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href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vtl-test-cameras/"> VLT Test Cameras </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/visir/"> VISIR </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/x-shooter/"> X-shooter </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/"> VLT Unit Telescopes Names <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-288" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/antu/"> Antu </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/kueyen/"> Kueyen </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/melipal/"> Melipal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/yepun/"> Yepun </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlti/"> VLT Interferometer <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-293" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/gravity+/"> GRAVITY+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/gravity/"> GRAVITY </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/matisse/"> MATISSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naomi/"> NAOMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/pionier/"> PIONIER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/amber/"> AMBER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/midi/"> MIDI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vinci/"> VINCI </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/auxiliarytelescopes/"> Auxiliary Telescopes </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/"> Survey Telescopes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-303" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/"> VISTA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-304" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/mirror/"> The VISTA mirror </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/camera/"> VIRCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/4most/"> 4MOST </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/surveys/"> The VISTA surveys </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/consortium/"> The VISTA consortium </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/"> VST <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-310" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/mirror/"> The VST mirrors </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/"> OmegaCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/surveys/"> The VST surveys </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/speculoos/"> SPECULOOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ngts/"> NGTS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ctao/"> Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/"> La Silla Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-317" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/"> Swedish–ESO Submillimetre Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-318" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/simba/"> SIMBA </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/"> New Technology Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-320" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/efosc2/"> EFOSC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/emmi/"> EMMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/sofi/"> SOFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/soxs/"> SOXS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/susi2/"> SUSI and SUSI2 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/"> ESO 3.6-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-327" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/adonis/"> ADONIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/caspec/"> CASPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/harps/"> HARPS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/mefos/"> MEFOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/nirps/"> NIRPS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/optopus/"> OPTOPUS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/timmi2/"> TIMMI/2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-standard-photometer/"> Standard Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-specklegraph/"> Infrared Specklegraph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-speckle-interferometer/"> Infrared Speckle Interferometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/efosc/"> EFOSC </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/"> MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-341" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/feros/"> FEROS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/grond/"> GROND </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/irac2/"> IRAC & IRAC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/pisco/"> PISCO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/wfi/"> WFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/"> Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-348" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/coralie/"> CORALIE </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/rem/"> Rapid Eye Mount telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/trappist/"> TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope–South </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/"> Danish 1.54-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-352" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/coravel/"> CORAVEL </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/dfosc/"> DFOSC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/ccd/"> CCD camera </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/hb-photometer/"> Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/two-channel-photometer/"> Two-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/four-channel-photometer/"> Four-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/six-channel-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby-Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/tarot/"> Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1mschmidt/"> ESO 1-metre Schmidt telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/"> ESO 1.52-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-362" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/bandc/"> Boller and Chivens Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/coude/"> Coudé Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/echelec/"> ECHELEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/rv-cass-spectrograph/"> RV Cass Spectrograph </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/"> ESO 1-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-367" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/fideos/"> FIDEOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/infrared-photometer/"> Infrared Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/single-channel-photometer/"> Single-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/"> ESO 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-371" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/single-channel-photometer/"> Single-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/double-channel-photometer/"> Double-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/"> Coudé Auxiliary Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-374" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/ces/"> CES </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marly/"> MarLy 1-metre telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/"> Dutch 0.9-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-377" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/walraven/"> Walraven Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/t70/"> Swiss T70 telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/"> Bochum 0.61-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-380" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-scanner/"> Bochum Scanner </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-photometer/"> Bochum Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/"> Danish 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-383" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-two-channel-hb-photometer/"> Two-Channel Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-four-channel-uvby-photometer/"> Four-Channel uvby Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-six-channel-uvby-hb-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby–Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/gpo/"> Grand Prisme Objectif telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss04/"> Swiss 0.4-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marseille/"> Marseille 0.36-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/grb/"> GRB Monitoring System </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mascara/"> MASCARA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/blackgem/"> BlackGEM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/extra/"> ExTrA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/test-bed/"> Test-Bed Telescope </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/"> APEX <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-395" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/apex-2a/"> APEX–2A </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/artemis/"> ArTéMiS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/aszca/"> ASZCa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/champ-plus/"> CHAMP+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/concerto/"> CONCERTO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/flash/"> FLASH </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/flash-plus/"> FLASH+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/laboca/"> LABOCA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/mpi_11thz/"> MPI_1.1THz </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/p-artemis/"> P-ArTéMiS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/pi230/"> PI230 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/polka/"> PolKa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/saboca/"> SABOCA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/sepia/"> SEPIA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/shefi/"> SHeFI </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/"> ALMA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-411" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/antennas/"> Antennas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/transporters/"> Transporters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/interferometry/"> Interferometry </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/receiver-bands/"> Receiver Bands </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/residencia/"> ALMA Residencia </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/elt/"> ELT </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/"> Technology for Telescopes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-418" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/active_optics/"> Active Optics </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/adaptive_optics/"> Adaptive Optics </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/ifu/"> Integral Field Units </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/interferometry/"> Interferometry </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/spectroscopy/"> Spectroscopy </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/polarimetry/"> Polarimetry </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/instruments/"> Instruments </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/science/">Discoveries<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-426" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/public/science/key-discoveries/"> ESO Key Astronomical Discoveries </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/exoplanets/"> Exoplanets </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/gravitationalwaves/"> Gravitational Wave Sources </a></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Black Holes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-430" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/event-horizon/"> First image of a black hole </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/EHT-MilkyWay/"> First image of the Milky Way central black hole </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/gc/"> More about the black hole at the galactic centre </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/grb/"> Gamma-Ray Bursts </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/archive/"> Science Archive </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/events/">Events<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> 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<span>European<br>Southern<br>Observatory</span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="container " id="body"> <div class="row no-page"> <div class="col-md-12"> </div> </div> <div class="row page"> <div class="col-md-12 one-column"> <div id="edit-info-block"> <div id="page-edit-success" class="alert alert-success alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Page saved successfully </div> <div id="page-edit-failure" class="alert alert-danger alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Couldn't save page :( Please try again. </div> </div> <div class='page-content'> <div id="editable-content"> <h1>SINFONI</h1> <h2>Spectrograph for INtegral Field Observations in the Near Infrared</h2> <p><a href="/public/images/max_272704s/"><img src="/public/archives/static/teles-instr/vlt/images/sinfoni_pano.jpg" border="0"></a></p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <p><em><a href="/public/images/eso0426b/"><img style="float: left; padding: 7px 20px 10px 0px;" src="/public/archives/images/potwmedium/eso0426b.jpg" border="0"></a></em>Go to Unit Telescope 4 (UT4, Yepun) of the Very Large Telescope (<a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal/">VLT</a>) at the Paranal Observatory and SINFONI can be found conducting its own beautiful observational orchestra, thanks to its two component instruments working together: SPIFFI (SPectrometer for Infrared Faint Field Imaging), which is an infrared integral field spectrograph, and the SINFONI-AO (<a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/adaptive_optics/">adaptive optics</a>) module. George Hau and Bin Yang are responsible for arranging SINFONI’s harmony with the stars.<em><br></em></p> <p>An <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_field_spectrograph">integral field spectrograph</a> (IFS) allows you to observe in three dimensions across the entirety of an astronomical object in one go: each pixel of the image is associated with a full spectrum, measuring the intensity of the light at each wavelength (the wavelength is a measurement of its colour — in some objects, it can be converted into a velocity towards or away from the Earth and tells us about its relative position in space as a result.</p> <p><a href="/public/images/eso0426i/"><img style="float: right; padding: 7px 0px 10px 20px;" src="/public/archives/images/medium/eso0426i.jpg" width="280" height="248" border="0"></a>SINFONI uses an “image slicer” technique: as shown in the figure below, a two-dimensional image (a) is chopped into smaller components (via “optical slicing”) and re-positioned by special segmented mirrors so that they lie in a line end-to-end instead of on top of each other (b). This essentially forms a very long virtual slit. The light from the virtual slit is split by SPIFFI into its separate colours and therefore wavelengths (c), and the image is then reconstructed from the individual slices at each wavelength, i.e. the image is reconstructed from all the slices at the red end of the spectrum, then the green, etc. They are then combined to give us the final, 3D information we desire (d).</p> <p>Traditional methods of obtaining spectra over the full extent of a large, extended object is both time consuming and inefficient — an IFS solves both of these problems. SINFONI is therefore the ideal instrument for looking at some of the most interesting galaxies and planetary nebulae in the Universe. Because SINFONI only uses mirrors, it can be cooled to extremely low temperatures (between -150 and -273 degrees C, or “cryogenic temperatures”). This, combined with the adaptive optics module SINFONI-AO, which also works better towards the red end of the spectrum, means that overall SINFONI is tailored for observing at infrared wavelengths.</p> <p>Thanks to SINFONI-AO, the instrument can also correct for atmospheric turbulence. The distorted image of a guide star is used to measure the effect of the turbulence, and a small, deformable mirror adjusts itself in real time to correct for these distortions. For the cases where a reference star is not available, the Laser Guide Star (LGS) can be used to create a bright spot 80 kilometres above the telescope and this is used as an artificial reference star. As a result, the images reaching SPIFFI are almost as sharp as if there were no atmosphere above the VLT at all — music to our ears!</p> <h2>Science highlights with SINFONI</h2> <ul> <li>Discovery that early Universe galaxies were dominated by normal, rather than dark, matter (<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1709/">eso1709</a>)</li> <li>Discovery of by far the brightest galaxy yet found in the early Universe and strong evidence found that examples of the first generation of stars lurk within it (<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1524/">eso1524</a>)</li> <li>SINFONI was used to help reveal that three billion years after the Big Bang, giant eliptical galaxies still make stars in their outskirts, but no longer in their interiors (<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1516/">eso1516</a>)</li> <li>Best view yet of dusty cloud (G2) passing galactic centre black hole (<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1512/">eso1512</a>)</li> <li>SINFONI was used to gather the best direct observational evidence so far supporting the theory that galaxies pull in and devour nearby material in order to grow and form stars (<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1330/">eso1330</a>)</li> <li>A giant gas cloud is being ripped apart by the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way; SINFONI has been studying the cloud’s fate (<a href="/public/news/eso1151/">eso1151</a>, <a href="/public/news/eso1332/">eso1332</a>). Before that, SINFONI observed the motion of stars surrounding the black hole, which were used to measure how far away it is and its mass. (<a href="/public/news/eso0846/">eso0846</a>).</li> <li>SINFONI has made many observations to study the growth and evolution of galaxies in a distant past: at the beginning, they tended to gently snack on nearby gas (<a href="/public/news/eso1040/">eso1040</a>, <a href="/public/news/eso1330/">eso1330</a>), but at a later stage in their growth, they would cannibalise other, smaller galaxies. (<a href="/public/news/eso1212/">eso1212</a>)</li> <li>The most distant galaxy ever measured to date was observed by SINFONI as it was only 600 million years after the Big Bang. (<a href="/public/news/eso1041/">eso1041</a>)</li> </ul> <table border="0" width="100%" cellpadding="2"> <tbody> <tr valign="Top"> <td> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="/public/images/sinfo_cc/"><img class="nopadding" src="/public/archives/images/medium/sinfo_cc.jpg" width="320" height="323" border="0"></a></p> <p style="text-align: justify;"><small>A raw image obtained with SINFONI. The image slicer chopped the image of a small region of the sky into a series of 32 narrow slices, and aligned them at the entrance of the spectrograph. The spectrograph then spread the light into its individual colours, forming a spectrum of each slice. Here, the 32 spectra of the individual slice appear as vertical bands. Each slice is slightly vertically offset from its neighbours. Complex data-processing software is required to re-assemble the information contained here into a full 3D spectral image.</small></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <table class="table table-bordered" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <h3>SINFONI</h3> <p><small> The authoritative technical specifications as offered for astronomical observations are available from the <a href="/sci/facilities/paranal/instruments/sinfoni.html">Science Operation page</a>.</small></p> <table class="table"> <tbody> <tr> <td valign="top" width="30"><strong>Site:</strong></td> <td valign="top">Paranal</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="30"><strong>Telescope:</strong></td> <td valign="top"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal/">VLT UT4</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Focus:</strong></td> <td valign="top">Cassegrain</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Type:</strong></td> <td valign="top">Near-infrared integral field spectrograph with adaptive optics capabilities</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Wavelength coverage:</strong></td> <td valign="top">Infrared, 1–2.5 μm</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Spatial resolution:</strong></td> <td valign="top">Adaptive optics: diffraction limited resolution (down to 0.05 arcseconds). The smallest pixel size is 0.025 arcseconds</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Spectral resolution:</strong></td> <td valign="top">1500–4000</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>First light date:</strong></td> <td valign="top">August 2004 (<a href="/public/news/eso0426/">eso0426</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Images taken with the instrument:</strong></td> <td valign="top"><a href="/public/images/archive/search/?adv=&instrument=10">Link</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Images of the instrument:</strong></td> <td valign="top"><a href="/public/images/archive/search/?subject_name=SINFONI">Link</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p><strong>Videos of the instrument:</strong></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p><a href="/public/videos/archive/search/?subject_name=SINFONI">Link</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Press Releases with the instrument:</strong></td> <td valign="top"><a href="/public/news/archive/search/?published_until_year=0&published_until_day=0&description=&title=&instruments=10&subject_name=&published_since_day=0&published_since_month=0&published_until_month=0&id=&published_since_year=0">Link</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Data papers:</strong></td> <td valign="top"> <p><a href="http://telbib.eso.org/index.php?&flimiti=off&fq[]=instrument:SINFONI">Link</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.eso.org/sci/observing/policies/publications.html">ESO data citation policy</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><strong>Science goals: </strong></td> <td valign="top">High spatial and spectral resolution studies of compact objects (star-forming regions, nuclei of galaxies, cosmologically distant galaxies, galactic centre).</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p><strong>Consortium:</strong></p> </td> <td valign="top"> <p>Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany</p> <p>Nederlandse Onderzoekschool Voor Astronomie (NOVA) in Leiden, the Netherlands</p> <p>The Netherlands Foundation for Research in Astronomy (ASTRON), the Netherlands</p> <p>ESO</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- #body --> <div class="row footernote"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="mailto:information@eso.org">Send us your comments!</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="/public/outreach/newsletters/esonews/">Subscribe to receive news from ESO in your language</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="https://www.cdn77.com">Accelerated by CDN77</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="/public/about-eso/privacy/">Terms & Conditions</a> </div> </div> <link href="/public/archives/djp/css/extras.d3e54451ebbb.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript">var MEDIA_URL = "/public/archives/"</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/public/archives/djp/js/main.86aaf133ddd1.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> <!-- content --> <div id="social-share" class="hidden-print"> <div class="link facebook" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on Facebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link twitter" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on X/Twitter"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/&text=SINFONI&via=ESO" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter"></i><!-- <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"> --></i></a> </div> <div class="link pinterest" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on Pinterest"> <a href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/&media=&description=SINFONI" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-pinterest-p" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link print" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Print"> <a href="javascript:window.print()" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa fa-print" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link email" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share by email"> <a href="mailto:%20?subject=ESO — SINFONI&body=https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-regular fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> <script> $('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip(); </script> <input type='hidden' name='csrfmiddlewaretoken' value='Bs6qyybRGPKh5cydchxzMik44NZgK3eYl9S3B4mEjV8ro38MFPfozwHbbJ9uG1NF' /> </body> </html>