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Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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Daniels | editor2-last=Bright | editor2-first=William | editor2-link=William Bright | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | isbn=978-0195079937 | page=559}}</ref> | fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]] | fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic script|Proto-Sinaitic]] | fam3 = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] | fam4 = [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]] | fam5 = [[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]] | children = [[N'Ko script|N'Ko]]<br>[[Hanifi Rohingya script|Hanifi script]]<br>[[Persian alphabet]] | unicode = {{ublist |class=nowrap |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf U+0600–U+06FF] {{smaller|Arabic}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0750.pdf U+0750–U+077F] {{smaller|Arabic Supplement}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U08A0.pdf U+08A0–U+08FF] {{smaller|Arabic Extended-A}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0870.pdf U+0870–U+089F] {{smaller|Arabic Extended-B}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10EC0.pdf U+10EC0–U+10EFF] {{smaller|Arabic Extended-C}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf U+FB50–U+FDFF] {{smaller|Arabic Pres. Forms-A}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFE70.pdf U+FE70–U+FEFF] {{smaller|Arabic Pres. Forms-B}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EE00.pdf U+1EE00–U+1EEFF] {{smaller|Arabic Mathematical...}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1EC70.pdf U+1EC70–U+1ECBF] {{smaller|Indic Siyaq Numbers}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1ED00.pdf U+1ED00–U+1ED4F] {{smaller|Ottoman Siyaq Numbers}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10E60.pdf U+10E60–U+10E7F] {{smaller|Rumi Numeral Symbols}}}} | iso15924 = Arab | official script = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle = background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; |liststyle = padding: 6px 0; background-color: none; text-align: left; |framestyle = line-height: 2.0em; border: none; padding: 0; |title = 20 sovereign states |{{flag|Afghanistan}} |{{flag|Algeria}} |{{flag|Bahrain}} |{{flag|Egypt}} |{{flag|Iran}} |{{flag|Iraq}} |{{flag|Palestine}} |{{flag|Jordan}} |{{flag|Kuwait}} |{{flag|Lebanon}} |{{flag|Mauritania}} |{{flag|Morocco}} |{{flag|Libya}} |{{flag|Oman}} |{{flag|Qatar}} |{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} |{{flag|Sudan}} |{{flag|Syria}} |{{flag|Tunisia}} |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} |{{flag|Yemen}} }} Co-official script in: {{Collapsible list |titlestyle = background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; |liststyle = padding: 6px 0; background-color: none; text-align: left; |framestyle = line-height: 2.0em; border: none; padding: 0; |title = 9 sovereign states |{{flag|Brunei}} |{{flag|Comoros}} |{{flag|Chad}} |{{flag|Djibouti}} |{{flag|Eritrea}} |{{flag|Pakistan}} |{{flag|Somalia}} }} Official script at regional level in: {{Collapsible list |titlestyle = background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em; |liststyle = padding: 6px 0; background-color: none; text-align: left; |framestyle = line-height: 2.0em; border: none; padding: 0; |title = 2 sovereign states |{{flag|India}} |{{flag|China}} }} * {{flag|United Nations}} | sample = Arabic-script.png | imagesize = 300px }} {| class="toccolours" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; clear:right; font-size:85%; width:500px; margin:0 0 1em 1em;" |- style="background:#0a0;" ! colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| Worldwide use of the Arabic script |- | colspan="3" | [[File:Arabic alphabet world distribution - four shades.png|center|400px|Arabic alphabet world distribution]] |- | colspan="3" | Countries where the Arabic script is: |- | style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#060;"| || &nbsp;→&nbsp; || the sole official script |- | style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#40b340;"| || &nbsp;→&nbsp; || official alongside other scripts |- | style="width:10px; height:10px; background:#80ff80;" | || &nbsp;→&nbsp; || official at a provincial level (China, India, Tanzania) or a recognized second script of the official language (Malaysia, Tajikistan) |} The '''Arabic script''' is the [[writing system]] used for [[Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet]]) and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used [[alphabet]]ic writing system in the world (after the [[Latin script]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Arabic Alphabet |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31666/Arabic-alphabet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426185709/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31666/Arabic-alphabet |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=2015-05-16 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica online}}</ref> the second-most widely used [[List of writing systems by adoption|writing system]] in the world by number of countries using it, and the third-most by number of users (after the Latin and [[Chinese characters|Chinese scripts]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=The World's 5 Most Commonly Used Writing Systems|url=https://www.britannica.com/list/the-worlds-5-most-commonly-used-writing-systems|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729184024/https://www.britannica.com/list/the-worlds-5-most-commonly-used-writing-systems|access-date=2023-07-29|archive-date=2023-07-29|url-status=live|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|last=Vaughan|first=Don}}</ref> The script was first used to write texts in Arabic, most notably the [[Quran]], the holy book of [[Islam]]. With [[Spread of Islam|the religion's spread]], it came to be used as the primary script for many language families, leading to the addition of new letters and other symbols. Such languages still using it are: [[Persian language|Persian]] ([[Western Persian|Farsi]] and [[Dari]]), [[Urdu]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], [[Pashto]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ([[Shahmukhi]]), [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[South Azerbaijani|Azerbaijani]] (Torki in Iran), [[Malay language|Malay]] ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]), [[Javanese language|Javanese]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] ([[Pegon script|Pegon]]), [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Luri language|Luri]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Cham language|Cham]] (Akhar Srak),<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/cham_background.pdf Cham romanization table background. Library of Congress]</ref> [[Hanifi Rohingya script|Rohingya]], [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Mandinka language|Mandinka]], and [[Mooré]], among others.<ref>Mahinnaz Mirdehghan. 2010. Persian, Urdu, and Pashto: A comparative orthographic analysis. ''Writing Systems Research'' Vol. 2, No. 1, 9–23.</ref> Until the 16th century, it was also used for some [[Aljamiado|Spanish]] texts, and—prior to the [[Atatürk's reforms|script reform in 1928]]—it was the writing system of [[Turkish language|Turkish]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bne.es/es/Micrositios/Exposiciones/MemoriaMoriscos/Obras/|title=Exposición Virtual. Biblioteca Nacional de España|publisher=Bne.es|access-date=2012-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218074945/http://www.bne.es/es/Micrositios/Exposiciones/MemoriaMoriscos/Obras/|archive-date=2012-02-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> The script is written from [[Right-to-left script|right to left]] in a [[cursive]] style, in which most of the letters are written in slightly different forms according to whether they stand alone or are joined to a following or preceding letter. The script does not have [[capital letters]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad, Syed Barakat. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124340016 |title=Introduction to Qur'anic script |date=11 January 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-11138-9 |oclc=1124340016}}</ref> In most cases, the letters transcribe [[consonant]]s, or consonants and a few vowels, so most Arabic alphabets are [[abjad]]s, with the versions used for some languages, such as [[Kurdish alphabets#Sorani alphabet|Kurdish dialect of Sorani]], [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur]], [[Xiao'erjing|Mandarin]], and [[Arebica|Bosniak]], being [[alphabet]]s. It is the basis for the tradition of [[Arabic calligraphy]]. {{Calligraphy}} == History == {{Main|History of the Arabic alphabet}} The Arabic alphabet is derived either from the [[Nabataean alphabet]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65kOAAAAYAAJ&q=origin|title=The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century According to Dated Texts|last=Gruendler|first=Beatrice|date=1993|publisher=Scholars Press|isbn=9781555407100|pages=1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDohBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1|title=A Brief Introduction to The Arabic Alphabet|last1=Healey|first1=John F.|last2=Smith|first2=G. Rex|date=2012-02-13|publisher=Saqi|isbn=9780863568817|language=en|chapter=II - The Origin of the Arabic Alphabet}}</ref> or (less widely believed) directly from the [[Syriac alphabet]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc4xAlunCSEC&pg=PA100|title=The Origins of Writing|last=Senner|first=Wayne M.|date=1991|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=0803291671|pages=100|language=en}}</ref> which are both derived from the [[Aramaic alphabet]], which, in turn, descended from the [[Phoenician alphabet]]. The Phoenician script also gave rise to the [[Greek alphabet]] (and, therefore, both the [[Cyrillic alphabet]] and the [[Latin alphabet]] used in America and most European countries.). === Origins === In the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, northern Arab tribes emigrated and founded a kingdom centred around [[Petra]], [[Jordan]]. These people (now named [[Nabataeans]] from the name of one of the tribes, Nabatu) spoke [[Nabataean Arabic]], a dialect of the [[Arabic]] language. In the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/nabataean.htm|title=Nabataean abjad|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=2017-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mushecht.haifa.ac.il/catalogues/Nabateans/Joseph_Naveh.pdf|title=Nabatean Language, Script and Inscriptions|last=Naveh|first=Joseph}}</ref> the first known records of the Nabataean alphabet were written in the [[Aramaic|Aramaic language]] (which was the language of communication and trade), but included some Arabic language features: the Nabataeans did not write the language which they spoke. They wrote in a form of the Aramaic alphabet, which continued to evolve; it separated into two forms: one intended for [[inscription]]s (known as "monumental Nabataean") and the other, more cursive and hurriedly written and with joined letters, for writing on [[papyrus]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcAoBq4_EnEC&pg=PA152|title=Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans|last=Taylor|first=Jane|date=2001|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781860645082|pages=152|language=en}}</ref> This cursive form influenced the monumental form more and more and gradually changed into the Arabic alphabet. == Overview == {|class="floatright" style="text-align:center;" |+ style="font-size:125%;" | the Arabic alphabet |- style="background:#F1F2F5;font-size:180%;" | {{Script/Arabic| خ }} | {{Script/Arabic| ح }} | {{Script/Arabic| ج }} | {{Script/Arabic| ث }} | {{Script/Arabic| ت }} | {{Script/Arabic| ب }} | {{Script/Arabic| ا }} |- style="background:#E3E6EB;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|khā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|ḥā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|jīm}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|tha’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|tā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|bā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|alif}} |- style="background:#F1F2F5;font-size:180%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ص }} | {{Script/Arabic| ش }} | {{Script/Arabic| س }} | {{Script/Arabic| ز }} | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} | {{Script/Arabic| ذ }} | {{Script/Arabic| د }} |- style="background:#E3E6EB;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|ṣād}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|shīn}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|sīn}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|zāy}} / <br/> {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|zayn}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|rā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|dhāl}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|dāl}} |- style="background:#F1F2F5;font-size:180%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ق }} | {{Script/Arabic| ف }} | {{Script/Arabic| غ }} | {{Script/Arabic| ع }} | {{Script/Arabic| ظ }} | {{Script/Arabic| ط }} | {{Script/Arabic| ض }} |- style="background:#E3E6EB;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|qāf}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|fā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ghayn}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|‘ayn}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|ẓā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|ṭā’}} | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|ḍād}} |- style="background:#F1F2F5;font-size:180%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ي }} | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | {{Script/Arabic| ه }} | {{Script/Arabic| ن }} | {{Script/Arabic| م }} | {{Script/Arabic| ل }} | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- style="background:#E3E6EB;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|yā’}} | style="width: 3em;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|wāw}} | style="width: 3em;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|hā’}} | style="width: 3em;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|nūn}} | style="width: 3em;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|mīm}} | style="width: 3em;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|lām}} | style="width: 3em;" | {{transliteration|ar|ALA-LC|kāf}} |- |أ |آ |إ |ئ |ؠ |ء |ࢬ |- |alif hamza↑ |alif madda |alif hamza↓ |yā’ hamza↑ |kashmiri yā’ |hamza |rohingya yā’ |- |ى |ٱ |ی |ە |ً |ٌ |ٍ |- |alif maksura |alif wasla |farsi yā’ |ae |fathatan |dammatan |kasratan |- |َ |ُ |ِ |ّ |ْ |ٓ |ۤ |- |fatha |damma |kasra |shadda |sukun |maddah |madda |- |ں |ٹ |ٺ |ٻ |پ |ٿ |ڃ |- |nūn ghunna |ttā’ |ttāhā’ |bāā’ |pā’ |tāhā’ |nyā’ |- |ڄ |چ |ڇ |ڈ |ڌ |ڍ |ڎ |- |dyā’ |tchā’ |tchahā’ |ddāl |dāhāl |ddāhāl |duul |- |ڑ |ژ |ڤ |ڦ |ک |ڭ |گ |- |rrā’ |jā’ |vā’ |pāḥā’ |kāḥā’ |ng |gāf |- |ڳ |ڻ |ھ |ہ |ة |ۃ |ۅ |- |gueh |rnūn |hā’ doachashmee |hā’ goal |tā’ marbuta |tā’ marbuta goal |kirghiz oe |- |ۆ |ۇ |ۈ |ۉ |ۋ |ې |ے |- |oe |u |yu |kirghiz yu |ve |e |yā’ barree |- | colspan=7 | <big>{{ref|arabic_alphabet|(see below for other alphabets)}}</big> |- |} The Arabic script has been adapted for use in a wide variety of languages aside from Arabic, including [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Malay language|Malay]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]], which are not [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]. Such adaptations may feature altered or new characters to represent [[phoneme]]s that do not appear in Arabic [[phonology]]. For example, the Arabic language lacks a [[voiceless bilabial plosive]] (the {{IPA|[p]}} sound), therefore many languages add their own letter to represent {{IPA|[p]}} in the script, though the specific letter used varies from language to language. These modifications tend to fall into groups: [[Languages of India|Indian]] and [[Turkic languages]] written in the Arabic script tend to use the [[Persian alphabet|Persian modified letters]], whereas the [[languages of Indonesia]] tend to imitate those of [[Jawi (script)|Jawi]]. The modified version of the Arabic script originally devised for use with Persian is known as the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]] by scholars. When the Arabic script is used to write [[Serbo-Croatian]], [[Sorani]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Mandarin Chinese]], or [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], vowels are mandatory. The Arabic script can, therefore, be used as a true [[alphabet]] as well as an [[abjad]], although it is often strongly, if erroneously, connected to the latter due to it being originally used only for Arabic. Use of the Arabic script in [[West Africa]]n languages, especially in the [[Sahel]], developed with the spread of [[Islam]]. To a certain degree the style and usage tends to follow those of the [[Maghreb]] (for instance the position of the dots in the letters ''[[Pe (Semitic letter)|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|fāʼ}}]]'' and ''[[Qoph|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|qāf}}]]'').<ref name="cota">{{cite web |title=Zribi, I., Boujelbane, R., Masmoudi, A., Ellouze, M., Belguith, L., & Habash, N. (2014). A Conventional Orthography for Tunisian Arabic. In Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC), Reykjavík, Iceland. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270568583}}</ref><ref name="Brustad, K. 2000">Brustad, K. (2000). The syntax of spoken Arabic: A comparative study of Moroccan, Egyptian, Syrian, and Kuwaiti dialects. Georgetown University Press.</ref> Additional [[diacritic]]s have come into use to facilitate the writing of sounds not represented in the Arabic language. The term ''[[Ajami script|{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʻAjamī}}]]'', which comes from the Arabic root for "foreign", has been applied to Arabic-based orthographies of African languages. [[File:Wikipedia in Arabic script languages in KACST Office.svg|600px|thumb|center|''Wikipedia'' in Arabic script of five languages]] === Table of writing styles === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Script or&nbsp;style ! style="font-size:90%;" | Alphabet(s) ! style="font-size:90%;" | Language(s) ! Region ! Derived from ! style="width:50em;" | Comment |- | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], <br/> [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto]], <br/> & others | [[Arabic]], <br/> [[Pashto]], <br/> [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], <br/> & others | Every region where Arabic scripts are used | | style="font-size:90%;" | Sometimes refers to a very [[Naskh (script)|specific calligraphic style]], but sometimes used to refer more broadly to almost every font that is not [[Kufic]] or [[Nastaliq]]. |- | [[Nastaliq]] | [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]], <br/> [[Shahmukhi]], <br/> [[Persian alphabet|Persian]], <br/> & others | [[Urdu]], <br/> [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], <br/> [[Persian language|Persian]], <br/> [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] <br/> & others | Southern and Western Asia | [[Taliq]] | style="font-size:85%;" | Used for almost all modern Urdu and Punjabi text, but only occasionally used for Persian. (The term "Nastaliq" is sometimes used by Urdu-speakers to refer to all Perso-Arabic scripts.) |- | [[Taliq]] | [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] | | | A predecessor of [[Nastaliq]]. |- | [[Kufic]] | [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] | [[Arabic]] | Middle East and parts of North Africa | | style="font-size:90%;" | |- | [[Rasm]] | Restricted [[Arabic alphabet]] | [[Arabic]] | style="white-space:nowrap;" | Mainly historical | | style="font-size:90%;" | Omits all diacritics including [[i'jam]]. Digital replication usually requires some special characters. See: {{Script/Arabic|[[:wiktionary:ٮ|ٮ]]&nbsp;[[:wiktionary:ڡ|ڡ]]&nbsp;[[:wiktionary:ٯ|ٯ]]}} (links to Wiktionary). |- |} === Table of alphabets === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Alphabet ! Letters ! Additional <br/> Characters ! Script or&nbsp;Style ! Languages ! Region ! Derived&nbsp;from: <br/> <small>(or related to)</small> ! Note |- | [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] | 28 | {{note|arabic_alphabet|(see above)}} | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]], [[Kufic|Kufi]], [[Rasm]], & others | [[Arabic]] | North Africa, West Asia | [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]][[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]] [[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]] | style="text-align:left;width:400em;" | |- | [[Ajami script]] | 33 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar|{{script/Arabic| [[:wiktionary: ٻ|ٻ]] [[:wiktionary: تٜ|تٜ]] [[:wiktionary: تٰٜ|تٰٜ]]}}}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]] | West Africa, East Africa | [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | Abjad | documented use likely between the 15th to 18th century for Hausa, Mande, Pulaar, Swahili, Wolof, and Yoruba Languages |- | [[Aljamiado]] | 28 | | [[Maghrebi script#African and Andalusi scripts|Maghrebi, Andalusi variant]]; [[Kufic]] | [[Old Spanish]], [[Andalusi Romance]], [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]], [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], [[Valencian language|Valencian]], [[Galician-Portuguese|Old Galician-Portuguese]] | Southwest Europe | [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | 8th–13th centuries for Andalusi Romance, 14th–16th centuries for the other languages |- | [[Arebica]] | 30 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|bs-Arab| [[:wiktionary: ڄ|ڄ]] [[:wiktionary: ە|ە]] [[:wiktionary: اٖى|اٖى]] [[:wiktionary: ي|ي]] [[:wiktionary: ڵ|ڵ]] [[:wiktionary: ںٛ|ںٛ]] [[:wiktionary: ۉ|ۉ]] [[:wiktionary: ۆ|ۆ]]}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Serbo-Croatian]] | Southeastern Europe | [[Perso-Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | Latest stage has full vowel marking |- | [[Arwi alphabet]] | 41 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ta-Arab|{{script/Arabic| [[:wiktionary: ڊ|ڊ]] [[:wiktionary: ڍ|ڍ]] [[:wiktionary: ڔ|ڔ]] [[:wiktionary: صٜ|صٜ]] [[:wiktionary: ۻ|ۻ]] [[:wiktionary: ࢳ|ࢳ]] [[:wiktionary: ڣ|ڣ]] [[:wiktionary: ࢴ|ࢴ]] [[:wiktionary: ڹ|ڹ]] [[:wiktionary: ݧ|ݧ]]}}}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] | Southern India, Sri Lanka | [[Perso-Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [[Belarusian Arabic alphabet]] | 32 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|bs-Arab| [[:wiktionary: ࢮ|ࢮ]] [[:wiktionary: ࢯ|ࢯ]]}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] | Eastern Europe | [[Perso-Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | 15th / 16th century |- | [[Balochi Standard Alphabet]](s) | 29 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|bal| [[:wiktionary: ٹ|ٹ]] [[:wiktionary: ڈ|ڈ]] [[:wiktionary: ۏ|ۏ]] [[:wiktionary: ݔ|ݔ]] [[:wiktionary: ے|ے]]}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] and [[Nastaliq]] | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | South-West Asia | [[Perso-Arabic]], also borrows multiple glyphs from [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] | style="text-align:left;" | This standardization is based on the previous orthography. For more information, see [[Balochi language#Writing system|Balochi writing]]. |- | [[Berber Arabic alphabet]](s) | 33 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar| [[:wiktionary: چ|چ]] [[:wiktionary: ژ|ژ]] [[:wiktionary: ڞ|ڞ]] [[:wiktionary: ݣ|ݣ]] [[:wiktionary: ء|ء]]}}</span> | | Various [[Berber languages]] | North Africa | [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [[Burushaski#Writing system|Burushaski]] | 53 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|bsk|{{nq| [[:wiktionary: ݳ|ݳ]] [[:wiktionary: ݴ|ݴ]] [[:wiktionary: ݼ|ݼ]] [[:wiktionary: څ|څ]] [[:wiktionary: ڎ|ڎ]] [[:wiktionary: ݽ|ݽ]] [[:wiktionary: ڞ|ڞ]] [[:wiktionary: ݣ|ݣ]] [[:wiktionary: ݸ|ݸ]] [[:wiktionary: ݹ|ݹ]] [[:wiktionary: ݶ|ݶ]] [[:wiktionary: ݷ|ݷ]] [[:wiktionary: ݺ|ݺ]] [[:wiktionary: ݻ|ݻ]]}}}}</span> <br/> <small>(see&nbsp;note)</small> | [[Nastaliq]] | [[Burushaski]] | South-West Asia (Pakistan) | [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] | style="text-align:left;" | Also uses the additional letters shown for Urdu.{{ref|Burushaski_Urdu|(see below)}} Sometimes written with just the Urdu alphabet, or with the [[Latin alphabet]]. |- | [[Chagatai language#Orthography|Chagatai alphabet]] | 32 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ar| [[:wiktionary: ݣ|ݣ]]}}</span> | [[Nastaliq]] and [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Chagatai language|Chagatai]] | Central Asia | [[Perso-Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | ݣ is interchangeable with نگ and ڭ. |- | [[Dobrujan Tatar alphabet|Dobrujan Tatar]] | 32 | |[[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Dobrujan Tatar dialect|Dobrujan Tatar]] | Southeastern Europe | [[Chagatai language#Orthography|Chagatai]] | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [[Galal alphabet|Galal]] | 32 | | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Somali language|Somali]] | Horn of Africa | [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]] | 36 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ms-Arab|{{script/Arabic| [[:wiktionary: چ|چ]] [[:wiktionary: ڠ|ڠ]] [[:wiktionary: ڤ|ڤ]] [[:wiktionary: ݢ|ݢ]] [[:wiktionary: ڽ|ڽ]] [[:wiktionary: ۏ|ۏ]]}}}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Malay language|Malay]] | Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and part of Borneo | [[Perso-Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | Since 1303 AD (Trengganu Stone) |- | [[Kashmiri language#Writing system|Kashmiri]] | 44 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ks|{{nq| [[:wiktionary: ۆ|ۆ]] [[:wiktionary: ۄ|ۄ]] [[:wiktionary: ؠ|ؠ]] [[:wiktionary: ێ|ێ]]}}}}</span> |[[Nastaliq]] | [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] | South Asia | [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] | style="text-align:left;" | This orthography is fully voweled. 3 out of the 4 (ۆ, ۄ, ێ) additional glyphs are actually vowels. Not all vowels are listed here since they are not separate letters. For further information, see [[Kashmiri language#Writing system|Kashmiri writing]]. |- | [[Kazakh alphabets#Arabic script|Kazakh Arabic alphabet]] | 35 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|kk-Arab| [[:wiktionary: ٵ|ٵ]] [[:wiktionary: ٶ|ٶ]] [[:wiktionary: ۇ|ۇ]] [[:wiktionary: ٷ|ٷ]] [[:wiktionary: ۋ|ۋ]] [[:wiktionary: ۆ|ۆ]] [[:wiktionary: ە|ە]] [[:wiktionary: ھ|ھ]] [[:wiktionary: ى|ى]] [[:wiktionary: ٸ|ٸ]] [[:wiktionary: ي|ي]]}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] | Central Asia, China | [[Chagatai language#Orthography|Chagatai]] | style="text-align:left;" | In use since 11th century, reformed in the early 20th century, now official only in China |- | [[Khowar alphabet|Khowar]] | 45 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|khw|{{nq| [[:wiktionary: ݯ|ݯ]] [[:wiktionary: ݮ|ݮ]] [[:wiktionary: څ|څ]] [[:wiktionary: ځ|ځ]] [[:wiktionary: ݱ|ݱ]] [[:wiktionary: ݰ|ݰ]] [[:wiktionary: ڵ|ڵ]]}}}}</span> | [[Nastaliq]] | [[Khowar language|Khowar]] | South Asia | [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]], however, borrows multiple glyphs from [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto]] | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [[Kyrgyz alphabets#Arabic|Kyrgyz Arabic alphabet]] | 33 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ky-Arab| [[:wiktionary: ۅ|ۅ]] [[:wiktionary: ۇ|ۇ]] [[:wiktionary: ۉ|ۉ]] [[:wiktionary: ۋ|ۋ]] [[:wiktionary: ە|ە]] [[:wiktionary: ى|ى]] [[:wiktionary: ي|ي]]}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] | Central Asia | [[Chagatai language#Orthography|Chagatai]] | style="text-align:left;" | In use since 11th century, reformed in the early 20th century, now official only in China |- | [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto]] | 45 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ps| [[:wiktionary: ټ|ټ]] [[:wiktionary: څ|څ]] [[:wiktionary: ځ|ځ]] [[:wiktionary: ډ|ډ]] [[:wiktionary: ړ|ړ]] [[:wiktionary: ږ|ږ]] [[:wiktionary: ښ|ښ]] [[:wiktionary: ګ|ګ]] [[:wiktionary: ڼ|ڼ]] [[:wiktionary: ۀ|ۀ]] [[:wiktionary: ي|ي]] [[:wiktionary: ې|ې]] [[:wiktionary: ۍ|ۍ]] [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]]}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] and occasionally, [[Nastaliq]] | [[Pashto]] | South-West Asia, [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] | [[Perso-Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | ګ is interchangeable with گ. Also, the glyphs ی and ې are often replaced with ے in Pakistan. |- | [[Pegon script]] | 35 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|jv-Arab|{{script/Arabic| [[:wiktionary: چ|چ]] [[:wiktionary: ڎ|ڎ]] [[:wiktionary: ڟ|ڟ]] [[:wiktionary: ڠ|ڠ]] [[:wiktionary: ڤ|ڤ]] [[:wiktionary: ڮ|ڮ]] [[:wiktionary: ۑ|ۑ]]}}}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]], [[Madurese language|Madurese]] | South-East Asia (Indonesia) | [[Perso-Arabic|Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] | 32 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|fa| [[:wiktionary: پ|پ]] [[:wiktionary: چ|چ]] [[:wiktionary: ژ|ژ]] [[:wiktionary: گ|گ]] }}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] and [[Nastaliq]] | [[Persian language|Persian]] (Farsi) | West Asia (Iran etc. ) | [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | Also known as <br/>Perso-Arabic. |- | [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]] | 41 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|pa|{{nq| [[:wiktionary: ݪ|ݪ]] [[:wiktionary: ݨ|ݨ]]}}}}</span> | [[Nastaliq]] | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] | South Asia ([[Pakistan]]) | [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [[Saraiki alphabet|Saraiki]] | 45 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|skr|{{nq| [[:wiktionary: ٻ|ٻ]] [[:wiktionary: ڄ|ڄ]] [[:wiktionary: ݙ|ݙ]] [[:wiktionary: ڳ|ڳ]]}}}}</span> | [[Nastaliq]] | [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] | South Asia (Pakistan) | [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [[Sindhi alphabet|Sindhi]] | 52 | style="" | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|sd| [[:wiktionary: ڪ|ڪ]] [[:wiktionary: ڳ|ڳ]] [[:wiktionary: ڱ|ڱ]] [[:wiktionary: گ|گ]] [[:wiktionary: ک|ک]] <br/> [[:wiktionary: پ|پ]] [[:wiktionary: ڀ|ڀ]] [[:wiktionary: ٻ|ٻ]] [[:wiktionary: ٽ|ٽ]] [[:wiktionary: ٿ|ٿ]] [[:wiktionary: ٺ|ٺ]] <br/> [[:wiktionary: ڻ|ڻ]] [[:wiktionary: ڦ|ڦ]] [[:wiktionary: ڇ|ڇ]] [[:wiktionary: چ|چ]] [[:wiktionary: ڄ|ڄ]] [[:wiktionary: ڃ|ڃ]] <br/> [[:wiktionary: ھ|ھ]] [[:wiktionary: ڙ|ڙ]] [[:wiktionary: ڌ|ڌ]] [[:wiktionary: ڏ|ڏ]] [[:wiktionary: ڎ|ڎ]] [[:wiktionary: ڍ|ڍ]] [[:wiktionary: ڊ|ڊ]] }}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] | South Asia (Pakistan) | [[Perso-Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [[Sorabe alphabet|Sorabe]] | 28 | | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] | Madagascar | [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [[Kurdish alphabets#Sorani alphabet|Soranî]] | 33 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ku-Arab| [[:wiktionary: ڕ|ڕ]] [[:wiktionary: ڤ|ڤ]] [[:wiktionary: ڵ|ڵ]] [[:wiktionary: ۆ|ۆ]] [[:wiktionary: ێ|ێ]]}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Kurdish languages]] | Middle-East | [[Perso-Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | Vowels are mandatory, i.e. alphabet |- | [[Swahili Ajami|Swahili Arabic script]] | 28 | | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Swahili language|Swahili]] | Western and Southern Africa | [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [[İske imlâ alphabet|İske imlâ]] | 35 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|tt-Arab| [[:wiktionary: ۋ|ۋ]]}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Tatar language|Tatar]] | Volga region | [[Chagatai language#Orthography|Chagatai]] | style="text-align:left;" | Used prior to 1920. |- | [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet|Ottoman Turkish]] | 32 |'''[[ﭖ]] [[ﭺ]] [[ﮊ]] [[ﮒ]] [[ﯓ]] [[ئە]] [[ی]]''' | | [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] | [[Ottoman Empire]] | [[Chagatai language#Orthography|Chagatai]] | style="text-align:left;" | Official until 1928 |- | [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] | 39+ <br/> <small>(see&nbsp;notes)</small> | style="" | {{note label|Burushaski_Urdu|}} {{lang|ur|{{nq| [[:wiktionary: ٹ|ٹ]] [[:wiktionary: ڈ|ڈ]] [[:wiktionary: ڑ|ڑ]] [[:wiktionary: ں|ں]] [[:wiktionary: ہ|ہ]] [[:wiktionary: ھ|ھ]] [[:wiktionary: ے|ے]]}}}} <br/> <small>(see&nbsp;notes)</small> | [[Nastaliq]] | [[Urdu]] | South Asia | [[Perso-Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | {{note label|Urdu_digraphs|}} 58 {{citation needed|date=June 2020}} letters including digraphs representing [[aspirated consonants]]. <br/> <span style=" font-size:140%;">{{lang|ur| [[:wiktionary: بھ|بھ]] [[:wiktionary: پھ|پھ]] [[:wiktionary: تھ|تھ]] [[:wiktionary: ٹھ|ٹھ]] [[:wiktionary: جھ|جھ]] [[:wiktionary: چھ|چھ]] [[:wiktionary: دھ|دھ]] [[:wiktionary: ڈھ|ڈھ]] [[:wiktionary: کھ|کھ]] [[:wiktionary: گھ|گھ]]}}</span> |- | [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur]] | 32 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|ug| [[:wiktionary: ئا|ئا]] [[:wiktionary: ئە|ئە]] [[:wiktionary: ھ|ھ]] [[:wiktionary: ئو|ئو]] [[:wiktionary: ئۇ|ئۇ]] [[:wiktionary: ئۆ|ئۆ]] [[:wiktionary: ئۈ|ئۈ]] [[:wiktionary: ۋ|ۋ]] [[:wiktionary: ئې|ئې]] [[:wiktionary: ئى|ئى]]}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] | China, Central Asia | [[Chagatai language#Orthography|Chagatai]] | style="text-align:left;" | Reform of older Arabic-script Uyghur orthography that was used prior to the 1950s. Vowels are mandatory, i.e. alphabet |- | [[Wolofal alphabet|Wolofal]] | 33 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|wo-Arab|{{script/Arabic| [[:wiktionary: ݖ|ݖ]] [[:wiktionary: گ|گ]] [[:wiktionary: ݧ|ݧ]] [[:wiktionary: ݝ|ݝ]] [[:wiktionary: ݒ|ݒ]]}}}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Wolof language|Wolof]] | West Africa | [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], however, borrows at least one glyph from [[Perso-Arabic]] | style="text-align:left;" | |- | [[Xiao'erjing]] | 36 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|zh-Arab|{{script/Arabic| [[:wiktionary: ٿ|ٿ]] [[:wiktionary: س﮲|س﮲]] [[:wiktionary: ڞ|ڞ]] [[:wiktionary: ي|ي]]}}}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Sinitic languages]] | China, Central Asia | [[Chagatai language#Orthography|Chagatai]] | style="text-align:left;" | Used to write Chinese languages by Muslims living in China such as the Hui people. |- | [[Yaña imlâ alphabet|Yaña imlâ]] | 29 | <span style="font-size:140%;">{{lang|tt-Arab| [[:wiktionary: ئا|ئا]] [[:wiktionary: ئە|ئە]] [[:wiktionary: ئی|ئی]] [[:wiktionary: ئو|ئو]] [[:wiktionary: ئۇ|ئۇ]] [[:wiktionary: ئ|ئ]] [[:wiktionary: ھ|ھ]]}}</span> | [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] | [[Tatar language|Tatar]] | Volga region | [[İske imlâ alphabet]] | style="text-align:left;" | 1920–1927 replaced with Cyrillic |- |} ===Current use=== Today Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and China are the main non-Arabic speaking states using the Arabic alphabet to write one or more official national languages, including [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Baluchi language|Baluchi]], [[Brahui language|Brahui]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Central Kurdish]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]].{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} An Arabic alphabet is currently used for the following languages:{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} ====Middle East and Central Asia==== {{See also|Arabic alphabet}} * [[Arabic language|Arabic]] * [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] (Torki) in Iran. * [[Balochi language|Baluchi]] in Iran, in Pakistan's Balochistan region, Afghanistan and Oman<ref>{{cite web |title=Sayad Zahoor Shah Hashmii |url=http://baask.com/diwwan/index.php?topic=1523.0%7cBalouchi |work=baask.com}}</ref> * [[Garshuni]] (or Karshuni) originated in the 7th century, when Arabic became the dominant spoken language in the [[Fertile Crescent]], but Arabic script was not yet fully developed or widely read, and so the [[Syriac alphabet]] was used. There is evidence that writing Arabic in this other set of letters (known as Garshuni) influenced the style of modern Arabic script. After this initial period, Garshuni writing has continued to the present day among some [[Assyrian people|Syriac]] Christian communities in the Arabic-speaking regions of the [[Levant]] and [[Mesopotamia]]. * [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] in Kazakhstan, China, [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]] * [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] in Northern [[Iraq]] and Northwest [[Iran]]. (In [[Turkey]] and [[Syria]] the [[Latin script]] is used for Kurdish) * [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] by its 150,000 speakers in the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] in northwestern [[People's Republic of China|China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Afghanistan]] * [[Pashto language|Pashto]] in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and Tajikistan * [[Persian language|Persian]] in [[Iranian Persian]] and [[Dari (Afghanistan)|Dari]] in Afghanistan. It had former use in Tajikistan but is no longer used in [[Tajik Language|Standard Tajik]] * [[Southwestern Iranian languages]] as [[Lori dialects]] and [[Bakhtiari dialect|Bakhtiari language]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sarlak |first1=Riz̤ā |year=2002 |title=Dictionary of the Bakhtiari dialect of Chahar-lang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4cHAQAAMAAJ |work=google.com.eg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Iran |first=Mojdeh |date=5 February 2011 |title=Bakhtiari Language Video (bak) بختياري ها! خبری مهم |url=https://vimeo.com/19594456 |via=Vimeo}}</ref> * [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] in Turkmenistan,{{verify source|date=December 2021}} Afghanistan and Iran * [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] changed to Latin script in 1969 and back to a simplified, fully voweled Arabic script in 1983 * [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] in Uzbekistan{{verify source|date=December 2021}} and Afghanistan ====East Asia==== * The [[Chinese language]] is written by some [[Hui people|Hui]] in the Arabic-derived [[Xiao'erjing]] alphabet (see also [[Sini (script)]]) * The Turkic [[Salar language]] is written by some [[Salar people|Salar]] in the Arabic alphabet * [[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur alphabet]] ====South Asia==== *[[Balochi language|Balochi]] in [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]] * [[Dari (Persian dialect)|Dari]] in [[Afghanistan]] * [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] (also written in [[Sharada script|Sharada]] and [[Devanagari]] although Kashmiri is more commonly written in Perso-Arabic Script) * [[Pashto language|Pashto]] in Afghanistan and Pakistan * [[Khowar language|Khowar]] in Northern Pakistan, also uses the Latin script * [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ([[Shahmukhi]]) in Pakistan, also written in the [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic]] script known as [[Gurmukhi]] in India * [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], written with a modified Arabic script – that has 45 letters * [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], a British commissioner in [[Sindh]] on August 29, 1857, ordered to change Arabic script{{vague|date=December 2020}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/6179/pakistan-should-mind-all-of-its-languages%7cscanned|title=Pakistan should mind all of its languages!|work=tribune.com.pk|date=June 2011}}</ref> also written in [[Devanagari script|Devanagari]] in India * [[Aer language]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/aeq/|title=Ethnologue|access-date=Feb 1, 2020}}</ref> * [[Bhadrawahi language]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=bhd%7cBhadrawahi|title=Ethnologue|access-date=Feb 1, 2020}}</ref> * [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] ([[India]]), although it is more commonly written using the [[Tibetan script]] *[[Balti language|Balti]] (a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language]]), also rarely written in the Tibetan script * [[Brahui language]] in Pakistan and Afghanistan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldscriptures.org/pages/brahui.html |title=The Bible in Brahui |publisher=Worldscriptures.org |access-date=August 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030230355/http://www.worldscriptures.org/pages/brahui.html |archive-date=October 30, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Burushaski]] or Burusho language, a language isolated to Pakistan. * [[Urdu language|Urdu]] in Pakistan (and historically several other [[Hindustani language]]s). Urdu is one of several official languages in the states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Telangana]]. * [[Dogri language|Dogri]], spoken by about five million people in India and Pakistan, chiefly in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir and in [[Himachal Pradesh]], but also in northern Punjab, although Dogri is more commonly written in Devanagari *[[Arwi language]] (a mixture of Arabic and Tamil) uses the Arabic script together with the addition of 13 letters. It is mainly used in [[Sri Lanka]] and the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]] for religious purposes. [[Arwi language]] is the language of Tamil Muslims *[[Arabi Malayalam]] is [[Malayalam]] written in the Arabic script. The script has particular letters to represent the peculiar sounds of Malayalam. This script is mainly used in [[madrasa]]s of the South Indian state of [[Kerala]] and of [[Lakshadweep]]. * [[Rohingya language]] (Ruáingga) is a language spoken by the Rohingya people of [[Rakhine State|Rakhine State, formerly known as Arakan]] (Rakhine), [[Burma]] (Myanmar). It is similar to [[Chittagonian language]] in neighboring Bangladesh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/21180958/Rohingya-Language-Book-A-Z%7cRohingya-Language-Book-A-Z|title=Rohingya Language Book A-Z|work=Scribd}}</ref> and sometimes written using the Roman script, or an Arabic-derived script known as [[Hanifi alphabet|Hanifi]] * [[Ishkashimi language]] (Ishkashimi) in [[Afghanistan]] ====Southeast Asia==== * [[Malay language|Malay]] in the Arabic script known as [[Jawi (script)|Jawi]]. In some cases it can be seen in the signboards of shops and market stalls. Particularly in Brunei, Jawi is used in terms of writing or reading for Islamic religious educational programs in primary school, secondary school, college, or even higher educational institutes such as universities. In addition, some television programming uses Jawi, such as announcements, advertisements, news, social programs or Islamic programs ** co-official in [[Brunei]] ** [[Malaysia]] but co-official in [[Kelantan]] and [[Kedah]], Islamic states in Malaysia ** [[Indonesia]], Jawi script is co-used with [[Latin script|Latin]] in provinces of [[Aceh]], [[Riau]], [[Riau Islands]] and [[Jambi]]. The [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Madurese language|Madurese]] and [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] also use another Arabic variant, the [[Pegon script|Pegon]] in Islamic writings and [[pesantren]] community. ** [[Southern Thailand]] ** Predominantly Muslim areas of the [[Philippines]] (especially [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanaon]] and [[Tausug language|Tausug]]) ** [[Ida'an language]] (also Idahan) a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Ida'an people of [[Sabah]], [[Malaysia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=lrftufkq8x%7cIda'an |title=Ida'an |work=scriptsource.org}}</ref> * [[Cham language]] in Cambodia besides [[Cham script|Western Cham script]]. ====Europe==== * [[Dobrujan Tatar dialect|Dobrujan Tatar]] in [[Romania]] and [[Bulgaria]] ====Africa==== * [[North Africa]] **[[Arabic language|Arabic]] ** [[Berber language]]s have often been written in [[Berber Arabic alphabet|an adaptation of the Arabic alphabet]]. The use of the Arabic alphabet, as well as the competing [[Berber Latin alphabet|Latin]] and [[Tifinagh]] scripts, has political connotations ** [[Tuareg language]], (sometimes called Tamasheq) which is also a Berber language ** [[Coptic language]] of Egyptians as Coptic text written in Arabic letters<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stshenouda.com/coptlang/copthist.htm|title=The Coptic Studies' Corner|work=stshenouda.com|access-date=2012-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419152624/http://www.stshenouda.com/coptlang/copthist.htm|archive-date=2012-04-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Northeast Africa]] **[[Beja language|Bedawi or Beja]], mainly in northeastern [[Sudan]] ** [[Wadaad's writing]], used in [[Somalia]] ** [[Nubian languages]] ***[[Dongolawi language]] or Andaandi language of Nubia, in the Nile Vale of northern Sudan *** [[Nobiin language]], the largest Nubian language (previously known by the geographic terms Mahas and Fadicca/Fiadicca) is not yet standardized, being written variously in both [[Latin script|Latinized]] and Arabic scripts; also, there have been recent efforts to revive the Old Nubian alphabet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenubian.net/lang.php|title=--The Cradle of Nubian Civilisation--|work=thenubian.net|access-date=2012-04-17|archive-date=2012-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424141634/http://www.thenubian.net/lang.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://alnuba.com/english/lesson-four/2-3/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719073438/http://alnuba.com/english/lesson-four/2-3/|url-status=dead|title=2 » AlNuba egypt|date=19 July 2012|archive-date=19 July 2012}}</ref> ** [[Fur language]] of Darfur, Sudan * Southeast Africa **[[Comorian language|Comorian]], in the [[Comoros]], currently side by side with the [[Latin alphabet]] (neither is official) ** [[Swahili language|Swahili]], was originally written in Arabic alphabet, Swahili orthography is now based on the Latin alphabet that was introduced by Christian missionaries and colonial administrators * [[West Africa]] **[[Zarma language]] of the [[Songhay languages|Songhay family]]. It is the language of the southwestern lobe of the West African nation of Niger, and it is the second leading language of Niger, after Hausa, which is spoken in south central Niger<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=rnuzk9azpb%7cZarma |title=Zarma |work=scriptsource.org}}</ref> ** [[Tadaksahak]] is a Songhay language spoken by the pastoralist Idaksahak of the Ménaka area of [[Mali]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=s772abcj2r%7cTadaksahak |title=Tadaksahak |work=scriptsource.org}}</ref> ** [[Hausa language]] uses an adaptation of the Arabic script known as [[Ajami script|Ajami]], for many purposes, especially religious, but including newspapers, mass mobilization posters and public information<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bu.edu/bostonia/summer09/ajami/|title=Lost Language — Bostonia Summer 2009|work=bu.edu}}</ref> ** [[Dyula language]] is a [[Mande languages|Mandé language]] spoken in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Mali.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=bw87m6llbu%7cDyula |title=Dyula |work=scriptsource.org}}</ref> ** [[Jola-Fonyi language]] of the [[Casamance]] region of [[Senegal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=wrSys_detail&uid=y5ue5vjlaq%7cJola-Fonyi |title=Jola-Fonyi |work=scriptsource.org}}</ref> ** [[Balanta language]] a Bak language of west Africa spoken by the Balanta people and [[Balanta-Ganja]] dialect in Senegal ** [[Mandinka language|Mandinka]], widely but unofficially (known as Ajami), (another non-Latin script used is the [[N'Ko script]]) ** [[Fula language|Fula]], especially the Pular of Guinea (known as Ajami) ** [[Wolof language|Wolof]] (at ''[[zaouia]]'' schools), known as ''[[Wolofal]]''. ** [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], earliest attested history of use since 17th century, however earliest verifiable history of use dates to the 19th century. Yoruba Ajami used in Muslim praise verse, poetry, personal and esoteric use<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355034004 |title=African Arabic-Script Languages Title: From the 'Sacred' to the 'Profane': the Yoruba Ajami Script and the Challenges of a Standard Orthography |website=ResearchGate |date=October 2021}}</ref> * Arabic script outside Africa ** In writings of African American slaves *** Writings of by [[Omar Ibn Said]] (1770–1864) of Senegal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=31&page=view&catid=1&PageNo=2&key=17&hit=1%7cOmar|title=Ibn Sayyid manuscript|access-date=2018-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908050108/http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=31&page=view&catid=1&PageNo=2&key=17&hit=1%7COmar|archive-date=2015-09-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> *** The [[Bilali Document]] also known as Bilali Muhammad Document is a handwritten, Arabic manuscript<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=31&page=view&catid=1&PageNo=1&key=2&hit=1%7cBilali|title=Muhammad Arabic letter|access-date=2018-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908051416/http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_zoom&Itemid=31&page=view&catid=1&PageNo=1&key=2&hit=1%7CBilali|archive-date=2015-09-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> on West African Islamic law. It was written by Bilali Mohammet in the 19th century. The document is currently housed in the library at the University of Georgia *** Letter written by [[Ayuba Suleiman Diallo]] (1701–1773) *** Arabic Text From 1768<ref>{{cite web |url=http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=49 |title=Charno Letter |publisher=Muslims In America |access-date=August 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520132438/http://muslimsinamerica.org/index.php?option=com_wrapper&Itemid=49 |archive-date=May 20, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *** Letter written by [[Abdul Rahman Ibrahima Sori]] (1762–1829) === Former use === With the establishment of [[Muslim rule in India|Muslim rule]] in the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]], one or more forms of the Arabic script were incorporated among the assortment of scripts used for writing native languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asani |first=Ali S. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48193876 |title=Ecstasy and enlightenment : the Ismaili devotional literature of South Asia |date=2002 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |others=Institute of Ismaili Studies |isbn=1-86064-758-8 |location=London |pages=124 |oclc=48193876}}</ref> In the 20th century, the Arabic script was generally replaced by the [[Latin alphabet]] in the [[Balkans]],{{dubious|date=November 2011}} parts of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], and [[Southeast Asia]], while in the [[Soviet Union]], after a brief period of [[Latinisation (USSR)|Latinisation]],<ref>[http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/52_folder/52_articles/52_alphabet.html Alphabet Transitions – The Latin Script: A New Chronology – Symbol of a New Azerbaijan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403093024/http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/52_folder/52_articles/52_alphabet.html |date=2007-04-03 }}, by Tamam Bayatly</ref> use of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] was mandated. [[Turkey]] changed to the Latin alphabet in 1928 as part of an internal Westernizing revolution. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, many of the Turkic languages of the ex-USSR attempted to follow Turkey's lead and convert to a Turkish-style Latin alphabet. However, renewed use of the Arabic alphabet has occurred to a limited extent in [[Tajikistan]], whose language's close resemblance to [[Persian language|Persian]] allows direct use of publications from Afghanistan and Iran.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cimera.org/files/camel/en/27e/MICA27E-Siddikzoda.pdf |title=Tajik Language: Farsi or Not Farsi? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613195726/http://www.cimera.org/files/camel/en/27e/MICA27E-Siddikzoda.pdf |archive-date=June 13, 2006 |author=Sukhail Siddikzoda}}</ref> ====Africa==== * [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] (as it was first written among the "[[Cape Malay]]s", see [[Arabic Afrikaans]]) * [[Berber languages|Berber]] in North Africa, particularly [[Shilha language|Shilha]] in [[Morocco]] (still being considered, along with [[Tifinagh]] and Latin, for [[Central Atlas Tamazight]]) * [[French language|French]] by the [[Arabs]] and [[Berber people|Berbers]] in Algeria and other parts of North Africa during the French colonial period * [[Harari language|Harari]], by the [[Harari people]] of the [[Harari Region]] in [[Ethiopia]]. Now uses the [[Ge'ez alphabet|Geʻez]] and [[Latin alphabet]]s * For the West African languages—[[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Fula language|Fula]], [[Mandinka language|Mandinka]], [[Wolof language|Wolof]] and others—the Latin alphabet has officially replaced Arabic transcriptions for use in literacy and education * [[Kinyarwanda]] in [[Rwanda]] * [[Kirundi]] in [[Burundi]] * [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] in [[Madagascar]] (script known as [[Sorabe alphabet|Sorabe]]) * [[Nubian languages|Nubian]] * [[Shona language|Shona]] in [[Zimbabwe]] * [[Somali language|Somali]] (see [[Wadaad's writing|''wadaad's'' Arabic]]) has mostly used the [[Somali alphabet|Latin alphabet]] since 1972 * [[Songhay languages|Songhay]] in West Africa, particularly in [[Timbuktu]] * [[Swahili language|Swahili]] (has used the [[Latin alphabet]] since the 19th century) * [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] in West Africa ====Europe==== * [[Albanian language|Albanian]] called [[Elifbaja shqip]] * [[Aljamiado]] ([[Mozarabic language|Mozarabic]], [[Berber language|Berber]], [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}, [[Ladino language|Ladino]], and [[Spanish language|Spanish]], during and residually after the Muslim rule in the Iberian peninsula) * [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] (among ethnic [[Tatars]]; see [[Belarusian Arabic alphabet]]) * [[Bosnian language#History|Bosnian]] (only for literary purposes; currently written in the [[Latin alphabet]]; Text example: {{script/Arabic|مۉلٖىمۉ سه ته‌بٖى بۉژه}} = ''Molimo se tebi, Bože'' (We pray to you, O God); see ''[[Arebica]]'') * [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] * [[Greek language|Greek]] in certain areas in [[Greece]] and [[Anatolia]]. In particular, [[Cappadocian Greek]] written in [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic]] * [[Polish language|Polish]] (among ethnic [[Lipka Tatars]]) ====Central Asia and Caucasus==== * [[Adyghe language]] also known as West Circassian, is an official languages of the Republic of [[Adygea]] in the Russian Federation. It used Arabic alphabet before 1927 * [[Avar language|Avar]] as well as other languages of [[Daghestan]]: [[Nogai language|Nogai]], [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]], [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]], [[Lak language|Lak]] and [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] * [[Azeri language|Azeri]] in [[Azerbaijan]] (now written in the [[Latin alphabet]] and [[Cyrillic script]] in [[Azerbaijan]]) * [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] (officially for some years from the [[October Revolution]] of 1917 until 1928, changed to Latin, now uses the Cyrillic script) * [[Chagatai language|Chaghatay]] across [[Central Asia]] * [[Chechen language|Chechen]] (sporadically from the adoption of Islam; officially from 1917 until 1928)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://socrates.berkeley.edu/%7Echechen/Ch_writing.htm |title=Brief history of writing in Chechen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223111006/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~chechen/Ch_writing.htm |archive-date=December 23, 2008 }}</ref> * [[Northwest Caucasian languages|Circassian]] and some other members of the [[Abkhaz–Adyghe languages|Abkhaz–Adyghe family]] in the western [[Caucasus]] and sporadically – in the countries of Middle East, like Syria * [[Ingush language|Ingush]] * [[Karachay-Balkar language|Karachay-Balkar]] in the central Caucasus * [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]] * [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] in [[Kazakhstan]] (until the 1930s, changed to Latin, currently using Cyrillic, phasing in Latin) * [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] in [[Kyrgyzstan]] (until the 1930s, changed to Latin, now uses the Cyrillic script) * [[Mandarin Chinese]] and [[Dungan language|Dungan]], among the [[Hui people]] (script known as [[Xiao'erjing]]) * [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] * [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] in South-Eastern Caucasus * [[Tatar language|Tatar]] before 1928 (changed to Latin [[Yañalif]]), reformed in the 1880s (''[[İske imlâ]]''), 1918 (''[[Yaña imlâ]]'' – with the omission of some letters) * [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] in [[Turkmenistan]] (changed to Latin in 1929, then to the Cyrillic script, then back to Latin in 1991) * [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] in [[Uzbekistan]] (changed to Latin, then to the Cyrillic script, then back to Latin in 1991) * Some [[Northeast Caucasian languages]] of the Muslim peoples of the [[USSR]] between 1918 and 1928 (many also earlier), including [[Chechen language|Chechen]], [[Lak language|Lak]], etc. After 1928, their script became Latin, then later{{when|date=March 2018}} Cyrillic{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} ====South and Southeast Asia==== * [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]] in [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]] * [[Assamese language|Assamese]] in [[Assam]], [[India]] * [[Banjar language|Banjarese]] in [[Kalimantan]], Indonesia * [[Bengali language|Bengali]] in [[Bengal]], Arabic scripts have been used historically in places like [[Chittagong]] and [[West Bengal]] among other places. See [[Dobhashi]] for further information. * [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanaon]] in the [[Philippines]] * [[Malay language|Malay]] in [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]]. Although Malay speakers in [[Brunei]] and [[Southern Thailand]] still use the script on a daily basis * [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] in Sumatra, Indonesia * [[Pegon script]] of [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Madurese language|Madurese]] and [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] in Indonesia, used only in Islamic schools and institutions * [[Tausug language|Tausug]] in the [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Indonesia]] it can be used in Islamic schools in [[the Philippines]] * [[Yakan language|Yakan]] practiced in Islamic schools in [[Basilan]] ====Middle East==== * [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] was written in Arabic letters in a number of places in the past<ref>p. 20, [[Samuel Kramer|Samuel Noel Kramer]]. 1986. ''In the World of Sumer: An Autobiography''. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.</ref><ref>J. Blau. 2000. Hebrew written in Arabic characters: An instance of radical change in tradition. (In Hebrew, with English summary). In ''Heritage and Innovation in Judaeo-Arabic Culture: Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of the Society For Judaeo-Arabic Studies'', p. 27-31. Ramat Gan.</ref> * [[Northern Kurdish]] in Turkey and Syria was written in Arabic script until 1932, when a modified [[Kurdish alphabets#Hawar alphabet|Kurdish Latin alphabet]] was introduced by [[Celadet Bedir Khan|Jaladat Ali Badirkhan]] in Syria * [[Turkish language|Turkish]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]] was written in Arabic script until [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] declared the change to [[Latin script]] in 1928. This form of Turkish is now known as [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] and is held by many to be a different language, due to its much higher percentage of Persian and Arabic [[loanword]]s ([[Ottoman Turkish alphabet]]) == Unicode == {{Main|Arabic script in Unicode}} As of Unicode {{Unicode version|version=15.1}}, the following ranges encode Arabic characters: * [[Arabic (Unicode block)|Arabic]] (0600–06FF) * [[Arabic Supplement]] (0750–077F) * [[Arabic Extended-A]] (08A0–08FF) * [[Arabic Extended-B]] (0870–089F) * [[Arabic Extended-C]] (10EC0–10EFF) * [[Arabic Presentation Forms-A]] (FB50–FDFF) * [[Arabic Presentation Forms-B]] (FE70–FEFF) * [[Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols]] (1EE00–1EEFF) * [[Rumi Numeral Symbols]] (10E60–10E7F) * [[Indic Siyaq Numbers]] (1EC70–1ECBF) * [[Ottoman Siyaq Numbers]] (1ED00–1ED4F) ==Additional letters used in other languages== === Assignment of [[phonemes]] to [[graphemes]] === {| class="wikitable" |+style="text-align: left;"|∅ = phoneme absent from language |- ! Language family ! colspan="2" |[[Austronesian languages|Austron.]] ![[Dravidian languages|Dravid.]] ! colspan="4" | [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] ! colspan="7" | [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] ![[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Con.]] |- !Language/script ![[Pegon script|Pegon]] ![[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]] ![[Arwi]] ![[Azerbaijani alphabet#Azerbaijani Arabic alphabet|Azeri]] ![[Kazakh alphabets#Forms of the Kazakh Arabic alphabet|Kazakh]] ![[Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur]] ![[Southern Uzbek language|Uzbek]] ![[Sindhi language#Perso-Arabic script|Sindhi]] ![[Shahmukhi alphabet|Punjabi]] ![[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] ![[Persian alphabet|Persian]] ![[Pashto alphabet|Pashto{{efn|Broadly speaking, there are two standards for Pashto orthography: the Afghan orthography in Afghanistan and the Peshawar orthography in Pakistan, where {{IPAslink|g}} in the latter is represented by {{Script/Arabic|ګ}} instead of the Afghani {{Script/Arabic|گ}}. }}]] ![[Balochi Standard Alphabet|Balochi]] ![[Kurdish alphabets#Sorani alphabet|Kurdish]] ![[Swahili Ajami|Swahili]] |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} | colspan="15" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[چ]]}}</big> |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|ʒ}} | colspan="3" |∅ | colspan="12" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ژ]]}}</big> |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|p}} | colspan="2" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ڤ]]}}</big> |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ڣ]]}}</big> | colspan="12" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[پ]]}}</big> |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|g}} |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[Gaf|ؼ]]}}</big> |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[Gaf|ݢ]]}}</big> |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ࢴ]]}}</big> |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ق]]}}</big> | colspan="10" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[Gaf|گ]]}}</big> |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ڠ]]}}</big> |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|v}} |∅ |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ۏ]]}}</big> | colspan="2" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[و]]}}</big> |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ۆ‎]]}}</big> |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ۋ]]}}</big> | colspan="5" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[و]]}}</big> | colspan="2" |∅ | colspan="2" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ڤ]]}}</big> |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|ŋ}} | colspan="2" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ڠ]]}}</big> |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ࢳ]]}}</big> |∅ | colspan="2" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[Ng (Arabic)|ڭ]]}}</big> |<big>{{Script/Arabic|نگ‎}}</big> |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ڱ]]}}</big> | colspan="2" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ن]]}}</big> | colspan="4" |∅ |<big>{{Script/Arabic|نݝ}}</big> |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|ɲ}} |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ۑ]]}}</big> |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ڽ]]}}</big> |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ݧ]]}}</big> | colspan="4" |∅ |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ڃ]]}}</big> | colspan="2" |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ن]]}}</big> | colspan="4" |∅ |<big>{{Script/Arabic|نْي}}</big> |- style="text-align:center;" |{{IPAslink|ɳ}} | colspan="2" |∅ |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ڹ]]}}</big> | colspan="4" |∅ |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ڻ]]}}</big> |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ݨ]]}}</big> |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ن]]}}</big> |∅ |<big>{{Script/Arabic|[[ڼ]]}}</big> | colspan="3" |∅ |}   {| class="wikitable sortable" style=text-align:center |+ Table of additional letters in other languages |- ! rowspan="2" | Letter {{efn-ua|letter or digraph}} ! rowspan=2 class="nowrap" style="" | Use & Pronunciation ! rowspan=1 | <small> [[Arabic script in Unicode|Unicode]]</small> ! rowspan=1 colspan=4 | [[i'jam]] & other additions ! rowspan=2 | <small>Shape</small> ! rowspan=2 | <small>Similar Arabic Letter(s)</small> |- ! U+ ! {{efn-ua| Joined to the letter, closest to the letter, on the first letter, or above.}} ! {{efn-ua|Further away from the letter, or on the second letter, or below.}} ! <small>above</small> ! <small>below</small> |- ! colspan="9" |Additional letters with additional marks |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[پ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Pe'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|p}} in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Khowar language|Khowar]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]; it can be used in Arabic to describe the phoneme {{IPAslink|p}} otherwise it is written ب {{IPAslink|b}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮹ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 3 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ب }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| [[:wiktionary: ݐ|ݐ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used to represent the equivalent of the Latin letter [[Ƴ]] ([[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]] [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|/ʔʲ/}}) in some African languages such as [[Fula language|Fulfulde]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ݐ|U+0750]] | colspan=2 class="nowrap" style="font-size:150%;" | &nbsp;{{Script/Arabic| ﮳﮳﮳ }}&nbsp; | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 3 dots <br/> <small>(horizontal)</small> | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ب }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[B̤ē|ٻ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''B̤ē'', used to represent a [[voiced bilabial implosive]] {{IPAslink|ɓ}} in [[Hausa language|Hausa]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ٻ|U+067B]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮾ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 2 dots <br/> <small>(vertically)</small> | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ب }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڀ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents an aspirated [[voiced bilabial plosive]] {{IPAslink|bʱ}} in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڀ|U+0680]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮻ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 4 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ب }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ٺ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ṭhē'', represents the aspirated [[voiceless retroflex plosive]] {{IPAslink|ʈʰ}} in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ٺ|U+067A]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮽ }} | 2 dots <br/> <small>(vertically)</small> | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ت }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ټ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ṭē'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ʈ}} in [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ټ|U+067C]] | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮿ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮴ }} | 2 dots | ring | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ت }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ٽ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ṭe'', used to represent the phoneme (a [[voiceless retroflex plosive]] {{IPAslink|ʈ}}) in [[Sindhi alphabet|Sindhi]] | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ٽ|U+067D]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮸ }} | 3 dots <br/> <small>(inverted)</small> | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ت }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ﭦ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ṭe'', used to represent Ṭ (a [[voiceless retroflex plosive]] {{IPAslink|ʈ}}) in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ٹ|U+0679]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ؕ }} | small <br/> {{Script/Arabic| ط }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ت }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٿ }} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Teheh'', used in Sindhi and Rajasthani (when written in Sindhi alphabet); used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|t͡ɕʰ}} (pinyin ''q'') in Chinese [[Xiao'erjing]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ٿ|U+067F]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮺ }} | 4 dots | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٮ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ت }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڄ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "c" [[voiceless dental affricate]] {{IPAslink|t͡s}} phoneme in [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڄ|U+0684]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮾ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 2 dots <br/> <small>(vertically)</small> | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ح }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ج }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڃ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "ć" [[voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate]] {{IPAslink|t͡ɕ}} phoneme in [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڃ|U+0683]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮵ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 2 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ح }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ج}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[چ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Che'', used to represent {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} ("ch"). It is used in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Pashto]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]. {{IPAslink|ʒ}} in Egypt. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮹ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 3 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ح }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ج }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[څ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ce'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|t͡s}} in [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: څ|U+0685]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ح }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|خ}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ݗ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "đ" [[voiced alveolo-palatal affricate]] {{IPAslink|d͡ʑ}} phoneme in [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]. Also used to represent the letter X in [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ݗ|U+0757]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮴ }} | 2 dots | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ح }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|خ}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ځ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Źim'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|d͡z}} in [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ځ|U+0681]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٔ }} | [[Hamza]] | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ح }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|خ}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ݙ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] to represent a [[Voiced alveolar implosive]] {{IPA|/ɗ̢/}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ݙ|U+0759]] | class="nowrap" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﯀ }} | class="nowrap" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮾ }} | small <br/> {{Script/Arabic| ط }} | 2 dots <br/> <small>(vertically)</small> | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڊ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] to represent a [[voiced retroflex implosive]] {{IPAslink|ᶑ}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڊ|U+068A]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮳ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | 1 dot | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڈ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ḍal'', used to represent a Ḍ (a [[voiced retroflex plosive]] {{IPAslink|ɖ}}) in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڈ|U+0688]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ؕ }} | small {{Script/Arabic| ط }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڌ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Dhal'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|d̪ʱ}} in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڌ|U+068C]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮴ }} | 2 dots | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ډ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ḍal'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ɖ}} in [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ډ|U+0689]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮿ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | ring | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| د }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڑ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ṛe'', represents a [[retroflex flap]] {{IPAslink|ɽ}} in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڑ|U+0691]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ؕ }} | small {{Script/Arabic| ط }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ړ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ṛe'', used to represent a [[retroflex lateral flap]] in [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ړ|U+0693]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮿ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | ring | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ݫ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [[Ormuri]] to represent a [[voiced alveolo-palatal fricative]] {{IPAslink|ʑ}}, as well as in [[Torwali language|Torwali]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ݫ|U+076B]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮽ }} | 2 dots <br/> <small>(vertically)</small> | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ژ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Že / zhe'', used to represent the [[voiced postalveolar fricative]] {{IPAslink|ʒ}} in, [[Persian Language|Persian]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]], [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]], [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Punjabi]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ژ|U+0698]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ز }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ږ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ǵe / ẓ̌e'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ʐ}} {{IPAslink|ɡ}} {{IPAslink|ʝ}} in [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ږ|U+0696]] | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮳ }} | 1 dot | 1 dot | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ز }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڕ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] to represent rr {{IPAslink|r}} in [[Soranî dialect]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڕ|U+0695]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٚ }} | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | <small>V pointing down</small> | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ر }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ݭ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [[Kalami language|Kalami]] to represent a [[voiceless retroflex fricative]] {{IPAslink|ʂ}}, and in [[Ormuri]] to represent a voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative /[[Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant|ɕ]]/. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ݭ|U+076D]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮽ }} | 2 dots <small>vertically</small> | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| س }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| س }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ݜ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [[Shina language|Shina]] to represent a [[voiceless retroflex fricative]] {{IPAslink|ʂ}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ݜ|U+075C]] | colspan=2 style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮺ }} | 4 dots | style=color:#E2E5EA; | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| س }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ش}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ښ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''X̌īn / ṣ̌īn'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|x}} {{IPAslink|ʂ}} {{IPAslink|ç}} in [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ښ|U+069A]] | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮳ }} | 1 dot | 1 dot | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| س }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| س }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ڜ‎}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Used in [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]] to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ʂ}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڜ|U+069C]] | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮹ }} | 3 dots | 3 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| س }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ش }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| [[:wiktionary:ڞ|ڞ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | Used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|tsʰ}} (pinyin ''c'') in [[Xiao'erjing|Chinese]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڞ|U+069E]] | colspan="2" |{{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} |3 dots |none | style="font-size:150%;" |{{Script/Arabic| ص }} | style="font-size:150%;" |{{Script/Arabic|ض}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڠ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Nga'' {{IPAslink|ŋ}} in the [[Jawi script]] and [[Pegon script]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڠ|U+06A0]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ع }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| غ }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڤ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ve'', used in [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] to represent {{IPAslink|v}}, it can be used in Arabic to describe the phoneme {{IPAslink|v}} otherwise it is written ف {{IPAslink|f}}. ''Pa'', used in the [[Jawi script]] and [[Pegon script]] to represent {{IPAslink|p}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڤ|U+06A4]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ڡ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ف }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڥ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Vi'', used in [[Algerian Arabic]] and [[Tunisian Arabic]] when written in Arabic script to represent the sound {{IPAslink|v}} if needed. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڥ|U+06A5]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮹ }} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | 3 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ڡ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ف }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڨ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ga'', used to represent the [[voiced velar plosive]] {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in [[Algerian Arabic|Algerian]] and [[Tunisian Arabic|Tunisian]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڨ|U+06A8]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ٯ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ق }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[Ng (Arabic)|ڭ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ng'', used to represent the {{IPAslink|ŋ}} phone in [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]. Used to represent {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in [[Morocco]] and in many dialects of [[Languages of Algeria|Algeria]]n. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڭ|U+06AD]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[Gaf|ڬ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" rowspan="2" |''Gaf'', represents a [[voiced velar plosive]] {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in the [[Jawi script]] of [[Malay language|Malay]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڬ|U+06AC]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | 1 dot | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[Gaf|ݢ]]}} | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ݢ|U+0762]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | 1 dot | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[Gaf|گ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Gaf'', represents a [[voiced velar plosive]] {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Pashto]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Mesopotamian Arabic]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]] | colspan="2" | <small>line</small> | <small>horizontal line</small> | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ګ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Gaf'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ګ|U+06AB]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮿ }} | ring | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[Gaf|ؼ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Gaf'', represents a [[voiced velar plosive]] {{IPAslink|ɡ}} in the [[Pegon script]] of [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ࢴ|U+08B4]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮳ }} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | 3 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ک}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڱ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the [[Velar nasal]] {{IPA|/ŋ/}} phoneme in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڱ|U+06B1]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮴ }} | 2 dots + <small>horizontal <br /> line</small> | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڳ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents a [[voiced velar implosive]] {{IPA|/ɠ/}} in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڳ|U+06B1]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮾ }} | <small>horizontal <br /> line</small> | 2 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| [[:wiktionary: ݣ|ݣ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ŋ}} (pinyin ''ng'') in [[Xiao'erjing|Chinese]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ݣ|U+0763]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮹ }} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | 3 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ݪ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [[Marwari language|Marwari]] to represent a [[retroflex lateral flap]] {{IPAslink|ɺ̢}}, and in [[Kalami language|Kalami]] to represent a [[voiceless lateral fricative]] {{IPAslink|ɬ}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ݪ|U+076A]] | colspan="2" | <small>line</small> | <small>horizontal <br /> line</small> | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ل }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ل }} |- | style="font-size:100%;" | {{uninastaliq| [[ࣇ]]}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | <small>{{Script/Arabic|[[ࣇ]]}}</small> – or alternately typeset as {{Script/Arabic| لؕ }} – is used in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] to represent [[voiced retroflex lateral approximant]] /[[Voiced retroflex lateral approximant|ɭ]]/<ref name="proposal to encode Lam with Tah above">{{cite web |last1=Lorna Priest Evans |last2=M. G. Abbas Malik |title=Proposal to encode ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE in the UCS |url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19111r-punjabi-lam.pdf |website=www.unicode.org |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref> | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ࣇ|U+08C7]] | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ؕ }} | rowspan="2" | small {{Script/Arabic| ط }} | rowspan="2" style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | rowspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ل }} | rowspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ل }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| لؕ }} | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ل|U+0644]] [[:wiktionary: &#1557;|U+0615]] |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڵ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] to represent ll {{IPAslink|ɫ}} in [[Soranî dialect]]. Represents the "lj" [[palatal lateral approximant]] {{IPAslink|ʎ}} phoneme in [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڵ|U+06B5]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٚ }} | <small>V pointing down</small> | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ل }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ل }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڼ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the [[retroflex nasal]] {{IPA|/ɳ/}} phoneme in [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڼ|U+06BC]] | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮿ }} | 1 dot | ring | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ں }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ن }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڻ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the [[retroflex nasal]] {{IPA|/ɳ/}} phoneme in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڻ|U+06BB]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ؕ }} | small {{Script/Arabic| ط }} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ں }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ن }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ݨ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | used in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] to represent {{IPAslink|ɳ}} and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] to represent {{IPAslink|ɲ}}. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ݨ|U+0768]] | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﯀ }} | 1 dot + small {{Script/Arabic| ط }} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ں }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ن }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ڽ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Nya'' {{IPAslink|ɲ}} in the [[Jawi script]] ڽـ ـڽـ ڽ., The isolated ڽ‎ and final ـڽ‎ resemble the form ڽ, while the initial ڽـ‎ and medial forms ـڽـ‎, resemble the form پ. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڽ|U+06BD]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ں }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ن }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ݩ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "nj" [[palatal nasal]] {{IPAslink|ɲ}} phoneme in [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ݩ|U+0769]] | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٚ }} | 1 dot <br /> <small>V pointing down</small> | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ں }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ن }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ۅ}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ö'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|ø}} in [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ۅ|U+0624]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌̵ }} | [[Strikethrough]]{{efn-ua|A variant that end up with loop also exists.}} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﻭٓ }} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Uu'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|uː}} in [[Somali language|Somali]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | {{Script/Arabic| [[:wiktionary: ﻭ|ﻭ]]}} + {{Script/Arabic| [[:wiktionary: ٓ|◌ٓ]]}} [[:wiktionary: ﻭ|U+0648]] [[:wiktionary: &#1619;|U+0653]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٓ }} | Madda | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | <span style="font-size:150%;">{{Script/Arabic| [[:wiktionary: ﻭ|ﻭ]]}}</span> + <span style="font-size:150%;">{{Script/Arabic| [[:wiktionary: ٓ|◌ٓ]]}}</span> |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ۏ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Va'' in the [[Jawi script]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ۏ|U+06CF]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮲ }} | 1 dot | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ۋ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents a {{IPAslink|v}} in [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], and Old Tatar; and {{IPA|/w, ʊw, ʉw/}} in [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]; also formerly used in [[Nogai language#Alphabet|Nogai]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ۋ|U+06CB]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮶ }} | 3 dots | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ۆ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents "o" {{IPAslink|oː}} in [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], "ü" {{IPAslink|y}} in Azerbaijani, and {{IPAslink|ø}} in [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]] as part of the digraph ئۆ. It represents the "u" {{IPAslink|u}} phoneme in [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ۆ|U+06C6]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٚ }} | <small>V pointing down</small> | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ۇ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''U'', used to represents the {{IPAslink|u}} phoneme in [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ۇ|U+06C7]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ُ }} | <small>Damma</small>{{efn-ua|Although the letter also known as ''Waw with Damma'', some publications and fonts features filled Damma that looks similar to comma.}} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ۉ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "o" {{IPAslink|ɔ}} phoneme in [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]. Also used to represent /[[Close-mid front rounded vowel|ø]]/ in [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ۉ|U+06C9]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٛ }} | <small>V pointing up</small> | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| و }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ىٓ }} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ii'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|iː}} in [[Somali language|Somali]] and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ى|U+0649]] [[:wiktionary: ٓ|U+0653]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٓ }} | Madda | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ى }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ي }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ې]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Pasta Ye'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|e}} in [[Pashto language|Pashto]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ې|U+06D0]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮾ }} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | 2 dots <small>vertical</small> | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ى }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ي }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ۍ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''X̌əźīna ye Ye'', used to represent the phoneme [əi] in [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ۍ|U+06CD]] | colspan="2" | <small>line</small> | <small>horizontal <br /> line</small> | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ى }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ي }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ۑ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Nya'' {{IPAslink|ɲ}} in the [[Pegon script]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ۑ|U+06D1]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ﮹ }} | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | 3 dots | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ى }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ي}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ێ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents ê {{IPAslink|eː}} in [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ێ|U+06CE]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٚ }} | <small>V pointing down</small> | <small> 2 dots <br /> (start + mid)</small> | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ى }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ي }} |- ! colspan="9" |Additional letters with shape alteration |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[Khē|ک]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Khē'', represents {{IPAslink|kʰ}} in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ک|U+06A9]] | colspan="2" | <small>none</small> | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ک }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ك }} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[Khē|ڪ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | "Swash kāf" is a stylistic variant of {{Script/Arabic| ك }} in Arabic, but represents un- [[aspirated consonants|aspirated]] {{IPAslink|k}} in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ڪ|U+06AA]] | colspan="2" | <small>none</small> | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ڪ }} | <span style="font-size:150%;">{{Script/Arabic| ك }}</span> |- | style="font-size:130%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ھ]]}} <br /> {{uninastaliq| [[ھ]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Do-chashmi he'' (two-eyed hāʼ), used in digraphs for aspiration {{IPAslink|ʰ}} and breathy voice {{IPAslink|ʱ}} in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]. Also used to represent {{IPAslink|h}} in [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Sorani]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]].{{efn-ua|Shown in [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] (top) and [[Nastaliq]] (bottom) styles. The Nastaliq version of the connected forms are connected to each other, because the tatweel character [[:wiktionary: ـ|U+0640]] used to show the other forms does not work in many [[Nastaliq#Nastaliq typesetting|Nastaliq fonts]].}} | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | colspan="2" | <small>none</small> | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ھ }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ه }} / {{Script/Arabic|هـ}} |- | style="font-size:130%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ە]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ae'', used represent {{IPAslink|æ}} and {{IPAslink|ɛ}} in [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Sorani]] and [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ە|U+06D5]] | colspan="2" | <small>none</small> | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|ه}} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ه }} / {{Script/Arabic|هـ}} |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|[[ے]]}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Baṛī ye'' ('big ''yāʼ'''), is a stylistic variant of ي in Arabic, but represents "ai" or "e" {{IPAslink|ɛː}}, {{IPAslink|eː}} in [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ے|U+06D2]] | colspan="2" | <small>none</small> | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ے }} | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ي }} |- ! colspan="9" |Additional [[Digraph (orthography)|Digraph]] letters |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| أو }} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" |''Oo'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|oː}} in [[Somali language|Somali]]. | style="font-size:85%;" |[[:wiktionary: أ|U+0623]] [[:wiktionary: و|U+0648]] | colspan="2" |{{Script/Arabic| ◌ٔ }} |[[Hamza]] |none |{{Script/Arabic| او }} |<span style="font-size:150%;">{{Script/Arabic| أ }}</span> + <span style="font-size:150%;">{{Script/Arabic| و }}</span> |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| اٖى }} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | represents the "i" {{IPAslink|i}} phoneme in [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]]. | style="font-size:85%;" | [[:wiktionary: ا|U+0627]] [[:wiktionary: ٖ|U+0656]] [[:wiktionary: ى|U+0649]] | colspan="2" style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| ◌ٖ }} | Alef | style="color:#E2E5EA;" | none | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic| اى }} | <span style="font-size:150%;">{{Script/Arabic| اٖ }}</span> + <span style="font-size:150%;">{{Script/Arabic| ى }}</span> |- | style="font-size:150%;" | {{Script/Arabic|أي}} | style="text-align:left;font-size:95%;" | ''Ee'', used to represent the phoneme {{IPAslink|eː}} in [[Somali language|Somali]]. | style="font-size:85%;" |[[:wiktionary: أ|U+0623]] [[:wiktionary: ي|U+064A]] |{{Script/Arabic| ◌ٔ }} |{{Script/Arabic| ﮵ }} |[[Hamza]] |2 dots |{{Script/Arabic| اى }} |<span style="font-size:150%;">{{Script/Arabic| أ }}</span> + <span style="font-size:150%;">{{Script/Arabic| ي }} </span> |} {{notelist-ua}} == Letter construction == Most languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet use the same base shapes. Most additional letters in languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet are built by adding (or removing) diacritics to existing Arabic letters. Some stylistic variants in Arabic have distinct meanings in other languages. For example, variant forms of ''kāf'' {{Script/Arabic| ك ک ڪ }} are used in some languages and sometimes have specific usages. In Urdu and some neighbouring languages, the letter Hā has diverged into two forms {{Script/Arabic| ھ }} ''dō-čašmī hē'' and {{Script/Arabic| ہ ہـ ـہـ ـہ }} ''gōl hē'',<ref name="hannover urdu" /> while a variant form of {{Script/Arabic| ي }} ''yā'' referred to as ''baṛī yē'' {{Script/Arabic| ے }} is used at the end of some words.<ref name="hannover urdu">{{cite web |title=Urdu Alphabet |url=http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html |website=www.user.uni-hannover.de |access-date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=11 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911052959/http://www.user.uni-hannover.de/nhtcapri/urdu-alphabet.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Table of letter components == {{further|List of Arabic letter components}} == See also == * [[Arabic (Unicode block)]] * [[Eastern Arabic numerals]] (digit shapes commonly used with Arabic script) * [[History of the Arabic alphabet]] * [[Transliteration of Arabic]] * [[Xiao'erjing]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.unicode.org/charts/collation/ Unicode collation charts]—including Arabic letters, sorted by shape * "[http://edition.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/09/06/arabic.difficulty.learning/ Why the right side of your brain doesn't like Arabic]" * [http://software.sil.org/arabicfonts/ Arabic fonts by SIL's Non-Roman Script Initiative] * Alexis Neme and Sébastien Paumier (2019), [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02113751 "Restoring Arabic vowels through omission-tolerant dictionary lookup"], ''Lang Resources & Evaluation'', Vol. 53, pp.&nbsp;1–65. {{arxiv|1905.04051}}; {{doi|10.1007/s10579-019-09464-6}} * {{cite web |title=Preliminary proposal to encode Arabic Crown Letters |publisher=Unicode |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24110-arabic-crown-letters.pdf}} * {{cite web |title=Proposal to encode Arabic Crown Letters |publisher=Unicode |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24131-arabic-crown-letters.pdf}} {{Arabic 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