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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Avantajele_OSI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avantajele_OSI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Avantajele OSI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avantajele_OSI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mod_de_funcționare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mod_de_funcționare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mod de funcționare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mod_de_funcționare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funcțiile_nivelurilor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funcțiile_nivelurilor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Funcțiile nivelurilor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Funcțiile_nivelurilor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Funcțiile nivelurilor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Funcțiile_nivelurilor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nivelul_Aplicație" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nivelul_Aplicație"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nivelul Aplicație</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nivelul_Aplicație-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nivelul_Prezentare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nivelul_Prezentare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nivelul Prezentare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nivelul_Prezentare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nivelul_Sesiune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nivelul_Sesiune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Nivelul Sesiune</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nivelul_Sesiune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nivelul_Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nivelul_Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Nivelul Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nivelul_Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nivelul_Rețea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nivelul_Rețea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Nivelul Rețea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nivelul_Rețea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nivelul_Legătură_de_Date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nivelul_Legătură_de_Date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Nivelul Legătură de Date</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nivelul_Legătură_de_Date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nivelul_Fizic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nivelul_Fizic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Nivelul Fizic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nivelul_Fizic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemple_de_protocoale_din_stiva_OSI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemple_de_protocoale_din_stiva_OSI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Exemple de protocoale din stiva OSI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemple_de_protocoale_din_stiva_OSI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Modelul OSI</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 73 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-model" title="OSI-model – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="OSI-model" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="نموذج الربط البيني للأنظمة المفتوحة – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نموذج الربط البيني للأنظمة المفتوحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelu_OSI" title="Modelu OSI – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Modelu OSI" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modeli" title="OSI modeli – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="OSI modeli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_OSI" title="Эталонная мадэль OSI – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эталонная мадэль OSI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_OSI" title="Мадэль OSI – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мадэль OSI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="OSI модел – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="OSI модел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="ওএসআই মডেল – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওএসআই মডেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI" title="OSI – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="OSI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referen%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_model_ISO/OSI" title="Referenční model ISO/OSI – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Referenční model ISO/OSI" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-model" title="OSI-model – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="OSI-model" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-Modell" title="OSI-Modell – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="OSI-Modell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_OSI" title="Μοντέλο αναφοράς OSI – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοντέλο αναφοράς OSI" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-modelo" title="OSI-modelo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="OSI-modelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_OSI" title="Modelo OSI – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modelo OSI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatud_s%C3%BCsteemide_sidumise_arhitektuur" title="Avatud süsteemide sidumise arhitektuur – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avatud süsteemide sidumise arhitektuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_eredua" title="OSI eredua – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="OSI eredua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="مدل اتصال متقابل سامانه‌های باز – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدل اتصال متقابل سامانه‌های باز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-malli" title="OSI-malli – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="OSI-malli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_OSI" title="Modèle OSI – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modèle OSI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhail_Tagartha_OSI" title="Samhail Tagartha OSI – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Samhail Tagartha OSI" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_OSI" title="Modelo OSI – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Modelo OSI" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%88_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2" title="ઓએસઆઈ મોડેલ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઓએસઆઈ મોડેલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%94-OSI" title="מודל ה-OSI – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מודל ה-OSI" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओएसआई प्रतिमान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओएसआई प्रतिमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-modell" title="OSI-modell – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="OSI-modell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="OSI մոդել – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="OSI մոդել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_OSI" title="Model OSI – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Model OSI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_OSI" title="Modelo OSI – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Modelo OSI" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modello_OSI" title="Modello OSI – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modello OSI" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI%E5%8F%82%E7%85%A7%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB" title="OSI参照モデル – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="OSI参照モデル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="OSI მოდელი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="OSI მოდელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="OSI моделі – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="OSI моделі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95" title="OSI 모형 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="OSI 모형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-ISO_exemplar" title="OSI-ISO exemplar – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="OSI-ISO exemplar" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modell_OSI" title="Modell OSI – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Modell OSI" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modelis" title="OSI modelis – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="OSI modelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atv%C4%93rto_sist%C4%93mu_sadarb%C4%ABbas_b%C4%81zes_etalonmodelis" title="Atvērto sistēmu sadarbības bāzes etalonmodelis – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atvērto sistēmu sadarbības bāzes etalonmodelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="OSI-модел – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="OSI-модел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%90._%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%95" title="ഒ.എസ്.ഐ. മാതൃക – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒ.എസ്.ഐ. മാതൃക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80" title="OSI загвар – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="OSI загвар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_OSI" title="Model OSI – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Model OSI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="OSI မော်ဒယ်လ် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="OSI မော်ဒယ်လ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-model" title="OSI-model – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="OSI-model" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-modellen" title="OSI-modellen – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="OSI-modellen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-modellen" title="OSI-modellen – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="OSI-modellen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_OSI" title="Model OSI – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Model OSI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_OSI" title="Modelo OSI – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modelo OSI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_OSI" title="Сетевая модель OSI – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сетевая модель OSI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="OSI ආකෘතිය – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="OSI ආකෘතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_OSI" title="Model OSI – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Model OSI" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/OSI_referen%C4%8Dni_model" title="ISO/OSI referenčni model – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="ISO/OSI referenčni model" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeli_referues_OSI" title="Modeli referues OSI – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Modeli referues OSI" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%98_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="ОСИ модел – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ОСИ модел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI-modellen" title="OSI-modellen – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="OSI-modellen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%93.%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D.%E0%B0%90_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE" title="ఓ.ఎస్.ఐ నమూనా – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఓ.ఎస్.ఐ నమూనా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD" title="แบบจำลองโอเอสไอ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบบจำลองโอเอสไอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_modeli" title="OSI modeli – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="OSI modeli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayezgero-OSI" title="Kayezgero-OSI – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Kayezgero-OSI" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_OSI" title="Мережева модель OSI – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мережева модель OSI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4_h%C3%ACnh_OSI" title="Mô hình OSI – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mô hình OSI" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="OSI模型 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="OSI模型" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="OSI model" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="OSI模型 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="OSI模型" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_b%C3%B4%CD%98-h%C3%AAng" title="OSI bô͘-hêng – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="OSI bô͘-hêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="OSI模型 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="OSI模型" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16501920">.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0px 10%;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #1e90ff;background:#fbfbfb}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid #1e90ff}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b22222;background:#fee}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b22222}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #f4c430}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output table.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice{border-left:10px solid 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.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #bba!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-notice,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{background-color:#202122!important}}</style><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox ambox-content ambox-content" style=""> <tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Question_book-4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/50px-Question_book-4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/75px-Question_book-4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Question_book-4.svg/100px-Question_book-4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="mbox-text-span"><b>Acest articol sau această secțiune are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor">bibliografia</a> incompletă sau inexistentă.</b><br /> Puteți contribui prin adăugarea de referințe în vederea <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verificabilitate" title="Wikipedia:Verificabilitate">susținerii bibliografice</a> a afirmațiilor pe care le conține.<span class="hide-when-compact"> </span><span class="hide-when-compact"> </span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare">Acest articol se referă la un standard pentru comunicații.  Pentru alte sensuri, vedeți <a href="/wiki/OSI_(dezambiguizare)" class="mw-disambig" title="OSI (dezambiguizare)">OSI (dezambiguizare)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:OSI_Model_v1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSI_Model_v1.svg/langro-330px-OSI_Model_v1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSI_Model_v1.svg/langro-495px-OSI_Model_v1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSI_Model_v1.svg/langro-660px-OSI_Model_v1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Stiva de <a href="/wiki/Protocol_de_comunica%C8%9Bii" title="Protocol de comunicații">protocoale</a> după modelul OSI</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Modelul de Referință OSI</b> (OSI este un acronim pentru <i>interconectarea sistemelor deschise</i>, <a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> <span lang="en" style="font-style:italic">Open Systems Interconnection</span>), pe scurt: OSI, este o stiva de <a href="/wiki/Protocol_de_comunica%C8%9Bii" title="Protocol de comunicații">protocoale</a> de <a href="/wiki/Comunica%C8%9Bie" title="Comunicație">comunicație</a> ierarhic foarte des folosit pentru a realiza o <a href="/wiki/Re%C8%9Bea_de_calculatoare" title="Rețea de calculatoare">rețea de calculatoare</a>. OSI este un standard al <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">Organizației internaționale de standardizare</a>, emis în <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>. </p><p>Modelul de Referință OSI oferă metode generale pentru realizarea comunicației, <a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">sistemelor de calcul</a> pentru ca acestea să poată schimba informații, indiferent de particularitățile constructive ale sistemelor (fabricant, <a href="/wiki/Sistem_de_operare" title="Sistem de operare">sistem de operare</a>, țară, etc). Modelul de Referință are aplicații în toate domeniile comunicațiilor de <a href="/wiki/Dat%C4%83" title="Dată">date</a>, nu doar în cazul rețelelor de calculatoare. </p><p>Modelul OSI divizează problema complexă a comunicării între două sau mai multe sisteme în 7 straturi numite și niveluri (<i>layers</i>) distincte, într-o arhitectură ierarhică. Fiecare strat (nivel) are funcții bine determinate și comunică doar cu straturile adiacente. Cele 7 niveluri ale Modelului de Referință se numesc: Aplicație (nivelul 7, superior) , Prezentare, Sesiune, Transport, Rețea, Legătură de date, Fizic (nivelul 1, inferior). Termenii corespunzători din engleză sunt <i>Application</i>, <i>Presentation</i>, <i>Session</i>, <i>Transport</i>, <i>Network</i>, <i>Data link</i>, <i>Physical</i>. Iată câteva expresii ale căror <a href="/wiki/Acronim" title="Acronim">acronime</a> ajută la reținerea mai ușoară: </p> <ul><li>"Am plecat să trimit roze la fete";</li> <li>"<i>All People Seem To Need Data Processing</i>",</li></ul> <p>și în ordine inversă: </p> <ul><li>"<i>Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away</i>";</li> <li>"<i>Please Do Not Take Sally's Panties Away</i>".</li></ul> <p>Deși astăzi există și alte sisteme, cei mai mulți distribuitori de echipamente de comunicație folosesc OSI pentru a instrui utilizatorii în folosirea echipamentelor. Se consideră că OSI este cel mai bun mijloc prin care se poate face înțeles modul în care <a href="/wiki/Informa%C8%9Bia" class="mw-redirect" title="Informația">informația</a> este trimisă și primită. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avantajele_OSI">Avantajele OSI</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Avantajele OSI" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Avantajele OSI"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Câteva din avantajele folosirii OSI: </p> <ol><li>Descompune fenomenul de comunicare în rețea în părți mai mici și implicit mai simple.</li> <li>Standardizează componentele unei rețele permițînd dezvoltarea independentă de un anumit producător.</li> <li>Permite comunicarea între diferite tipuri de hardware și software.</li> <li>Permite o înțelegere mai ușoară a fenomenelor de comunicație.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mod_de_funcționare"><span id="Mod_de_func.C8.9Bionare"></span>Mod de funcționare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Mod de funcționare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Mod de funcționare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modul de comunicare pe baza modelului OSI între elementele unei rețele de calculatoare și alte aparate "inteligente" poate fi înțeles mai ușor dacă se consideră pentru exemplificare numai 2 participanți la conversație. Pentru a profita de toate posibilitățile de comunicație, modelul OSI trebuie să fie implementat în întregime (cu toate cele 7 niveluri sau straturi) în ambele elemente participante. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:OSI_intercomputer_exchange.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/thumb/7/74/OSI_intercomputer_exchange.png/800px-OSI_intercomputer_exchange.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="495" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/7/74/OSI_intercomputer_exchange.png 1.5x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Notă. Pentru o mai bună înțelegere a imaginii de mai sus, comunicația pe verticală de la un element la cel imediat superior sau inferior (săgețile albastre) respectă regulile interfeței respective, în timp ce comunicația (indirectă) pe orizontală între un element verde și unul albastru respectă protocolul nivelului respectiv. </p><p>Când participantul 1 (o persoană sau un calculator sau dispozitiv "inteligent") vrea să "converseze" cu participantul 2 (de asemenea o persoană sau un dispozitiv), aceasta se face prin intermediul unei aplicații, Aplicația 1 trimite Aplicației 2 mai întâi un prim mesaj, de exemplu "Ești liber și stăpânești protocolul <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a>?". Pentru "conversația" lor aplicațiile trebuie să folosească un protocol de aplicație predefinit. Protocoalele de pe fiecare nivel prescriu până la ultimul amănunt cum anume se "vorbește", ce se spune și mai ales în ce ordine, astfel încât participantul celălalt să "înțeleagă" despre ce este vorba. În acest exemplu însă, Aplicația 1 nu are legătură directă/fizică cu Aplicația 2. O legătura fizică există, dar se află departe - la baza "stivei" de protocoale. Metoda Modelului OSI prevede ca mesajul Aplicației 1 destinat Aplicației 2 să fie mai întâi predat nivelului de mai jos = Prezentare 1, printr-o interfață specială. Acest nivel "vorbește" la rândul său cu nivelul său omolog din stiva 2, anume Prezentare 2, pentru care se folosește de protocolul necesar. Dar nici cele 2 niveluri de Prezentare nu sunt legate direct între ele. Nivelul Prezentare 1 predă atunci cele dorite în jos, nivelului Sesiune 1 (iarăși printr-o interfață specializată). </p><p>Această procedură se continuă în jos până se atinge Nivelul fizic 1. Abia acesta posedă o legătură fizică cu omologul său, Nivelul fizic 2, de exemplu printr-un cablu. De aici informația se propagă spre participantul 2 de jos în sus, printr-o serie de interfețe, până într-un bun sfârșit se atinge nivelul Aplicație 2, respectiv Participant 2, cu care Aplicația 1 voia inițial să "vorbească". Din punct de vedere al Aplicației 1, ea doar pare că duce o conversație directă cu Aplicația 2, conform prescripțiilor din protocolul de aplicație ales. În realitate ea schimbă informații doar cu nivelul Prezentare 1, imediat vecin, prin interfața respectivă. </p><p>Avantajul acestei metode stratificate este că nici Aplicația 1, și nici măcar programatorul ei (!!!) nu trebuie să cunoască deloc sarcinile și soluțiile de la nivelurile inferioare, ci doar una sau 2 interfețe, în sus și în jos. În plus, ea nu trebuie modificată reactiv la orice schimbare de pe straturile inferioare. De exemplu, dacă se schimbă cablul de legătură (de la nivelul Nivelului fizic) printr-un canal radio. Specific pentru canale radio rata pierderilor de pachete de date poate fi destul de mare, eroare care desigur trebuiesc corectată automat, în funcție de, să zicem, condițiile atmosferice, caz care însă nu se întâmplă niciodată la cablul de cupru. Și cu toate astea, Aplicația 1 nu trebuie modificată. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funcțiile_nivelurilor"><span id="Func.C8.9Biile_nivelurilor"></span>Funcțiile nivelurilor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Funcțiile nivelurilor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Funcțiile nivelurilor"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La baza stabilirii nivelelor arhitecturale ale modelului ISO OSI au stat o serie de principii generale, cum ar fi: </p> <ul><li>crearea unui număr redus de nivele cu puține interacțiuni între ele;</li> <li>colectarea funcțiilor înrudite în același nivel;</li> <li>crearea posibilitații de modificare a funcțiilor unui nivel, fără afectuarea celorlalte;</li> <li>crearea pentru fiecare nivel de linii de demarcație (interfețe) spre nivelul adiacent inferior și superior.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nivelul_Aplicație"><span id="Nivelul_Aplica.C8.9Bie"></span>Nivelul Aplicație</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Nivelul Aplicație" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Nivelul Aplicație"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><u>Rol</u>: realizează <a href="/wiki/Interfa%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Interfață">interfața</a> cu utilizatorul și interfața cu aplicațiile, specifică interfața de lucru cu utilizatorul și gestionează comunicația între aplicații. Acest strat nu reprezintă o aplicație de sine stătătoare, ci doar interfața între aplicații și componentele sistemelui de calcul.ex(HTTP; FTP; SNMP; SSH; NFS...)<br /><u>Unitatea de date</u>: mesajul </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nivelul_Prezentare">Nivelul Prezentare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Nivelul Prezentare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Nivelul Prezentare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><u>Rol</u>: transformă datele în formate înțelese de fiecare aplicație și de calculatoarele respective, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compresia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compresia — pagină inexistentă">compresia</a> datelor și <a href="/wiki/Criptare" title="Criptare">criptarea</a>. <br /><u>Unitatea de date</u>: - </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nivelul_Sesiune">Nivelul Sesiune</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Nivelul Sesiune" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Nivelul Sesiune"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><u>Rol</u>: furnizează controlul comunicației între aplicații. Stabilește, menține, gestionează și închide conexiuni (sesiuni) între aplicații. <br /><u>Unitatea de date</u>: - </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nivelul_Transport">Nivelul Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Nivelul Transport" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Nivelul Transport"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><u>Rol</u>: transferul <a href="/wiki/Fiabilitate" title="Fiabilitate">fiabil</a> al informației între două sisteme terminale (<i>end points</i>) ale unei comunicații. Furnizează controlul erorilor și controlul fluxului de date între două puncte terminale, asigurând ordinea corectă a pachetelor de date. Oferă un serviciu de transport de date care izolează nivelurile superioare de orice specificitații legate de modul în care este executat transportul datelor. <br /><u>Unitatea de date</u>: segmentul, datagrama </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nivelul_Rețea"><span id="Nivelul_Re.C8.9Bea"></span>Nivelul Rețea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Nivelul Rețea" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Nivelul Rețea"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><u>Rol</u>: determinarea căii optime pentru realizarea transferului de informații într-o rețea constituită din mai multe segmente, prin fragmentarea și reasamblarea <a href="/wiki/Informa%C8%9Bie" title="Informație">informației</a> <br /><u>Unitatea de date</u>: <a href="/wiki/IP" class="mw-disambig" title="IP">pachetul</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nivelul_Legătură_de_Date"><span id="Nivelul_Leg.C4.83tur.C4.83_de_Date"></span>Nivelul Legătură de Date</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Nivelul Legătură de Date" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Nivelul Legătură de Date"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Nivelul legatură de date</i> se ocupă cu adresarea fizica, <a href="/wiki/Topologii_de_re%C8%9Bea" class="mw-redirect" title="Topologii de rețea">topologia rețelei</a>, accesul la rețea, detecția și anunțarea erorilor și controlul fluxului fizic (flow control). </p><p><u>Rol</u>: furnizează un transport sigur, fiabil, al datelor de-a lungul unei legături fizice, realizând: </p> <ul><li>Controlul erorilor de comunicație</li> <li>Controlul fluxului de date</li> <li>Controlul legăturii</li> <li>Sincronizarea la nivel de cadru <br /><u>Unitatea de date</u>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadru — pagină inexistentă">cadrul</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nivelul_Fizic">Nivelul Fizic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Nivelul Fizic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Nivelul Fizic"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Nivelul_Fizic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivelul Fizic">Nivelul Fizic</a> </p><p>Nivelul fizic definește specificații electrice, mecanice, procedurale și functionale pentru activarea, menținerea și dezactivarea legăturilor fizice între sisteme. </p><p><u>Rol</u>: transmiterea unui șir de biți pe un canal de comunicații. Se precizează <a href="/wiki/Modula%C8%9Bie" title="Modulație">modulații</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codare — pagină inexistentă">codări</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sincronizare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sincronizare — pagină inexistentă">sincronizări</a> la nivel de <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a>. Un standard de nivel fizic definește 4 tipuri de caracteristici: </p> <ul><li>Mecanice (forma și dimensiunile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conector — pagină inexistentă">conectorilor</a>, numărul de <a href="/wiki/Pin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin">pini</a>)</li> <li>Electrice (modulația, debite binare, codări, lungimi maxime ale canalelor de comunicație)</li> <li>Funcționale (funcția fiecărui pin)</li> <li>Procedurale (succesiunea procedurilor pentru activarea unui serviciu) <br /><u>Unitatea de date</u>: bitul</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemple_de_protocoale_din_stiva_OSI">Exemple de protocoale din stiva OSI</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Exemple de protocoale din stiva OSI" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Exemple de protocoale din stiva OSI"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <td>7</td> <td style="border:1px solid black;"><b>Aplicație</b> </td> <td>ex.: <a href="/wiki/HTTP" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Network_Management_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simple Network Management Protocol — pagină inexistentă">SNMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_File_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Network File System — pagină inexistentă">NFS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RTSP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RTSP — pagină inexistentă">RTSP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=XMPP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XMPP — pagină inexistentă">XMPP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whois" class="mw-redirect" title="Whois">Whois</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endpoint_Handlespace_Redundancy_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endpoint Handlespace Redundancy Protocol — pagină inexistentă">ENRP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td style="border:1px solid black;"><b>Prezentare</b> </td> <td>ex.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=External_Data_Representation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="External Data Representation — pagină inexistentă">XDR</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abstract_Syntax_Notation_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abstract Syntax Notation 1 — pagină inexistentă">ASN.1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Server_message_block&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Server message block — pagină inexistentă">SMB</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apple_Filing_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apple Filing Protocol — pagină inexistentă">AFP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NetWare_Core_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NetWare Core Protocol — pagină inexistentă">NCP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td style="border:1px solid black;"><b>Sesiune</b> </td> <td>ex.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aggregate_Server_Access_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aggregate Server Access Protocol — pagină inexistentă">ASAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a>, <a href="/wiki/SSH" title="SSH">SSH</a>, ISO 8327 / CCITT X.225, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Remote_procedure_call&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remote procedure call — pagină inexistentă">RPC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NetBIOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NetBIOS — pagină inexistentă">NetBIOS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=AppleTalk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AppleTalk — pagină inexistentă">ASP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Winsock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winsock — pagină inexistentă">Winsock</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_sockets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkeley sockets — pagină inexistentă">BSD sockets</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NCP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCP — pagină inexistentă">NCP</a> (Network Core Protocol), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_File_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Network File System — pagină inexistentă">NFS</a> (Network File System) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td style="border:1px solid black;"><b>Transport</b> </td> <td>ex.: <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a>, <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol — pagină inexistentă">SCTP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sequenced_packet_exchange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sequenced packet exchange — pagină inexistentă">SPX</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=AppleTalk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AppleTalk — pagină inexistentă">ATP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IL_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IL Protocol — pagină inexistentă">IL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td style="border:1px solid black;"><b>Rețea</b> </td> <td>ex.: <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICMP" class="mw-redirect" title="ICMP">ICMP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_group_management_protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet group management protocol — pagină inexistentă">IGMP</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPX" title="IPX">IPX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a>, <a href="/wiki/OSPF" title="OSPF">OSPF</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routing_information_protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routing information protocol — pagină inexistentă">RIP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IGRP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IGRP — pagină inexistentă">IGRP</a>, <a href="/wiki/EIGRP" title="EIGRP">EIGRP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Address_resolution_protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Address resolution protocol — pagină inexistentă">ARP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=RARP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RARP — pagină inexistentă">RARP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=X.25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X.25 — pagină inexistentă">X.25 (<i>Packet Switching</i>)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td style="border:1px solid black;"><b>Legătura de date</b> </td> <td>ex.: <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Token_ring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Token ring — pagină inexistentă">Token ring</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HDLC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HDLC — pagină inexistentă">HDLC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frame_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame relay">Frame relay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11 Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_distributed_data_interface&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiber distributed data interface — pagină inexistentă">FDDI</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Point-to-Point_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Point-to-Point Protocol — pagină inexistentă">PPP</a><sup><small>⁠(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" class="extiw" title="en:Point-to-Point Protocol"><span title="„Point-to-Point Protocol” la Wikipedia în engleză">en</span></a>)</small></sup><sup class="plainlinks"><small>[<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=ro&from=en&page=Point-to-Point+Protocol&targettitle=Point-to-Point+Protocol">traduceți</a>]</small></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td style="border:1px solid black;"><b>Fizic</b> </td> <td>ex.: <a href="/wiki/Cablu_coaxial" title="Cablu coaxial">cablu coaxial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibr%C4%83_optic%C4%83" title="Fibră optică">fibră optică</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cablu_bifilar_torsadat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cablu bifilar torsadat — pagină inexistentă">cablu bifilar torsadat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_cupru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fire cupru — pagină inexistentă">fire cupru</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>David M. Piscitello, A. Lyman Chapin, <i>Open Systems Networking: TCP/IP and OSI</i>, Editura Addison-Wesley, 1993</li> <li>Răzvan Rughiniș, Mihai Carabaș, Răzvan Deaconescu, Mihai Bucicoiu, <i>Rețele locale de calculatoare</i>, Editura Printech</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&oldid=14945104">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modelul_OSI&oldid=14945104</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Re%C8%9Bele_de_calculatoare" title="Categorie:Rețele de calculatoare">Rețele de calculatoare</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorie ascunsă: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Articole_cu_suport_bibliografic_necorespunz%C4%83tor" title="Categorie:Articole cu suport bibliografic necorespunzător">Articole cu suport bibliografic necorespunzător</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 19 mai 2022, ora 08:27.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. 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