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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American author and teacher (1906–1993)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Adamson Hoebel</b> (1906 – 1993) was an American author and teacher. He was a Regents Professor Emeritus of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Adamson_Hoebel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having studied under <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>, he held a PhD in anthropology from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. There he also attended the seminars of <a href="/wiki/Karl_N._Llewellyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl N. Llewellyn">Karl N. Llewellyn</a>, who taught at the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a> from 1925 to 1951. Llewellyn (1893–1962) was the most important figure associated with the American <a href="/wiki/Legal_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Realism">Legal Realism</a> of the 1920s and 1930s, which held that the law was indeterminate on the basis of statutes and precedents alone and required study of the how disputes are resolved in practice. The "sociological" wing of legal realism championed by Llewellyn held that in American law dispute resolution was strongly influenced by norms such as those in mercantile practice.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Llewellyn and Hoebel (1941)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> went to on to develop a means of determining legal practice from ethnographic description of trouble cases, including mediation and negotiation as well as adjudication. Their "case study method" applied both to social systems with and without formal courts. </p><p>Hoebel taught anthropology at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> from 1929 to 1948, and subsequently at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a>, 1948 to 1954, where he was also dean of the University College (Arts and Sciences). He served as a <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright professor</a> in anthropology at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and law at the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Catholic University of Leuven</a>. He retired in 1972 as Regents' Professor of Anthropology at the University of Minnesota after teaching there for 18 years, 15 of them as head of the department. He served as president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Ethnological_Society" title="American Ethnological Society">American Ethnological Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a>. </p><p>Between 1933 and 1949, Hoebel studied the legal systems of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne">Northern Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Shoshone" title="Northern Shoshone">Northern Shoshone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo people">Pueblo people</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal system of Pakistan">legal system of Pakistan</a> in 1961. He was a close friend and colleague of <a href="/wiki/Max_Gluckman" title="Max Gluckman">Max Gluckman</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_school_(anthropology)" title="Manchester school (anthropology)">Manchester School</a> of British <a href="/wiki/Social_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Anthropology">Social Anthropology</a>. Gluckman, also given to a realist orientation to the study of law, used and further developed Llewellyn that Hoebel's "case study method" of analysis of instances of social interaction to infer rules and assumptions used in trouble cases, and the influence of social norms and conflicts outside the law. The behavioral "case study" approach has continued and expanded in later anthropological works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Network_Analysis_and_Ethnographic_Problems" title="Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems">Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems</a></i> (2005). </p><p>His books include <i>Anthropology: The Study of Man</i> (1949), which was a widely used textbook for decades, and <i>The Cheyennes: Indians of the Great Plains</i> (1961). The books of which he was a co-author include <i>The Cheyenne Way: Conflict and Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence</i> (1941; 1st author, with legal scholar Llewellyn), and <i>The Comanches: Lords of the South Plains</i> (1952; 2nd author with Texas historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Wallace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Wallace (page does not exist)">Ernest Wallace</a>). </p><p>In 1954 Hoebel contributed his major book on legal anthropology, <i>The Law of Primitive Man: A Study in Comparative Legal Dynamics,</i> on broadening the legal realist tradition to include non-Western nations. In doing so, he concluded with a statement about the need for contributions from the comparative legal realism tradition if progress was to be made toward <a href="/wiki/World_government#The_1950s_call_for_Legal_Realism" title="World government">world governance</a>. Eclipsed by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, even the legal realist concepts of what constitutes law and government have failed to make an impact on political science and the concept of the state in the contemporary period. Hoebel's working definition of what is law<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is worth citing: "A <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">social norm</a> is legal if its neglect or infraction is regularly met, in threat or in fact, by the application of physical force by an individual or group possessing the socially recognized privilege of so acting". Because "government without law is limited to the administration of services",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the implications of the legal realist tradition is that it is not necessarily in the capital city that one must look to define the government of a modern nation but to how the law "will develop its shape in the arena of action," "hammered out as specific issues catalyze action for the trouble case at hand". Hoebel's definition, unlike that of <a href="/wiki/Neoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservative">neoconservative</a> thought and its invocation of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss#Noble_lies_and_deadly_truths" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a> for justification of government deception, is that to be legal, law must be based on social norms, and norms on agreements within communities, rather than the dominance of the few. </p><p>Hoebel was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Adamson_Hoebel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoebel1954" class="citation book cs1">Hoebel, Adamson E. (1954). <i>The Law of Primitive Man</i>. Harvard, Massachusetts: Atheneum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Primitive+Man&rft.place=Harvard%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Hoebel&rft.aufirst=Adamson+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+Adamson+Hoebel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoebel1978" class="citation book cs1">Hoebel, Adamson E. (1978). <i>The Cheyennes</i>. Belmont, California: Wadsworth Group/Thomson Learning.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cheyennes&rft.place=Belmont%2C+California&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Group%2FThomson+Learning&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Hoebel&rft.aufirst=Adamson+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+Adamson+Hoebel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927184817/http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/mole/h/hoebel.htm">E. Adamson Hoebel Papers 1925–1983</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Adamson_Hoebel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/law/faculty/bleiter/LllewellynEncyclopedia.pdf">"Karl Nickerson Llewellyn (1893–1962)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060516195045/http://www.utexas.edu/law/faculty/bleiter/LllewellynEncyclopedia.pdf">Archived</a> 2006-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Brian R. Leiter, 2001, in N. Smelser & P. Baltes (eds.), <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences</i> (New York: Elsevier Science,) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ulrich_Meyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Ulrich Meyer (page does not exist)">Karl Ulrich Meyer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ulrich_Meyer" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Ulrich Meyer">de</a>]</span>, editor, biographies section, pp. 8999–9001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Llewellyn K., and E. A. Hoebel. 1941. <i>The Cheyenne Way: Conflict and Case Law in Primitive Jurisprudence</i>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoebel 1954:28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoebel 1954:332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=E.+Adamson+Hoebel&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DE.%2BAdamson%2BHoebel%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+Adamson+Hoebel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._Adamson_Hoebel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Hoebel%2C%20E.%20Adamson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hoebel%2C%20E.%20A%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Hoebel%2C%20E%2E%20A%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22E.%20Adamson%20Hoebel%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22E.%20A%2E%20Hoebel%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22E%2E%20A%2E%20Hoebel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E.%20Adamson%20Hoebel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E.%20A%2E%20Hoebel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20A%2E%20Hoebel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20Adamson%20Hoebel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hoebel%2C%20E.%20Adamson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hoebel%2C%20E.%20A%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hoebel%2C%20E%2E%20A%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hoebel%2C%20E%2E%20Adamson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22E.%20Adamson%20Hoebel%22%20OR%20title%3A%22E.%20A%2E%20Hoebel%22%20OR%20title%3A%22E%2E%20A%2E%20Hoebel%22%20OR%20description%3A%22E.%20Adamson%20Hoebel%22%20OR%20description%3A%22E.%20A%2E%20Hoebel%22%20OR%20description%3A%22E%2E%20A%2E%20Hoebel%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hoebel%2C%20E.%20Adamson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hoebel%2C%20E.%20A%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221906-1993%22%20AND%20Hoebel%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about E. 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Swanton">John R. Swanton</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fay-Cooper_Cole" title="Fay-Cooper Cole">Fay-Cooper Cole</a> (1933–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowie" title="Robert Lowie">Robert Lowie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spinden" title="Herbert Spinden">Herbert Spinden</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nels_C._Nelson" title="Nels C. Nelson">Nels C. Nelson</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jenness" title="Diamond Jenness">Diamond Jenness</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Montgomery_Cooper" title="John Montgomery Cooper">John Montgomery Cooper</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Clews_Parsons" title="Elsie Clews Parsons">Elsie Clews Parsons</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Kidder" title="Alfred V. Kidder">Alfred V. Kidder</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Spier" title="Leslie Spier">Leslie Spier</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redfield" title="Robert Redfield">Robert Redfield</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Judd" title="Neil Judd">Neil Judd</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Linton" title="Ralph Linton">Ralph Linton</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedict</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kluckhohn" title="Clyde Kluckhohn">Clyde Kluckhohn</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Shapiro" title="Harry L. Shapiro">Harry L. Shapiro</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Irving_Hallowell" title="Alfred Irving Hallowell">Alfred Irving Hallowell</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Beals" title="Ralph Beals">Ralph L. Beals</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Howells" title="William W. Howells">William W. Howells</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendell_C._Bennett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendell C. Bennett (page does not exist)">Wendell C. Bennett</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Eggan" title="Fred Eggan">Fred Eggan</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Otis_Brew" title="John Otis Brew">John Otis Brew</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Murdock" title="George Murdock">George Murdock</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Haury" title="Emil Haury">Emil Haury</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">E. Adamson Hoebel</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hoijer" title="Harry Hoijer">Harry Hoijer</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sol_Tax" title="Sol Tax">Sol Tax</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Willey" title="Gordon Willey">Gordon Willey</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Washburn" title="Sherwood Washburn">Sherwood Washburn</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Edward_Opler" title="Morris Edward Opler">Morris Edward Opler</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_White" title="Leslie White">Leslie White</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spoehr" title="Alexander Spoehr">Alexander Spoehr</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_P._Gillin" title="John P. Gillin">John P. Gillin</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederica_de_Laguna" title="Frederica de Laguna">Frederica de Laguna</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Rouse" title="Irving Rouse">Irving Rouse</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cora_Du_Bois" title="Cora Du Bois">Cora Du Bois</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_M._Foster_(anthropologist)" title="George M. Foster (anthropologist)">George M. Foster</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wagley" title="Charles Wagley">Charles Wagley</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Casagrande" title="Joseph B. Casagrande">Joseph B. Casagrande</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Spicer" title="Edward H. Spicer">Edward H. Spicer</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Friedl" title="Ernestine Friedl">Ernestine Friedl</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Goldschmidt" title="Walter Goldschmidt">Walter Goldschmidt</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Newbold_Adams" title="Richard Newbold Adams">Richard N. Adams</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_L._K._Hsu" title="Francis L. K. Hsu">Francis L. K. Hsu</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bohannan" title="Paul Bohannan">Paul Bohannan</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_M._Arensberg" title="Conrad M. Arensberg">Conrad M. Arensberg</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Sturtevant" title="William C. Sturtevant">William C. Sturtevant</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M._Margaret_Clark" title="M. Margaret Clark">M. Margaret Clark</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dell_Hymes" title="Dell Hymes">Dell Hymes</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Oestreich_Lurie" title="Nancy Oestreich Lurie">Nancy Oestreich Lurie</a> (1984–1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Helm" title="June Helm">June Helm</a> (1986–1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a> (1988–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_E._Buikstra" title="Jane E. Buikstra">Jane E. Buikstra</a> (1989–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Annette_Weiner" title="Annette Weiner">Annette Weiner</a> (1991–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Peacock_(anthropologist)" title="James Peacock (anthropologist)">James Peacock</a> (1993–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_T._Moses" title="Yolanda T. Moses">Yolanda T. Moses</a> (1995–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_H._Hill" title="Jane H. Hill">Jane H. Hill</a> (1997–1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lamphere" title="Louise Lamphere">Louise Lamphere</a> (1999–2001)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Don_Brenneis" title="Don Brenneis">Don Brenneis</a> (2001–2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Brumfiel" title="Elizabeth Brumfiel">Elizabeth Brumfiel</a> (2003–2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_H._Goodman" title="Alan H. Goodman">Alan H. Goodman</a> (2005–2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Setha_Low" title="Setha Low">Setha Low</a> (2007–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_R._Dom%C3%ADnguez" title="Virginia R. Domínguez">Virginia R. Domínguez</a> (2009–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leith_Mullings" title="Leith Mullings">Leith Mullings</a> (2011–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monica_Heller" title="Monica Heller">Monica Heller</a> (2013–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alisse_Waterston" title="Alisse Waterston">Alisse Waterston</a> (2015–2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_Barker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Barker (page does not exist)">Alex Barker</a> (2017–2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Gupta" title="Akhil Gupta">Akhil Gupta</a> (2019–2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramona_Perez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramona Perez (page does not exist)">Ramona Perez</a> (2021–23)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Battle-Baptiste" title="Whitney Battle-Baptiste">Whitney Battle-Baptiste</a> (2023- )</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5321710#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5321710#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5321710#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108883141">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37014779">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1439833/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxGTwVv3VPGghCrtdrDv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/115461590">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79043477">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12460968g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12460968g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00443505">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35199776">Australia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an58647683">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0003037&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068375042">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90097048">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000274175&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx014p40dbhxj0">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810550778705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007601293005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14347095">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00483414?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033781664">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xw54kb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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