About Gertrude Stein | Academy of American Poets

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She died in France in 1946." /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Gertrude Stein", "description": "Gertrude Stein was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania on February 3, 1874 to wealthy German-Jewish immigrants. When Stein was three, her family moved, first to Vienna, and then to Paris. They returned to the U.S. in 1878 and settled in Oakland, California. Her mother, Amelia, died of cancer in 1888 and her father, Daniel, died in 1891.\n\nStein attended Radcliffe College from 1893 to 1897, where she specialized in psychology under noted psychologist William James. After leaving Radcliffe, she enrolled at Johns Hopkins University, where she studied medicine for four years, leaving in 1901. Stein did not receive a formal degree from either institution.\n\nIn 1903, Stein moved to Paris with Alice B. Toklas, a younger friend from San Francisco who would remain her partner and secretary throughout her life. The couple did not return to the United States for over thirty years. During World War I, they volunteered together, driving supplies to hospitals in France.\n\nTogether with Toklas and her brother, Leo, an art critic and painter, Stein took an apartment on the Left Bank. Their home, 27 rue de Fleurus, soon became a gathering spot for many young artists and writers including Henri Matisse, Ezra Pound, Pablo Picasso, Max Jacob, and Guillaume Apollinaire. Stein was a passionate advocate for the “new” in art. Her literary friendships grew to include writers as diverse as William Carlos Williams, Djuna Barnes, F. Scott Fitzgerald, James Joyce, and Ernest Hemingway. It was to Hemingway that Stein coined the phrase “the lost generation” to describe the expatriate writers living abroad between the wars.\n\nBy 1913, Stein’s support of Cubist painters and her increasingly avant-garde writing caused a split with her brother Leo, who moved to Florence. Her first book, Three Lives, was published in 1909. She followed it with Tender Buttons (Claire Marie) in 1914. Tender Buttons clearly showed the profound effect modern painting had on her writing. In these small prose poems, images and phrases come together in often surprising ways—similar in manner to Cubist painting. Her writing, characterized by its use of words for their associations and sounds rather than their meanings, received considerable interest from other artists and writers, but did not find a wide audience.\n\nAmong Stein’s most influential works are Stanzas in Meditation and Other Poems [1929–1933] (Books for Libraries Press, 1956); The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (Harcourt, Brace, 1933), which was a best-seller; How to Write (Plain Edition, 1931); and The Making of Americans (Contact Editions, 1925). 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data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> <div id="block-stanza-content"> <article role="article" about="/poet/gertrude-stein"> <h1 class="poet__name"> <span class="field field--title">Gertrude Stein</span> </h1> <div> <div class="field field--field_dob">1874 – </div> <div class="field field--field_dod">1946</div> <div class="row poet__read-buttons-container"><div class="poet__read-poems col-md-6"><a href="#tabbed-content" class="btn poets__read-poems-button align-middle btn-primary btn-outline-info btn-block">Read poems by this poet</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--body"><p>Gertrude Stein was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania on February 3, 1874 to wealthy German-Jewish immigrants. When Stein was three, her family moved, first to Vienna, and then to Paris. They returned to the U.S. in 1878 and settled in Oakland, California. Her mother, Amelia, died of cancer in 1888 and her father, Daniel, died in 1891.</p> <p>Stein attended Radcliffe College from 1893 to 1897, where she specialized in psychology under noted psychologist William James. After leaving Radcliffe, she enrolled at Johns Hopkins University, where she studied medicine for four years, leaving in 1901. Stein did not receive a formal degree from either institution.</p> <p>In 1903, Stein moved to Paris with Alice B. Toklas, a younger friend from San Francisco who would remain her partner and secretary throughout her life. The couple did not return to the United States for over thirty years. During World War I, they volunteered together, driving supplies to hospitals in France.</p> <p>Together with Toklas and her brother, Leo, an art critic and painter, Stein took an apartment on the Left Bank. Their home, 27 rue de Fleurus, soon became a gathering spot for many young artists and writers including Henri Matisse, <a href="/poetsorg/poet/ezra-pound">Ezra Pound</a>, Pablo Picasso, Max Jacob, and <a href="/poetsorg/poet/guillaume-apollinaire">Guillaume Apollinaire</a>. Stein was a passionate advocate for the “new” in art. Her literary friendships grew to include writers as diverse as <a href="/poetsorg/poet/william-carlos-williams">William Carlos Williams</a>, <a href="https://poets.org/poet/djuna-barnes">Djuna Barnes</a>, F. Scott Fitzgerald, James Joyce, and Ernest Hemingway. It was to Hemingway that Stein coined the phrase “the lost generation” to describe the expatriate writers living abroad between the wars.</p> <p>By 1913, Stein’s support of Cubist painters and her increasingly avant-garde writing caused a split with her brother Leo, who moved to Florence. Her first book, <em>Three Lives</em>, was published in 1909. She followed it with <a href="/poetsorg/book/tender-buttons"><em>Tender Buttons</em></a> (Claire Marie) in 1914. <em>Tender Buttons</em> clearly showed the profound effect modern painting had on her writing. In these small prose poems, images and phrases come together in often surprising ways—similar in manner to Cubist painting. Her writing, characterized by its use of words for their associations and sounds rather than their meanings, received considerable interest from other artists and writers, but did not find a wide audience.</p> <p>Among Stein’s most influential works are <em>Stanzas in Meditation and Other Poems [1929–1933]</em> (Books for Libraries Press, 1956); <em>The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas</em> (Harcourt, Brace, 1933), which was a best-seller; <em>How to Write</em> (Plain Edition, 1931); and <em>The Making of Americans </em>(Contact Editions, 1925). Sherwood Anderson, in his introduction to Stein’s <em>Geography and Plays</em> (Four Seas Company, 1922), wrote that her writing “consists in a rebuilding, and entire new recasting of life, in the city of words.”</p> <p>Stein died of cancer at the American Hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine on July 27, 1946.</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="col-md-4 layout-sidebar" role="complementary"> <div> <div id="block-nodesidebarfields"> <article role="article" about="/poet/gertrude-stein"> <div> <div class="field field--field_image"> <figure class="field__content"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/images/biographies/315_gstein.jpg" width="286" height="280" alt="Gertrude Stein" title="Photo credit: Carl Van Vechten" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <figcaption class="poet__sidebar-img-caption"> Photo credit: Carl Van Vechten </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="field field--field_school_movement"> <div class="field__label">School/Movements</div> <div> <div class="field__content"> <div about="/taxonomy/term/452"> <a href="/poets?field_school_movement_target_id=452"> <div class="field field--name">Modernism</div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="field__content"> <div about="/taxonomy/term/466"> <a href="/poets?field_school_movement_target_id=466"> <div class="field field--name">Poets of World War I</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="views-element-container" id="block-views-block-related-poets-related-poets-list"> <h2>Related Poets</h2> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-e4398088cd027ea9f35606b5d5518c658c84aa3e05a8fe4b5d4596ac82cc0508"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/poet/robert-frost" hreflang="und">Robert Frost</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/poet/e-e-cummings" hreflang="und">E. 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class="views-field views-field-field-date-published">1914 </td> <td headers="view-title-table-column" class="views-field views-field-title"><a href="/poem/tender-buttons-little-called-pauline" hreflang="und">Tender Buttons [A Little Called Pauline]</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <nav class="pager" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="pagination-heading"> <h4 id="pagination-heading" class="visually-hidden">Pagination</h4> <ul class="pager__items js-pager__items"> <li class="pager__item is-active"> <a href="?page=0" title="Current page"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Current page </span>1</a> </li> <li class="pager__item"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to page 2"> <span class="visually-hidden"> Page </span>2</a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--next"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to next page" rel="next"> <span class="visually-hidden">Next page</span> <span aria-hidden="true">››</span> </a> </li> <li class="pager__item pager__item--last"> <a href="?page=1" title="Go to last 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<tr> <td headers="view-field-date-published-table-column--2" class="views-field views-field-field-date-published">2010 </td> <td headers="view-title-table-column--2" class="views-field views-field-title"><a href="/text/two-love-notes-alice-b-toklas" hreflang="und">Two Love Notes to Alice B. Toklas</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container table-container" id="block-views-block-text-views-for-person-texts-about-person"> <h2>Texts about</h2> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-d29a5af9a4cdc9e5bbc22dc3c2233981d388274a16b3816c033c79172e9c6453"> <table class="cols-2"> <thead> <tr> <th id="view-field-date-published-table-column--3" class="views-field views-field-field-date-published" scope="col">Year</th> <th id="view-title-table-column--3" class="views-field views-field-title" scope="col">Title</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td headers="view-field-date-published-table-column--3" class="views-field views-field-field-date-published">2017 </td> <td headers="view-title-table-column--3" class="views-field views-field-title"><a href="/text/famous-last-words" hreflang="en">Famous Last Words</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td headers="view-field-date-published-table-column--3" class="views-field views-field-field-date-published">2014 </td> <td headers="view-title-table-column--3" class="views-field views-field-title"><a href="/text/impossible-poetry-gertrude-stein" hreflang="en">Impossible Poetry? On Gertrude Stein</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td headers="view-field-date-published-table-column--3" class="views-field views-field-field-date-published">2010 </td> <td headers="view-title-table-column--3" class="views-field views-field-title"><a href="/text/our-very-greatest-human-thing-wild-brenda-hillman-conversation" hreflang="en">Our Very Greatest Human Thing Is Wild: Brenda Hillman in Conversation</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td headers="view-field-date-published-table-column--3" class="views-field views-field-field-date-published">2007 </td> <td headers="view-title-table-column--3" class="views-field views-field-title"><a href="/text/difference-spreading-gertrude-stein" hreflang="und">The Difference is Spreading: on Gertrude Stein</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td headers="view-field-date-published-table-column--3" class="views-field views-field-field-date-published">2004 </td> <td headers="view-title-table-column--3" class="views-field views-field-title"><a href="/text/brief-guide-modernism" hreflang="und">A Brief Guide to Modernism</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-nodetabbedcontentfields"> <div role="article" about="/poet/gertrude-stein"> <h2> Bibliography </h2> <div> <div class="field field--field_bibliography"><p><em>Three Lives</em> (1909) <br /><em>Tender Buttons</em> (Claire Marie, 1914) <br /><em>Geography and Plays</em> (1922) <br /><em>The Making of Americans</em> (written 1906–08, published 1925)<br /><em>Four Saints in Three Acts</em> (libretto, 1929; music by Virgil Thomson, 1934) <br /><em>How to Write</em> (1931) <br /><em>The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas</em> (1933) <br /><em>Lectures in America</em> (1935) <br /><em>The Geographical History of America: or, The Relation of Human Nature to the Human Mind</em> (1936) <br /><em>Everybody’s Autobiography</em> (1937) <br /><em>Picasso</em> (1938) <br /><em>Paris France</em> (1940) <br /><em>Ida; a novel</em> (1941) <br /><em>Wars I Have Seen </em>(1945) <br /><em>Reflections on the Atom Bomb </em>(1946) <br /><em>Brewsie and Willie</em> (1946) <br /><em>The Mother of Us All </em>(libretto, published 1949; music by Virgil Thompson 1947) <br /><em>Last Operas and Plays</em> (1949) <br /><em>The Things as They Are</em> (written as Q.E.D. in 1903, published 1950) <br /><em>Patriarchal Poetry</em> (1953) <br /><em>Alphabets and Birthdays</em> (1957)</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" class="views-element-container card-deck--poet" id="block-views-block-related-poets-related-poets-cards"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <header class="d-flex flex-lg-row flex-column col-12"> <h2 itemprop="name" class="card-deck__title font-italic">Related Poets</h2> </header> </div> <div class="row card-deck__cards d-flex"> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-885a148c5f4321b02523446414630df68f0c098df46aed8e10f27dfe317a03d0"> <div class="item-list"> <ul> <li><div itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" role="article" about="/poet/robert-frost" class="item-list--poet"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="field field--field_image"> <figure class="field__content"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/portrait/public/images/biographies/192_Frost_New_0.jpg?itok=PuRQ88AV" width="700" height="700" alt="Robert Frost" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <figcaption class="poet__sidebar-img-caption"> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="poet__name-bio"> <h3 itemprop="name" class="poet__name"> <span class="field field--title">Robert Frost</span> </h3> <div class="poet__bio-container"> <div class="field field--body"><p>One of the most celebrated figures in American poetry, Robert Frost was the author of numerous poetry collections, including <i>New Hampshire</i> (Henry Holt and Company, 1923). Born in San Francisco in 1874, he lived and taught for many years in Massachusetts and Vermont. He died in Boston in 1963.</p></div> <a href="/poet/robert-frost" rel="bookmark" class="poet__read-more">Read more about <span class="field field--title">Robert Frost</span> ></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" role="article" about="/poet/e-e-cummings" class="item-list--poet"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="field field--field_image"> <figure class="field__content"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/portrait/public/images/biographies/eecummin.jpg?itok=u81DsBwU" width="700" height="700" alt="E. E. Cummings" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <figcaption class="poet__sidebar-img-caption"> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="poet__name-bio"> <h3 itemprop="name" class="poet__name"> <span class="field field--title">E. E. 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Cummings" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <figcaption class="poet__sidebar-img-caption"> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="poet__name-bio"> <h3 itemprop="name" class="poet__name"> <span class="field field--title">E. E. Cummings</span> </h3> <div class="poet__bio-container"> <div class="field field--body"><p>Edward Estlin Cummings is known for his radical experimentation with form, punctuation, spelling, and syntax; he abandoned traditional techniques and structures to create a new, highly idiosyncratic means of poetic expression.</p></div> <a href="/poet/e-e-cummings" rel="bookmark" class="poet__read-more">Read more about <span class="field field--title">E. E. Cummings</span> ></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" role="article" about="/poet/wallace-stevens" class="item-list--poet"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="field field--field_image"> <figure class="field__content"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/portrait/public/images/biographies/WallaceStevens_NewBioImage.jpg?itok=VbPfgTSt" width="700" height="700" alt="Wallace Stevens" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <figcaption class="poet__sidebar-img-caption"> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="poet__name-bio"> <h3 itemprop="name" class="poet__name"> <span class="field field--title">Wallace Stevens</span> </h3> <div class="poet__bio-container"> <div class="field field--body"><p>Wallace Stevens was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, on October 2, 1879. He attended Harvard University as an undergraduate from 1897 to 1900.</p></div> <a href="/poet/wallace-stevens" rel="bookmark" class="poet__read-more">Read more about <span class="field field--title">Wallace Stevens</span> ></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" role="article" about="/poet/jose-garcia-villa" class="item-list--poet"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="field field--field_image"> <figure class="field__content"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/portrait/public/images/biographies/Jose%CC%81-Garcia-Villa-Poetry-19432.jpg?itok=gdjCu4bt" width="700" height="700" alt="José Garcia Villa" title="José Garcia Villa" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <figcaption class="poet__sidebar-img-caption"> José Garcia Villa </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="poet__name-bio"> <h3 itemprop="name" class="poet__name"> <span class="field field--title">José Garcia Villa</span> </h3> <div class="poet__bio-container"> <div class="field field--body"><p>José Garcia Villa was born in Manila in 1908. He published several poetry collections in the Philippines and in the United States, including <em>Have Come, Am Here</em> (Viking Press, 1942), which was a finalist for the 1943 Pulitzer Prize. He died in New York City in 1997.</p></div> <a href="/poet/jose-garcia-villa" rel="bookmark" class="poet__read-more">Read more about <span class="field field--title">José Garcia Villa</span> ></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li><div itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" role="article" about="/poet/jessie-pope" class="item-list--poet"> <div class="card-body"> <div class="poet__name-bio"> <h3 itemprop="name" class="poet__name"> <span class="field field--title">Jessie Pope</span> </h3> <div class="poet__bio-container"> <div class="field field--body"><p>Jessie Pope was born in 1868 in Leicester, England. She is best known for her poetry of World War I, published in <em>Jessie Pope’s War Poems</em> (G. Richards, 1915) and <em>More War Poems</em> (G. Richards, 1915). Pope died in 1941 in Devon, England.</p></div> <a href="/poet/jessie-pope" rel="bookmark" class="poet__read-more">Read more about <span class="field field--title">Jessie Pope</span> ></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="region region-pre-footer newsletter-support-follow"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="newsletter-form col-md-4"> <div class="region region-pre-footer newsletter-support-follow newsletter"> <h3 class="signup-title">Newsletter Sign Up</h3> <div class="newsletter__form newsletter__content"> <div id="mc_embed_signup"> <form action="https://poets.us20.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=e329a0cb6f08842f08a05d822&id=0e208b88ae&f_id=00686de1f0" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate" target="_self"> <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll"> <div class="mc-field-group input-group"> <ul class="newsletter-checkbox-list"> <li 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