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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Définitions</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Définitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transparency_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparency_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Transparency International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transparency_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instàncias_europèas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instàncias_europèas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Instàncias europèas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instàncias_europèas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banca_mondiala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banca_mondiala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Banca mondiala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banca_mondiala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nacions_unidas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nacions_unidas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Nacions unidas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nacions_unidas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Causas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Causas_generalas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causas_generalas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Causas generalas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causas_generalas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equacion_de_l’economista_Klitgaard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equacion_de_l’economista_Klitgaard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Equacion de l’economista Klitgaard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equacion_de_l’economista_Klitgaard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caracteristicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caracteristicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Caracteristicas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caracteristicas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Caracteristicas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caracteristicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Formas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tipes_de_corrupcion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipes_de_corrupcion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tipes de corrupcion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tipes_de_corrupcion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Còst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Còst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Còst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Còst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luta_contra_la_corrupcion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luta_contra_la_corrupcion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Luta contra la corrupcion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Luta_contra_la_corrupcion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Luta contra la corrupcion</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Luta_contra_la_corrupcion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al_nivèl_del_Conselh_de_l'Euròpa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al_nivèl_del_Conselh_de_l'Euròpa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Al nivèl del Conselh de l'Euròpa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al_nivèl_del_Conselh_de_l'Euròpa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Per_país" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Per_país"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Per país</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Per_país-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estudi_sociologic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estudi_sociologic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Estudi sociologic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Estudi_sociologic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Estudi sociologic</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Estudi_sociologic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Empresa_de_la_corrupcion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empresa_de_la_corrupcion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Empresa de la corrupcion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empresa_de_la_corrupcion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Démocracia_e_corrupcion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Démocracia_e_corrupcion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Démocracia e corrupcion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Démocracia_e_corrupcion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financiament_dels_partits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financiament_dels_partits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Financiament dels partits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financiament_dels_partits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classament_dels_païses_segon_lo_nivèl_de_corrupcion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classament_dels_païses_segon_lo_nivèl_de_corrupcion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Classament dels païses segon lo nivèl de corrupcion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classament_dels_païses_segon_lo_nivèl_de_corrupcion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vejatz_tanben" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vejatz_tanben"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vejatz tanben</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vejatz_tanben-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Vejatz tanben</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vejatz_tanben-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connèxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connèxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Articles connèxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connèxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligams_extèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligams_extèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Ligams extèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligams_extèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Corrupcion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 104 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Акоррупциа - abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Акоррупциа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupsie" title="Korrupsie - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Korrupsie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korruption" title="Korruption - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Korruption" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فساد - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فساد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89" title="فساد سياسى - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فساد سياسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupsiya" title="Korrupsiya - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Korrupsiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فساد - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فساد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Карупцыя - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карупцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Карупцыя - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карупцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Корупция - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Корупция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="দুর্নীতি - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুর্নীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breinadurezh" title="Breinadurezh - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Breinadurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcija" title="Korupcija - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Korupcija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrupci%C3%B3" title="Corrupció - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Corrupció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%DA%B5%DB%8C" title="گەندەڵی - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەندەڵی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupce" title="Korupce - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Korupce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llygredigaeth" title="Llygredigaeth - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llygredigaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korruption" title="Korruption - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Korruption" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korruption" title="Korruption - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Korruption" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ངན་ལྷད། - dzongka" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ངན་ལྷད།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Διαφθορά - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαφθορά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Corruption" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupto" title="Korupto - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korupto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrupci%C3%B3n_(abuso_de_poder)" title="Corrupción (abuso de poder) - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corrupción (abuso de poder)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korruptsioon" title="Korruptsioon - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Korruptsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustelkeria" title="Ustelkeria - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ustelkeria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فساد - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فساد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korruptio" title="Korruptio - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korruptio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corruption" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupsje" title="Korrupsje - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Korrupsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89illitheacht" title="Éillitheacht - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éillitheacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrupci%C3%B3n" title="Corrupción - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Corrupción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0" title="ભ્રષ્ટાચાર - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભ્રષ્ટાચાર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שחיתות - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שחיתות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3)" title="भ्रष्टाचार (आचरण) - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भ्रष्टाचार (आचरण)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcija" title="Korupcija - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Korupcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koripsyon" title="Koripsyon - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Koripsyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupci%C3%B3" title="Korrupció - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Korrupció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կոռուպցիա - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոռուպցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Corruption" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupsi" title="Korupsi - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Korupsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spilling" title="Spilling - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Spilling" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruzione" title="Corruzione - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corruzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9A%E8%81%B7" title="汚職 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="汚職" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupsi" title="Korupsi - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Korupsi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კორუფცია - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კორუფცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupciya" title="Korrupciya - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Korrupciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BC%D2%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Жемқорлық - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жемқорлық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭ್ರಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭ್ರಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80%ED%8C%A8" title="부정부패 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부정부패" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendel%C3%AE" title="Gendelî - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gendelî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83" title="Пара алуу - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пара алуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruptio" title="Corruptio - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Corruptio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruptie" title="Corruptie - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Corruptie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruzion" title="Corruzion - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Corruzion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcija" title="Korupcija - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Korupcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcija" title="Korupcija - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Korupcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolikoly" title="Kolikoly - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kolikoly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Корупција - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Корупција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="അഴിമതി - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഴിമതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भ्रष्टाचार - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भ्रष्टाचार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupsi" title="Korupsi - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Korupsi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भ्रष्टाचार - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भ्रष्टाचार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruptie" title="Corruptie - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Corruptie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupsjon" title="Korrupsjon - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Korrupsjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupsjon" title="Korrupsjon - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Korrupsjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਭ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟਾਚਾਰ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟਾਚਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcja" title="Korupcja - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Korupcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فساد - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فساد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrup%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Corrupção - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corrupção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corup%C8%9Bie" title="Corupție - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Corupție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Коррупция - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коррупция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0:" title="भ्रष्टाचार: - sanscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भ्रष्टाचार:" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Бэрик - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бэрик" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Corruption" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ڪرپشن - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرپشن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcija" title="Korupcija - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Korupcija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Corruption" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcia" title="Korupcia - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Korupcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupcija" title="Korupcija - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Korupcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musuqmaasaq" title="Musuqmaasaq - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Musuqmaasaq" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupsioni" title="Korrupsioni - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Korrupsioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Корупција - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Корупција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilat" title="Basilat - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basilat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korruption" title="Korruption - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Korruption" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufisadi" title="Ufisadi - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufisadi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஊழல் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊழல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%82" title="లంచం - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లంచం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Фасод - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фасод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="การทุจริต - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทุจริต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korupsiyon" title="Korupsiyon - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Korupsiyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolsuzluk" title="Yolsuzluk - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yolsuzluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Коррупция - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Коррупция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%9Bt%C9%9Basehy%C9%9B" title="Kɛtɛasehyɛ - twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kɛtɛasehyɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Корупція - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корупція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بدعنوانی - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بدعنوانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrupsiya" title="Korrupsiya - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Korrupsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tham_nh%C5%A9ng" title="Tham nhũng - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tham nhũng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurapsyon" title="Kurapsyon - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kurapsyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%AA%E6%B1%A1" title="贪污 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贪污" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კორუფცია - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კორუფცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%C3%A0_%C3%80j%E1%BA%B9b%C3%A1nu" title="Ìwà Àjẹbánu - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwà Àjẹbánu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%AA%E6%B1%A1" title="贪污 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贪污" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%AA%E6%B1%A1" title="貪污 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貪污" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q366#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Corrupcion" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Corrupcion&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Corrupcion"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. 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class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengadocian"><img alt="Aqueste article es redigit en lengadocian." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es.svg/30px-Flag_of_Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es.svg/45px-Flag_of_Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es.svg/60px-Flag_of_Midi-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l'enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Corruption_2014.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Corruption_2014.PNG/220px-Corruption_2014.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Corruption_2014.PNG/330px-Corruption_2014.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Corruption_2014.PNG/440px-Corruption_2014.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Indèx mondial de <i>percepcion</i> de la corrupcion en 2014 segon Transparency International<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/300px-Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/450px-Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/600px-Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4520" data-file-height="3104" /></a><figcaption><i>Corrupt legislation</i>, pintura murala a la bibliotèca del Congrés dels EUA, per Elihu Vedder</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:UNCAC_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UNCAC_1.png/220px-UNCAC_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UNCAC_1.png/330px-UNCAC_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UNCAC_1.png/440px-UNCAC_1.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>corrupcion</b> es la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perversion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perversion (la pagina existís pas)">perversion</a> o lo desviament d'un procediment o d'una interaccion amb una o mai personas amb per objectiu, pel corruptor, d'obténer d'avantatges o de prerogativas particularas o, pel corromput, d'obténer una retribucion en canbi de sa complasença. Mena mai sovent a l'enrquiment personal del corromput o a l'enriquiment de l'organizacion corruptritz (grop mafiós, entrepresa, club, etc<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). S'agís d'una practica que pòt èsser presa per <a href="/wiki/Lei" title="Lei">illicita</a> segon lo domèni considerat (comèrci, afars, politica...) mas que la substéncia es justament d'agir de biais a la fa impossible a mostrar o a denonciar. </p><p>Pòt tocar tota persona beneficiant d'un poder de decision, que siá una personalitat politica, un foncionari, un quadre d'una entrepresa privada, un <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A8tge" title="Mètge">mètge</a>, un arbitre o un esportiu, un <a href="/wiki/Sindicalisme" title="Sindicalisme">sindicalista</a> o l'organizacion qu'apartenon. </p><p>La nocion de corruption es <b>subjectiva</b>. Que que siá, passa sempre la <b>frontièra</b> del <a href="/wiki/Drech" title="Drech">drech</a> e de la <a href="/wiki/Morala" title="Morala">morala</a>. En efièch, se pòt destriar la corrupcion activa de la corrupcion passiva; la corrupcion activa consistís a prepausar d'<a href="/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda">argent</a> o un servici a una persona que ten un poder en cabi d'un avantatge indegut; la corrupcion passiva consistís a accepar aquestes argent. </p><p>Un exemple classic es aqueste d'un òme politic que recep d'argent a títol personal o per son partit de la part d'una entrepresa d'òbras publicas e en retorn li attribuís un mercat public. L'òme politic poirà èsser accusat de corrupcion passiva: a recebut d'argent, alara que l'entrepresa pòt, ela, èsser accusada de corrupcion activa. Pasmens, s'aqueste òme politic dirigís una associacion o una fondacion d'entrepresa, lo don d'argent serà considerat o coma de « corrupcion indirècta », o coma una « participacion complementària » pels autres actors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Définitions"><span id="D.C3.A9finitions"></span>Définitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Définitions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Définitions"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparency_International">Transparency International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Transparency International" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Transparency International"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Balkany_Patrick_cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Balkany_Patrick_cropped.JPG/220px-Balkany_Patrick_cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Balkany_Patrick_cropped.JPG/330px-Balkany_Patrick_cropped.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Balkany_Patrick_cropped.JPG 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Patrick Balkany, òme politic francés condamnat per corrupcion en 1996, e encara mes en examen en 2016 per frauda fiscala e corrupcion passiva.</figcaption></figure> <p>Selon Transparency International, <span class="citation">«la corruption consiste en l’abus d'un pouvoir reçu en délégation à des fins privées»</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Aquesta definicion permet de destriar tres elements constitutius de la corrupcion: </p> <ul><li>l’abús de poder;</li> <li>per d'objectius privats (donc fasent pas profièch necessàriament a la persona abusant del poder, mas inclusissent tanben los membres de sa pròcha familha o amics);</li> <li>un poder que foguèt recebut en delegacion (que pòt donc venir del sector privat coma del sector public).</li></ul> <p>Tranparency utiliza taben a vegada aquesta definicion: « abús de poder per objectiu d’enriquiment personal »... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instàncias_europèas"><span id="Inst.C3.A0ncias_europ.C3.A8as"></span>Instàncias europèas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Instàncias europèas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Instàncias europèas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'assemblada parlementària del <a href="/wiki/Conselh_d%27Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Conselh d'Euròpa">Conselh de l'Euròpa</a> definís la corrupcion coma « l'utilizacion e l'abús del poder public per d'objectius privats »<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Per la Commission de las comunautats europèas, « la corrupcion es logada a tot abús de poder o tota irregularitat comesas dins un procediment de decision en cambi d'una incitacion o d'un avantatge indegut ». </p><p>La <span class="need_ref" style="cursor:help;" title="Ce passage nécessite une référence.">definicion donada pel grop multidisciplinari sus la corrupcion del Conselh de l’Euròpa es leugièrament diferenta: « la corrupcion es una retribucion illicita o tot autre comportament al vejaire de las personas investidas de responsabilitat dins lo sector public o lo sector privat, que contraven als devers qu'an recebut en vertut de lor estatut d'agent d'Estat, d'emplegats del sector privat, d'agent independant o d'un autre rapòrt d'aquesta natura e que visa a procurar d'avantatges indeguts de quina natura que sián, per eles mèsmes o per un tèrç ». Lo grop multidisciplinari sus la corrupcion (GMC) insistís sus la dificultat de definir amb exactitud las bòrnas legalas del fenomèn mas remembra que sa natura ten de l'abús de poder o de l'improbitat dins la presa de decision<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banca_mondiala">Banca mondiala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Banca mondiala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Banca mondiala"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Banca_Mondiala" title="Banca Mondiala">Banca Mondiala</a> utiliza la definicion seguenta per la corrupcion: « Utilisar sa posicion de responsable d’un servici public a son benefici personnel »<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nacions_unidas">Nacions unidas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Nacions unidas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nacions unidas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'Institut internacional de planificacion de l'educacion de l'UNESCO estudièt subretot la corrupcion dins l'educacion. A aqueste títol, dona la definicion seguenta: « una utilizacion sistematica d'una carga publica per un avantatge privat, qu'a un impacte significatiu sus la disponibilitat e la qualitat dels bens e servicis educatius e, en consequéncia, sus l'accès, la qualitat o l'equitat de l'educacion »<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causas">Causas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Causas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Causas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causas_generalas">Causas generalas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Causas generalas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Causas generalas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Mal govèrn</b>: encastre <a href="/wiki/Poder_legislatiu" title="Poder legislatiu">legislatifu</a> flosc, sistèma <a href="/wiki/Poder_judiciari" title="Poder judiciari">judiciari</a> inadequat, manca de transparéncia e de responsabilizacion, manca de libertat de la premsa;</li> <li><b>Abséncia de tota politica anticorrupcion preventiva</b> e de presa de consciéncia de l'importança de las questions coma l'etica professionala, los conflictes d'interés (per emapchar per exemple que las personas dintren dins los conselhs municipals per i defendre los lors intesreses fonzièrs, d'entrepresa o autres; manca de reflèxe de se "desengatjar" d'unas decisions), lo refús dels presents e autres avantatges qu'acaban per crear de relacions treblas o mal percebuda pels terces;</li> <li><b>Institucions feblas</b>: foncionaris de fòrta autoritat avent pauc de comptes a rendre, responsables oficials atirats per de pagaments copables e avent de salaris febles, factors culturals al respècte del biais de contraròtle dins l'administracion o de cresença al « drech als beneficis » des responsables administratius.</li> <li><b>Febles salaris</b>: l'administracion publica de fòrça Estats prevei de salaris relativament febles per unes de lors agents; tipicament los metges, los policièrs, los doanièrs, per exemple, son las victimas mai aisidas de sistèmas ont la cultura admet qu'es pas besonh de los pagar [de biais decent] donat que pòdon far un avantatge occult de lors foncions.</li> <li><b>Cultura administrativa e corporatista pauc propici</b> provocant de crentas e que dissuadís tota denonciacion (o simple remesa en causa d'un sistèma tocat) pels elements intègres o simplament volent d'aplicar las règlas existentas; esperit de revenja del grop e dels superiors impausant de sanccions amagadas puslèu que de valorizar l'integritat (d'ont la necessitat de veraias mesuras e politicas de proteccion de la vida professionala dels « <a href="/wiki/Quincaire" title="Quincaire">quincaires</a> » e tanben de lors pròches).</li> <li><b>Aspectes culturals</b> : lo desvelopament de la corrupcion es a vegada atribuit en partida a de perversions de valors culturalas, quand per exemple la nocion de respècte o de somission a l'autoritat es desviada de sos objectius<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Un estudi menada en 2006 (sus una mòstra, quitament limitada, de 193 estudiants eissits de 43 païses) sembla mostrar una correlacion entre la propension a ofrir de dejós de man e lo gra de corrupcion existent dins lo país d'origina<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equacion_de_l’economista_Klitgaard"><span id="Equacion_de_l.E2.80.99economista_Klitgaard"></span>Equacion de l’economista Klitgaard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Equacion de l’economista Klitgaard" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Equacion de l’economista Klitgaard"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert Kiltgaard pausèt l'equacion esquematica seguenta al subjècte de la corrupcion: </p><p>Corrupcion = <a href="/wiki/Monop%C3%B2li" title="Monopòli">monopòli</a> + poder - transparence </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caracteristicas">Caracteristicas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Caracteristicas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Caracteristicas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formas">Formas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Formas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Formas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Banca_Mondiala" title="Banca Mondiala">Banca mondiala</a> reten las formas seguentas de corrupcion<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li>« Dejós de man »: son de pagaments e de responsables oficials qu'agiscan ma aviadament, de biais mai sople e mai favorable<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>La « frauda »: es la falsificacion de donadas, de facturas, la collusion, etc.</li> <li>« L’extorsion »: es l’argent obtengut per la coercicion o la fòrça.</li> <li>Lo « favoritisme » (« <a href="/wiki/Nepotisme" title="Nepotisme">Nepotisme</a> », « Collusion » : es lo fach de favorizar de pròches.</li> <li>Lo « Desviamement de fons » : e lo panatòri de fonts publicas per de foncionaris.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tipes_de_corrupcion">Tipes de corrupcion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Tipes de corrupcion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Tipes de corrupcion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La Banca mondiala reten los tipes seguents de corrupcion: </p> <ul><li>La granda corrupcion: es una corrupcion de naut nivèl o los decideires politics creant e aplicant las leis utilizan lor posicion oficiala per promòure lor ben èsser, lor estatut o lor poder personal;</li> <li>La pichona corrupcion: es la corrupcion burocratica dins l’administrction publica.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Còst"><span id="C.C3.B2st"></span>Còst</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : Còst" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Còst"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Segon una estimacion de la <a href="/wiki/Banca_Mondiala" title="Banca Mondiala">Banca mondiala</a>, en <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>-<a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap">1 000 miliards</span> de dolars aurián estat desviats en dejós de man. Aqueste montant representa environ 3 % dels escambis de la planèta per la mèsma periode<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'organizacion non governamentala internacionala Transparency International publiquèt lo 25 de març de 2004 una lista des detz caps d'Estat mai corromputs Mohamed Suharto auriá per exemple desviat entre 15 e 35 miliards de dolars, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> entre cinc detzdix e <a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> environ cinc miliards quand dirigissiá la <a href="/wiki/Republica_Democratica_de_C%C3%B2ngo" title="Republica Democratica de Còngo">RDC</a>. Lo país de la lista avent lo PNB mai naut essent lo <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%B3" title="Peró">Peró</a> amb <span style="white-space:nowrap">2 051 dolars</span> per abitant en <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>. Al <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà">Canadà</a>, de politicians e de nauts foncionaris associats a l'administracion del Partit liberal del govèrn del Canadà son implicats dins un escandal de mai d'un centenat de milions de falsas facturas de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090312020035/http://www.absurdites.ca/">programas de comanditas</a> governementalas. L'argent èra utilizat per la reeleccion dels candidats del Partit liberal. </p><p>Un rapòrt du CCFD-Terre Solidaire, « Bens mal acquerits... profièchan tròp sovent. La fortuna dels dictators e las complaséncia dels païses occidentals » estiman que mai de <span style="white-space:nowrap">120 miliards</span> de dolars foguèron desviats aquestas detz annadas, entre autre a causa de la corrupcion<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En França, lo deputat François Loncle, ancian president de la Comission dels Afars Estrangièrs de l'Assemblada nacionala e ligat a <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Gbagbo" title="Laurent Gbagbo">Laurent Gbagbo</a>,l'ancian president evorian, atal minimizèt o amaguèt pendent d'annadas las practicas de corrupcion en Còsta d'Evori<sup id="cite_ref-Bousbouvier_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bousbouvier-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Segon l'<a href="/wiki/Ag%C3%A9ncia_de_notacion" title="Agéncia de notacion">agéncia de notacion</a> Standard and Poor's, los investisseires an une probabilitat anant de 50 a 100 % de perdre la totalitat de lors investiments dins un delai de cinc ans dins los païses coneissent diferents gras de corrupcion<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luta_contra_la_corrupcion">Luta contra la corrupcion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Luta contra la corrupcion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Luta contra la corrupcion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Corruption-Nouakchott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Corruption-Nouakchott.jpg/220px-Corruption-Nouakchott.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Corruption-Nouakchott.jpg/330px-Corruption-Nouakchott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Corruption-Nouakchott.jpg/440px-Corruption-Nouakchott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Campanha contra la corrupcion à <a href="/wiki/Nouakchott" title="Nouakchott">Nouakchott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maurit%C3%A0nia" title="Mauritània">Mauritània</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Le_rem%C3%A8de_futur_%C3%A0_la_corruption_%C3%A9lectorale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Le_rem%C3%A8de_futur_%C3%A0_la_corruption_%C3%A9lectorale.jpg/220px-Le_rem%C3%A8de_futur_%C3%A0_la_corruption_%C3%A9lectorale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Le_rem%C3%A8de_futur_%C3%A0_la_corruption_%C3%A9lectorale.jpg/330px-Le_rem%C3%A8de_futur_%C3%A0_la_corruption_%C3%A9lectorale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Le_rem%C3%A8de_futur_%C3%A0_la_corruption_%C3%A9lectorale.jpg/440px-Le_rem%C3%A8de_futur_%C3%A0_la_corruption_%C3%A9lectorale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>« Lo remèdi futur a la corrupcion electorala » (1875) gravadura per Henri Julien, publicada dins <i>L'opinion publique</i>, periodic canadian-francés</figcaption></figure> <p>Prepausan coma « solucion entre d'autras » de « plaçar aquestas institucions » (Clearstream, Euroclear e autras cambras de compensacion e de routing) « jol contraròtle d'una organizacion internacionala que pirián jogar lo ròtle du tèrç de fisança. » </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Organizacion_de_cooperacion_e_de_desvolopament_economics" title="Organizacion de cooperacion e de desvolopament economics">OCDE</a> fa de la luta contra la corrupcion un dels sieus principals objectius. </p><p>Dins los fachs, segon lo magistrat Eric Alt, « las accions judiciàrias butant sovent contra l’ostilitat dels govèrns. Atal, lo Reialme-Unit interdit l’enquista sus un ret de corrupcion qu'aviá acompanhat la venda, per 56 miliards d’euròs, d’armaments a l’Arabia saudita. L’Itàlia suprimèt l’an darrièr lo Naut Comissariat de luta contra la corrupcion. En França, las autoritats politicas an pas autorizat als jutges enchargats de l’afars de las fregatas de Taïwan d’accedir e de documents s'amagant lo secret defensa. Dins lo mèsme sens, la lei de programacion militara del 29 de julhet de 2009 prevei de protegitr los « locals d’entrepresas privadas intervenent dins lo domèni de la recerca o de la defensa ». Çò que significa concrètament que de grands grops industrials poirián beneficiar d’una proteccion globala contra las investigacions judiciàrias al motiu que tendriá de documents classificats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al_nivèl_del_Conselh_de_l'Euròpa"><span id="Al_niv.C3.A8l_del_Conselh_de_l.27Eur.C3.B2pa"></span>Al nivèl del Conselh de l'Euròpa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Al nivèl del Conselh de l'Euròpa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Al nivèl del Conselh de l'Euròpa"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo <a href="/wiki/Conselh_d%27Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Conselh d'Euròpa">Conselh de l'Euròpa</a>, fondat en 1949 e basat a Estrasborg, s'impliquèt dins la luta contra la corrupcion. Lo desvelopament de las òbras foguèt acompanhat per diferents eveniments marcants dempuèi 1981, quand lo Comitat dels ministres del Conselh de l’Euròpa recomandèt de prene de mesuras contra lo crime economic (amb, entre autres, la corrupcion) (Recomandacion n° R (81) 12). En 1994, los ministres de la justícia dels Estats membres del Conselh de l’Euròpa (19a Conferéncia, <a href="/wiki/La_Valeta_(Malta)" title="La Valeta (Malta)">La Valeta</a>) convenguèron de la necessitat de tractar la corrupcion a escala europèa, qu'aqueste fenomèn menaça grevament l'estabilitat de las institucions democraticas. Lo Conselh de l’Euròpa, coma principala institucion europèa avent vocacion a defendre la democracia, l’Estat de drech e los Drechs de l’Òme, foguèt encargat de trobar de responsas a aquesta menaça. Los ministres an reconegut que per lutar de biais eficaç contra la corrupcion, caliá adoptar un apròche tan exaustiva que possibla e recomandèron d’instaurar un Grop multidisciplinari sus la corrupcion (GMC) per preparar un programa d’accion global e per examinar la possibilitat de realizar d'instruments juridics dins aqueste domèni, soslignant per exemple l’importança d’establir un mecanisme de seguiti per vigilar al respècte dels engatjaments contenguts dins aquestas convencions. Amb la creacion del Grop multidisciplinari sus la corrupcion (GMC) en setembre de 1994, jols auspicis del Comitat europèu pels problèmas criminals (CDPC) e del Comitat europèu per la cooperacion juridica (CDCJ), la luta contra la corrupcion s’afirmèt coma essent una de las prioritats del Conselh de l’Euròpa. </p><p>En novembre de 1996, lo Comitat dels Ministres adoptèt le Programa d’Accion contra la Corrupcion que foguèt elaborat pel GMC e fixèt la data del 31 de decembre de 2000 per sa realizacion. Lo Comitat dels Ministres se felicitèt, subretot, dels objectius del GMC consistent a preparar una o mai convencions internacionalas contra la corrupcion, e de son intencion de preveire un mecanisme de seguit visant a assegurar l respècte de las nòrmas contengudas dins aquestes instruments. Atal nasquèron: </p> <ul><li>la <b>Resolucion (97) 24 portant los vint principis directors per la luta contra la corrupcion</b>: aqueste texte recampa de biais sintetic los elements de basa de tota politica anticorrupcion ambiciosa e eficaça;</li> <li>la <b>Convencion penala sus la corrupcion (STE n° 173)</b>: aqueste tractat fixa per exemple d'obligacions en matèria d'incriminacion de diferentas formas de corrupcion, que siá del sector public o privat o encara de la corrupcion nacionala o transnacionala;</li> <li>la <b>Convencion civila sus la corrupcion (STE n° 174)</b>: aqueste autre tractat impausa al païses de prene de mesuras en matèria civila (mécanismes de recors e d'indemnizacion dobèrts a las victimas de la corrupcion, nullitat dels contractes tocats per la corrupcion), o encara per exemple d'introduire de mecanismes de proteccion professionala e autras des personas signalant de bona fe los sopçons de corrupcion;</li> <li>la <b>Recomandacion N° R (2000) 10 suls còdis de conducha pels agents publics e Còdi modèl de conducha pels agents publics (annèxe a la Recomandacion)</b>: aqueste tèxte invita los païses a adoptar de tals còdis e ofrís un modèl en annèxe que los govèrns o administracions individualas pòdon aisidament s'inspirar;</li> <li>lo <b>Protocòl addicional a la Convencion penala sus la corrupdion (STE n° 191)</b>: aqueste tractat espandís lo camp de las incriminacions de la corrupcion dins la convencion penala als arbitres (en matèria comerciala, civila o autra) coma als jurats - aquestas doas categorias de personas constituent de categorias complementaris als magistrats de l'òrdre judiciari;</li> <li>la <b>Recomandacion N° R (2003) 4 sus las règlas comunas contra la corrupcion dins lo financiament dels partits politics e de las campanhas electoralas</b>: tèxte unic en son genre al nivèl internacional, de pels tèmas que cobrís e la portada dels principis enonciats.</li></ul> <p>Mai, los Estats lèu volguèron acompanhar aquestes diferents tèxtes d'un mecanisme d'evaluacion destinat e vigilar a lor relizacion al nivèl nacional. Atal nasquèt lo Grop d'Estats contra la Corrupcion (GRECO) en mai de <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>, que regropa, al 12 d'octobre de 2009, 46 Estats amb los EUA (bon nombre de mecanismes del Conselh de l'Euròpa essent dobèrts als Estats non membres de l'organizacion al respècte de la matèria: ajuda judiciària mutuala, luta contra lo blanquiment o la corrupcion, cibercriminalitat, etc.). </p><p>A d'autres nivèls, un rapòrt sus la luta contra la corrupcion dins los païses en desvelopament foguèt aprobat pel Parlament europèu en abril de 2006. I es per exemple escrich que la corrupcion representa un fren al desvelopament dins aquestes païses e alara l’Union europèa deu far de la luta contra la corrupcion un axe prioritari de sa politica de desvelopament. Los autors recomandan la creacion d’una lista negra desl Estats e dels representants gouvernamentals corromputs, la suspension dels prèsts per arrestar los desviaments de fons publics, l'allocacion d'una partida de l’ajuda al desvelopament del organismes de vigiléncia, una mai granda transparéncia de programas d’ajuda de l’Union europèa (que representan près de 55 % de l’ajuda publica internacionala)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Dins lo mond de l'entrepresa, l'ONG Transparency International prepausèt en 2001 un còdi de conducha constituit pels « principis d'accion contra la corrupcion » (<i>Business Principles for Countering Bribery</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Per_país"><span id="Per_pa.C3.ADs"></span>Per país</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Per país" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Per país"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estudi_sociologic">Estudi sociologic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Estudi sociologic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Estudi sociologic"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empresa_de_la_corrupcion">Empresa de la corrupcion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Empresa de la corrupcion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Empresa de la corrupcion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La corrupcion aparéis cada còp que la frontièra entre la logica administrativa d'interés general e la logica economica d'interés privat s'amaga; es donc favorizada per l'esfaçament contemporanèu de l'esfèra publica, per l'assimilacion gaireben exclusiva de la capitada e de l'enriquiment. <sup id="cite_ref-Jeanneney_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeanneney-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Démocracia_e_corrupcion"><span id="D.C3.A9mocracia_e_corrupcion"></span>Démocracia e corrupcion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Démocracia e corrupcion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Démocracia e corrupcion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La corrupcion, nòta Yves Mény<sup id="cite_ref-Meny_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meny-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, fa damatge a la dissociacion del public e del privat caracteristica de l'Estat. Fasent intervenir de comissions ocultas, es una regression de l'un dels principis fondamentals de la democracia, l'egalitat d'accès dels ciutadans als mercats, als emplecs e als servicis publics, sens autres consideracions que la capacitat e lo meriti<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmenst, <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> ligava pro estrechament la corrupcion e la vida politica de las democracias, que supausa l'aparicion de professionals de la politica, que venon de la politica e non pas per la politica. Lo legissent, sola una classa de politicians gausisson d'una fortuna personala poiriá tornar a la politica sa puretat. Se pòt pasmens constatar, coma lo fa Jean-Noël Jeanneney<sup id="cite_ref-Jeanneney_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeanneney-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, qu'i a pas sonque los òmes nòus, eissits de mitans modèstes, que son sensibles a la corrupcion. Segon Della Porta e Mény<sup id="cite_ref-Meny_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meny-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, es subretot l' « abséncia d'una veraia oposicion que pareis coma lo denominator comun de nombre de cases de corrupcion ».<span class="need_ref" style="cursor:help;" title="Ce passage nécessite une référence."><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> <sup id="cite_ref-Bousbouvier_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bousbouvier-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financiament_dels_partits">Financiament dels partits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : Financiament dels partits" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Financiament dels partits"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo succès a las eleccions depend en partida de l'intensitat de la propaganda electorala. Constatant lo financiament public es insuffisant per emportar las elections, unes partits politics s'esfòrça d'obténer una contribucion financièra de las entreprisas, subretot aquestas que l'activitat economica depend de l'obtencion de comandas, d'autorizacions o de subvencions de las instàncias publicas. Lo drech penal sempre prevenguèt de penas plan sevèras per aquestes practicas qualificadas tradicionalament d'extorsion de fons o de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Concussion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concussion (la pagina existís pas)">concussion</a>, quina que siá l'utilizacion d'aquestes fons, enriquiment personal o desviament per d'objectius electorals. Donatella Della Porta e Yves Mény<sup id="cite_ref-Meny_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meny-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observan que la corrupcion politica engendra tota una fola d'intermediaris qu'aparten pas a l'Estat nimai al mercat, e que violan las règlas dels dos. Aquestes actors, dirigents d'oficis publics de gestion, caissièrs de partits, emissaris dels politicians, tenon pas del contraròtle bureaucratic nimai de l'investitura democratica. La distinccion entre lo desviament d'argent al servici d'un partit e l'enriquiment personal es donc subjècte a discussion, justament a causa de l'existéncia d'aquesta classa trebla. </p><p>Coma ja indicat, los Estats membres del <a href="/wiki/Conselh_d%27Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Conselh d'Euròpa">Conselh de l'Euròpa</a> reconeguèron l'importança dels ligams potencials entre corrupcion e financiament politic; aquò menèt a la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/general/Rec(2003)4_FR.pdf">Recomandacion N° R (2003) 4 sus las règlas comunas contra la corrupcion dins lo financiament dels partits politics e de las campanhas electoralas</a>. Aqueste tèxte unic prevei de principis visant per exemple a assegurar al nivèl nacional la transparéncia dels comptes politics, l'existéncia d'un mecanisme de contraròtle e tanben un ventalh de sanccions eficaças, proporcionadas e dissuasivas. Las mesuras al subjècte del financiament dels partits e de las campanhas electoralas, ambedos domènis essent dificils de dissociar. Los rapòrts d'evaluacion adoptats fins ara pel <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/greco">Grop d'Estats contra la Corrupcion (GRECO)</a> mostrèron que quitament dins los païses dispausant d'una legislacion pro detalhada en la matèria, de melhoracions son encara desirablas, per exemple al subjècte d'un perimètre comptable mai espandit, un nivèl d'independéncia mai grand e de mejans de contraròtle reals al benefici de l'organ de contraròtle, un ventalh de sanccions mai espandit en vista de conprene de biais mai eficaç los mancaments comptables mendres mas tanben los financiaments occultes de granda envergura. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classament_dels_païses_segon_lo_nivèl_de_corrupcion"><span id="Classament_dels_pa.C3.AFses_segon_lo_niv.C3.A8l_de_corrupcion"></span>Classament dels païses segon lo nivèl de corrupcion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : Classament dels païses segon lo nivèl de corrupcion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Classament dels païses segon lo nivèl de corrupcion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'ONGI Transparency International publiquèt son indici de percepcion de la corrupcion (IPC) per 2010. Basat sus diferents sondatges e enquèstas realizats per d'organismes independents, lo rapòrt mòstra que los tres quarts dels 178 païses estudiés son percebuts coma grevament corromputs. </p><p>Los detz païses mens corromputs son: <a href="/wiki/Danemarc" title="Danemarc">Danemarc</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B2va_Zelanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nòva Zelanda">Nòva Zelanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapor" title="Singapor">Singapor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%A8cia" title="Suècia">Suècia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canad%C3%A0" title="Canadà">Canadà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reialme_dels_Pa%C3%AFses_Basses" title="Reialme dels Païses Basses">Païses Basses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austr%C3%A0lia" title="Austràlia">Austràlia</a>, <a href="/wiki/So%C3%AFssa" title="Soïssa">Soïssa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norv%C3%A8gia" title="Norvègia">Norvègia</a>. </p><p>Los detz païses percebuts mai corromputs son: <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> (darrièr), <a href="/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania">Birmania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozbequistan" title="Ozbequistan">Ozbaquistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan">Turcmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodan" title="Sodan">Sodan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guin%C3%A8a" title="Guinèa">Guinèa</a>. </p><p>Los <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Estats Units d'America">EUA</a> son 22n, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a> (25n), <a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">Itàlia</a> (67), <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a> (69n), <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a> (78n), <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a> (87n), <a href="/wiki/Mexic" title="Mexic">Mexic</a> (98n), <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (146n), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (154n). </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425163935/http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2010/results">Rapport IPC 2010</a></li></ul> <p>L'indici de percepcion de la corrupcion, realizat per Transparency International, permet de classificar los païses segon lor gra de probitat, los mai malonestes obtenent la nòta 0, e los mai intègres aquesta de 10. Per sa primièra aparicion dins lo palmarès, la <a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A8a_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="Corèa del Nòrd">dictatura nòrd-coreana</a> es vist coma lo país mai corromput le plus corrompu, ex-æquo amb la <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2450626">.mw-parser-output span.default a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Lock_icon_blue.gif")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.abonament a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.liure a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.limitat a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}.mw-parser-output span.pdf a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif/15px-Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif")center right no-repeat!important;padding-right:17px!important}</style><span class="citation noarchive" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREF">.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lobbying et santé - Comment certains industriels font pression contre l'intérêt général</i>, Roger Lenglet, Éditions Pascal/Mutualité Française, 2009.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://www.transparency.org/sourcebook/other_languages/french/dnld/chapitre-01.pdf&title=O%C3%B9%20et%20comment%20prosp%C3%A8re%20la%20corruption%20-%20Transparency%20International">Où et comment prospère la corruption - Transparency International</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/WorkingDocs/doc00/FDOC8652.HTM">Ròtle dels parlaments dins la luta contra la corrupcion - Conselh de l'Euròpa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/general/GMC96%20F95%20ProgAction%20FR.pdf">http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/greco/general/GMC96%20F95%20ProgAction%20FR.pdf</a> GRECO P.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/anticorrupt/corruptn/cor02.htm">http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/anticorrupt/corruptn/cor02.htm</a> Voir site de la Banque Mondiale, le document "Corruption et Développement Economique" <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> <i>Helping Countries Combat Corruption: The Role of the World Bank</i> chapitre <i>Corruption and Economic Development</i>1997, où sont détaillées à partir de la définition de base, <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span><i>the abuse of public office for private gain</i>, les cas relevant à son sens de cette définition (pots-de-vin à organismes publics, détournement d'actifs publics), par opposition aux pots-de-vin dans le secteur privé, qui selon elle ne relève pas de son action.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallak, J. et M. Poisson. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiep.unesco.org/fr/news/actualites-fiche/hash/dd5e23f56a.html?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=155&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=262"><i>Écoles corrompues, universités corrompues: que faire?</i></a>. Paris: IIEP-UNESCO.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Per un cas contat a Madagascar, veire <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madagoravox.wordpress.com/2009/11/09/gouvernance-et-corruption-%E2%80%A6-vous-avez-dit-%C2%AB-fahamarinana%C2%BB-et-%C2%AB-fihavanana-%C2%BB/">Gouvernance et corruption … vous avez bien dit « Fahamarinana» et « Fihavanana » ?</a></i>, Patrick Rakatomalala, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140710062525/http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/14043/1/gprg-wps-040.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20140710062525/http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/14043/1/gprg-wps-040.pdf</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En anglés">(<abbr title="">en</abbr>)</span> Culture and corruption, Abigail Barr et Danila Serra, Economic and Social Research Council</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Corruption : Problématique et Solutions</i> - Claude Jamati, WBI (Atelier Régional sur la Réforme du Secteur de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement en Afrique Francophone)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leravi.org/spip.php?article248">Lo clientelisme en question</a>, un "tutorial" prepausat pel jornal <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Ravi_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Ravi (journal) (la pagina existís pas)">le Ravi</a></i>, junh de 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107193434/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/ACCUEILEXTN/NEWSFRENCH/0,,contentMDK:20513363~pagePK:64257043~piPK:437376~theSitePK:1074931,00.html">Le coût de la corruption</a>, 8 avril 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130226054855/http://ccfd-terresolidaire.org/BMA/"><i>Biens mal acquis. À qui profite le crime?</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110915152807/http://ccfd-terresolidaire.org/BMA/img/PDF/BMA_totalBD.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20110915152807/http://ccfd-terresolidaire.org/BMA/img/PDF/BMA_totalBD.pdf</a>. Veire tanben una version actualizada en 2009 del rapòrt, fasent lo punt sus l'ensemble de las proceduras entjagadas contra los 40 dirigents concernits, e estudiant las rasons que sols 1 à 4 % des somas desviadas tornèron als Estats respectius</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bousbouvier-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bousbouvier_15-0">15,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bousbouvier_15-1">15,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hollande l'Africain</i>, de Christophe Bousbouvier, La Découverte, 2015, chapitre 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.un.org/french/events/10thcongress/2088bf.htm">http://www.un.org/french/events/10thcongress/2088bf.htm</a> Cité dans le rapport <i>Le coût de la corruption</i>, présenté lors du Dixième congrès des Nations Unies pour la prévention du crime et le traitement des délinquants</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313022250/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/public/story_page/028-7129-096-04-14-903-20060406STO07128-2006-06-04-2006/default_fr.htm"><i>Corruption dans les PED : le Parlement pour une liste noire</i></a>, site du parlement européen, avril 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeanneney-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jeanneney_18-0">18,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Jeanneney_18-1">18,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-No%C3%ABl_Jeanneney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Noël Jeanneney (la pagina existís pas)">Jean-Noël Jeanneney</a>, <i>L'Argent caché : milieux d'affaires et pouvoirs politiques dans la France du sègle <abbr class="abbr" title="[[:Modèl:Nombre roman vers arab]] sègle"><span class="roman">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%"></sup></abbr></i>, Fayard, Paris, 1981, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/2-213-00947-3" title="Especial:Obratge de referéncia/2-213-00947-3">ISBN: 2-213-00947-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meny-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Meny_19-0">19,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Meny_19-1">19,1</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Meny_19-2">19,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Donatella Della Porta et Yves Mény, <i>Démocratie et corruption en Europe</i>, Découverte, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Declaracion dels Drechs de l'Òme e del citadan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Garraud1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philippe_Garraud1989">Philippe Garraud, <cite class="italique">Profession, homme politique: la carrière politique des maires urbains</cite>, L'Harmattan, <time>1989</time>, 224 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2738403670&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2738403670 (la pagina existís pas)"><span class="nowrap">2738403670</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 18-19</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GEO_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GEO (magazine) (la pagina existís pas)">GEO</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Num%C3%A9ro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Numéro (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Numéro</a> de mars 2012 <span style="white-space:nowrap"><abbr class="abbr" title="pagina(s)">p.</abbr> 112</span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141119040027/http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/pdf/rapports/r0243.pdf">Rapport de Michel Hunault, sur le projet de loi relatif à la corruption, Commission des Lois de l'Assemblée nationale</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vejatz_tanben">Vejatz tanben</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Vejatz tanben" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Vejatz tanben"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Éric Alt, Irène Luc, <i>La lutte contre la corruption</i>, collection <i>Que-sais-je ?</i>, <abbr title="Presses Universitaires de France">PUF</abbr>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Num%C3%A9ro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Numéro (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Numéro</a>3258, 1997.</li> <li>Eric Alt, Irène Luc, <i>L'esprit de corruption</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Abrd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Abrd (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Abrd</a> le Bord de l'eau, 2012 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/978-2-35687-140-4" title="Especial:Obratge de referéncia/978-2-35687-140-4">ISBN: 978-2-35687-140-4</a>.</li> <li>Ernest Backes et Denis Robert, <i>Révélation$</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Abrd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Abrd (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Abrd</a> les Arènes, 2001.</li> <li>Grégory Carteaux, <i>Eva Joly et les affaires financières. Analyse du discours télévisuel</i>, L'Harmattan, 2012.</li> <li>Donatella Della Porta et Yves Mény, <i>Démocratie et corruption en Europe</i>, Découverte, 1995.</li> <li>Jean-Noël Jeanneney, <i>L'Argent caché : milieux d'affaires et pouvoirs politiques dans la France du sègle <abbr class="abbr" title="[[:Modèl:Nombre roman vers arab]] sègle"><span class="roman">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%"></sup></abbr></i>, Fayard, Paris, 1981 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/2-213-00947-3" title="Especial:Obratge de referéncia/2-213-00947-3">ISBN: 2-213-00947-3</a>.</li> <li>Roger Lenglet, <i>Profession corrupteur</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Abrd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Abrd (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Abrd</a> Gawsevitch, 2007.</li> <li>Roger Lenglet, <i>Lobbying et santé - Comment certains industriels font pression contre l'intérêt général</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Abrd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Abrd (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Abrd</a> Pascal / Mutualité Française, 2009.</li> <li>Roger Lenglet et Jean-Luc Touly, <i>L'eau des multinationales - Les vérités inavouables</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Abrd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Abrd (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Abrd</a> Fayard, 2005.</li> <li>L'Histoire, février 2001, <i>La république des affaires</i>.</li> <li>Philippe Madelin, <i>L'Or des dictatures</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Abrd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Abrd (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Abrd</a> Fayard, 1993.</li> <li>Philippe Madelin, <i>Dossier I... comme Immobilier</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Abrd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Abrd (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Abrd</a> A. Moreau, 1974.</li> <li>Yves Mény, <i>La corruption de la République</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Abrd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Abrd (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Abrd</a> Fayard, 1992.</li> <li>Patrice Meyer-Bisch et Marco Borghi, <i>La Corruption : l'envers des droits de l'homme</i>, Ed. Universitaires, 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Thiollet" title="Jean-Pierre Thiollet">Jean-Pierre Thiollet</a>, <i>Beau linge et argent sale</i>, Anagramme éditions, 2002 ; <i>Les dessous d'une Présidence</i>, Anagramme éditions, 2002.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connèxes"><span id="Articles_conn.C3.A8xes"></span>Articles connèxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Articles connèxes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Articles connèxes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligams_extèrnes"><span id="Ligams_ext.C3.A8rnes"></span>Ligams extèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modificar la seccion : Ligams extèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Ligams extèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transparency.org">Le site de <span class="lang-en" lang="en"></span></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820191102/http://www.iiep.unesco.org/fr/recherche/themes-phare/ethique-et-corruption-dans-leducation/en-bref.html">Le site ETICO sur l'Éthique et la corruption dans le secteur de l'éducation de l'IIPE-UNESCO</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diploweb.com/UE-27-Corruption-2011-quels-IPC.html">Union européenne • Corruption en 2011 : quels indices de perception de la corruption ?</a> Avec un graphique commenté.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diploweb.com/Carte-Corruption-dans-l-UE-en-2009.html">Carte de la corruption dans l'Union européenne</a>. Par Pierre Verluise, docteur en géopolitique.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704095732/http://www.iaca-info.org/">IACA - Site officiel</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives-2001-2012.cmaq.net/fr/node/37298.html">Résilience bioéconomique.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/lutter-contre-la-corruption-grace-a-la-societe-civile-apprendre-du-cas-indien-67496">Article de <i>The Conversation</i>, <i>Lutter contre la corruption grâce à la société civile (exemple indien)</i>.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Youtube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modèl:Youtube (la pagina existís pas)">Modèl:Youtube</a>, Le Dessous des cartes.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&oldid=2425907">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corrupcion&oldid=2425907</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals (la pagina existís pas)">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_redigit_en_lengadocian" title="Categoria:Article redigit en lengadocian">Article redigit en lengadocian</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categoria amagada : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Pages_avec_des_traductions_non_relues" title="Categoria:Pages avec des traductions non relues">Pages avec des traductions non relues</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 2 març de 2024 a 18.31.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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