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<span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Roman conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Roman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Germanic conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_sources_in_Spanish_and_Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sources_in_Spanish_and_Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Modern sources in Spanish and Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sources_in_Spanish_and_Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_modern_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_modern_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Other modern sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_modern_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Classical sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hispania</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanien" title="Hispanien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hispanien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="هسبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هسبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniya" title="Hispaniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hispaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Рымская Іспанія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рымская Іспанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisp%C3%A0nia" title="Hispània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hispània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisp%C3%A1nie" title="Hispánie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hispánie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanien" title="Hispanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hispanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanio_(Romia_Imperio)" title="Hispanio (Romia Imperio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hispanio (Romia Imperio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="هیسپانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیسپانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanie" title="Hispanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hispanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanje" title="Hispanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hispanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="히스파니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히스파니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հռոմեական Իսպանիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հռոմեական Իսպանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanija" title="Hispanija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hispanija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagna_romana" title="Spagna romana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Spagna romana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="היספניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היספניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C4%97n%C5%B3_Ispanija" title="Romėnų Ispanija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romėnų Ispanija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хиспанија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хиспанија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="هسبانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هسبانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania_(Romeinen)" title="Hispania (Romeinen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hispania (Romeinen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="ヒスパニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒスパニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isp%C3%A0nia" title="Ispània – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ispània" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okres_rzymski_na_P%C3%B3%C5%82wyspie_Iberyjskim" title="Okres rzymski na Półwyspie Iberyjskim – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okres rzymski na Półwyspie Iberyjskim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisp%C3%A2nia" title="Hispânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hispânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Римская Испания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Римская Испания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisp%C3%A1nia" title="Hispánia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hispánia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanija" title="Hispanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hispanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ھیسپانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیسپانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хиспанија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хиспанија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanija" title="Hispanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hispanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2" title="ฮิสปานิอา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮิสปานิอา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hispania" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Римська Іспанія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Римська Іспанія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ہسپانیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہسپانیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hispania&params=40.21_N_4.35_W_dim:1000000_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°13′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°21′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.21°N 4.35°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.21; -4.35</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman province (218 BC – 472 AD)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hispania_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hispania (disambiguation)">Hispania (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Hispania</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἱσπανία</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">218 BCE–472 CE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquista_Hispania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Timeline of the Roman conquest of Hispania (220 BC–19 BC), with Roman provincial boundaries shown"><img alt="Timeline of the Roman conquest of Hispania (220 BC–19 BC), with Roman provincial boundaries shown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Conquista_Hispania.svg/250px-Conquista_Hispania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Conquista_Hispania.svg/500px-Conquista_Hispania.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="650" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Timeline of the Roman conquest of Hispania (220 BC–19 BC), with Roman provincial boundaries shown</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a>: <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Corduba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Ulterior</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emerita_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerita Augusta">Emerita Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Citerior</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tarraco" title="Tarraco">Tarraco</a></li></ul> </div><br /><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hispania&params=40.21_N_4.35_W_dim:1000000_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°13′N</span> <span class="longitude">4°21′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.21°N 4.35°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.21; -4.35</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_languages" title="Paleohispanic languages">Paleohispanic languages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Traditional indigenous and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman religion</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• AD 98 – AD 117 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• AD 117 – AD 138 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• AD 379 – AD 395 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Senate of the Roman Empire">Roman Senate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">218 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">472 CE</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•  </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000,000 or more</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Carthaginian Iberia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hispania</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> name for the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, Hispania was divided into two <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, <a href="/wiki/Baetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Baetica">Baetica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a>, while Hispania Citerior was renamed <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a>. Subsequently, the western part of Tarraconensis was split off, initially as Hispania Nova, which was later renamed "Callaecia" (or <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, whence modern <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>). </p><p>From <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a> (AD 293) onwards, the south of the remainder of Tarraconensis was again split off as <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Carthaginensis" title="Hispania Carthaginensis">Carthaginensis</a>, and all of the mainland Hispanic provinces, along with the <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Balearica" title="Hispania Balearica">Balearic Islands</a> and the North African province of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a>, were later grouped into a <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">civil diocese</a> headed by a <i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">vicarius</a></i>. The name Hispania was also used in the period of <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic rule</a>. The modern place names of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> are both derived from <i>Hispania</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the word <i>Hispania</i> is disputed. The evidence for the various speculations is based merely upon what are at best mere resemblances, likely to be accidental, and suspect supporting evidence. The most commonly held theory holds it to be of <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a> origin, from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician language</a> of colonizing <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, it may derive from a Punic <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> <span title="Punic-language text"><i lang="xpu-Latn">ʾī šāpān</i></span> (<span title="Punic-language text"><span lang="xpu" dir="rtl">𐤀𐤉 𐤔𐤐𐤍</span></span>) of Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾī šāfān</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אִי שָׁפָן</span>) meaning literally 'island of the <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbit</a>', referring to the <a href="/wiki/European_rabbit" title="European rabbit">European rabbit</a> (Phoenician-Punic and Hebrew are both <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_languages" title="Canaanite languages">Canaanite languages</a> and therefore closely related to each other).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Roman coins of the Emperor Hadrian, born in Hispania, depict Hispania and a rabbit. Others derive the word from <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <span title="Phoenician-language text"><i lang="phn-Latn">span</i></span>, meaning 'hidden', and make it indicate "a hidden", that is, "a remote", or "far-distant land".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other theories have been proposed. <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Sevilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Isidore of Sevilla">Isidore of Sevilla</a> considered <i>Hispania</i> of <a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a> origin and derived it from the pre-Roman name for <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, <i>Hispalis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was revived for instance by the etymologist <a href="/wiki/Eric_Partridge" title="Eric Partridge">Eric Partridge</a> (in his work <i>Origins</i>) who felt that this might strongly hint at an ancient name for the country of <i>*Hispa</i>, presumably an <a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> root whose meaning is now lost. <i>Hispalis</i> may alternatively derive from <i><a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)" title="Heliopolis (ancient Egypt)">Heliopolis</a></i> (Greek for 'city of the sun'). However, according to modern research by Manuel Pellicer Catalán, the name derives from Phoenician <span title="Phoenician-language text"><i lang="phn-Latn">spal</i></span> 'lowland'.<sup id="cite_ref-SPAL:_Revista_de_prehistoria_y_arqueología_de_la_Universidad_de_Sevilla_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPAL:_Revista_de_prehistoria_y_arqueología_de_la_Universidad_de_Sevilla-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally Hispania was called <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hesperia ultima</i></span> 'farthest western land' by Roman writers since the name <i>Hesperia</i> 'western land' had already been used by the Greeks to refer to the Italian peninsula. </p><p>During the 18th and 19th centuries, Jesuits scholars like Larramendi and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_de_Isla" title="José Francisco de Isla">José Francisco de Isla</a> tied the name to the <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> word <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">ezpain</i></span> 'lip', but also 'border, edge', thus meaning the farthest area or place.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Antiquity and Middle Ages, the literary texts derive the term <i>Hispania</i> from an eponymous <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a> named <a href="/wiki/Hispan" title="Hispan">Hispan</a>, who is mentioned for the first time in the work of the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Trogus" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus">Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus</a>, in the 1st century BC. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatro_Romano_de_M%C3%A9rida_(Badajoz,_Espa%C3%B1a)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Teatro_Romano_de_M%C3%A9rida_%28Badajoz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%29_02.jpg/330px-Teatro_Romano_de_M%C3%A9rida_%28Badajoz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Teatro_Romano_de_M%C3%A9rida_%28Badajoz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%29_02.jpg/500px-Teatro_Romano_de_M%C3%A9rida_%28Badajoz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Teatro_Romano_de_M%C3%A9rida_%28Badajoz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%29_02.jpg/960px-Teatro_Romano_de_M%C3%A9rida_%28Badajoz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emerita_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerita Augusta">Archaeological Roman Ensemble of Mérida</a> (<i>Emerita Augusta</i>), Extremadura, Spain.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_LaCoruna_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Spain_LaCoruna_tower.jpg/330px-Spain_LaCoruna_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Spain_LaCoruna_tower.jpg/500px-Spain_LaCoruna_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Spain_LaCoruna_tower.jpg/960px-Spain_LaCoruna_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The Roman <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Hercules" title="Tower of Hercules">Tower of Hercules</a> is the oldest surviving Roman lighthouse</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AcueductoSegovia_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AcueductoSegovia_edit1.jpg/330px-AcueductoSegovia_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AcueductoSegovia_edit1.jpg/500px-AcueductoSegovia_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AcueductoSegovia_edit1.jpg/960px-AcueductoSegovia_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption>The Roman <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_of_Segovia" title="Aqueduct of Segovia">Aqueduct of Segovia</a>, Castile, Spain.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evora-RomanTemple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Evora-RomanTemple.jpg/265px-Evora-RomanTemple.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Evora-RomanTemple.jpg/398px-Evora-RomanTemple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Evora-RomanTemple.jpg/530px-Evora-RomanTemple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Temple_of_%C3%89vora" title="Roman Temple of Évora">Roman Temple of Évora</a> (<i>Liberatias Iulia</i>), Alentejo, Portugal.</figcaption></figure> </div></div> <p>Although <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hispania</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> root for the modern name <i><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></i>, the words <i>Spanish</i> for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hispanicus</i></span> or <i>Hispanic</i>, or <i>Spain</i> for <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hispania</i></span>, are not easily interchangeable, depending on context. The <span title="Old Spanish-language text"><i lang="osp">Estoria de España</i></span> ('The History of Spain') written on the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a> <span title="Old Spanish-language text"><i lang="osp">El Sabio</i></span> ('the Wise'), between 1260 and 1274, during the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> ('reconquest') of Spain, is believed to be the first extended history of Spain in <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a> using the words <span title="Old Spanish-language text"><i lang="osp">España</i></span> ('Spain') and <span title="Old Spanish-language text"><i lang="osp">Españoles</i></span> ('Spaniards') to refer to Medieval Hispania. The use of Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hispania</i></span>, Castilian <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">España</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">Espanya</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Espaigne</i></span>, among others, to refer to Roman Hispania or Visigothic Hispania was common throughout all the <a href="/wiki/Late_Medieval_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Medieval Period">Late Middle Ages</a>. </p><p>A document dated 1292 mentions the names of foreigners from Medieval Spain as <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Gracien d'Espaigne</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin expressions using <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hispania</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hispaniae</i></span> (e.g. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">omnes reges Hispaniae</i></span>) were often used in the Middle Ages, while the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Spain Romance languages</a> of the <i>Reconquista</i> use the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> version interchangeably.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is the Romance version? (May 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James Ist</a> Chronicle <i><a href="/wiki/Llibre_dels_fets" title="Llibre dels fets">Llibre dels fets</a></i>, written between 1208 and 1276, there are many instances of this.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The borders of modern Spain do not coincide with those of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of Hispania or of the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a>, and thus medieval Spain and modern Spain exist in separate contexts. </p><p>The Latin term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hispania</i></span>, often used during <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Middle Ages">Low Middle Ages</a>, like with Roman Hispania, as a <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographical</a> and political name, continued to be used geographically and politically in the <a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Visigothic Spania</a>, as shown in the expression <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">laus Hispaniae</i></span>, 'Praise to Hispania', to describe the history of the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_de_regibus_Gothorum,_Vandalorum_et_Suevorum" title="Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum">Historia de regibus Gothorum, Vandalorum et Suevorum</a></i>: </p> <blockquote><p>You are, O <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, holy and always happy mother of princes and peoples, the most beautiful of all the lands that extend far from the West to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. You, by right, are now the queen of all provinces, from whom the lights are given not only the sunset, but also the East. You are the honor and ornament of the orb and the most illustrious portion of the Earth ... And for this reason, long ago, the golden <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> desired you</p></blockquote> <p>In modern history, <i>Spain</i> and <i>Spanish</i> have become increasingly associated with the Kingdom of Spain alone, although this process took several centuries. After the union of the central peninsular <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a> with the eastern peninsular <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a> in the 15th century under the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a> in 1492, only <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> were left to complete the whole peninsula under <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">one monarchy</a>. Navarre followed soon after in 1512, and Portugal, after over 400 years as an independent and sovereign nation, in 1580. During this time, the concept of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> was still unchanged. It was after the restoration of Portugal's independence in 1640 when the concept of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> started to shift and be applied to all the Peninsula except Portugal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG/250px-Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG/330px-Ethnographic_Iberia_200_BCE.PNG 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Linguistic map: This shows the Linguistic variation of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> at about 200 BC (at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Iberia">Languages of Iberia</a></div> <p>Latin was the official language of Hispania during Roman rule, which exceeded 600 years. By the empire's end in Hispania around 460 AD, all the original Iberian languages, except the ancestor of modern Basque, were extinct.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Even after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of Rome</a> and the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, Latin was spoken by nearly all of the population,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but in its common form known as <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, and the regional changes which led to the modern Iberian Romance languages had already begun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula</a></div> <p>The Iberian peninsula has long been inhabited, first by <a href="/wiki/Homo_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo (genus)">early hominids</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_heidelbergensis" title="Homo heidelbergensis">Homo heidelbergensis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a></i>. In the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> period, the <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> entered Iberia and eventually took refuge from the advancing migrations of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">modern humans</a>. In the 40th millennium BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last ice age</a>, the first large settlement of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> by modern humans occurred. These were <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> originating on the <a href="/wiki/Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppes">steppes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last ice age</a> reached its maximum extent, during the 30th millennium BC, these modern humans took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>, namely in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberia</a>, after retreating through <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">Southern France</a>. In the millennia that followed, the <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a> became extinct and local modern human cultures thrived, producing <a href="/wiki/Pre-historic_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-historic art">pre-historic art</a> such as that found in <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Arbreda_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Arbreda Cave (page does not exist)">L'Arbreda Cave</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4a_Valley_Paleolithic_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Côa Valley Paleolithic Art">Côa Valley</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> period, beginning in the 10th millennium BC, the <a href="/wiki/Aller%C3%B8d_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Allerød Oscillation">Allerød Oscillation</a> occurred. This was an interstadial <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">deglaciation</a> that lessened the harsh conditions of the Ice Age. The populations sheltered in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> (descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnon</a>) migrated and recolonized all of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. In this period one finds the <a href="/wiki/Azilian" title="Azilian">Azilian</a> culture in <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">Southern France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Northern Iberia</a> (to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> river), as well as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muge_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muge Culture (page does not exist)">Muge Culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> valley. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> brought changes to the human landscape of Iberia (from the 5th millennium BC onwards), with the development of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">European Megalith Culture</a>. This spread to most of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and had one of its oldest and main centres in the territory of modern <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker</a> cultures. </p><p>During the 1st millennium BC, in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, the first wave of migrations into Iberia of speakers of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> occurred. These were later (7th and 5th centuries BC) followed by others that can be identified as <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celts</a>. Eventually urban cultures developed in southern Iberia, such as <a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a>, influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> colonization of coastal <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> Iberia, with strong competition from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> colonization. These two processes defined Iberia's cultural landscape – Mediterranean towards the southeast and Continental in the northwest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_conquest">Roman conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization of Hispania</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispania1c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hispania1c.jpg/250px-Hispania1c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hispania1c.jpg/330px-Hispania1c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hispania1c.jpg/500px-Hispania1c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Hispania under Caesar Augustus's rule after the <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a> in 29 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Roman armies invaded the Iberian peninsula in 218 BC and used it as a training ground for officers and as a proving ground for tactics during campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthaginians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was not until 19 BC that the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (r. 27 BC–AD 14) was able to complete the conquest (see <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a>). Until then, much of Hispania remained autonomous. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> proceeded quickly in some regions where there are references to the togati, and very slowly in others, after the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, and Hispania was divided into three separately governed provinces, and nine provinces by the 4th century. More importantly, Hispania was for 500 years part of a cosmopolitan world empire bound together by law, language, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman road</a>. But the impact of Hispania on the newcomers was also substantial. <a href="/wiki/Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Caesar</a> wrote that the soldiers from the Second Legion had become Hispanicized and regarded themselves as <i>hispanici</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_rule">Roman rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Roman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262" /><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Portugal" title="Category:History of Portugal">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History of <span class="fn org label">Portugal</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_017-PORTUGALLIAE_et_ALGARBIAE_REGNA.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="PORTUGALLIAE et ALGARBIAE REGNA"><img alt="PORTUGALLIAE et ALGARBIAE REGNA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_017-PORTUGALLIAE_et_ALGARBIAE_REGNA.jpeg/250px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_017-PORTUGALLIAE_et_ALGARBIAE_REGNA.jpeg" decoding="async" width="240" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_017-PORTUGALLIAE_et_ALGARBIAE_REGNA.jpeg/500px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_017-PORTUGALLIAE_et_ALGARBIAE_REGNA.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4553" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Portugal" title="Ancient Portugal">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Hispania">Roman conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharb_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gharb Al-Andalus">Gharb Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Reconquista" title="Portugal in the Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">Portuguese House of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1383–1385 Crisis">1383–1385 Crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Naval_exploration_and_Portuguese_Empire_(15th–16th_centuries)" title="History of Portugal">Age of Discovery</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Imperial expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Portuguese War">Dutch-Portuguese War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">Bragantine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">Great Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">Imperial decline, war, and revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">Transfer of Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">1910 Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#The_First_Republic_(1910–1926)" title="History of Portugal">First Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_North" title="Monarchy of the North">Monarchy of the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portugal during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">1926 coup d'état</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Estado_Novo_(1933–1974)" title="History of Portugal">Second Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Ditadura Nacional</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#The_Third_Republic_(1974–)" title="History of Portugal">Third Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso" class="mw-redirect" title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso">Processo Revolucionário Em Curso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_transition_to_democracy" title="Portuguese transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis" title="2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis">Financial crisis</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2010–2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2020–2022)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Topic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Category:Archives_in_Portugal" title="Category:Archives in Portugal">Archives</a> - <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a> - <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a> - <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Portugal">LGBT</a> - <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Judaism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a> - <a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Azores" title="History of the Azores">Azorean history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeiran history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/17px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/26px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/34px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portugal portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262" /><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Spain" title="Category:History of Spain">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of <span class="fn org label">Spain</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/240px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/360px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg/480px-Carte_historique_des_Royaumes_d%27Espagne_et_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="2313" /></a></span><br />18th century map of Iberia</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Prehistory" title="History of Spain">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Early_history_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="History of Spain">Early history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Carthaginian Spain</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(575–206 BCE)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman Hispania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Roman Conquest</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(206–27 BCE)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hispania</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(218 BCE–472 CE)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hispania" title="Diocese of Hispania">Diocese of Hispania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages#Early_medieval_Spain" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(409–585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Kingdom of the Visigoths</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(418–721)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Byzantine Spania</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(552–624)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim conquest</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(711–716)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(711–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista"><i>Reconquista</i></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(711–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages#Medieval_Christian_Spain" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Christian kingdoms</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(718–1479)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain#Early_Modern_Spain" title="History of Spain">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1479–1516)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1482–1492)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Colonisation of the Americas</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1492–1898)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1516–1700)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1556–1659)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1580–1640)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Bourbons</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1700–1808)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1701–1714)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta Decrees</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1707–1716)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdications_of_Bayonne" title="Abdications of Bayonne">Abdications of Bayonne</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1808)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Napoleonic Spain</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1808–1813)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1810–1814)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Constitution of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1812)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Valen%C3%A7ay" title="Treaty of Valençay">Treaty of Valençay</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1813)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII#Restoration" title="Ferdinand VII">Absolutist restoration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1810%E2%80%931873)#Reaction_(1814–1820)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1810–1873)">Sexenio Absolutista</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1814–1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1820–1823)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ominous_Decade" title="Ominous Decade">Ominous Decade</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1823–1833)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Reign of Isabella II of Spain">Reign of Isabella II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regencies_on_behalf_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain#The_regency_of_Maria_Christina" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies on behalf of Isabella II of Spain">Regency of María Cristina</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1833–1840)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1833–1840)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regencies_on_behalf_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain#The_regency_of_Espartero" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies on behalf of Isabella II of Spain">Regency of Espartero</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1840–1843)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_moderada" title="Década moderada">Década moderada</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1844–1854)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Carlist_War" title="Second Carlist War">Second Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1846–1849)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bienio_progresista" title="Bienio progresista">Bienio progresista</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1854–1856)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">Glorious Revolution</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1868)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><i><a href="/wiki/Sexenio_Democr%C3%A1tico" title="Sexenio Democrático">Sexenio Democrático</a></i></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_(1868%E2%80%931871)" title="Provisional Government (1868–1871)">Provisional Government</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1868–1871)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain#King_of_Spain" title="Amadeo I of Spain">Reign of Amadeo I</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1870–1873)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Carlist_War" title="Third Carlist War">Third Carlist War</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1872–1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1873–1874)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XII" title="Reign of Alfonso XII">Reign of Alfonso XII</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1874–1885)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Maria_Christina_of_Austria" title="Regency of Maria Christina of Austria">Regency of María Cristina</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1885–1902)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Alfonso_XIII" title="Reign of Alfonso XIII">Reign of Alfonso XIII</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1886–1931)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1898)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_I" title="Spain during World War I">Spain during World War I</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1914–1918)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(–1927)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera">Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1923–1930)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda_of_D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dictablanda of Dámaso Berenguer"><i>Dictablanda</i> of Dámaso Berenguer</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1930–1931)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic">Provisional Government</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Biennium" title="First Biennium">First Biennium</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1931–1933)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War#The_"black_biennium"" title="Background of the Spanish Civil War">Second Biennium</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1933–1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">Revolution and Asturian miners' strike</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">1936 general election</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">1936 coup d'état</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">1936 Revolution</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1936–1939)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Nationalist victory</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain during World War II</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939–1945)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1941–1944)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939–1965)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_government_in_exile" title="Spanish Republican government in exile">Republican exile</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939–1977)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_conflict" title="Basque conflict">Basque conflict</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1959–2011)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">Contemporary history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1975–1978)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Current constitution</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1978)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Spanish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt">1981 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombings</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">2008–2014 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Barcelona_attacks" title="2017 Barcelona attacks">2017 Barcelona attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_declaration_of_independence" title="Catalan declaration of independence">Catalan declaration of independence</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2020–2022)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3ff;;color: var(--color-base)">Topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Spain#History" title="Law enforcement in Spain">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain#History" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_territorial_organization_of_Spain" title="History of the territorial organization of Spain">Territorial organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/20px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></i></li><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/17px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/26px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/33px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Spain" title="Template:History of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Spain" title="Template talk:History of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p>Some of the peninsula's population were admitted into the Roman aristocratic class and they participated in governing Hispania and the Roman Empire, although there was a native aristocracy class who ruled each local tribe. The <i><a href="/wiki/Latifundia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latifundia">latifundia</a></i> (sing., <i>latifundium</i>), large estates controlled by the aristocracy, were superimposed on the existing Iberian landholding system. </p><p>The Romans improved existing cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (<i>Olissipo</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a> (<i>Tarraco</i>), established <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Caesaraugusta" title="Caesaraugusta">Caesaraugusta</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a> (<i>Augusta Emerita</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Valencia_(city_in_Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia (city in Spain)">Valencia</a> (<i>Valentia</i>), and reduced other native cities to mere villages. The peninsula's economy expanded under Roman tutelage. Hispania served as a granary and a major source of metals for the Roman market, and its harbors exported <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">garum</a>. Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use today. The Romanized Iberian populations and the Iberian-born descendants of Roman soldiers and colonists had all achieved the status of full Roman citizenship by the end of the 1st century. The Iberian denarii, also called <i>argentum oscense</i> by Roman soldiers, circulated until the 1st century BC, after which it was replaced by Roman coins. </p><p>Hispania was separated into two provinces (in 197 BC), each ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a></i> ("Hither Hispania") and <i><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a></i> ("Farther Hispania"). The long wars of conquest lasted two centuries, and only by the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> did <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> manage to control Hispania Ulterior. Hispania was divided into three provinces in the 1st century BC. In the imperial era, three Roman emperors were born in Hispania: <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (r. 98–117), <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (r. 117–138), and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a> (r. 379–395). </p><p>In the 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Latinius_Pacatus_Drepanius" title="Latinius Pacatus Drepanius">Latinius Pacatus Drepanius</a>, a Gallic rhetorician, dedicated part of his work to the depiction of the geography, climate and inhabitants of the peninsula, writing: </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula851" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Template:Campaignbox Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula851" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula"><span class="wrap">Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_Wars" title="Celtiberian Wars">Celtiberian Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Celtiberian_War" title="First Celtiberian War">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Celtiberian_War" title="Second Celtiberian War">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusitanian War">Lusitanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numantine_War" title="Numantine War">Numantine War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertorian_War" title="Sertorian War">Sertorian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <blockquote><p>This Hispania produces tough soldiers, very skilled captains, prolific speakers, luminous bards. It is a mother of judges and princes; it has given <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a> to the Empire.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was introduced into Hispania in the 1st century and it became popular in the cities in the 2nd century. However, little headway was made in the countryside, until the late 4th century, by which time Christianity was the official religion of the Roman Empire. Some <a href="/wiki/Christian_heresy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian heresy">heretical sects</a> emerged in Hispania, most notably <a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a>, but overall the local bishops remained subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Pope</a>. Bishops who had official civil as well as ecclesiastical status in the late empire continued to exercise their authority to maintain order when civil governments broke down there in the 5th century. The Council of Bishops became an important instrument of stability during the ascendancy of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>. The last vestiges of (Western·classical) Roman rule ended in 472. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_conquest">Germanic conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Germanic conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispania3c.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hispania3c.JPG/200px-Hispania3c.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hispania3c.JPG/300px-Hispania3c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hispania3c.JPG/400px-Hispania3c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Iberian Peninsula (AD 530–AD 570)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_560.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iberia_560.svg/250px-Iberia_560.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iberia_560.svg/330px-Iberia_560.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Iberia_560.svg/500px-Iberia_560.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>The Iberian Peninsula in the year 560 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The undoing of Roman Spain was the result of four tribes <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossing the Rhine</a> in 406. After three years of depredation and wandering about northern and western Gaul, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Buri_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buri (Germanic tribe)">Buri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Suevi">Suevi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> moved into Iberia in September or October 409 at the request of <a href="/wiki/Gerontius_(magister_militum)" title="Gerontius (magister militum)">Gerontius</a>, a Roman usurper. The Suevi established a kingdom in Gallaecia in what is today modern <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. The Alans' allies, the <a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a> Vandals, also established a kingdom in another part of Gallaecia. The <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> established a kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> – modern <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a> Vandals briefly occupied parts of South Iberia in the province of <a href="/wiki/Baetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Baetica">Baetica</a>. </p><p>In an effort to retrieve the region, the Western Roman emperor, <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a> (r. 395–423), promised the Visigoths a home in southwest Gaul if they destroyed the invaders in Spain. They all but wiped out the Silingi and Alans. The remnant joined the Asding Vandals who had settled first in the northwest with the Sueves but south to Baetica. It is a mystery why the Visigoths were recalled by patrician Constantius (who in 418 married Honorius' sister who had been married briefly to the Visigothic king Ataulf). The Visigoths, the remnants of the two tribes who joined them and the Sueves were confined to a small area in the northwest of the peninsula. The diocese may even have been re-established with its capital at Mérida in 418.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman attempt under General Castorius to dislodge the Vandals from Cordoba failed in 422. </p><p>The Vandals and <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> crossed over to North Africa in 429, an event which is considered to have been decisive in hastening the decline of the Western Roman Empire. However, their departure allowed the Romans to recover 90% of the Iberian peninsula until 439. After the departure of the Vandals only the Sueves remained in a northwest corner of the peninsula. Roman rule which had survived in the eastern quadrant was restored over most of Iberia until the Sueves occupied Mérida in 439, a move which coincides to the Vandal <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(439)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Carthage (439)">occupation of Carthage</a> late the same year. Rome made attempts to restore control in 446 and 458. Success was temporary. </p><p>After the death of emperor Majorian in 461 Roman authority collapsed except in Tarraconensis the northeastern quadrant of the peninsula. The Visigoths, a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic people</a>, whose kingdom was located in southwest Gaul, took the province when they occupied Tarragona in 472. They also confined the Sueves who had ruled most of the region to Galicia and northern Portugal. In 484 the Visigoths established <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> as the capital of their kingdom. Successive Visigothic kings ruled Hispania as patricians who held imperial commissions to govern in the name of the Roman emperor. In 585 the Visigoths conquered the <a href="/wiki/Suebic_Kingdom_of_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Suebic Kingdom of Galicia">Suebic Kingdom of Galicia</a>, and thus controlled almost all of Hispania. </p><p>A century later, taking advantage of a struggle for the throne between the Visigothic kings <a href="/wiki/Agila_I" title="Agila I">Agila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athanagild" title="Athanagild">Athanagild</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> sent an army under the command of <a href="/wiki/Liberius_(praetorian_prefect)" title="Liberius (praetorian prefect)">Liberius</a> to take back the peninsula from the Visigoths. This short-lived reconquest recovered only a small strip of land along the Mediterranean coast roughly corresponding to the ancient province of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a>. </p><p>Under the Visigoths, culture was not as highly developed as it had been under Roman rule, when a goal of higher education had been to prepare gentlemen to take their places in municipal and imperial administration. With the collapse of the imperial administrative super-structure above the provincial level (which was practically moribund) the task of maintaining formal education and government shifted to the Church from the old ruling class of educated aristocrats and gentry. The clergy, for the most part, emerged as the qualified personnel to manage higher administration in concert with local powerful notables who gradually displaced the old town councils. As elsewhere in early medieval Europe, the church in Hispania stood as society's most cohesive institution. The Visigoths are also responsible for the introduction of mainstream Christianity to the Iberian peninsula; the earliest representation of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> in Spanish religious art can be found in a Visigothic hermitage, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_de_Lara" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria de Lara">Santa Maria de Lara</a>. It also embodied the continuity of Roman order. Native Hispano-Romans continued to run the civil administration and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> continued to be the language of government and of commerce on behalf of the Visigoths.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religion was the most persistent source of friction between the <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedonian">Chalcedonian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a>) native Hispano-Romans and their <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> Visigothic overlords, whom the former considered heretical. At times this tension invited open rebellion, and restive factions within the Visigothic aristocracy exploited it to weaken the monarchy. In 589, <a href="/wiki/Recared" class="mw-redirect" title="Recared">Recared</a>, a Visigothic ruler, renounced his <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> before the Council of Bishops at Toledo and accepted <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>), thus assuring an alliance between the Visigothic <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> and the native Hispano-Romans. This alliance would not mark the last time in the history of the peninsula that political unity would be sought through religious unity. </p><p>Court ceremonials – from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> – that proclaimed the imperial sovereignty and unity of the Visigothic state were introduced at Toledo. Still, civil war, royal assassinations, and usurpation were commonplace, and warlords and great landholders assumed wide discretionary powers. Bloody family feuds went unchecked. The Visigoths had acquired and cultivated the apparatus of the Roman state but not the ability to make it operate to their advantage. In the absence of a well-defined hereditary system of succession to the throne, rival factions encouraged foreign intervention by the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in internal disputes and in royal <a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">elections</a>. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>, it is with the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic domination of Iberia</a> that the idea of a peninsular unity is sought after, and the phrase <i>Mother Hispania</i> is first spoken. Up to that date, <i>Hispania</i> designated all of the peninsula's lands. In <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Gothorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Gothorum">Historia Gothorum</a></i>, the Visigoth <a href="/wiki/Suinthila" class="mw-redirect" title="Suinthila">Suinthila</a> appears as the first <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> under whose rule Hispania is dealt with as a <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prima_Hispaniae_provincialis_divisio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Prima_Hispaniae_provincialis_divisio.png/250px-Prima_Hispaniae_provincialis_divisio.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Prima_Hispaniae_provincialis_divisio.png/500px-Prima_Hispaniae_provincialis_divisio.png 1.5x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Hispania Ulterior and Citerior</figcaption></figure> <p>During the first stages of Romanization, the peninsula was divided in two by the Romans for administrative purposes. The closest one to Rome was called <i>Citerior</i> and the more remote one <i>Ulterior</i>. The frontier between both was a sinuous line which ran from Cartago Nova (now <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Sea" title="Cantabrian Sea">Cantabrian Sea</a>. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a></i> (comprised what are now <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="León (province)">León</a>, a great portion of the former <a href="/wiki/Castilla_la_Vieja" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilla la Vieja">Castilla la Vieja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a></i> (comprised the eastern part of former Castilla la Vieja, and what are now <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, and a major part of former <a href="/wiki/Castilla_la_Nueva" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilla la Nueva">Castilla la Nueva</a>).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_17BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Iberia_17BC.svg/250px-Iberia_17BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Iberia_17BC.svg/330px-Iberia_17BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Iberia_17BC.svg/500px-Iberia_17BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Administrative organization of Hispania into Baetica, Lusitania and Hispania Citerior</figcaption></figure> <p>In 27 BC, the general and politician <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a> divided Hispania into three parts: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baetica" class="mw-redirect" title="Baetica">Baetica</a></i> (by division of Hispania Ulterior, approximately modern day <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></i> (by division of Hispania Ulterior, including <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>);</li> <li><i>Hispania Citerior</i> (by attaching <a href="/wiki/Cantabria" title="Cantabria">Cantabria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(historical_territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Country (historical territory)">Basque Country</a>).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberia_29-19BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Iberia_29-19BC.svg/220px-Iberia_29-19BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Iberia_29-19BC.svg/330px-Iberia_29-19BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Iberia_29-19BC.svg/440px-Iberia_29-19BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Administrative division of Hispania by Augustus in 27 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in that same year returned to make a new division leaving the provinces as follows: </p> <ul><li><i>Provincia Hispania Ulterior Baetica</i> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a></i>), whose capital was <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Corduba, presently Córdoba</a>. It included a little less territory than present-day Andalusia—since modern <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Almería (province)">Almería</a> and a great portion of what today is <a href="/wiki/Granada_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada (province)">Granada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n_(Spanish_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaén (Spanish province)">Jaén</a> were left outside—plus the southern zone of present-day <a href="/wiki/Badajoz_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Badajoz (province)">Badajoz</a>. The river <i>Anas</i> or <i>Annas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Guadiana" title="Guadiana">Guadiana</a>, from Wadi-Anas) separated Hispania Baetica from Lusitania.</li> <li><i>Provincia Hispania Ulterior Lusitania</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></i>), whose capital was <a href="/wiki/Emerita_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerita Augusta">Emerita Augusta</a> (now <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>) and without <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>.</li> <li><i>Provincia Hispania Citerior</i> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Tarraconensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a></i>), whose capital was <a href="/wiki/Tarraco" title="Tarraco">Tarraco</a> (Tarragona). After gaining maximum importance this province was simply known as <i>Tarraconensis</i> and it comprised <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>.</li></ul> <p>By the 3rd century the emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Antonius_Caracalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aurelius Antonius Caracalla">Caracalla</a> made a new division which lasted only a short time. He split Hispania Citerior again into two parts, creating the new provinces <i>Provincia Hispania Nova Citerior</i> and <i>Asturiae-Calleciae</i>. In the year 238 the unified province <i>Tarraconensis</i> or <i>Hispania Citerior</i> was re-established. </p><p>In the 3rd century, under the Soldier Emperors, Hispania Nova (the northwestern corner of Spain) was split off from Tarraconensis, as a small province but the home of the only permanent legion in Hispania, <a href="/wiki/Legio_VII_Gemina" title="Legio VII Gemina">Legio VII Gemina</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diocesis_Hispanorum_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diocesis_Hispanorum_map.png/220px-Diocesis_Hispanorum_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diocesis_Hispanorum_map.png/330px-Diocesis_Hispanorum_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diocesis_Hispanorum_map.png/440px-Diocesis_Hispanorum_map.png 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2737" /></a><figcaption>Diocese of Hispania after AD 293, highlighting its ecclesial metropolitan sees and their suffragan dioceses.</figcaption></figure> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian's</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a> reform in AD 293, the new <i><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Hispania" title="Diocese of Hispania">Diocese of Hispania</a></i> became one of the four <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a>—governed by a <i>vicarius</i>—of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">praetorian prefecture of Gaul</a> (also comprising the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>), after the abolition of the imperial Tetrarchs under the Western Emperor (in Rome itself, later Ravenna). The diocese, with its capital at Emerita Augusta (modern <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>), comprised: </p> <ul><li><i>Baetica</i> (under a governor styled <i><a href="/wiki/Consularis" title="Consularis">consularis</a></i>);</li> <li><i>Gallaecia</i> (under a governor styled <i>consularis</i>);</li> <li><i>Lusitania</i> (under a governor styled <i>consularis</i>);</li> <li><i>Carthaginiensis</i> (under a <i><a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">praeses</a></i>);</li> <li><i>Tarraconensis</i> (under a <i>praeses</i>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Balearica" title="Hispania Balearica"><i>Insulae Baleares</i></a> (which were detached from Tarraconensis during Diocletian's reign);</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></i> (in North Africa).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hispania" title="Economy of Hispania">Economy of Hispania</a></div> <p>Before the Punic Wars, Hispania was a land with much untapped mineral and agricultural wealth, limited by the primitive subsistence economies of its native peoples outside of a few trading ports along the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>. Occupation by the Carthaginians and then by the Romans for its abundant <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> deposits developed Hispania into a thriving multifaceted economy. Several metals, olives, oil from Baetica, salted fish and <a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">garum</a>, and wines were some of the goods produced in Hispania and traded throughout the Empire. Gold mining was the most important activity in the north-west parts of the peninsula. This activity is attested in archaeological sites as <a href="/wiki/Las_M%C3%A9dulas" title="Las Médulas">Las Médulas</a> (Spain) and Casais (<a href="/wiki/Ponte_de_Lima" title="Ponte de Lima">Ponte de Lima</a>, Portugal).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Ancient Rome">Climate of Ancient Rome</a></div> <p>Precipitation levels were unusually high during the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian%E2%80%93Roman_Humid_Period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberian–Roman Humid Period (page does not exist)">Iberian–Roman Humid Period</a>. Roman Spain experienced its three phases: the most humid interval in 550–190 BC, an arid interval in 190 BC–150 AD and another humid period in 150–350.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 134 BC the army of <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Scipio Aemilianus</a> in Spain had to march at night due to extreme heat, when some of its horses and mules died of thirst<sup id="cite_ref-Curchin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curchin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (even though earlier, in 181 BC, heavy spring rains prevented the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a> from relieving the Roman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Contrebia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Contrebia (page does not exist)">siege of Contrebia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Curchin_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curchin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the 2nd century AD warm temperatures dominated particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Mountains" title="Cantabrian Mountains">mountains along the north coast</a>, punctuated by further cool spells from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 155</span> to 180.<sup id="cite_ref-McCormick_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCormick-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After about 200 the temperatures fluctuated, trending toward cool.<sup id="cite_ref-McCormick_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCormick-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_references">Sources and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/20px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/40px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/"><i>Country Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fcountry-studies%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispania" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources_in_Spanish_and_Portuguese">Modern sources in Spanish and Portuguese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern sources in Spanish and Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alarcão, Jorge, <i>O Domínio Romano em Portugal</i>, Publicações Europa-América, 1988. (In Portuguese.)</li> <li>Altamira y Crevea, Rafael <i>Historia de España y de la civilización española</i>. Tomo I. Barcelona, 1900. Altamira was a professor at the University of Oviedo, a member of the Royal Academy of History, of the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Geographic_Society" title="Lisbon Geographic Society">Geographic Society of Lisbon</a> and of the Instituto de Coimbra. (In Spanish.)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aznar,_Jos%C3%A9_Cam%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aznar, José Camón (page does not exist)">Aznar, José Camón</a>, <i>Las artes y los pueblos de la España primitiva</i>. Editorial Espasa Calpe, S.A. Madrid, 1954. Camón was a professor at the University of Madrid. (In Spanish.)</li> <li>Bosch Gimpera, Pedro; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aguado_Bleye,_Pedro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aguado Bleye, Pedro (page does not exist)">Aguado Bleye, Pedro</a>; and Ferrandis, José. <i>Historia de España. España romana, I</i>, created under the direction of Ramón Menéndez Pidal. Editorial Espasa-Calpe S.A., Madrid 1935. (In Spanish.)</li> <li>García y Bellido, Antonio, <i>España y los españoles hace dos mil años (según la Geografía de Estrabón)</i>. Colección Austral de Espasa Calpe S.A., Madrid 1945 (1st ed. 8-XI-1945). García y Bellido was an archeologist and a professor at the University of Madrid. (In Spanish.)</li> <li>Mattoso, José (dir.), <i>História de Portugal. Primeiro Volume: Antes de Portugal</i>, Lisboa, Círculo de Leitores, 1992. (in Portuguese)</li> <li>Melón, Amando, <i>Geografía histórica española</i> Editorial Volvntad, S.A., Tomo primero, Vol. I Serie E. Madrid 1928. Melón was a member of the Royal Geographical Society of Madrid and a professor of geography at the Universities of Valladolid and Madrid. (In Spanish.)</li> <li>Pellón, José R., <i>Diccionario Espasa Íberos</i>. Espasa Calpe S.A. Madrid 2001. (In Spanish.)</li> <li>Urbieto Arteta, Antonio, <i>Historia ilustrada de España</i>, Volumen II. Editorial Debate, Madrid 1994. (In Spanish.)</li> <li>El Housin Helal Ouriachen, 2009, La ciudad bética durante la Antigüedad Tardía. Persistencias y mutaciones locales en relación con la realidad urbana del Mediterraneo y del Atlántico, Tesis doctoral, Universidad de Granada, Granada.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_modern_sources">Other modern sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other modern sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>This article draws heavily on the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania" class="extiw" title="es:Hispania">corresponding article</a> in the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Portada" class="extiw" title="es:Wikipedia:Portada">Spanish-language Wikipedia</a>, which was accessed in the version of 27 February 2005.</i></li> <li>Westermann <i>Grosser Atlas zur Weltgeschichte</i> (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/spain/4.htm">Hispania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_sources">Classical sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Notitia_dignitatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Notitia dignitatum">notitia dignitatum</a></i></span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 400</span>; one edition online is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0212/_PJ.HTM#1WJ">Notitia Dignitatum: text - IntraText CT</a>)</li></ul> <p>Other classical sources have been accessed second-hand (see references above): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i>Geographiká. Book III, Iberia</i>, written between the years 29 and 7 BC and touched up in AD 18. The most prestigious and widely used edition is <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Müller">Karl Müller</a>'s, published in Paris at the end of the 19th century, one volume, with 2 columns, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. The most reputed <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> translation is Tardieu, París 1886. The most reputed <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> translation (with Greek text) is H.L. Jones, vol. I–VIII, London 1917ff., ND London 1931ff.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> astronomer of the 2nd century) <i>Geographiké Hyphaégesis</i>, geographic guidebook.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacatus">Pacatus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gallic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetorician</a>) directed a <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyric</a> on Hispania to the emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> in 389, which he read to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Paulus Orosius</a> (390–418) historian, follower of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> and author of <i>Historiae adversus paganos</i>, the first Christian <a href="/wiki/Universal_history_(genre)" title="Universal history (genre)">universal history</a>, and of <i>Hispania Universa</i>, an historical guide translated into <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Anglo-Saxon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abd-ar-Rahman_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-ar-Rahman III">Abd-ar-Rahman III</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Anneus_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Anneus Florus">Lucius Anneus Florus</a> (between 1st and 2nd century). <i>Compendium of Roman History</i> and <i>Epitome of the History of Titus Livius (Livy)</i>. The relevant texts of <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> have been lost, but we can read them via Florus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogus_Pompeius" class="mw-redirect" title="Trogus Pompeius">Trogus Pompeius</a>. Believed to be a Gaul with <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman citizen">Roman citizenship</a>. <i>Historia universal</i> written in Latin in the times of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Caesar">Augustus Caesar</a>.</li> <li>Titus Livius (<a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>) (59 BC–17 BC). <i>Ab urbe condita</i>, Book CXLII of Livy's surviving work.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abad Casal, Lorenzo, Simon Keay, and Sebastián F. Ramallo Asensio, eds. 2006. <i>Early Roman Towns in Hispania Tarraconensis.</i> Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.</li> <li>Bowes, Kim, and Michael Kulikowski, eds. and trans. 2005. <i>Hispania in Late Antiquity: Current Perspectives.</i> Medieval and Early Modern Iberian World 24. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.</li> <li>Curchin, Leonard A. 1991. <i>Roman Spain: Conquest and Assimilation.</i> London and New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Curchin, Leonard A. 2003. <i>The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity, and Change in a Provincial Hinterland.</i> Routledge Classical Monographs. London and New York: Routledge.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJesús_Bermejo_Tirado_and_Ignasi_Grau_Mira2022" class="citation book cs1">Jesús Bermejo Tirado and Ignasi Grau Mira, ed. (2022). <i>The Archaeology of Peasantry in Roman Spain</i>. De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-075741-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-075741-5"><bdi>978-3-11-075741-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Peasantry+in+Roman+Spain&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-11-075741-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Keay, Simon J. 2001. "Romanization and the Hispaniae." In <i>Italy and the West: Comparative Issues in Romanization.</i> Edited by Simon Keay and Nicola Terrenato, 117–144. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.</li> <li>Keay, Simon, ed. 1998. <i>The Archaeology of Early Roman Baetica.</i> Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology</li> <li>Kulikowski, Michael. 2004. <i>Late Roman Spain and its Cities.</i> Ancient Society and History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.</li> <li>Lowe, Benedict. 2009. <i>Roman Iberia: Economy, Society and Culture.</i> London: Duckworth.</li> <li>Mierse, William E. 1999. <i>Temples and Towns of Roman Iberia: The Social and Architectural Dynamics of Sanctuary Designs from the Third century B.C. to the Third century A.D.</i> Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.</li> <li>Richardson, J. S. 1996. <i>The Romans in Spain. History of Spain.</i> Oxford: Blackwell.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alans#Hispania_and_Africa" title="Alans">Alans in Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_Iberia" title="Carthaginian Iberia">Carthaginian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian script</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Hispania Gallaecia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberians" title="Iberians">Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian languages">Iberian languages</a> (all past and present languages spoken in Iberia) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_scripts" title="Iberian scripts">Iberian scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian script</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_languages" title="Paleohispanic languages">Paleohispanic languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_scripts" title="Paleohispanic scripts">Paleohispanic scripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_sites_in_Spain" title="List of Roman sites in Spain">List of Roman sites in Spain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Muslim-occupied Medieval Iberia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Christian reconquest of Medieval Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andaluc%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Andalucía">History of Andalucía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Muslim_presence_in_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula">Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiussa" title="Ophiussa">Ophiussa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">Oestriminis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline of Portuguese history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynetes" title="Cynetes">Cynetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a> (early Iberian civilization)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline of Spanish history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebic Kingdom of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals#In_Hispania" title="Vandals">Vandals in Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When it talks about the different Kings, "los V regnes de Espanya" ("The 5 Kingdoms of Spain"); when it talks about a military fort built by the Christians saying that it is "de los meylors de Espanya" ("from the best of Spain"); when it declared that <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, one of the integral parts of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, is "lo meylor Regne Despanya, el pus honrat, el pus noble" ("the best kingdom of Spain, the most honest, the most noble"); when it talks about the conflict that has existed for long "entre los sarrains e los chrestians, en Espanya" ("between Saracens and Christians, in Spain").<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἱσπανία</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hispanía</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Hispānia</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[hɪsˈpaːnia]</a></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurke2008" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Ulick Ralph (17 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DuiyyWGg-KEC&dq=hispania+conejo&pg=PA14"><i>A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic</i></a>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443740548" title="Special:BookSources/9781443740548"><bdi>9781443740548</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Spain+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Death+of+Ferdinand+the+Catholic&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft.isbn=9781443740548&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Ulick+Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDuiyyWGg-KEC%26dq%3Dhispania%2Bconejo%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zvi Herman, קרתגו המעצמה הימית [= “Carthage, the Maritime Empire”] (Massadah Ltd, 1963), 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Living floors: The animal world in the mosaics of Israel and its surroundings / Ami Tamir,(Tel-Aviv, 2019),131;רצפות חיות: עולם החי בפסיפסי ארץ ישראל וסביבתה</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conrad Malte-Brun, <i>Précis de la géographie universelle</i>, vol. 4 (Paris: Buisson, 1810–29), 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdWwnp6v4z0C&dq=hispania+etymology&pg=RA4-PA292">"pg 292"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=pg+292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdWwnp6v4z0C%26dq%3Dhispania%2Betymology%26pg%3DRA4-PA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispania" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPAL:_Revista_de_prehistoria_y_arqueología_de_la_Universidad_de_Sevilla-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SPAL:_Revista_de_prehistoria_y_arqueología_de_la_Universidad_de_Sevilla_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rFhpAAAAMAAJ"><i>SPAL: Revista de prehistoria y arqueología de la Universidad de Sevilla</i></a>. Secretariado de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Sevilla. 1998. p. 93<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2013</span>. <q>La presencia de fenicios en la antigua Sevilla parece constatada por el topónimo Spal que en diversas lenguas semíticas significa "zona baja", "llanura verde" o "valle profundo"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SPAL%3A+Revista+de+prehistoria+y+arqueolog%C3%ADa+de+la+Universidad+de+Sevilla&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Secretariado+de+Publicaciones+de+la+Universidad+de+Sevilla&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrFhpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/fichero_articulo?codigo=634185&orden=0">"La Emergencia de Sevilla"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Universidad de Sevilla<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Emergencia+de+Sevilla&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Sevilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Ffichero_articulo%3Fcodigo%3D634185%26orden%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Anthon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1lDAAAAIAAJ&q=A+System+of+Ancient+and+Medi%C3%A6val+Geography+for+the+Use+of+Schools+and+Colleges"><i>A System of Ancient and Mediæval Geography for the Use of Schools and Colleges</i></a> (New York, 1849), 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharnock1859" class="citation web cs1">Charnock, Richard Stephen (17 March 1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r2YDAAAAQAAJ&dq=hispania+etymology&pg=PA253">"Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names"</a>. Houlston and Wright – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Etymology%3A+A+Derivative+Dictionary+of+Geographical+Names&rft.pub=Houlston+and+Wright&rft.date=1859-03-17&rft.aulast=Charnock&rft.aufirst=Richard+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr2YDAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3Dhispania%2Betymology%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonfrin1946" class="citation journal cs1">Monfrin, Jacques (17 March 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1946_num_69_275_3623_t1_0406_0000_2">"Paul Lebel, Les noms de personnes en France, 1946"</a>. <i>Romania</i>. <b>69</b> (275): <span class="nowrap">406–</span>408 – via www.persee.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romania&rft.atitle=Paul+Lebel%2C+Les+noms+de+personnes+en+France%2C+1946&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=275&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E406-%3C%2Fspan%3E408&rft.date=1946-03-17&rft.aulast=Monfrin&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Froma_0035-8029_1946_num_69_275_3623_t1_0406_0000_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaruque2002" class="citation book cs1">Baruque, Julio Valdeón (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WoApUAccnoC&dq=bernat+desclot+espanya&pg=PA41"><i>Las Raices Medievales de España</i></a>. Real Academia de la Historia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788495983954" title="Special:BookSources/9788495983954"><bdi>9788495983954</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+Raices+Medievales+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.pub=Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788495983954&rft.aulast=Baruque&rft.aufirst=Julio+Valde%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WoApUAccnoC%26dq%3Dbernat%2Bdesclot%2Bespanya%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kulikowski, M. "The Career of the 'comes Hispanarum' Asterius", <i>Phoenix</i>, 2000a, 54: 123–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.A. Thompson, <i>The Visigoths in Spain</i>, 1969, pp. 114–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16658430/L_exploration_mini%C3%A8re_d_alluvions_de_Casais_freguesia_de_Estor%C3%A3os_commune_de_Ponte_de_Lima_Portugal_">Encadré 5.2</a> de Silva, A. J. M. (2012), Vivre au-delà du fleuve de l'Oubli. Portrait de la communauté villageoise du Castro do Vieito au moment de l'intégration du NO de la péninsule ibérique dans l'orbis Romanum (estuaire du Rio Lima, NO du Portugal), Oxford, Archaeopress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCelia_Martín-Puertas2009" class="citation journal cs1">Celia Martín-Puertas; et al. (March 2009). "The Iberian–Roman Humid Period (2600–1600 cal yr BP) in the Zoñar Lake varve record (Andalucía, southern Spain)". <i><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Research" title="Quaternary Research">Quaternary Research</a></i>. <b>71</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">108–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009QuRes..71..108M">2009QuRes..71..108M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2008.10.004">10.1016/j.yqres.2008.10.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67777837">67777837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=The+Iberian%E2%80%93Roman+Humid+Period+%282600%E2%80%931600+cal+yr+BP%29+in+the+Zo%C3%B1ar+Lake+varve+record+%28Andaluc%C3%ADa%2C+southern+Spain%29&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A67777837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yqres.2008.10.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009QuRes..71..108M&rft.au=Celia+Mart%C3%ADn-Puertas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curchin-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curchin_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curchin_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_A_Curchin2004" class="citation book cs1">Leonard A Curchin (2004). <i>The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland</i>. Routledge. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134451128" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134451128"><bdi>978-1134451128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanization+of+Central+Spain%3A+Complexity%2C+Diversity+and+Change+in+a+Provincial+Hinterland&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1134451128&rft.au=Leonard+A+Curchin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCormick-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCormick_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCormick_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_McCormick2012" class="citation journal cs1">Michael McCormick; et al. (Autumn 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714102251/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~phuybers/Doc/McCormick_RomanClimate2012.pdf">"Climate Change during and after the Roman Empire: Reconstructing the Past from Scientific and Historical Evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Interdisciplinary_History" title="Journal of Interdisciplinary History">Journal of Interdisciplinary History</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~phuybers/Doc/McCormick_RomanClimate2012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+during+and+after+the+Roman+Empire%3A+Reconstructing+the+Past+from+Scientific+and+Historical+Evidence&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Michael+McCormick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~phuybers%2FDoc%2FMcCormick_RomanClimate2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispania&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_Hispania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roman Hispania">Roman Hispania</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006160601/http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)</a> (archived 6 October 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w66.eu/hispania/">HISPANIA</a>: A Map of Roman Spain and Portugal.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101030001728/http://www.barcelona-tourist-information.info/roman-buildings-in-barcelona.html">Roman buildings in Barcelona</a> (archived 30 October 2010)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amphorae.icac.cat/">Amphorae ex Hispania</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eda-bea.es/">Hispania Epigraphica</a></li> <li><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)660" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template talk:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="List of Late Roman provinces">Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces</a> (4th–7th centuries AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">As found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a></i>. Provincial administration reformed and <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 293. Permanent <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">praetorian prefectures</a> established after the death of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Africa</a> established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Theme_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme system">theme system</a> in c. 640–660, although in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Roman_Empire_(395–476)660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Gaul" title="Diocese of Gaul">Diocese of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Poeninae_et_Graiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpes Poeninae et Graiae">Alpes Poeninae et Graiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Prima">Belgica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Secunda">Belgica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis I">Lugdunensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis II">Lugdunensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis III">Lugdunensis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis IV">Lugdunensis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Sequanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima Sequanorum">Maxima Sequanorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Diocese of Vienne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica I">Aquitanica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica II">Aquitanica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis I">Narbonensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis II">Narbonensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennensis" title="Viennensis">Viennensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Spain">Diocese of Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Balearica" title="Hispania Balearica">Balearica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Carthaginensis" title="Hispania Carthaginensis">Carthaginensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Britains" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of the Britains">Diocese of the Britains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Prima" title="Britannia Prima">Britannia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis" title="Flavia Caesariensis">Flavia Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Caesariensis" title="Maxima Caesariensis">Maxima Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)" title="Valentia (Roman Britain)">Valentia (?)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Suburbicarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy">Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="Province of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia et Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campania (Roman province)">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_et_Bruttium" title="Lucania et Bruttium">Lucania et Bruttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum Suburbicarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuscia_et_Umbria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuscia et Umbria (page does not exist)">Tuscia et Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valeria_Suburbicaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valeria Suburbicaria (page does not exist)">Valeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Annonarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Annonarian Italy">Diocese of Annonarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminia_et_Picenum_Annonarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium">Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria_(Roman_province)" title="Liguria (Roman province)">Liguria</a> et <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (Roman province)">Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Prima" title="Raetia Prima">Raetia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetia Secunda">Raetia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_et_Histria" title="Venetia et Histria">Venetia et Histria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_(Roman_province)" title="Tripolitania (Roman province)">Tripolitania (Roman province)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Eastern_Roman_Empire_(395–c._640)660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (395–c. 640)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Illyricum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_mediterraneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum mediterraneum">Noricum mediterraneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_ripense" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum ripense">Noricum ripense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_ripensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria ripensis">Valeria ripensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Prima" title="Moesia Prima">Moesia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Creta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Prima">Macedonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Secunda">Macedonia II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalia">Thessalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture<br />of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Diocese of Thrace</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(Roman_province)" title="Europa (Roman province)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemimontus" title="Haemimontus">Haemimontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Secunda">Moesia II</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(province)" title="Rhodope (province)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor" title="Scythia Minor">Scythia</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Asia" title="Diocese of Asia">Diocese of Asia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontus_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespontus (province)">Hellespontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_(Roman_province)" title="Islands (Roman province)">Islands</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia (370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Pacatiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Pacatiana">Phrygia Pacatiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Salutaris">Phrygia Salutaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Diocese of Pontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Prima">Armenia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Secunda">Armenia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Maior" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Maior">Armenia Maior</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Satrapies">Armenian Satrapies</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia III">Armenia III (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia IV">Armenia IV (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Prima">Cappadocia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Secunda">Cappadocia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Prima">Galatia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Secunda">Galatia II Salutaris</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopontus">Helenopontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorias" title="Honorias">Honorias</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_Polemoniacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Polemoniacus">Pontus Polemoniacus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Prima">Cilicia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Secunda">Cilicia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphratensis" title="Euphratensis">Euphratensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_III_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaestina III Salutaris">Palaestina III Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice Prima">Phoenice I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_II_Libanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice II Libanensis">Phoenice II Libanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Prima" title="Syria Prima">Syria I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_II_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria II Salutaris">Syria II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorias_(province)" title="Theodorias (province)">Theodorias (528)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus I">Aegyptus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus II">Aegyptus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Aegypti" title="Arcadia Aegypti">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica I">Augustamnica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica II">Augustamnica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Superior">Libya Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Inferior">Libya Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Superior">Thebais Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Inferior">Thebais Inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_territories660" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania (552)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Septem Provinciae</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Re-established after <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">reconquest</a> by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Illyricum">Diocese of Illyricum</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Placed under the <a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a> in 536</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s administrative reorganization in 534–536</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spain_articles522" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spain_topics" title="Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spain_topics" title="Template talk:Spain topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spain_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spain topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spain_articles522" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spanish_history" title="Timeline of Spanish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hispania" title="Timeline of Hispania">Ancient History Timeline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Spain in the Middle Ages">Medieval Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Reaction and revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain under Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history_of_Spain" title="Contemporary history of Spain">Contemporary Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1975%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Spain (1975–present)">1975–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">General overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain" title="Military history of Spain">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Spain" title="Geography of Spain">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain#Autonomous_cities" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities" title="Ranked lists of Spanish autonomous communities">ranked lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Spain" title="Template:Borders of Spain">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Spain" title="Climate of Spain">Climate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Spain" title="Comarcas of Spain">Comarcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Spain" title="List of earthquakes in Spain">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Spain" title="List of extreme points of Spain">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Forests of the Iberian Peninsula">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spain" title="Peninsular Spain">Peninsular Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Spain" title="List of islands of Spain">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Spain" title="List of municipalities of Spain">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Spain" title="List of national parks of Spain">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Community_Importance_in_Spain" title="List of Sites of Community Importance in Spain">Natural Sites of Community Importance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Spain" title="Wildlife of Spain">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Spain" title="Politics of Spain">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous communities of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Spain" title="Corruption in Spain">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">Head of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain" title="Constitutional Court of Spain">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Spain" title="Judiciary of Spain">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Spain" title="Human rights in Spain">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Spain">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Spain" title="Intersex rights in Spain">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armed_Forces" title="Spanish Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Spain" title="List of political parties in Spain">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Spain" title="List of wars involving Spain">Wars and armed conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Spain" title="Agriculture in Spain">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Spain" title="List of banks in Spain">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Spain" title="Automotive industry in Spain">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by unemployment rate">unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_autonomous_communities_by_median_income" title="List of Spanish autonomous communities by median income">median income</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932014_Spanish_financial_crisis" title="2008–2014 Spanish financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Spain" title="Forestry in Spain">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_Spanish_companies" title="List of largest Spanish companies">Largest companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Spain" title="Taxation in Spain">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Property bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Spain" title="Science and technology in Spain">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Spain" title="Tourism in Spain">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Spain" title="List of trade unions in Spain">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Spain" title="Transport in Spain">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Spain" title="Rail transport in Spain">Rail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Spain" title="Category:Society of Spain">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Spain" title="Crime in Spain">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Spain" title="Demographics of Spain">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Spain" title="Disability in Spain">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Spain" title="Education in Spain">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Spain" title="Euthanasia in Spain">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Spain" title="Health care in Spain">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Spain" title="Homelessness in Spain">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain" title="Immigration to Spain">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Spain" title="Irreligion in Spain">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Spanish provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturism in Spain">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Spain" title="Pensions in Spain">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Spain" title="Prostitution in Spain">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Spain" title="Time in Spain">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_art" title="Spanish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">Bullfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Spain" title="Cinema of Spain">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Fiestas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_National_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of National Tourist Interest of Spain">National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiestas_of_International_Tourist_Interest_of_Spain" title="Fiestas of International Tourist Interest of Spain">International Interest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_literature" title="Spanish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Spain" title="Mass media in Spain">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_mythology" title="Spanish mythology">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">National and regional identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Spain" title="National Day of Spain">National Day of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Spain" title="Public holidays in Spain">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Spain" title="Sport in Spain">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Spain" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Spain">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Spain" title="National symbols of Spain">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain" title="Coat of arms of Spain">Coat of arms</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_bull" title="Osborne bull"><i>Toro de Osborne</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Spain" title="Outline of Spain">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spain" title="Category:Spain">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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