாய வித்தை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாய வித்தை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="ఇంద్రజాలం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇంద్రజాలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5" title="มายากล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มายากล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkabazl%C4%B1k" title="Hokkabazlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hokkabazlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%83)" title="Ілюзіонізм (шоу) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ілюзіонізм (шоу)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A2o_thu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Ảo thuật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ảo thuật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestidoetisse" title="Prestidoetisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Prestidoetisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF" title="魔术 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="魔术" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E8%A1%93" title="魔術 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="魔術" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E8%A1%93" title="魔術 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="魔術" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q148442#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="View the content 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Illusionist" redirects here. For the artistic tradition, see <a href="/wiki/Illusionism_(art)" title="Illusionism (art)">Illusionism (art)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Illusionist_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Illusionist (disambiguation)">The Illusionist (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:antiquewhite;">Magic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hieronymus_Bosch_051.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hieronymus_Bosch_051.jpg/280px-Hieronymus_Bosch_051.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hieronymus_Bosch_051.jpg/420px-Hieronymus_Bosch_051.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hieronymus_Bosch_051.jpg/560px-Hieronymus_Bosch_051.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4498" data-file-height="3739" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conjurer_(painting)" title="The Conjurer (painting)">The Conjurer</a></i>, 1475–1480, by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a> or his workshop. Notice how the man in the back row steals another man's purse while applying misdirection by looking at the sky.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Performing_arts" title="Category:Performing arts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;;display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">Acrobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_circus_skills" title="List of circus skills">Circus skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_performance" title="Street performance">Street performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Performing_arts" title="Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Performing_arts" title="Template talk:Performing arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Performing_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Magic</b>, which encompasses the subgenres of <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a>, stage magic, and <a href="/wiki/Close-up_magic" title="Close-up magic">close-up magic</a>, among others, is a <a href="/wiki/Performing_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing art">performing art</a> in which audiences are <a href="/wiki/Entertained" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertained">entertained</a> by tricks, effects, or illusions of seemingly impossible feats, using natural means.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is to be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">paranormal magic</a> which are effects claimed to be created through <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> means. It is one of the oldest performing arts in the world. </p><p>Modern entertainment magic, as pioneered by 19th-century magician <a href="/wiki/Jean-Eug%C3%A8ne_Robert-Houdin" title="Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin">Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin</a>, has become a popular theatrical art form.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, magicians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne" title="John Nevil Maskelyne">John Nevil Maskelyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Devant" title="David Devant">David Devant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Thurston" title="Howard Thurston">Howard Thurston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kellar" title="Harry Kellar">Harry Kellar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a> achieved widespread commercial success during what has become known as "the Golden Age of Magic", a period in which performance magic became a staple of <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">music halls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, magicians such as <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Velle" title="Gaston Velle">Gaston Velle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_R._Booth" title="Walter R. Booth">Walter R. Booth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> introduced pioneering <a href="/wiki/Film_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Film techniques">filmmaking techniques</a> informed by their knowledge of magic.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magic has retained its popularity into the 21st century by adapting to the mediums of <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>, with magicians such as <a href="/wiki/David_Copperfield_(illusionist)" title="David Copperfield (illusionist)">David Copperfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller" title="Penn & Teller">Penn & Teller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Daniels" title="Paul Daniels">Paul Daniels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criss_Angel" title="Criss Angel">Criss Angel</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Blaine" title="David Blaine">David Blaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mat_Franco" title="Mat Franco">Mat Franco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shin_Lim" title="Shin Lim">Shin Lim</a> modernizing the art form.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the use of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, magicians can now reach a wider audience than ever before. </p><p>Magicians are known for closely guarding the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_rights_to_magic_methods" title="Intellectual rights to magic methods">methods</a> they use to achieve their <a href="/wiki/List_of_magic_tricks" title="List of magic tricks">effects</a>, although they often share their techniques through both formal and informal <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a> within the <a href="/wiki/List_of_magicians" title="List of magicians">magic community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magicians use a variety of techniques, including <a href="/wiki/Sleight_of_hand" title="Sleight of hand">sleight of hand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misdirection_(magic)" title="Misdirection (magic)">misdirection</a>, optical and auditory <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidden_compartment" title="Hidden compartment">hidden compartments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contortion" title="Contortion">contortionism</a> and specially constructed <a href="/wiki/Trick_deck" title="Trick deck">props</a>, as well as verbal and nonverbal <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological techniques</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Suggestion" title="Suggestion">suggestion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">hypnosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Priming_(psychology)" title="Priming (psychology)">priming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Blaine_performs_magic_for_Barack_Obama_at_the_White_House,_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/David_Blaine_performs_magic_for_Barack_Obama_at_the_White_House%2C_2016.jpg/220px-David_Blaine_performs_magic_for_Barack_Obama_at_the_White_House%2C_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/David_Blaine_performs_magic_for_Barack_Obama_at_the_White_House%2C_2016.jpg/330px-David_Blaine_performs_magic_for_Barack_Obama_at_the_White_House%2C_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/David_Blaine_performs_magic_for_Barack_Obama_at_the_White_House%2C_2016.jpg/440px-David_Blaine_performs_magic_for_Barack_Obama_at_the_White_House%2C_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Well known illusionist David Blaine performs magic for Barack Obama at the White House, 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penn_%26_Teller%27s_Walk_of_Fame_Star.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Penn_%26_Teller%27s_Walk_of_Fame_Star.jpg/220px-Penn_%26_Teller%27s_Walk_of_Fame_Star.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Penn_%26_Teller%27s_Walk_of_Fame_Star.jpg/330px-Penn_%26_Teller%27s_Walk_of_Fame_Star.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Penn_%26_Teller%27s_Walk_of_Fame_Star.jpg/440px-Penn_%26_Teller%27s_Walk_of_Fame_Star.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4616" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption>Penn & Teller's Walk of Fame Star. They are 21st century magicians.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_magic" title="History of magic">History of magic</a></div> <p>The term "magic" etymologically derives from the Greek word <i>mageia</i> (μαγεία). In ancient times, Greeks and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a> had been at war for centuries, and the Persian priests, called <i><a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">magosh</a></i> in Persian, came to be known as <i>magoi</i> in Greek. Ritual acts of Persian priests came to be known as <i>mageia</i>, and then <i>magika</i>—which eventually came to mean any foreign, unorthodox, or illegitimate ritual practice. To the general public, successful acts of illusion could be perceived as if it were similar to a feat of magic supposed to have been able to be performed by the ancient magoi. The performance of tricks of illusion, or magical illusion, and the apparent workings and effects of such acts have often been referred to as "magic" and particularly as magic tricks. </p><p>One of the earliest known books to explain magic secrets, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i>, was published in 1584. It was created by Reginald Scot to stop people from being killed for witchcraft. During the 17th century, many books were published that described magic tricks. Until the 18th century, magic shows were a common source of entertainment at <a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">fairs</a>. The "Father" of modern entertainment magic was <a href="/wiki/Jean_Eug%C3%A8ne_Robert-Houdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin">Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin</a>, who had a magic theatre in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-link.springer.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-link.springer.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Anderson" title="John Henry Anderson">John Henry Anderson</a> was pioneering the same transition in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in the 1840s. Towards the end of the 19th century, large magic shows permanently staged at big theatre venues became the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Magic_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Magic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a form of entertainment, magic easily moved from theatrical venues to television magic specials. </p><p>Performances that modern observers would recognize as conjuring have been practiced throughout history. For example, a trick with three cups and balls has been performed since 3 BC<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is still performed today on stage and in <a href="/wiki/Street_magic" title="Street magic">street magic</a> shows. For many recorded centuries, magicians were associated with the devil and the occult. During the 19th and 20th centuries, many stage magicians even capitalized on this notion in their advertisements.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same level of ingenuity that was used to produce famous ancient deceptions such as the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a> would also have been used for <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a>, or at least for cheating in <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">money games</a>. They were also used by the practitioners of various religions and <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cults</a> from ancient times onwards to frighten uneducated people into obedience or turn them into adherents. However, the profession of the illusionist gained strength only in the 18th century, and has enjoyed several popular vogues since.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magic_tricks">Magic tricks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Magic tricks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_magic_tricks" title="List of magic tricks">List of magic tricks</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Magic Trick" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Magic_Trick_(film)" title="Magic Trick (film)">Magic Trick (film)</a>.</div> <p>Opinions vary among magicians on how to categorize a given effect, but a number of categories have been developed. Magicians may pull a rabbit from an empty hat, make something seem to disappear, or transform a red silk handkerchief into a green silk handkerchief. Magicians may also destroy something, like cutting a head off, and then "restore" it, make something appear to move from one place to another, or they may escape from a restraining device. Other illusions include making something appear to defy gravity, making a solid object appear to pass through another object, or appearing to predict the choice of a spectator. Many magic routines use combinations of effects. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_the_Baptist_illusion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/John_the_Baptist_illusion.jpg/220px-John_the_Baptist_illusion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/John_the_Baptist_illusion.jpg/330px-John_the_Baptist_illusion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/John_the_Baptist_illusion.jpg/440px-John_the_Baptist_illusion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption>An illustration from <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Scot" title="Reginald Scot">Reginald Scot</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584), one of the earliest books on magic tricks, explaining how the "Decollation of John Baptist" <a href="/wiki/Guillotine_(magic_trick)" title="Guillotine (magic trick)">decapitation illusion</a> may be performed</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the earliest books on the subject is Gantziony's work of 1489, <i>Natural and Unnatural Magic</i>, which describes and explains old-time tricks.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1584, Englishman <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Scot" title="Reginald Scot">Reginald Scot</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i>, part of which was devoted to debunking the claims that magicians used supernatural methods, and showing how their "magic tricks" were in reality accomplished. Among the tricks discussed were <a href="/wiki/Sleight-of-hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleight-of-hand">sleight-of-hand</a> manipulations with rope, paper and coins. At the time, fear and belief in <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> was widespread and the book tried to demonstrate that these fears were misplaced.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular belief held that all obtainable copies were burned on the accession of <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a> in 1603.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 17th century, many similar books were published that described in detail the methods of a number of magic tricks, including <i>The Art of Conjuring</i> (1614) and <i>The Anatomy of Legerdemain: The Art of Juggling</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1675</span>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fawkesshow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fawkesshow.jpg/220px-Fawkesshow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fawkesshow.jpg/330px-Fawkesshow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fawkesshow.jpg/440px-Fawkesshow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Fawkes" title="Isaac Fawkes">Isaac Fawkes</a>' show from 1724 in which he boasts of the success of his performances for the King and Prince George</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the 18th century, magic shows were a common source of entertainment at <a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">fairs</a>, where itinerant performers would entertain the public with magic tricks, as well as the more traditional spectacles of <a href="/wiki/Sword_swallowing" title="Sword swallowing">sword swallowing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juggling" title="Juggling">juggling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire_breathing_(circus_act)" title="Fire breathing (circus act)">fire breathing</a>. In the early 18th century, as belief in witchcraft was waning, the art became increasingly respectable and shows would be put on for rich private patrons. A notable figure in this transition was the English showman, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Fawkes" title="Isaac Fawkes">Isaac Fawkes</a>, who began to promote his act in advertisements from the 1720s—he even claimed to have performed for <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a>. One of Fawkes' advertisements described his routine in some detail: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He takes an empty bag, lays it on the Table and turns it several times inside out, then commands 100 Eggs out of it and several showers of real Gold and silver, then the Bag beginning to swell several sorts of wild fowl run out of it upon the Table. He throws up a Pack of Cards, and causes them to be living birds flying about the room. He causes living Beasts, Birds, and other Creatures to appear upon the Table. He blows the spots of the Cards off and on, and changes them to any pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>From 1756 to 1781, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Philadelphia" title="Jacob Philadelphia">Jacob Philadelphia</a> performed feats of magic, sometimes under the guise of scientific exhibitions, throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_stage_magic">Modern stage magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern stage magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roberthoudin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Roberthoudin.jpg/170px-Roberthoudin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Roberthoudin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_Eug%C3%A8ne_Robert-Houdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin">Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin</a>, pioneer of modern magic entertainment</figcaption></figure> <p>The "Father" of modern entertainment magic was <a href="/wiki/Jean_Eug%C3%A8ne_Robert-Houdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin">Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin</a>, originally a clockmaker, who opened a magic theatre in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-link.springer.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-link.springer.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He transformed his art from one performed at fairs to a performance that the public paid to see at the theatre. His speciality was constructing mechanical automata that appeared to move and act as if alive. Many of Robert-Houdin's mechanisms for illusion were pirated by his assistant and ended up in the performances of his rivals, <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Anderson" title="John Henry Anderson">John Henry Anderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herrmann" title="Alexander Herrmann">Alexander Herrmann</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Anderson" title="John Henry Anderson">John Henry Anderson</a> was pioneering the same transition in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. In 1840 he opened the New Strand Theatre, where he performed as <i>The Great Wizard of the North</i>. His success came from <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> his shows and captivating his audience with expert <a href="/wiki/Showmanship_(performing)" title="Showmanship (performing)">showmanship</a>. He became one of the earliest magicians to attain a high level of world renown. He opened a second theatre in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> in 1845. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Nevil_Maskelyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/John_Nevil_Maskelyne.jpg/170px-John_Nevil_Maskelyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/John_Nevil_Maskelyne.jpg/255px-John_Nevil_Maskelyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/John_Nevil_Maskelyne.jpg/340px-John_Nevil_Maskelyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1878" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne" title="John Nevil Maskelyne">John Nevil Maskelyne</a>, a famous magician and illusionist of the late 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Towards the end of the century, large magic shows permanently staged at big theatre venues became the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Magic_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Magic-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> performer <a href="/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne" title="John Nevil Maskelyne">J N Maskelyne</a> and his partner Cooke were established at the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Hall" title="Egyptian Hall">Egyptian Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a> in 1873 by their manager <a href="/wiki/William_Morton_(theatre_manager)" title="William Morton (theatre manager)">William Morton</a>, and continued there for 31 years. The show incorporated stage illusions and reinvented traditional tricks with exotic (often <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Oriental</a>) imagery. The potential of the stage was exploited for hidden mechanisms and assistants, and the control it offers over the audience's point of view. Maskelyne and Cooke invented many of the illusions still performed today—one of his best-known being <a href="/wiki/Levitation_(illusion)" title="Levitation (illusion)">levitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawes_2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawes_2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The model for the look of a "typical" magician—a man with wavy hair, a top hat, a goatee, and a tailcoat—was <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herrmann" title="Alexander Herrmann">Alexander Herrmann</a> (1844–1896), also known as Herrmann the Great. Herrmann was a French magician and was part of the Herrmann family name that is the "first-family of magic". </p><p>The escapologist and magician <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a> (1874–1926) took his stage name from Robert-Houdin and developed a range of stage magic tricks, many of them based on what became known after his death as <a href="/wiki/Escapology" title="Escapology">escapology</a>. Houdini was genuinely skilled in techniques such as lockpicking and escaping straitjackets, but also made full use of the range of conjuring techniques, including fake equipment and collusion with individuals in the audience. Houdini's show-business savvy was as great as his performance skill. There is a <a href="/wiki/Houdini_Museum" title="Houdini Museum">Houdini Museum</a> dedicated to him in <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton, Pennsylvania</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Circle_(organisation)" title="The Magic Circle (organisation)">The Magic Circle</a> was formed in London in 1905 to promote and advance the art of stage magic.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a form of entertainment, magic easily moved from theatrical venues to television specials, which opened up new opportunities for deceptions, and brought stage magic to huge audiences. Famous magicians of the 20th century included <a href="/wiki/Okito" class="mw-redirect" title="Okito">Okito</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Devant" title="David Devant">David Devant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackstone_Sr." title="Harry Blackstone Sr.">Harry Blackstone Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackstone_Jr." title="Harry Blackstone Jr.">Harry Blackstone Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Thurston" title="Howard Thurston">Howard Thurston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Annemann" title="Theodore Annemann">Theodore Annemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Valentine_Pitchford" title="Richard Valentine Pitchford">Cardini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dunninger" title="Joseph Dunninger">Joseph Dunninger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_Vernon" title="Dai Vernon">Dai Vernon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Culpitt" title="Fred Culpitt">Fred Culpitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Wonder_(magician)" title="Tommy Wonder (magician)">Tommy Wonder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_%26_Roy" title="Siegfried & Roy">Siegfried & Roy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doug_Henning" title="Doug Henning">Doug Henning</a>. Popular 20th- and 21st-century magicians include <a href="/wiki/David_Copperfield_(illusionist)" title="David Copperfield (illusionist)">David Copperfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lance_Burton" title="Lance Burton">Lance Burton</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penn_and_Teller" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn and Teller">Penn and Teller</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Blaine" title="David Blaine">David Blaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criss_Angel" title="Criss Angel">Criss Angel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_(magician)" title="Dynamo (magician)">Dynamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shin_Lim" title="Shin Lim">Shin Lim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_%26_Joss" title="Jay & Joss">Jay & Joss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Klok" title="Hans Klok">Hans Klok</a>. Well-known women magicians include <a href="/wiki/Dell_O%27Dell" title="Dell O'Dell">Dell O'Dell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dietrich" title="Dorothy Dietrich">Dorothy Dietrich</a>. Most television magicians perform before a live audience, who provide the remote viewer with a reassurance that the illusions are not obtained with post-production <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual effects</a>. </p><p>Many of the principles of stage magic are old. There is an expression, "it's all done with smoke and mirrors", used to explain something baffling, but effects seldom use mirrors today, due to the amount of installation work and transport difficulties. For example, the famous <a href="/wiki/Pepper%27s_Ghost" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepper's Ghost">Pepper's Ghost</a>, a stage illusion first used in 19th-century London, required a specially built theatre. Modern performers have vanished objects as large as the Taj Mahal, the Statue of Liberty, and a space shuttle, using other kinds of optical deceptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_magic_performance">Types of magic performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of magic performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magic is often described according to various specialties or genres. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mind-reading-Russell-Morgan.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mind-reading-Russell-Morgan.jpeg/170px-Mind-reading-Russell-Morgan.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mind-reading-Russell-Morgan.jpeg/255px-Mind-reading-Russell-Morgan.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mind-reading-Russell-Morgan.jpeg/340px-Mind-reading-Russell-Morgan.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="2121" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentalist">mentalist</a> on stage in a mind-reading performance, 1900</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_illusions">Stage illusions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stage illusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stage_illusion" title="Stage illusion">Stage illusions</a> are performed for large audiences, typically within a theatre or auditorium. This type of magic is distinguished by large-scale props, the use of assistants and often exotic animals such as elephants and tigers. Famous stage illusionists, past and present, include <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackstone,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Blackstone, Sr.">Harry Blackstone, Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Thurston" title="Howard Thurston">Howard Thurston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chung_Ling_Soo" title="Chung Ling Soo">Chung Ling Soo</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Copperfield_(illusionist)" title="David Copperfield (illusionist)">David Copperfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lance_Burton" title="Lance Burton">Lance Burton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silvan_(illusionist)" title="Silvan (illusionist)">Silvan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_%26_Roy" title="Siegfried & Roy">Siegfried & Roy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackstone,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Blackstone, Jr.">Harry Blackstone, Jr.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parlor_magic">Parlor magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Parlor magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Parlor_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlor magic">Parlor magic</a> is done for larger audiences than close-up magic (which is for a few people or even one person) and for smaller audiences than stage magic. In parlor magic, the performer is usually standing and on the same level as the audience, which may be seated on chairs or even on the floor. According to the <i>Encyclopedia of Magic and Magicians</i> by T.A. Waters, "The phrase [parlor magic] is often used as a pejorative to imply that an effect under discussion is not suitable for professional performance." Also, many magicians consider the term "parlor" old fashioned and limiting, since this type of magic is often done in rooms much larger than the traditional parlor, or even outdoors. A better term for this branch of magic may be "platform", "club" or "cabaret". Examples of such magicians include <a href="/wiki/Jeff_McBride" title="Jeff McBride">Jeff McBride</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Abbott_(magician)" title="David Abbott (magician)">David Abbott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channing_Pollock_(magician)" title="Channing Pollock (magician)">Channing Pollock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Herman" title="Black Herman">Black Herman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Kaps" title="Fred Kaps">Fred Kaps</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Close-up_magic">Close-up magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Close-up magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Close-up_magic" title="Close-up magic">Close-up magic</a> (or table magic) is performed with the audience close to the magician, sometimes even one-on-one. It usually makes use of everyday items as props, such as <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">cards</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Card_manipulation" title="Card manipulation">Card manipulation</a>), <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Coin_magic" title="Coin magic">Coin magic</a>), and seemingly 'impromptu' effects. This may be called "table magic", particularly when performed as dinner entertainment. <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Jay" title="Ricky Jay">Ricky Jay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Moudini" title="Mahdi Moudini">Mahdi Moudini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Asher" title="Lee Asher">Lee Asher</a>, following in the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Dai_Vernon" title="Dai Vernon">Dai Vernon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slydini" class="mw-redirect" title="Slydini">Slydini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Malini" title="Max Malini">Max Malini</a>, are considered among the foremost practitioners of close-up magic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escapology">Escapology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Escapology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Escapology" title="Escapology">Escapology</a> is the branch of magic that deals with escapes from confinement or restraints. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a> is a well-known example of an <i>escape artist</i> or <i>escapologist</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pickpocket_magic">Pickpocket magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pickpocket magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pickpocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickpocket">Pickpocket</a> magicians use magic to misdirect members of the audience while removing wallets, belts, ties, and other personal effects. It can be presented on a stage, in a cabaret setting, before small close-up groups, or even for one spectator. Well-known pickpockets include <a href="/wiki/James_Freedman_(pickpocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Freedman (pickpocket)">James Freedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Avadon" title="David Avadon">David Avadon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Arno" title="Bob Arno">Bob Arno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Robbins" title="Apollo Robbins">Apollo Robbins</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mentalism">Mentalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mentalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mentalism" title="Mentalism">Mentalism</a> creates the impression in the minds of the audience that the performer possesses special powers to read thoughts, predict events, control other minds, and similar feats. It can be presented on a stage, in a cabaret setting, before small close-up groups, or even for one spectator. Well-known mentalists of the past and present include <a href="/wiki/Alexander_(magician)" title="Alexander (magician)">Alexander</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Zancigs" class="mw-redirect" title="The Zancigs">The Zancigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axel_Hellstrom" title="Axel Hellstrom">Axel Hellstrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunninger" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunninger">Dunninger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kreskin" title="Kreskin">Kreskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deddy_Corbuzier" title="Deddy Corbuzier">Deddy Corbuzier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rich_Ferguson_(magician)" title="Rich Ferguson (magician)">Rich Ferguson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Bavli" title="Guy Bavli">Guy Bavli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banachek" title="Banachek">Banachek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Maven" title="Max Maven">Max Maven</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alain_Nu" title="Alain Nu">Alain Nu</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Séances"><span id="S.C3.A9ances"></span>Séances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Séances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_s%C3%A9ance" title="Theatrical séance">Theatrical séances</a> simulate spiritualistic or mediumistic phenomena for theatrical effect. This genre of stage magic has been misused at times by charlatans pretending to actually be in contact with spirits or supernatural forces. For this reason, some well-known magicians such as <a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (AKA "The Amazing Randi") have made it their goal to debunk such paranormal phenomena and illustrate that any such effects may be achieved by natural or human means. Randi was the "foremost skeptic" in this regard in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's_magic"><span id="Children.27s_magic"></span>Children's magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Children's magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magicianatparty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Magicianatparty.jpg/170px-Magicianatparty.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Magicianatparty.jpg/255px-Magicianatparty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Magicianatparty.jpg/340px-Magicianatparty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">Amateur</a> magician performing "children's magic" for a birthday party audience</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_magic" title="Children's magic">Children's magic</a> is performed for an audience primarily composed of children. It is typically performed at birthday parties, preschools, elementary schools, Sunday schools, or libraries. This type of magic is usually comedic in nature and involves audience interaction as well as volunteer assistants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_magic">Online magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Online magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Online magic tricks were designed to function on a computer screen. The computer screen affords ways to incorporate magic from the magician's wand to the computer mouse. The use of computing technologies in performance can be traced back to a 1984 presentation by <a href="/wiki/David_Copperfield_(illusionist)" title="David Copperfield (illusionist)">David Copperfield</a>, who used a <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> to create a "magic show" for his audience. More recently, virtual performers have been experimenting with captivating digital animations and illusions that blur the lines between magic tricks and reality. In some cases, the computer essentially replaces the online magician. </p><p>In a 2008 TED Talk, <a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Penn Jillette</a> discussed how technology will continue to play a role in magic by influencing media and communication. According to Jillette, magicians continue to innovate in not only digital communication but also live performances that utilize digital effects. The 2020 <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">COVID-19 lockdowns</a> ushered onto the world stage a surge of online magic shows. These shows are performed via <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">video conferencing</a> platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a>. </p><p>Some online magic tricks recreate traditional card tricks and require user participation, while others, like Plato's Cursed Triangle, are based on mathematical, geometrical, and/or optical illusions. One such online magic trick, called Esmeralda's Crystal Ball,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became a <a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">viral phenomenon</a> that fooled so many computer users into believing that their computer had supernatural powers, that the fact-checking website <a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a> dedicated a page to debunking the trick.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German magician <a href="/wiki/Wittus_Witt" title="Wittus Witt">Wittus Witt</a> performed interactive magic tricks live on TV from 1993 to 1997. Viewers were able to call Wittus Witt live in the television studio and perform a magic trick with him directly. In total, Witt performed this special magic 87 times, every other week.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatrical_magic">Theatrical magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Theatrical magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theatrical magic describes a dramaturgically well thought-out performance that has been specially designed for the theater and theater-like situations. It is not about individual tricks that are strung together, but about logical connections of tricks that lead to a story. The protagonists of this magic stage art were the German magician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fredo_Marvelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fredo Marvelli (page does not exist)">Fredo Marvelli</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Punx_(magician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Punx (magician) (page does not exist)">Punx</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Adrion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Adrion (page does not exist)">Alexander Adrion</a>. In the United States, they included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hatch_(magician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Hatch (magician) (page does not exist)">Richard Hatch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Maven" title="Max Maven">Max Maven</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathemagic">Mathemagic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mathemagic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mathemagician" title="Mathemagician">Mathemagic</a> is a genre of stage magic that combines magic and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>. It is commonly used by <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_magic" title="Children's magic">children's magicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentalists">mentalists</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_magic">Corporate magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Corporate magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corporate magic or trade show magic uses magic as a communication and sales tool, as opposed to just straightforward entertainment. Corporate magicians may come from a business background and typically present at meetings, conferences and product launches. They run workshops and can sometimes be found at trade shows, where their patter and illusions enhance an entertaining presentation of the products offered by their corporate sponsors. Pioneer performers in this arena include Eddie Tullock<sup id="cite_ref-Herz1991_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herz1991-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Guy_Bavli" title="Guy Bavli">Guy Bavli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gospel_magic">Gospel magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gospel magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gospel_magic" title="Gospel magic">Gospel magic</a> uses magic to catechize and evangelize. Gospel magic was first used by <a href="/wiki/St._John_Bosco" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John Bosco">St. John Bosco</a> to interest children in 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> to come back to school, to accept assistance and to attend church. The Jewish equivalent is termed Torah magic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Street_magic">Street magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Street magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Street_magic" title="Street magic">Street magic</a> is a form of street performing or <a href="/wiki/Busking" class="mw-redirect" title="Busking">busking</a> that employs a hybrid of stage magic, platform, and close-up magic, usually performed '<a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_the_round" title="Theatre in the round">in the round</a>' or surrounded by the audience. Notable modern street magic performers include <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sheridan" title="Jeff Sheridan">Jeff Sheridan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazzo_(magician)" title="Gazzo (magician)">Gazzo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wittus_Witt" title="Wittus Witt">Wittus Witt</a>. Since the first <a href="/wiki/David_Blaine" title="David Blaine">David Blaine</a> TV special <i>Street Magic</i> aired in 1997, the term "street magic" has also come to describe a style of 'guerilla' performance in which magicians approach and perform for unsuspecting members of the public on the street. Unlike traditional street magic, this style is almost purely designed for TV and gains its impact from the wild reactions of the public. Magicians of this type include <a href="/wiki/David_Blaine" title="David Blaine">David Blaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Takayama" title="Cyril Takayama">Cyril Takayama</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bizarre_magic">Bizarre magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bizarre magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bizarre magic is a branch of stage magic that creates eerie effects through its use of narratives and esoteric imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experience may be more akin to small, intimate theater or to a conventional magic show.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bizarre magic often uses horror, supernatural, and science fiction imagery in addition to the standard commercial magic approaches of comedy and wonder.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shock_magic">Shock magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Shock magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shock magic is a genre of magic that shocks the audience. Sometimes referred to as "geek magic", it takes its roots from circus <a href="/wiki/Sideshow" title="Sideshow">sideshows</a>, in which 'freakish' performances were shown to audiences. Common shock magic or geek magic effects include eating razor blades, <a href="/wiki/Needle-through-arm" title="Needle-through-arm">needle-through-arm</a>, string through neck and pen-through-tongue. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Antoine_-_2012-07-03_-_IMG_4940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Eric_Antoine_-_2012-07-03_-_IMG_4940.jpg/220px-Eric_Antoine_-_2012-07-03_-_IMG_4940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Eric_Antoine_-_2012-07-03_-_IMG_4940.jpg/330px-Eric_Antoine_-_2012-07-03_-_IMG_4940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Eric_Antoine_-_2012-07-03_-_IMG_4940.jpg/440px-Eric_Antoine_-_2012-07-03_-_IMG_4940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3537" data-file-height="2358" /></a><figcaption>French comedy magician <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Antoine" title="Éric Antoine">Éric Antoine</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comedy_magic">Comedy magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Comedy magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comedy magic is the use of magic in which is combined with stand-up comedy. Famous comedy magicians include <a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Johnathan" title="The Amazing Johnathan">The Amazing Johnathan</a>, <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Balay" class="extiw" title="id:Holly Balay">Holly Balay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_King" title="Mac King">Mac King</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller" title="Penn & Teller">Penn & Teller</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quick-change_magic">Quick-change magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Quick-change magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quick-change_(performance)" title="Quick-change (performance)">Quick-change</a> magic is the use of magic which is combined with the very quick changing of costumes. Famous quick-change artists include Sos & Victoria Petrosyan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camera_magic">Camera magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Camera magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Camera magic (or "video magic") is magic that is aimed at viewers watching broadcasts or recordings. It includes tricks based on the restricted viewing angles of cameras and clever editing. Camera magic often features paid extras posing as spectators who may even be assisting in the performance. Camera magic can be done live, such as <a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a>'s lottery prediction. Famous examples of camera magic include David Copperfield's Floating Over the Grand Canyon and many of <a href="/wiki/Criss_Angel" title="Criss Angel">Criss Angel</a>'s illusions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_magic">Classical magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Classical magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical magic is a style of magic that conveys feelings of elegance and skill akin to prominent magicians of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_magic">Mechanical magic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mechanical magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambigram_Magic_Dream_-_mirror_symmetry_with_a_handheld_pattern_giving_a_reversed_shadow_on_a_blue_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ambigram_Magic_Dream_-_mirror_symmetry_with_a_handheld_pattern_giving_a_reversed_shadow_on_a_blue_wall.jpg/220px-Ambigram_Magic_Dream_-_mirror_symmetry_with_a_handheld_pattern_giving_a_reversed_shadow_on_a_blue_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ambigram_Magic_Dream_-_mirror_symmetry_with_a_handheld_pattern_giving_a_reversed_shadow_on_a_blue_wall.jpg/330px-Ambigram_Magic_Dream_-_mirror_symmetry_with_a_handheld_pattern_giving_a_reversed_shadow_on_a_blue_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ambigram_Magic_Dream_-_mirror_symmetry_with_a_handheld_pattern_giving_a_reversed_shadow_on_a_blue_wall.jpg/440px-Ambigram_Magic_Dream_-_mirror_symmetry_with_a_handheld_pattern_giving_a_reversed_shadow_on_a_blue_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5494" data-file-height="3663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ambigram" title="Ambigram">Ambigram</a> <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_magic" title="Mechanical magic">Magic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">Dream</a> with a handheld pattern giving a reversed shadow by mirror symmetry. "It's all done with smoke and mirrors," as we say to explain something baffling.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_magic" title="Mechanical magic">Mechanical magic</a> is a form of stage magic in which the magician uses a variety of mechanical devices to perform acts that appear to be physically impossible. Examples include such things as a false-bottomed <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar</a> in which the magician places an audience member's watch only to later produce several feet away inside a wooden frame.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechanical magic requires a certain degree of sleight of hand and carefully functioning mechanisms and devices to be performed convincingly. This form of magic was popular around the turn of the 19th century—today, many of the original mechanisms used for this magic have become antique collector's pieces and may require significant and careful restoration to function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Categories_of_effects">Categories of effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Categories of effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magicians describe the type of tricks they perform in various ways. Opinions vary as to how to categorize a given effect, and disagreement as to what categories actually exist. For instance, some magicians consider "penetrations" a separate category, while others consider penetrations a form of restoration or teleportation. Some magicians today, such as <a href="/wiki/Guy_Hollingworth" title="Guy Hollingworth">Guy Hollingworth</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stone_(magician)" title="Tom Stone (magician)">Tom Stone</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have begun to challenge the notion that all magic effects fit into a limited number of categories. Among magicians who believe in a limited number of categories (such as <a href="/wiki/Dariel_Fitzkee" title="Dariel Fitzkee">Dariel Fitzkee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Tarbell" title="Harlan Tarbell">Harlan Tarbell</a>, S.H. Sharpe), there has been disagreement as to how many different types of effects there are. Some of these are listed below. </p> <ul><li>Production: The magician produces something from nothing—a rabbit from an empty hat, a fan of cards from thin air, a shower of coins from an empty bucket, a <a href="/wiki/Dove_pan" title="Dove pan">dove from a pan</a>, or the magician himself or herself, appearing in a puff of smoke on an empty stage—all of these effects are <i>productions</i>.</li> <li>Vanish: The magician makes something disappear—a coin, a cage of doves, milk from a newspaper, an assistant from a cabinet, or even the <a href="/wiki/Vanishing_the_Statue_of_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanishing the Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>. A vanish, being the reverse of a production, may use a similar technique in reverse.</li> <li>Transformation: The magician transforms something from one state into another—a silk handkerchief changes color, a lady turns into a <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a>, an indifferent card changes to the spectator's chosen card. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Proyecto_-_cambio_de_color.ogv/220px--Proyecto_-_cambio_de_color.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Proyecto_-_cambio_de_color.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Proyecto_-_cambio_de_color.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Proyecto_-_cambio_de_color.ogv/Proyecto_-_cambio_de_color.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Proyecto_-_cambio_de_color.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="768" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Proyecto_-_cambio_de_color.ogv/Proyecto_-_cambio_de_color.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Proyecto_-_cambio_de_color.ogv/Proyecto_-_cambio_de_color.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3f/Proyecto_-_cambio_de_color.ogv/Proyecto_-_cambio_de_color.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Transformation: Change of color</figcaption></figure></li> <li>Restoration: The magician destroys an object—a rope is cut, a newspaper is torn, a <a href="/wiki/Sawing_a_woman_in_half" title="Sawing a woman in half">woman is cut in half</a>, a borrowed watch is smashed to pieces—then restores it to its original state.</li> <li>Transposition: A transposition involves two or more objects. The magician will cause these objects to change places, as many times as he pleases, and in some cases, ends with a kicker by transforming the objects into something else.</li> <li>Teleportation: The magician causes something to move from one place to another—a borrowed ring is found inside a ball of wool, a canary inside a light bulb, an assistant from a cabinet to the back of the theatre, or a coin from one hand to the other. When two objects exchange places, it is called a transposition: a simultaneous, double transportation. A transportation can be seen as a combination of a vanish and a production. When performed by a mentalist it might be called teleportation.</li> <li>Escape: The magician (or less often, an assistant) is placed in a restraining device (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Handcuffs" title="Handcuffs">handcuffs</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Straitjacket" title="Straitjacket">straitjacket</a>) or a death trap, and escapes to safety. Examples include being put in a straitjacket and into an overflowing tank of water, and being tied up and placed in a car being sent through a car crusher.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(illusion)" title="Levitation (illusion)">Levitation</a>: The magician defies gravity, either by making something float in the air, or with the aid of another object (suspension)—a silver ball floats around a cloth, an assistant floats in mid-air, another is suspended from a broom, a scarf dances in a sealed bottle, the magician levitates his own body in midair. There are many popular ways to create this illusion, including <a href="/wiki/Asrah_levitation" title="Asrah levitation">Asrah levitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balducci_levitation" title="Balducci levitation">Balducci levitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invisible_thread" title="Invisible thread">invisible thread</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_levitation" title="King levitation">King levitation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/David_Copperfield%27s_flying_illusion" title="David Copperfield's flying illusion">flying illusion</a> has often been performed by <a href="/wiki/David_Copperfield_(illusionist)" title="David Copperfield (illusionist)">David Copperfield</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackstone,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Blackstone, Sr.">Harry Blackstone</a> floated a light bulb over the heads of the public.</li> <li>Penetration: The magician makes a solid object pass through another—a set of steel rings link and unlink, a candle penetrates an arm, swords pass through an assistant in a basket, a salt shaker penetrates a tabletop, or a man walks through a mirror. Sometimes referred to as "solid-through-solid".</li> <li>Prediction: The magician accurately predicts the choice of a spectator or the outcome of an event—a newspaper headline, the total amount of loose change in the spectator's pocket, a picture drawn on a slate—under seemingly impossible circumstances.</li></ul> <p>Many magic routines use combinations of effects. For example, in "<a href="/wiki/Cups_and_balls" title="Cups and balls">cups and balls</a>" a magician may use vanishes, productions, penetrations, teleportation and transformations as part of the one presentation. </p><p>The methodology behind magic is often referred to as a science (often a branch of physics) while the performance aspect is more of an art form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Learning_magic">Learning magic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Learning magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_magic_publications" title="List of magic publications">List of magic publications</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Magic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/King_Magic.jpg/170px-King_Magic.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/King_Magic.jpg/255px-King_Magic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/King_Magic.jpg/340px-King_Magic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>A stage magician using a <a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">top hat</a> as a prop</figcaption></figure> <p>Dedication to magic can teach confidence and creativity, as well as the work ethic associated with regular practice and the responsibility that comes with devotion to an art.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The teaching of performance magic was once a secretive practice.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional magicians were unwilling to share knowledge with anyone outside the profession to prevent the laity from learning their secrets.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This often made it difficult for an interested apprentice to learn anything but the basics of magic. Some had strict rules against members discussing magic secrets with anyone but established magicians. </p><p>From the 1584 publication of <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Scot" title="Reginald Scot">Reginald Scot</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoverie of Witchcraft">Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> until the end of the 19th century, only a few books were available for magicians to learn the craft, whereas today mass-market books offer a myriad titles. Videos and DVDs are newer media, but many of the methods found in this format are readily found in previously published books. However, they can serve as a visual demonstration. </p><p>Persons interested in learning to perform magic can join <a href="/wiki/Magic_club" title="Magic club">magic clubs</a>. Here magicians, both seasoned and novitiate, can work together and help one another for mutual improvement, to learn new techniques, to discuss all aspects of magic, to perform for each other—sharing advice, encouragement, and criticism. Before a magician can join one of these clubs, they usually have to audition. The purpose is to show to the membership they are a magician and not just someone off the street wanting to discover magic secrets. </p><p>The world's largest magic organization is the <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Magicians" title="International Brotherhood of Magicians">International Brotherhood of Magicians</a>; it publishes a monthly journal, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Linking_Ring" title="The Linking Ring">The Linking Ring</a></i>. The oldest organization is the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_American_Magicians" title="Society of American Magicians">Society of American Magicians</a>, which publishes the monthly magazine <i><a href="/wiki/M-U-M" class="mw-redirect" title="M-U-M">M-U-M</a></i> and of which <a href="/wiki/Houdini" class="mw-redirect" title="Houdini">Houdini</a> was a member and president for several years. In <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, there is <a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Circle_(organisation)" title="The Magic Circle (organisation)">The Magic Circle</a>, which houses the largest magic library in Europe. Also PSYCRETS—The British Society of Mystery Entertainers<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—caters specifically to mentalists, bizarrists, storytellers, readers, spiritualist performers, and other mystery entertainers. Davenport's Magic<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in London's <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">The Strand</a> was the world's oldest family-run magic shop.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now closed. The <a href="/wiki/Magic_Castle" title="Magic Castle">Magic Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a>, California, is home to the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Magical_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Magical Arts">Academy of Magical Arts</a>. </p><p>Traditionally, magicians refuse to reveal the methods behind their tricks to the audience. Membership in professional magicians' organizations often requires a commitment never to reveal the secrets of magic to non-magicians. When <a href="/wiki/Justin_Flom" title="Justin Flom">Justin Flom</a> in 2020 began disclosing how tricks worked in <a href="/wiki/Facebook_videos" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook videos">Facebook videos</a>, other magicians publicly and privately criticized and ostracized him.<sup id="cite_ref-mears20220728_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mears20220728-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magic performances tend to fall into a few specialties or genres. <a href="/wiki/Stage_illusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage illusions">Stage illusions</a> use large-scale props and even large animals. <a href="/wiki/Platform_magic" title="Platform magic">Platform magic</a> is performed for a medium to large audience. <a href="/wiki/Close-up_magic" title="Close-up magic">Close-up magic</a> is performed with the audience close to the magician. <a href="/wiki/Escapology" title="Escapology">Escapology</a> involves escapes from confinement or restraints. <a href="/wiki/Pickpocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickpocket">Pickpocket</a> magicians take audience members' wallets, wristwatches, belts, and ties. <a href="/wiki/Mentalism" title="Mentalism">Mentalism</a> creates the illusion that the magician can read minds. Comedy magic is the use of magic combined with stand-up comedy, an example being <a href="/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller" title="Penn & Teller">Penn & Teller</a>. Some modern illusionists believe that it is unethical to give a performance that claims to be anything other than a clever and skillful deception. Others argue that they can claim that the effects are due to magic. These apparently irreconcilable differences of opinion have led to some conflicts among performers. Another issue is the use of deceptive practices for personal gain outside the venue of a magic performance. Examples include fraudulent mediums, <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">con men</a> and grifters who use deception for cheating at <a href="/wiki/Card_game" title="Card game">card games</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Misuse_of_the_term_"magic""><span id="Misuse_of_the_term_.22magic.22"></span>Misuse of the term "magic"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Misuse of the term "magic""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some modern illusionists believe that it is unethical to give a performance that claims to be anything other than a clever and skillful deception. Most of these performers therefore eschew the term "magician" (which they view as making a claim to supernatural power) in favor of "illusionist" and similar descriptions; for example, the performer <a href="/wiki/Jamy_Ian_Swiss" title="Jamy Ian Swiss">Jamy Ian Swiss</a> makes these points by billing himself as an "honest liar".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, many performers say that magical acts, as a form of theatre, need no more of a disclaimer than any play or film; this policy was advocated by the magician and mentalist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dunninger" title="Joseph Dunninger">Joseph Dunninger</a>, who stated "For those who believe, no explanation is necessary; for those who do not believe, no explanation will suffice."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These apparently irreconcilable differences of opinion have led to some conflicts among performers. For example, more than thirty years after the illusionist <a href="/wiki/Uri_Geller" title="Uri Geller">Uri Geller</a> made his first appearances on television in the 1970s to exhibit his self-proclaimed psychic ability to bend spoons, his actions still provoke controversy among some magic performers, because he claimed what he did was not an illusion. On the other hand, because Geller bent—and continues to bend—spoons within a performance context and has lectured at several <a href="/wiki/Magic_convention" title="Magic convention">magic conventions</a>, the Dunninger quote may be said to apply. </p><p>In 2016, self-proclaimed psychic <a href="/wiki/Kreskin" title="Kreskin">The Amazing Kreskin</a> was barred from sending fraudulent letters to solicit money from the elderly. "This settlement ends these efforts to cheat Iowa's most vulnerable people," stated <a href="/wiki/Tom_Miller_(politician)" title="Tom Miller (politician)">Attorney General Tom Miller</a>. "The letters were shamelessly predatory and manipulative, variously promising riches, protection from ill-health, and even personal friendship to each recipient – all to get the victim to send money."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less fraught with controversy, however, may be the use of deceptive practices by those who employ stage magic techniques for personal gain outside the venue of a magic performance. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_the_man_who_knows_LCCN2014636877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Alexander_the_man_who_knows_LCCN2014636877.jpg/170px-Alexander_the_man_who_knows_LCCN2014636877.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Alexander_the_man_who_knows_LCCN2014636877.jpg/255px-Alexander_the_man_who_knows_LCCN2014636877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Alexander_the_man_who_knows_LCCN2014636877.jpg/340px-Alexander_the_man_who_knows_LCCN2014636877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="2938" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(magician)" title="Alexander (magician)">C. Alexander</a> wrote about the trickery in con-men exploiting their sworn <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritual</a> magic to rip off each client they swung in <i>The Dr. Q. Book.</i> However, a group of people believe Alexander to be a con-man too.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fraudulent mediums have long capitalized on the popular belief in <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> phenomena to prey on the bereaved for financial gain. From the 1840s to the 1920s, during the greatest popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">spiritualism religious movement</a> as well as public interest in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">séances</a>, a number of fraudulent mediums used stage magic methods to perform illusions such as table-knocking, slate-writing, and <a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">telekinetic</a> effects, which they attributed to the actions of <a href="/wiki/Ghosts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosts">ghosts</a> or other spirits. The great escapologist and illusionist <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a> devoted much of his time to exposing such fraudulent operators.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magician <a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a>, magic duo <a href="/wiki/Penn_and_Teller" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn and Teller">Penn & Teller</a>, and the mentalist <a href="/wiki/Derren_Brown" title="Derren Brown">Derren Brown</a> have also devoted much time to investigating and debunking paranormal, <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> claims.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fraudulent <a href="/wiki/Faith_healers" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith healers">faith healers</a> have also been shown to employ <a href="/wiki/Sleight_of_hand" title="Sleight of hand">sleight of hand</a> to give the appearance of removing chicken-giblet "tumors" from patients' abdomens.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">Con men</a> and grifters too may use techniques of stage magic for fraudulent goals. Cheating at <a href="/wiki/Card_game" title="Card game">card games</a> is an obvious example, and not a surprising one: one of the most respected textbooks of card techniques for magicians, <i>The Expert at the Card Table</i> by Erdnase, was primarily written as an instruction manual for <a href="/wiki/Card_sharp" title="Card sharp">card sharps</a>. The card trick known as "Find the Lady" or "<a href="/wiki/Three-card_Monte" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-card Monte">Three-card Monte</a>" is an old favourite of street hustlers, who lure the victim into betting on what seems like a simple proposition: to identify, after a seemingly easy-to-track mixing sequence, which one of three face-down cards is the Queen. Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Shell_game" title="Shell game">shell game</a>, in which a pea is hidden under one of three walnut shells, then shuffled around the table (or sidewalk) so slowly as to make the pea's position seemingly obvious. Although these are well known as frauds, people still lose money on them; a shell-game ring was broken up in Los Angeles as recently as December 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Researching_magic">Researching magic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Researching magic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the secretive nature of magic, research can be a challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many magic resources are privately held and most libraries only have small populist collections of magicana. However, organizations exist to band together independent collectors, writers, and researchers of magic history, including the Magic Collectors' Association,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which publishes a quarterly magazine and hosts an annual convention; and the <a href="/wiki/Conjuring_Arts_Research_Center" title="Conjuring Arts Research Center">Conjuring Arts Research Center</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which publishes a monthly newsletter and biannual magazine, and offers its members use of a searchable database of rare books and periodicals. </p><p>Performance magic is particularly notable as a key area of popular culture from the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries. Many performances and performers can be followed through newspapers<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the time. </p><p>Many books have been written about magic tricks; so many are written every year that at least one magic author<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has suggested that more books are written about magic than any other performing art. Although the bulk of these books are not seen on the shelves of libraries or public bookstores, the serious student can find many titles through specialized stores catering to the needs of magic performers. </p><p>Several notable public research collections on magic are the <i>WG Alma Conjuring Collection</i><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the State Library of Victoria; the <i>R. B. Robbins Collection of Stage Magic and Conjuring</i><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the State Library of NSW; the <i> H. Adrian Smith Collection of Conjuring and Magicana</i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Brown University; and the <i>Carl W. Jones Magic Collection, 1870s–1948</i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at Princeton University. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(magic)" title="Exposure (magic)">Exposure (magic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_rights_to_magic_methods" title="Intellectual rights to magic methods">Intellectual rights to magic methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magicians" title="List of magicians">List of magicians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foley, Elise (3 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/congress-magic_us_56e84adce4b0b25c91837454">"Do You Believe In Magic? Congress Does"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615023719/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/congress-magic_us_56e84adce4b0b25c91837454">Archived</a> 2016-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>. Retrieved 22 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson, Bill (18 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/david-copperfield-is-the-magic-force-behind-a-must-read-congressional-resolution/2016/03/17/eb0dde44-ec42-11e5-a6f3-21ccdbc5f74e_story.html">"David Copperfield Is The Magic Force Behind A Must-Read Congressional Resolution"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527124950/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/david-copperfield-is-the-magic-force-behind-a-must-read-congressional-resolution/2016/03/17/eb0dde44-ec42-11e5-a6f3-21ccdbc5f74e_story.html">Archived</a> 2016-05-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Retrieved 22 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/642/text">Recognizing magic as a rare and valuable art form and national treasure</a> (H.Res 642). March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Recognizing+magic+as+a+rare+and+valuable+art+form+and+national+treasure&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F114th-congress%2Fhouse-resolution%2F642%2Ftext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinmeyer2003" class="citation book cs1">Steinmeyer, Jim (2003). <i>Hiding the Elephant</i>. Da Capo Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hiding+the+Elephant&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Steinmeyer&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Susan (19 Nov 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-xpm-2013-nov-19-la-et-mn-magic-film-academy-20131119-story.html">"A look at the magicians of cinema"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Los Angeles Times">The Los Angeles Times</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGress2015" class="citation book cs1">Gress, Jon (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XrjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23"><i>Visual Effects and Compositing</i></a>. San Francisco: New Riders. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780133807240" title="Special:BookSources/9780133807240"><bdi>9780133807240</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+Effects+and+Compositing&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=New+Riders&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780133807240&rft.aulast=Gress&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XrjBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buffum, Richard (20 October 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-10-20-me-14080-story.html">"Magic Loomed Large in World of Orson Welles"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Los Angeles Times">The Los Angeles Times</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2002" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Colin (2002). <i>Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre</i>. 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Finland: 1484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.01484">10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01484</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4274899">4274899</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25566156">25566156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Expertise+among+professional+magicians%3A+an+interview+study&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=1484&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4274899%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25566156&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.01484&rft.aulast=Rissanen&rft.aufirst=Olli&rft.au=Pitk%C3%A4nen%2C+Petteri&rft.au=Juvonen%2C+Antti&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+Gustav&rft.au=Hakkarainen%2C+Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4274899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPailhèsGustav2020" class="citation journal cs1">Pailhès, Alice; Gustav, Kuhn (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7395500">"Influencing choices with conversational primes: How a magic trick unconsciously influences card choices"</a>. <i>Psychological and Cognitive Sciences</i>. <b>117</b> (30): 17675–17679. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11717675P">2020PNAS..11717675P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2000682117">10.1073/pnas.2000682117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7395500">7395500</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32661142">32661142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+and+Cognitive+Sciences&rft.atitle=Influencing+choices+with+conversational+primes%3A+How+a+magic+trick+unconsciously+influences+card+choices&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=17675-17679&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7395500%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32661142&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2000682117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PNAS..11717675P&rft.aulast=Pailh%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.au=Gustav%2C+Kuhn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7395500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-link.springer.com-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-link.springer.com_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-link.springer.com_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2008" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Graham M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230617124_3">"The Family Romance of Modern Magic: Contesting Robert-Houdin's Cultural Legacy in Contemporary France"</a>. <i>Performing Magic on the Western Stage</i>. pp. 33–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230617124_3">10.1057/9780230617124_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349374649" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349374649"><bdi>978-1349374649</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111054338/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230617124_3">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Family+Romance+of+Modern+Magic%3A+Contesting+Robert-Houdin%27s+Cultural+Legacy+in+Contemporary+France&rft.btitle=Performing+Magic+on+the+Western+Stage&rft.pages=33-60&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230617124_3&rft.isbn=978-1349374649&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Graham+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F9780230617124_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Magic-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Magic_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Magic_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515125440/http://www.magiczoom.com/history-of-magic.htm">"History of Magic"</a>. This French site, Magiczoom, has now closed its doors. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magiczoom.com/history-of-magic.htm">the original</a> on 15 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Magic&rft.pub=This+French+site%2C+Magiczoom%2C+has+now+closed+its+doors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magiczoom.com%2Fhistory-of-magic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacknik" class="citation web cs1">Macknik, Stephen L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/illusion-chasers/pt-cups-and-balls/">"Penn & Teller's Cups-and-Balls Magic Trick"</a>. <i>Scientific American Blog Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706193030/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/illusion-chasers/pt-cups-and-balls/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American+Blog+Network&rft.atitle=Penn+%26+Teller%27s+Cups-and-Balls+Magic+Trick&rft.aulast=Macknik&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fillusion-chasers%2Fpt-cups-and-balls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano,_Chuck1995" class="citation journal cs1">Romano, Chuck (January 1995). 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Illusionist.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illusionist.co.uk/magician-blog/2010/05/10-facts-about-magicians/">the original</a> on 2 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Facts+About+Magicians+%E2%80%93+Andi+Gladwin+%E2%80%93+Close-Up+Magician&rft.pub=Illusionist.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.illusionist.co.uk%2Fmagician-blog%2F2010%2F05%2F10-facts-about-magicians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmond2009" class="citation journal cs1">Almond, Philip C. (2009). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Hay+Library%3A+Collections&rft.pub=Brown.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FFacilities%2FUniversity_Library%2Flibs%2Fhay%2Fcollections%2Findex.htm%23magic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dr26xx43t">"Carl W. Jones Magic Collection, 1870s–1948: Finding Aid"</a>. Arks.princeton.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carl+W.+Jones+Magic+Collection%2C+1870s%E2%80%931948%3A+Finding+Aid&rft.pub=Arks.princeton.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farks.princeton.edu%2Fark%3A%2F88435%2Fdr26xx43t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_(illusion)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrett" class="citation web cs1">Barrett, Caitlín E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526164252/https://antiquities.library.cornell.edu/gems/plaster-perspectives-on-magical-gems">"Plaster Perspectives on "Magical" Gems: Rethinking the Meaning of "Magic"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Cornell Collection of Antiquities</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Library" title="Cornell University Library">Cornell University Library</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antiquities.library.cornell.edu/gems/plaster-perspectives-on-magical-gems">the original</a> on 26 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+Collection+of+Antiquities&rft.atitle=Plaster+Perspectives+on+%22Magical%22+Gems%3A+Rethinking+the+Meaning+of+%22Magic%22&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Caitl%C3%ADn+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantiquities.library.cornell.edu%2Fgems%2Fplaster-perspectives-on-magical-gems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurlingame1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._J._Burlingame" title="H. J. Burlingame">Burlingame, H. J.</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfMagicAndMagicians"><i>History of Magic and Magicians</i></a>. Charles L. Burlingame & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Magic+and+Magicians&rft.pub=Charles+L.+Burlingame+%26+Company&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Burlingame&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHistoryOfMagicAndMagicians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopherChristopher1996" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, Maurine; <a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Christopher, Milbourne</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00chri"><i>The Illustrated History of Magic</i></a></span>. Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0435070169" title="Special:BookSources/0435070169"><bdi>0435070169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+Magic&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0435070169&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Maurine&rft.au=Christopher%2C+Milbourne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedhisto00chri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Christopher, Milbourne</a> (1962). <i>Panorama of Magic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panorama+of+Magic&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=Milbourne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielCaveneySteinmeyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Daniel, Noel; Caveney, Mike; Steinmeyer, Jim, eds. (2009). <i>Magic 1400–1950s</i>. Los Angeles: Taschen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3836509770" title="Special:BookSources/978-3836509770"><bdi>978-3836509770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+1400%E2%80%931950s&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3836509770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunninger" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dunninger" title="Joseph Dunninger">Dunninger, Joseph</a>. <i>The Complete Encyclopedia of Magic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Encyclopedia+of+Magic&rft.aulast=Dunninger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadis2006" class="citation book cs1">Nadis, Fred, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb90024.0001.001"><i>Wonder Shows: Performing Science, Magic, and Religion in America</i></a>. Rutgers University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonder+Shows%3A+Performing+Science%2C+Magic%2C+and+Religion+in+America&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Dacls%3Bcc%3Dacls%3Bview%3Dtoc%3Bidno%3Dheb90024.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frost_(writer)" title="Thomas Frost (writer)">Frost, Thomas</a> (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesconjurors01frosgoog"><i>The Lives of the Conjurors</i></a>. Tinsley Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Conjurors&rft.pub=Tinsley+Brothers&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesconjurors01frosgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2014" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Martin T. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepiddingtons.com"><i>We know how they did it!</i></a>. Manipulatist Books Global.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+know+how+they+did+it%21&rft.pub=Manipulatist+Books+Global&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Martin+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepiddingtons.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1985" class="citation book cs1">Price, David (1985). <i>Magic: A Pictorial History of Conjurers in the Theatre</i>. Cornwall Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic%3A+A+Pictorial+History+of+Conjurers+in+the+Theatre&rft.pub=Cornwall+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandi1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">Randi, James</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/Conjuring_(book)" title="Conjuring (book)"><i>Conjuring: A Definitive History</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312086342" title="Special:BookSources/0312086342"><bdi>0312086342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conjuring%3A+A+Definitive+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0312086342&rft.aulast=Randi&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStebbins1993" class="citation book cs1">Stebbins, Robert A. (1993). <i>Career, Culture and Social Psychology in a Variety Art: The Magician</i>. Malabar, FL: Krieger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Career%2C+Culture+and+Social+Psychology+in+a+Variety+Art%3A+The+Magician&rft.place=Malabar%2C+FL&rft.pub=Krieger&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Stebbins&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagic+%28illusion%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hawk, Mike. <i>The Illusionist</i>. Tiverton, ON: IBM, 1999. 234–238. Print. (Hawk 234–238)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book. 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the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Conjuring" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Conjuring">Conjuring</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Boston Public Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/boston_public_library/sets/72157629496222244">Magic posters</a></li> <li>State Library of Victoria (Australia). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.slv.vic.gov.au/magic">Magic and magicians Research Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/digitalcoll/digitalcoll-magic.html">Science, Math and Magic Books </a> From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/digitalcoll/digitalcoll-magicapparatus.html">Magic Apparatus </a> From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Magic_and_illusion" title="Template:Magic and illusion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Magic_and_illusion" title="Template talk:Magic and illusion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Magic_and_illusion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Magic and illusion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magic_and_illusion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magic and illusion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magician%27s_assistant" title="Magician's assistant">Assistants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_club" title="Magic club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_convention" title="Magic convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(magic)" title="Exposure (magic)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_store" title="Magic store">Stores</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_Startup_Wizard.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Crystal_Clear_app_Startup_Wizard.png/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_Startup_Wizard.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Crystal_Clear_app_Startup_Wizard.png/120px-Crystal_Clear_app_Startup_Wizard.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Crystal_Clear_app_Startup_Wizard.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bizarre_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizarre magic">Bizarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_manipulation" title="Card manipulation">Card</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_card_manipulation_techniques" title="List of card manipulation techniques">techniques</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardistry" title="Cardistry">Cardistry</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_cardistry" title="History of cardistry">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_magic" title="Children's magic">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-up_magic" title="Close-up magic">Close-up magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_magic" title="Coin magic">Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escapology" title="Escapology">Escapology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_magic" title="Gospel magic">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathemagician" title="Mathemagician">Mathemagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentalism" title="Mentalism">Mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_magic" title="Platform magic">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_s%C3%A9ance" title="Theatrical séance">Séance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_illusion" title="Stage illusion">Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_magic" title="Street magic">Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tricks and<br /> techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(illusion)" title="Levitation (illusion)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivocation_(magic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equivocation (magic)">Equivocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdirection_(magic)" title="Misdirection (magic)">Misdirection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleight_of_hand" title="Sleight of hand">Sleight of hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper%27s_ghost" title="Pepper's ghost">Pepper's ghost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidebooks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Magic" title="Modern Magic">Modern Magic</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Expert_at_the_Card_Table" title="The Expert at the Card Table">The Expert at the Card Table</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarbell_Course_in_Magic" title="Tarbell Course in Magic">Tarbell Course</a></i> (1928–)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Steps_to_Mentalism" title="Thirteen Steps to Mentalism">Thirteen Steps to Mentalism</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mark_Wilson%27s_Complete_Course_In_Magic" title="Mark Wilson's Complete Course In Magic">Mark Wilson's Complete Course In Magic</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conjuring_(book)" title="Conjuring (book)">Conjuring</a></i> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Goodliffe%27s_Abracadabra" title="Goodliffe's Abracadabra">Abracadabra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genii_(magazine)" title="Genii (magazine)">Genii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hugard%27s_Magic_Monthly" title="Hugard's Magic Monthly">Hugard's Magic Monthly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jinx_(magazine)" title="The Jinx (magazine)">The Jinx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Linking_Ring" title="The Linking Ring">The Linking Ring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magic_(American_magazine)" title="Magic (American magazine)">Magic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magigram" title="Magigram">Magigram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_(magazine)" title="Mahatma (magazine)">Mahatma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smoke_%26_Mirrors_E-zine" title="Smoke & Mirrors E-zine">Smoke & Mirrors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sphinx_(magazine)" title="The Sphinx (magazine)">The Sphinx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_magic_(illusion)" title="Glossary of magic (illusion)">Conjuring terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_magic_and_magicians" title="Category:Films about magic and magicians">Films about magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magicians" title="List of magicians">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magic_museums" title="List of magic museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magic_publications" title="List of magic publications">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_magic" title="Timeline of magic">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magic_tricks" title="List of magic tricks">Tricks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_India" title="Magic in India">Indian magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_ghost_show" title="Midnight ghost show">Midnight ghost show</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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